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GRATS  SCHOOL  AND  FIELD  BOOK  OF  BOTANY 


THIS  work  consists  of  the  "  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY  "  and  the 
"  FIELD,  FOREST  AND  GARDEN  BOTANY,"  bound  together  in  one 
complete  volume,  forming  a  most  popular  and  comprehensive 
SCHOOL  BOTANY,  adapted  to  beginners  and  advanced  classes,  to 
Agricultural  Colleges  and  Schools,  as  well  as  to  all  other  grades 
in  which  the  science  is  taught ;  it  is  also  adapted  for  use  as  a 
hand-book  to  assist  in  analyzing  plants  and  flowers  in  field 
study  of  botany,  either  by  classes  or  individuals. 

The  book  is  intended  to  furnish  Botanical  Classes  and 
beginners  with  an  easier  introduction  to  the  Plants  of  this 
country,  and  a  much  more  comprehensive  work,  than  is  tne 
MANUAL. 

Beginning  with  the  first  principles,  it  progresses  by  easy 
stages  until  the  student,  who  is  at  all  diligent,  is  enabled  to 
master  the  intricacies  of  the  science. 

It  is  a  Grammar  and  Dictionary  of  Botany,  and  comprises 
the  common  Herbs,  Shrubs,  and  Trees  of  the  Southern  as  well 
as  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  including  the  commonly 
cultivated,  as  well  as  the  native  species  in  fields,  gardens, 
pleasure-grounds,  or  house  culture,  and  even  the  conservatory 
plants  ordinarily  met  with. 

This  work  supplies  a  great  desideratum  to  the  Botanist  and 
Botanical  Teacher,  there  being  no  similar  class-book  published 
in  this  country. 

352 


GRAY'S 


LESSONS    IN    BOTANY 


AND 


VEGETABLE   PHYSIOLOGY, 


ILLUSTRATED  BY  OVER  360  WOOD  ENGRAVINGS,  FROM  ORIGINAL 
DRAWINGS,  BY  ISAAC  SPRAGUB. 


TO    WHICH     IS     ADDED     A     COPIOUS 

GLOSSARY, 

OR 

DICTIONARY  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS. 


BY    ASA    GRAY, 

FISHER  PROFESSOR  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY  IN  HARVARD  UNIVERSITY. 


NEW   YOEK: 
IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR,  &  COMPANY, 

138  &  140  GRAND  STREET. 
CHICAGO:  133  &  135  STATE  STREET. 

1872. 


LANDSCAPE 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1857,  by 

GEORGE    P.    PUTNAM    &    CO., 
in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1868,  by 

ASA    GRAY, 
in  the  Clerk's  Office  or  the  District  Court  for  the  District  of  Massachusetts. 


Add  to  Lib. 


PREFACE. 


THIS  book  is  intended  for  the  use  of  beginners,  and  for  classes  in  the 
common  and  higher  schools,  —  in  which  the  elements  of  Botany,  one  of 
the  most  generally  interesting  of  the  Natural  Sciences,  surely  ought  to  be 
taught,  and  to  be  taught  correctly,  as  far  as  the  instruction  proceeds. 
While  these  Lessons  are  made  as  plain  and  simple  as  they  well  can  be, 
all  the  subjects  treated  of  have  been  carried  far  enough  to  make  the  book 
a  genuine  Grammar  of  Botany  and  Vegetable  Physiology,  and  a  sufficient 
introduction  to  those  works  in  which  the  plants  of  a  country  —  especially 
of  our  own* —  are  described. 

Accordingly,  as  respects  the  principles  of  Botany  (including  Vege- 
table Physiology),  this  work  is  complete  in  itself,  as  a  school-book 
for  younger  classes,  and  even  for  the  students  of  our  higher  seminaries. 
For  it  comprises  a  pretty  full  account  of  the  structure,  organs,  growth, 
and  reproduction  of  plants,  and  of  their  important  uses  in  the  scheme  of 
creation,  —  subjects  which  certainly  ought  to  be  as  generally  understood 
by  all  educated  people  as  the  elements  of  Natural  Philosophy  or  Astron- 
omy are ;  and  which  are  quite  as  easy  to  be  learned. 

The  book  is  also  intended  to  serve  as  an  introduction  to  the  author's 
Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States  (or  to  any  similar 
work  describing  the  plants  of  other  districts),  and  to  be  to  it  what  a 
grammar  and  a  dictionary  are  to  a  classical  author.  It  consequently  con- 
tains many  terms  and  details  which  there  is  no  necessity  for  young  stu- 
dents perfectly  to  understand  in  the  first  instance,  and  still  less  to  commit 
to  memory,  but  which  they  will  need  to  refer  to  as  occasions  arise,  when 
they  come  to  analyze  flowers,  and  ascertain  the  names  of  our  wild  plants. 

To  make  the  book  complete  in  this  respect,  a  full  Glossary,  or  Diction- 
ary of  Terms  used  in  describing  Plants,  is  added  to  the  volume.  This  con- 
tains very  many  words  which  are  not  used  in  the  Manual  of  Botany ; 
but  as  they  occur  in  common  botanical  works,  it  was  thought  best  to  in- 
troduce and  explain  them.  All  the  words  in  the  Glossary  which  seemed 
to  require  it  are  accented. 


IV  PREFACE. 

It  is  by  no  means  indispensable  for  students  to  go  through  the  volume 
before  commencing  with  the  analysis  of  plants.  When  the  proper  season 
for  botanizing  arrives,  and  when  the  first  twelve  Lessons  have  been  gone 
over,  they  may  take  up  Lesson  XXVIII.  and  the  following  ones,  and  pro- 
ceed to  study  the  various  wild  plants  they  find  in  blossom,  in  the  manner 
illustrated  in  Lesson  XXX.,  &c.,  —  referring  to  the  Glossary,  and  thence 
to  the  pages  of  the  Lessons,  as  directed,  for  explanations  of  the  various 
distinctions  and  terms  they  meet  with.  Their  first  essays  will  necessarily 
be  rather  tedious,  if  not  difficult;  but  each  successful  attempt  smooths 
the  way  for  the  next,  and  soon  these  technical  terms  and  distinctions 
will  become  nearly  as  familiar  as  those  of  ordinary  language. 

Students  who,  having  mastered  this  elementary  work,  wish  to  extend 
their  acquaintance  with  Vegetable  Anatomy  and  Physiology,  and  to  con- 
sider higher  questions  about  the  structure  and  classification  of  plants,  will 
be  prepared  to  take  up  the  author's  Botanical  Text-Book,  an  Introduction 
to  Structural  Botany,  or  other  more  detailed  treatises. 

No  care  and  expense  have  been  spared  upon  the  illustrations  of  this 
volume;  which,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  are  all  original.  They 
were  drawn  from  nature  by  Mr.  Sprague,  the  most  accurate  of  living 
botanical  artists,  and  have  been  as  freely  introduced  as  the  size  to  which 
it  was  needful  to  restrict  the  volume  would  warrant. 

To  append  a  set  of  questions  to  the  foot  of  each  page,  although  not  un- 
usual in  school-books,  seems  like  a  reflection  upon  the  competency  or  the 
faithfulness  of  teachers,  who  surely  ought  to  have  mastered  the  lesson  be- 
fore they  undertake  to  teach  it ;  nor  ought  facilities  to  be  afforded  for 
teaching,  any  more  than  learning,  lessons  by  rote.  A  full  analysis  of  the 
contents  of  the  Lessons,  however,  is  very  convenient  and  advantageous. 
Such  an  Analysis  is  here  given,  in  place  of  the  ordinary  table  of  con- 
tents. This  will  direct  the  teacher  and  the  learner  at  once  to  the  leading 
ideas  and  important  points  of  each  Lesson,  and  serve  as  a  basis  to  ground 
proper  questions  on,  if  such  should  be  needed. 

ASA  GRAY. 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY,  CAMBRIDGE, 
January  1,  1857. 


***  Revised  August,  1868,  and  alterations  made  adapting  it  to  the  new  edition  of 
Manual,  and  to  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany,  to  which  this  work  is  the  proper 
introduction  and  companion. 

A.  G. 


ANALYSIS   OF   THE   LESSONS.* 


LESSON  I. — BOTANY  AS  A  BRANCH  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY.    .    .    p.  1. 

1.  Natural  History,  its  subjects.  2.  The  Inorganic  or  Mineral  Kingdom, 
what  it  is  :  why  called  Inorganic.  3.  The  Organic  world,  or  the  world  of  Or- 
ganized beings,  why  so  called,  and  what  its  peculiarities.  4.  "What  kingdoms 
it  comprises.  5,  6.  Differences  between  plants  and  animals.  7.  The  use  of 
plants  :  how  vegetables  are  nourished ;  and  how  animals. 

8.  Botany,  how  defined.  9.  Physiology,  and  Physiological  Botany,  what 
/iey  relate  to.  10.  Systematic  Botany,  what  it  relates  to  :  a  Flora,  what  it  is. 
11.  Geographical  Botany,  Fossil  Botany,  &c.,  what  they  relate  to. 

LESSON  II.  —  THE  GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.      .    p.  4. 

12.  The  Course  of  Vegetation :  general  questions  proposed.  13.  Plants 
formed  on  one  general  plan.  14.  The  Germinating  Plantlet :  15.  exists  in 
miniature  in  the  seed:  16.  The  Embryo;  its  parts:  17,  18.  how  it  develops. 
19.  Opposite  growth  of  Root  and  Stem  :  20.  its  object  or  results  :  21,22.  the 
different  way  each  grows. 

LESSON  III.     GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED  ;  continued,     p.  9. 

23.  Recapitulation :  Ascending  and  Descending  Axis.  24,  25.  The  Germi- 
nating Plantlet,  how  nourished.  26.  Deposit  of  food  in  the  embryo,  illustrated 
in  the  Squash,  &c. :  27.  in  the  Almond,  Apple-seed,  Beech,  &c.  :  28.  in  the 
Bean:  29.  in  the  Pea,  Oak,  and  Buckeye  :  peculiarity  of  these  last.  30,  31. 
Deposit  of  food  outside  of  the  embryo  :  Albumen  of  the  seed  :  various  shapes 
of  embryo.  32,  33.  Kinds  of  embryo  as  to  the  number  of  Cotyledons :  di- 
cotyledonous :  monocotyledonous  :  polycotyledonous.  34,  35.  Plan  of  vegeta- 
tion. 36.  Simple-stemmed  vegetation  illustrated. 

LESSON  IV.    THE  GROWTH  OF  PLANTS  FROM  BUDS  AND  BRANCHES,  p.  20. 

37,  38.  Branching :  difference  in  this  respect  between  roots  and  stems.  39. 
Buds,  what  they  are,  and  where  situated  :  40.  how  they  grow,  and  what  they 
become.  41.  Plants  as  to  size  and  duration:  herb,  annual,  biennial,  perennial: 
shrub  :  tree.  42.  Terminal  Bud.  43.  Axillary  Buds.  44.  Scaly  Buds.  45. 
Naked  Buds.  46.  Vigor  of  vegetation  from  buds  illustrated.  47  -  49.  Plan 
and  arrangement  of  Branches  :  opposite :  alternate.  50.  Symmetry  of  Branches, 

*  The  numbers  in  the  analysis  refer  to  the  paragraphs. 

a* 


VI  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

what  it  depends  on:  51.  how  it  becomes  incomplete:  51-59.  how  varied. 
53.  Definite  growth.  54.  Indefinite  growth.  55.  Deliquescent  or  dissolving 
stems,  how  formed.  56.  Excurrent  stems  of  spire-shaped  trees,  how  produced. 
57.  Latent  Buds.  58.  Adventitious  Buds.  59.  Accessory  or  supernumerary 
Buds.  60.  Sorts  of  Buds  recaaitulatcd  and  defined. 

LESSON  V.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  BOOTS p.  28. 

61  -  64.  Morphology;  what  the  term  means,  and  how  applied  in  Botany.  65. 
Primary  Root,  simple ;  and,  66.  multiple.  67.  Rootlets ;  how  roots  absorb  : 
time  for  transplantation,  &c.  68.  Great  amount  of  surface  which  a  plant 
spreads  out,  in  the  air  and  in  the  soil ;  reduced  in  winter,  increased  in  spring. 
69.  Absorbing  surface  of  roots  increased  by  the  root-hairs.  70.  Fibrous  roots 
for  absorption.  71.  Thickened  or  fleshy  roots  as  storehouse  of  food.  72,  73. 
Their  principal  forms.  74.  Biennial  roots ;  their  economy.  75.  Perennial 
thickened  roots.  76.  Potatoes,  &c.  are  not  roots.  77.  Secondary  Roots,  their 
economy.  78.  Sometimes  striking  in  open  air,  when  they  are,  79.  Aerial  Roots  ; 
illustrated  in  Indian  Corn,  Mangrove,  Screw  Pine,  Banyan,  &c.  80.  Aerial 
Rootlets  of  Ivy.  81.  Epiphytes  or  Air-Plants,  illustrated.  82.  Parasitic  Plants, 
illustrated  by  the  Mistletoe,  Dodder,  &c. 

LESSON  VI.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  STEMS  AND  BRANCHES.      ...    p.  36. 

83  —  85.  Forms  of  stems  and  branches  above  ground.  86.  Their  direction  or 
habit  of  growth.  87.  Culm,  Caitdex,  &c.  88.  Suckers  :  propagation  of  plants 
by  division.  89.  Stolons :  propagation  by  layering  or  laying.  90.  Offsets. 
91.  Runners.  92.  Tendrils;  how  plants  climb  by  them  :  their  disk-like  tips  in 
the  Virginia  Creeper.  93.  Tendrils  arc  sometimes  forms  of  leaves.  94.  Spines 
or  Thorns ;  their  nature  :  Prickles.  95.  Strange  forms  of  stems.  96.  Subter- 
ranean stems  and  branches.  97.  The  Rootstock  or  Rhizoma,  why  stem  and 
not  root.  98.  Why  running  rootstocks  are  so  troublesome,  and  so  hard  to  de- 
stroy. 99-101.  Thickened  rootstocks,  as  depositories  of  food.  102.  Their 
life  and  growth.  103.  The  Tuber.  104.  Economy  of  the  Potato-plant.  105. 
Gradations  of  tubers  into,  106.  Corms  or  solid  bulbs  :  the  nature  and  economy 
of  these,  as  in  Crocus.  107.  Gradation  of  these  into,  108.  the  Bulb  :  nature  of 
bulbs.  109,110.  Their  economy.  111.  Their  two  principal  sorts.  112.  Bulb- 
lets.  113.  How  the  foregoing  sorts  of  stems  illustrate  what  is  meant  by  mor- 
phology. 114.  They  are  imitated  in  some  plants  above  ground.  115.  Consoli- 
dated forms  of  vegetation,  illustrated  by  Cactuses,  &c.  116.  Their  economy 
and  adaptation  to  dry  regions. 

LESSON  VII.     MORPHOLOGY  OF  LEAVES.      . p.  49. 

117.  Remarkable  states  of  leaves  already  noticed.  118,  119.  Foliage  the 
natural  form  of  leaves :  others  are  special  forms,  or  transformations ;  why  so 
called.  120.  Leaves  as  depositories  of  food,  Especially  the  seed-leaves  ;  and,  121. 
As  Bulb-scales.  122.  Leaves  as  Bud-scales.  123.  As  Spines.  124.  As  Ten- 
drils. 125.  As  Pitchers,  126.  As  Fly-traps.  127  -  129.  The  same  leaf  serving 
various  purposes. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS.  Vll 

LESSON   VIII.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  LEAVES  AS  FOLIAGE.       ...    p.  54. 

130.  Foliage  the  natural  state  of  leaves.  131.  Leaves  a  contrivance  for  in- 
creasing surface  :  the  vast  surface  of  a  tree  in  leaf.  132,  133.  The  parts  of  a 
leaf.  134.  The  blade.  135.  Its  pulp  or  soft  part  and  its  framework.  136. 
The  latter  is  wood,  and  forms  the  ribs  or  veins  and  veinlets.  137.  Division  and 
use  of  these.  138.  Venation,  or  mode  of  veining.  139.  Its  two  kinds.  140. 
Nctted-veined  or  reticulated.  141.  Parallel-veined  or  nerved.  142.  The  so- 
called  veins  and  nerves  essentially  the  same  thing;  the  latter  not  like  the 
nerves  of  animals.  143.  How  the  sort  of  veining  of  leaves  answers  to  the  num- 
ber of  cotyledons  and  the  kind  of  plant.  144.  Two  kinds  of  parallel-veined  leaves. 
145,  146.  Two  kinds  of  netted-veined  leaves.  147.  Relation  of  the  veining  to 
the  shape  of  the  leaf.  148  -  151.  Forms  of  leaves  illustrated,  as  to  general  out- 
line. 152.  As  to  the  base.  153.  As  to  the  apex. 

LESSON  IX.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  LEAVES  AS  FOLIAGE  ;  continued,     p.  61. 

154,  155.  Leaves  either  simple  or  compound.  156-162.  Simple  leaves  il- 
lustrated as  to  particular  outline,  or  kind  and  degree  of  division.  163.  Com- 
pound leaves.  164.  Leaflets.  165.  Kinds  of  compound  leaves.  166,  167. 
The  pinnate,  and,  168.  the  palmate  or  digitate.  169.  As  to  number  of  leaflets, 
&c.  170.  Leaflets,  as  to  lobing,  &c.  171,  172.  Doubly  or  trebly  compound 
leaves  of  both  sorts.  173.  Peculiar  forms  of  leaves  explained,  such  as  :  174. 
Perfoliate:  175.  Equitant:  176.  Those  without  blade.  177.  Phyllodia,  or 
flattened  petioles.  178.  Stipules.  179.  Sheaths  of  Grasses  ;  Ligule. 

LESSON  X.     THE  ARRANGEMENT  OF  LEAVES p.  71. 

181.  Phyllotaxy,  or  arrangement  of  leaves  on  the  stem  :  general  sorts  of  ar- 
rangement. 182.  Leaves  arise  only  one  from  the  same  place.  183.  Clustered 
or  fascicled  leaves  explained.  184.  Spiral  arrangement  of  alternate  leaves.  185. 
The  two-ranked  arrangement.  186.  The  three-ranked  arrangement.  187.  The 
five-ranked  arrangement.  188.  The  fractions  by  which  these  are  expressed. 
189.  The  eight-ranked  and  the  thirteen-ranked  arrangements.  190.  The  series 
of  these  fractions,  and  their  relations.  191.  Opposite  and  whorled  leaves. 
192.  Symmetry  of  leaves,  &c.  fixed  by  mathematical  rule.  193.  Vernation,  or 
arrangement  of  leaves  in  the  bud.  194.  The  principal  modes. 

LESSON  XI.     THE   ARRANGEMENT  OF  FLOWERS  ON  THE  STEM, 

OR  INFLORESCENCE p.  76. 

195.  Passage  from  the  Organs  of  Vegetation  to  those  of  Fructification  or  Re- 
production. 196.  Inflorescence:  the  arrangement  of  flowers  depends  on  that 
of  the  leaves.  197.  They  are  from  either  terminal  or  axillary  buds.  198.  In- 
determinate Inflorescence.  199.  Its  sorts  of  flower-clusters.  200.  Flower- 
stalks,  viz.  peduncles  and  pedicels,  bracts  and  bractlets,  &c.  201.  Raceme. 
202.  Its  gradation  into  (203)  a  Coiymb,  and  that  (204)  into  (205)  an  Umbel, 
206.  Centripetal  order  of  development  207.  The  Spike.  208.  The  Head. 


Till  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

209.  Spadix.  210.  Catkin  or  Amcnt.  211,  212.  Compound  inflorescence  of 
the  preceding  kinds.  213.  Panicle.  214.  Thyrsus.  215.  Determinate  In- 
florescence explained.  216,  217.  Cyme:  centrifugal  order  of  development 
218.  Fascicle.  219.  Glomcrule.  221.  Analysis  of  flower-clusters.  222.  Com- 
biuation  of  the  two  kinds  of  inflorescence  in  the  same  plant. 

* 
LESSON  XII.    THE  FLOWER  :  ITS  PARTS  OR  ORGANS p.  84. 

223.  The  Flower.  224.  Its  nature  and  use.  225.  Its  organs.  226.  The 
Floral  Envelopes  or  leaves  of  the  flower..  Calyx  and  Corolla,  together  called 
(227)  Perianth.  228.  Petals,  Sepals.  229.  Neutral  and  "double"  flowers, 
those  destitute  of,  230.  The  Essential  Organs :  Stamens  and  Pistils.  231,232. 
The  parts  of  the  flower  in  their  sue  cession.  233.  The  Stamen  :  its  parts.  234. 
The  Pistil :  its  parts. 

LESSON  XIII.    THE  PLAN  or  THE  FLOWER p.  88. 

235.  Flowers  all  constructed  upon  the  same  plan.  236.  Plan  in  vegetation 
referred  to.  237  -  239.  Typical  or  pattern  flowers  illustrated,  those  at  once 
perfect,  complete,  regular,  and  symmetrical.  241.  Imperfect  or  separated  flowers. 
242.  Incomplete  flowers.  243.  Symmetry  and  regularity.  244.  Irregular  flow- 
ers. 245.  Unsymmetrical  flowers.  246.  Numerical  plan  of  the  flower.  247. 
Alternation  of  the  successive  parts.  248.  Occasional  obliteration  of  certain  parts. 
24f*-  Abortive  organs.  250.  Multiplication  of  parts. 

LESSON  XIV.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  FLOWER p  96. 

251.  Recapitulation  of  the  varied  forms  under  which  stems  and  leaves  appear. 
252.  These  may  be  called  metamorphoses.  253.  Flowers  are  altered  branches  ; 
how  shown.  254.  Their  position  the  same  as  that  occupied  by  buds.  255, 
256.  Leaves  of  the  blossom  are  really  leaves.  257.  Stamens  a  different  modifi- 
cation of  the  same.  258.  Pistils  another  modification ;  the  botanist's  idea  of 
a  pistil.  259.  The  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  a  flower  answers  to  that  of  the 
leaves  on  a  branch. 

LESSON  XV.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  CALYX  AND  COROLLA.    .    .    p.  99. 

260.  The  leaves  of  the  blossom  viewed  as  to  the  various  shapes  they  assume ; 
as,  261.  by  growing  together.  262.  Union  or  cohesion  of  parts  of  the  same  sort, 
rendering  the  flower,  263.  Monopetalous  or  monoscpalous  ;  various  shapes  de- 
fined and  named.  265  The  tube,  and  the  border  or  limb.  266.  The  claw 
and  the  blade,  or  lamina  of  a  separate  petal,  &c.  267.  When  the  parts  are 
distinct,  polyscpalous,  and  polypetalons.  268.  Consolidation,  or  the  growing 
together  of  the  parts  of  different  sets.  269.  Insertion,  what  it  means,  and  what 
is  meant  by  the  terms  Free  and  Hypogynous.  270.  Perigynous  insertion.  271, 
272.  Coherent  or  adherent  calyx,  &c.  273.  Epigynous.  274.  Irregularity  of 
parts.  275.  Papilionaceous  flower,  and  its  parts.  276.  Labiate  or  bilabiate 
flowers.  277,  278.  Ligulate  flowers  :  the  so-called  compound  flowers. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS.  IX 

LESSON  XVI.  .^ESTIVATION,  OR  THE  ARRANGEMENT  OP  THE 

CALYX  AND  COROLLA  IN  THE  BUD.   ...  p.  108. 

279.  ^Estivation  or  Prsefloration  defined.  280.  Its  principal  modes  illustrated, 
viz.  the  valvate,  induplicate,  reduplicate,  convolute  or  twisted,  and  imbricated. 
282,  283.  Also  the  open,  and  the  plaited  or  plicate,  and  its  modification,  the 
supervolute. 

LESSON  XVII.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  STAMENS p.  111. 

284.  Stamens  considered  as  to,  285.  Their  insertion.  286.  Their  union  with 
each  other.  287,  288.  Their  number.  289.  Their  parts.  290.  The  Filament. 
291.  The  Anther.  292,  293.  Its  attachment  to  the  filament.  294.  Its  structure. 
295.  Its  mode  of  opening,  &c.  296.  Its  morphology,  or  the  way  in  which  it  is 
supposed  to  be  constructed  out  of  a  leaf;  its  use,  viz.  to  produce,  297.  Pollen. 
298.  Structure  of  pollen-grains.  299.  Some  of  their  forms. 

LESSON  XVIII.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  PISTILS p.  116. 

300.  Pistils  as  to  position.  301.  As  to  number.  302.  Their  parts ;  Ovary, 
style,  and  stigma.  303,  304.  Plan  of  a  pistil,  whether  simple  or  compound. 
305,  306.  The  simple  pistil,  or  Carpel,  and  how  it  answers  to  a  leaf.  307.  Its 
sutures.  308.  The  Placenta.  309.  The  Simple  Pistil,  one-celled,  310.  and  with 
one  style.  311,312.  The  Compound  Pistil,  how  composed.  313.  With  two  or 
more  cells  :  314.  their  placentai  in  the  axis  :  315.  their  dissepiments  or  parti- 
tions. 316,  317.  One-celled  compound  pistils.  318.  With  a  free  central  pla- 
centa. 319,  320.  With  parietal  placenta}.  321.  Ovary  superior  or  inferior. 
322.  Open  or  Gymnospcrmous  pistil :  Naked-seeded  plants.  323.  Ovules.  324. 
Their  structure.  325,  326.  Their  kinds  illustrated. 

LESSON  XIX.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  RECEPTACLE p.  124. 

327.  The  Receptacle  or  Torus.  328-330.  Some  of  its  forms  illustrated. 
331.  The  Disk.  332.  Curious  form  of  the  receptacle  in  Nelumbium. 

LESSON  XX.    THE  FRUIT p.  126. 

333.  What  the  Fruit  consists  of.  334.  Fruits  which  are  not  such  in  a  strict 
botanical  sense.  335.  Simple  Fruits.  336,  337.  The  Pericarp,  and  the  changes 
it  may  undergo.  338.  Kinds  of  simple  fruits.  339.  Fleshy  fruits.  340.  The 
Berry.  341.  The  Pepo  or  Ground-fruit.  342.  The  Pome  or  Apple-fruit.  343- 
345.  The  Drupe  or  Stone-fruit.  346.  Diy  fruits.  347._The  Achenium  :  nature 
of  the  Strawberry.  348.  Raspberry  and  Blackberry.  349.  Fruit  in  the  Com- 
posite Family :  Pappus.  350.  The  Utricle.  351.  The  Caryopsis  or  Grain.  352. 
The  Nut :  Cupule.  353.  The  Samara  or  Key-fruit.  354.  The  Capsule  or  Pod. 
355.  The  Follicle.  356.  The  Legume  and  Loment.  357.  The  true  Capsule. 
358,359.  Dehiscence,  its  kinds.  361.  The  Silique.  .362.  The  Silicle.  363.  The 
Pyxis.  364.  Multiple  or  Collective  Fruits.  365.  The  Strobile  or  Cone. 


X  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

LESSON  XXL    THE  SEED p.  134. 

366.  The  'Seed ;  its  origin.  367.  Its  parts.  360,369.  Its  coats.  370.  The 
Aril  or  Arillus.  371.  Names  applied  to  the  parts  of  the  seed.  372.  The  Ker- 
nel or  Nucleus.  373.  The  Albumen.  374,  375.  The  Embryo.  376.  The 
Radicle.  377.  The  Cotyledons  or  Seed-leaves  :  the  monocotyledonous,  dicoty- 
ledonous, and  polycotyledonous  embryo.  378.  The  Plumule.  379.  The  circle 
of  vegetable  life  completed. 

LESSON  XXII.    How  PLANTS  GROW p.  138. 

380,  381.  Growth,  what  it  is.  382.  For  the  first  formation  or  beginning  of 
a  plant  dates  farther  back  than  to,  -383.  the  embryo  in  the  ripe  seed,  which  is 
already  a  plantlet.  384.  The  formation  and  the  growth  of  the  embryo  itself. 
385.  Action  of  the  pollen  on  the  stigma,  and  the  result.  386.  The  Embryonal 
Vesicle,  or  first  cell  of  the  embryo.  387.  Its  growth  and  development  into  the 
embryo.  388.  Growth  of  the  plantlet  from  the 'seed.  389.  The  plant  built  up 
of  a  vast  number  of  cells.  390.  Growth  consists  of  the  increase  in  size  of  cells, 
and  their  multiplication  in  number. 

LESSON  XXIII.     VEGETABLE  FABRIC  :  CELLULAR  TISSUE.  .     .    p.  142. 

391,  392.  Organic  Structure  illustrated  :  Cells  the  units  or  elements  of  plants. 
393.  Cellular  Tissue.  394, 395, 397.  How  the  cells  are  put  together.  396.  Inter- 
cellular spaces,  air-passages.  398  Size  of  cells.  399.  Rapidity  of  their  produc- 
tion. 400.  Their  walls  colorless  ;  the  colors  owing  to  their  contents.  401.  The 
walls  sometimes  thickened.  402.  Cells  are  closed  and  whole ;  yet  sap  flows  from 
one  cell  to  another.  403.  Their  varied  shapes. 

LESSON  XXIV.     VEGETABLE  FABRIC  :  WOOD. p.  145. 

404.  All  plants  at  the  beginning  formed  of  cellular  tissue  only ;  and  some 
never  have  anything  else  in  their  composition.  405.  Wood  soon  appears  in 
most  plants.  406.  Its  nature.  408.  Wood-cells  or  Woody  Fibre.  409.  Hard 
wood  and  soft  wood.  410.  Wood-cells  closed  and  whole  ;  yet  they  convey  sap. 
411.  They  communicate  through  thin  places:  Pine-wood,  &c.  412.  Bast-cells 
or  fibres  of  the  bark.  413.  Ducts  or  Vessels.  414.  The  principal  kinds.  415. 
Milk-vessels,  Oil-receptacles,  &c. 

LESSON  XXV.     ANATOMY  OF  THE  ROOT,  STEM,  AND  LEAVES,     p.  149. 

416.  The  materials  of  the  vegetable  fabric,  how  put  together.  417-419. 
Structure  and  action  of  the  rootlets.  420.  Root-hairs.  421.  Structure  of  tho 
stem.  422.  The  two  sorts  of  stem.  423.  The  Endogenous.  423.  The  Exo- 
genous :  425.  more  particularly  explained.  426.  Parts  of  the  wood  or  stem 
itself.  427.  Parts  of  the  bark.  428.  Growth  of  the  exogenous  stem  year  after 
yoar.  429.  Growth  of  the  bark,  and  what  "becomes  of  the  older  pnrts.  431. 
Changes  in  the  wood ;  Sap-wood.  432.  Heart-wood.  433.  This  no  longer  liv- 


ANALYSIS    OF   THE    LESSONS.  xl 

ing.  434.  What  the  living  parts  of  a  tree  are ;  their  annual  renewal.  435. 
Cambium-layer  or  zone  of  growth  in  the  stem ;  connected  with,  436.  new  root- 
lets below,  and  new  shoots,  buds,  and  leaves  above.  437.  Structure  of  a  leaf: 
its  two  parts,  the  woody  and  the  cellular,  or,  438.  the  pulp  ;  this  contains  the  green 
matter,  or  Chlorophyll.  439,  440.  Arrangement  of  the  cells  of  green  pulp  in  the 
leaf,  and  structure  of  its  epidermis  or  skin.  441.  Upper  side  only  endures  the 
sunshine.  442.  Evaporation  or  exhalation  of  moisture  from  the  leaves.  443. 
Stomates  or  Breathing-pores,  their  structure  and  use.  444.  Their  numbers. 

LESSON  XXVI.      THE  PLANT   IN  ACTION,  DOING   THE  WORK 

OF  VEGETATION p.  157. 

446.  The  office  of  plants  to  produce  food  for  animals.  447.  Plants  feed 
upon  earth  and  air.  449.  Their  chemical  composition.  450.  Two  sorts  of 
material.  451,  452.  The  earthy  or  inorganic  constituents.  453.  The  organic 
constituents.  454.  These  form  the  Cellulose,  or  substance  of  vegetable  tissue  ; 
composition  of  cellulose.  455.  The  plant's  food,  from  which  this  is  made. 

456.  Water,  furnishing  hydrogen  and  oxygen.    458.  Carbonic  acid,  furnishing, 

457.  Carbon.     459.  The  air,  containing  oxygen  and  nitrogen ;  and  also,  460. 
Carbonic  acid;  461.  which  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves,  462., and  by  the   roots. 
46$.  Water  and  carbonic  acid  the  general  food  of  plants.     464.  Assimilation 
the  proper  work  of  plants.     465.  Takes  place  in  green  parts  alone,  under  the 
light  of  the  sun.     466-468.  Liberates  oxygen  gas  and  produces  Cellulose  or 
plant-fabric.     469.  Or  else  Starch  ;  its  nature  and  use.     470.  Or  Sugar;  its  na- 
ture, &c.    The  transformations  starch,  sugar,  &c.  undergo.    471.  Oils,  acids,  &c. 
The  formation  of  all  these  products  restores  oxygen  gas  to  the  air.    472.  There- 
fore plants  purify  the  air  for  animals.     473.  While  at  the  same  time  they  pro- 
duce all  the  food  and  fabric  of  animals.     The  latter  take  all  their  food  ready  made 
from  plants.     474.  And  decompose  starch,  sugar,  oil,  &c.,  giving  back  their  ma- 
terials to  the  air  again  as  the  food  of  the  plant ;  at  the  same  time  producing  ani- 
mal heat.    475.  But  the  fabric  or  flesh  of  animals  (fibrine,  gelatine,  &c.)  contains 
nitrogen.    476.  This  is  derived  from  plants  in  the  form  of  Protcine.     Its  nature 
and  how  the  plant  forms  it.     477.  Earthy  matters  in  the  plant  form  the  earthy 
part  of  bones,  &c.     478.  Dependence  of  animals  upon  plants  ;  showing  the  great 
object  for  which  plants  were  created. 

LESSON  XXVII.    PLANT-LIFE. p.  166. 

479.  Life ;  manifested  by  its  effects ;  viz.  its  power  of  transforming  matter : 
480.  And  by  motion.  481,  482.  Plants  execute  movements  as  well  as  animals. 
483.  Circulation  in  cells.  484.  Free  movements  of  the  simplest  plants  in  their 
forming  state.  485.  Absorption  and  conveyance  of  the  sap.  486.  Its  rise  into 
the  leaves.  487.  Explained  by  a  mechanical  law ;  Endosmose.  488.  Set  in  ac- 
tion by  evaporation  from  the  leaves.  489.  These  movements  controlled  by  the 
plant,  which  directs  growth  and  shapes  the  fabric  by  an  inherent  power.  490  - 
492.  Special  movements  of  a  conspicuous  sort ;  such  as  seen  in  the  bending, 
twining,  revolving,  and  coiling  of 'stems  and  tendrils  ;  in  the  so-called  sleeping 
and  waking  states  of  plants  -  in  movements  from  irritation,  and  striking  spon- 
taneous motions. 


Xii  ANALYSIS    OF    THE    LESSONS. 

493.  Cryptogamous  or  Flowerless  Plants.  494.  What  they  comprise ;  why 
so  called.  495.  To  be  studied  in  other  works. 

LESSON  XXVIII.    SPECIES  AND  KINDS p.  173. 

496.  Plants  viewed  as  to  their  relationships.  497.  Two  characteristics  of 
plants  and  animals :  they  form  themselves,  and,  498.  They  exist  as  Individu- 
als. The  chain  of  individuals  gives  rise  to  the  idea  of,  499,  500.  Species  :  as- 
semblages of  individuals,  so  like  that  they  are  inferred  to  have  a  common  an- 
cestry. 501.  Varieties  and  Races.  502.  Tendency  of  the  progeny  to  inherit 
all  the  peculiarities  of  the  parent ;  how  taken  advantage  of  in  developing  and 
fixing  races.  503.  Diversity  and  gradation  of  species  ;  these  so  connected  as  to 
show  all  to  be  formed  on  one  plan,  all  works  of  one  hand,  or  realizations  of  the 
conceptions  of  one  mind.  504.  Kinds,  what  they  depend  upon.  505.  Genera. 
506.  Orders  or  Families.  507.  Suborders  and  Tribes.  508  Classes.  509.  The 
two  great  Series  or  grades  of  plants.  510.  The  way  the  various  divisions  in 
classification  are  ranked. 

LESSON  XXIX.    BOTANICAL  NAMES  AND  CHARACTERS.    ...    p.  178. 

511,  512.  Classification ;  the  two  purposes  it  subserves.  513.  Names  :  plan  of 
nomenclature.  514,  515.  Generic  names,  how  formed.  516.  Specific  names, 
how  formed.  517.  Names  of  Varieties.  518,  519.  Names  of  Orders,  Sub- 
orders, Tribes,  &c.  520,  521.  Characters. 

LESSONS  XXX. -XXXII.  'How  TO  STUDY  PLANTS,     pp.  181,  187,  191. 

522  -  567.  Illustrated  by  several  examples,  showing  the  mode  of  analyzing  and 
ascertaining  the  name  of  an  unknown  plant,  and  its  place  in  the  system,  £c. 

LESSON  XXXIII.    BOTANICAL  SYSTEMS p.  195. 

568-571.  Natural  System.  572,  573.  Artificial  Classification.  574.  Arti- 
ficial System  of  Linnaeus.  575.  Its  twenty-four  Classes,  enumerated  and  de- 
fined. 576.  Derivation  of  their  names.  577,  578.  Its  Orders. 

LESSON  XXXIV.     How  TO   COLLECT    SPECIMENS   AND    MAKE 

AN  HERBARIUM p.   199. 

579-582.  Directions  for  collecting  specimens.  583,  584.  For  drying  and 
preserving  specimens.  585,  586  For  forming  an  Herbarium. 

GLOSSARY,  OR  DICTIONARY  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS p.  203 


FIRST   LESSONS 


IN 


BOTANY  AND  VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY, 


LESSON  I. 

BOTANY    AS    A    BRANCH    OF    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

1.  THE  subjects  of  Natural  History  are,  the  earth  itself  and  the 
beings  that  live  upon  it. 

2.  The  Inorganic  World,  or  Mineral  Kingdom,    The  earth  itself,  with 

the  air  that  surrounds  it,  and  all  things  naturally  belonging  to  them 
which  are  destitute  of  life,  make  up  the  mineral  kingdom,  or  in- 
organic world.  These  are  called  inorganic,  or  unorganized,  because 
they  are  not  composed  of  organs,  that  is,  of  parts  which  answer  to 
one  another,  and  make  up  a  whole,  such  as  is  a  horse,  a  bird,  or  a 
plant.  They  were  formed,  but  they  did  not  grow,  nor  proceed  from 
previous  bodies  like  themselves,  nor  have  they  the  power  of  pro- 
ducing other  similar  bodies,  that  is,  of  reproducing  their  kind.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  various  living  things,  or  those  which  have  pos- 
sessed life,  compose 

3.  The  Organic  World,  —  the  world  of  organized  beings.     These 
consist  of  organs ;  of  parts  which  go  to  make  up  an  individual,  a 
being.     And  each  individual  owes  its  existence  to  a  preceding  one 
like  itself,  that  is,  to  a  parent.      It  was  not  merely  formed,  but 
produced.     At  first  small  and  imperfect,  it  grows  and  develops  by 
powers  of  its  own  ;  it  attains  maturity,  becomes  old,  and  finally  dies. 
It  was  formed  of  inorganic  or  mineral  matter,  that  is,  of  earth  and 
air,  indeed  ;    but  only  of  this  matter  under  the  influence  of  life  : 
and  after  life  departs,  sooner  or  later,  it  is  decomposed  into  earth 
and  air  again. 


2  BOTANY,    WHAT    IT    RELATES    TO.  [LESSON  1. 

4.  The  organic  world  consists  of  two  kinds  of  beings ;  namely, 
1.  Plants  or  Vegetables,  which  make  up  what  is  called  the   Vegetable 
Kingdom;  and,  2.  Animals,  which  compose  the  Animal  Kingdom. 

5.  The  Differences  between  Plants  and  Animals  seem  at  first  sight  so 

obvious  and  so  great,  that  it  would  appear  mere  natural  to  inquire 
how  they  resemble  rather  than  how  they  differ  from  each  other. 
What  likeness  does  the  cow  bear  to  the  grass  it  feeds  upon  ?  The 
one  moves  freely  from  place  to  place,  in  obedience  to  its  own  will, 
as  its  wants  or  convenience  require :  the  other  is  fixed  to  the  spot 
of  earth  where  it  grew,  manifests  no  will,  and  makes  no  movements 
that  are  apparent  to  ordinary  observation.  The  one  takes  its  food 
into  an  internal  cavity  (the  stomach),  from  which  it  is  absorbed 
into  the  system :  the  other  absorbs  its  food  directly  by  its  surface, 
by  its  roots,  leaves,  &c.  Both  possess  organs ;  but  the  limbs  o/ 
members  of  the  animal  do  not  at  all  resemble  the  roots,  leaves, 
blossoms,  &c.  of  the  plant.  All  these  distinctions,  however,  gradu- 
ally disappear,  as  we  come  to  the  lower  kinds  of  plants  and  the  lower 
animals.  Many  animals  (such  as  barnacles,  coral-animals,  and 
polyps)  are  fixed  to  some  support  as  completely  as  the  plant  is  to 
the  soil ;  while  many  plants  are  not  fixed,  and  some  move  from 
place  to  place  by  powers  of  their  own.  All  animals  move  some  of 
their  parts  freely ;  yet  in  the  extent  and  rapidity  of  the  motion 
many  of  them  are  surpassed  by  the  common  Sensitive  Plant,  by 
the  Venus's  Fly-trap,  and  by  some  other  vegetables ;  while  whole 
tribes  of  aquatic  plants  are  so  freely  and  briskly  locomotive,  that 
they  have  until  lately  been  taken  for  animals.  It  is  among  these 
microscopic  tribes  that  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms  most 
nearly  approach  each  other,  —  so  nearly,  that  it  is  still  uncertain 
where  to  draw  the  line  between  them. 

6.  Since   the   difficulty  of  distinguishing   between   animals   and 
plants    occurs  only,  or    mainly,  in  those   forms    which   from   their 
minuteness  are  beyond  ordinary  observation,  we  need  not  further 
concern  ourselves  with  the  question  here.     One,  and  probably  the 
most  absolute,  difference,  however,  ought  to  be  mentioned  at  the 
outset,  because  it  enables  us  to  see  what  plants  are  made  for.     It 
is  this :  — 

7.  Vegetables  are  nourished  by  the  mineral  kingdom,  that  is,  by 
the  ground  and  the  air,  which  supply  all  they  need,  and  which  they 
are  adapted  to  live  upon  ;  while  animals  are  entirely  nourished  by 
vegetables.     The  great  use  of  plants  therefore  is,  to  take  portions  of 


LESSON  1.]  BOTANY,    WHAT    IT    RELATES    TO.  3 

earth  and  air,  upon  which  animals  cannot  subsist  at  all,  and  to  con- 
vert these  into  something  upon  which  animals  can  subsist,  that  is, 
into  food.  All  food  is  produced  by  plants.  How  this  is  done,  it  is 
the  province  of  Vegetable  Physiology  to  explain. 

8.  Botany  is  the  name  of  the  science  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  in 
general. 

9.  Physiology  is  the  study  of  the  way  a  living  being  lives,  and 
grows,  and  performs  its  various  operations.     The  study  of  plants  in 
this  view  is  the  province  of  Vegetable  Physiology.     The  study  of  the 
form  and  structure  of  the  organs  or  parts  of  the  vegetable,  by  which 
its  operations  are  performed,  is  the  province  of  Structural  Botany. 
The  two  together  constitute  Physiological  Botany.     With  this  de- 
partment the  study  of  Botany  should  begin ;  both  because  it  lies 
at  the  foundation  of  all  the  rest,  and  because  it  gives  that  kind  of 
knowledge  of  plants  which  it  is  desirable  every  one  should  possess  ; 
that  is,  some  knowledge  of  the  way  in  wrhich  plants  live,  grow,  and 
fulfil  the  purposes  of  their  existence.     To  this  subject,  accordingly, 
a  large  portion  of  the  following  Lessons  is  devoted. 

10.  The  study  of  plants  as  to  their  kinds  is  the  province  of  Sys- 
tematic Botany.     An  enumeration  of  the  kinds  of  vegetables,  as  far 
as  known,  classified  according  to  their  various  degrees  of  resemblance 
-or  difference,  constitutes  a  general  System  of  plants.     A  similar  ac- 
count of  the  vegetables  of  any  particular  country  or  district  is  called 
a  Flora  of  that  country  or  district. 

11.  Other  departments  of  Botany  come  to  view  when  —  instead 
of  regarding  plants  as  to  what  they  are  in  themselves,  or  as  to  their 
relationship  with  each  other  —  we  consider  them  in  their  relations 
to  other  things.     Their  relation  to  the  earth,  for  instance,  as  respects 
their  distribution  over  its  surface,  gives  rise  to  Geographical  Botany, 
or  Botanical  Geography.      The  study  of  the  vegetation  of  former 
times,  in  their  fossil  remains  entombed  in  the  crust  of  the  earth, 
gives  rise  to  Fossil  Botany.     The  study  of  plants  in  respect  to  their 
uses  to  man  is  the  province  of  Agricultural  Botany,  Medical  Botany^ 
and  the  like. 


4  GROWTH    OF    THE   PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.      [LESSON  2. 

LESSON  II. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 

12.  The  Course  Of  Vegetation,     We  see  plants  growing  from  the 
seed  in  spring-time,  and  gradually  developing  their  parts  :  at  length 
they  blossom,  bear  fruit,  and  produce  seeds  like  those  from  which 
they  grew.     Shall  we  commence  the  study  of  the  plant  with  the 
full-grown  herb  or  tree,  adorned  with  flowers  or  laden  with  fruit  ? 
Or   shall   we   commence  with   the   seedling  just   rising  from   the 
ground  ?     On  the  whole,  we  may  get  a  clearer  idea  of  the  whole 
life  and  structure  of  plants  if  we  begin  at  the  beginning,  that  is,  with 
the  plantlet  springing  from  the  seed,  and  follow  it  throughout  its 
course  of  growth.     This  also  agrees  best  with  the  season  in  which 
the  study  of  Botany  is  generally  commenced,  namely,  in  the  spring 
of  the  year,  when  the  growth  of  plants  from  the  seed  can  hardly 
fail  to  attract  attention.     Indeed,  it  is  this  springing  forth  of  vegeta- 
tion from  seeds  and  buds,  after  the  rigors  of  our  long  winter, — 
clothing  the  earth's  surface  almost  at  once  with  a  mantle  of  freshest 
verdure,  —  which  gives  to  spring  its  greatest  charm.      Even  the 
dullest  beholder,  the  least  observant  of  Nature  at  other  seasons, 
can  then  hardly  fail  to  ask :  What  are  plants  ?    How  do  they  live 
and  grow  ?    What  do  they  live  upon  ?     What  is  the  object  and  use 
of  vegetation  in  general,  and  of  its  particular  and  wonderfully  various 
forms  ?     These  questions  it  is  the  object  of  the  present  Lessons  to 
answer,  as  far  as  possible,  in  a  simple  way. 

13.  A  reflecting  as  well  as  observing  person,  noticing  the  re- 
semblances between  one  plant  and  another,  might  go  on  to  inquire 
whether   plants,   with  all  their  manifold    diversities    of  form  and 
appearance,  are  not  all  constructed  on  one  and  the  same  general 
plan.     It  will  become   apparent,  as  we  proceed,  that   this  is  the 
case ;  —  that  one  common  plan  may  be  discerned,  which  each  par- 
ticular plant,  whether  herb,  shrub,  or  tree,  has  followed  much  more 
closely  than  would  at  first  view  be  supposed.     The  differences,  wide 
as  they  are,  are  merely  incidental.     What  is  true  in  a  general  way 
of  any  ordinary  vegetable,  will  be  found  to  be  true  of  all,  only  with 
great  variation  in  the  details.     In  the  same  language,  though  in 
varied  phrase,  the  hundred  thousand  kinds  of  plants  repeat  the  same 


LESSON  2.]   GROWTH  OP  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 

story,  —  are  the  living  witnesses  and  illustrations  of  one  and  the 
same  plan  of  Creative  Wisdom  in  the  vegetable  world.  So  that  the 
study  of  any  one  plant,  traced  from  the  seed  it  springs  from  round 
to  the  seeds  it  produces,  would  illustrate  the  whole  subject  of  vege- 
table life  and  growth.  It  matters  little,  therefore,  what  particular 
plant  we  begin  with. 

14.  The  Germinating  Plantlet,    Take  for  example  a  seedling  Maple. 
Sugar  Maples  may  be  found  in  abundance  in  many  places,  starting 
from  the  seed  (i.  e.  germinating)  in  early  spring,  and  Red  Maples 
at  the  beginning  of  summer,  shortly  after  the  fruits  of  the  season 
have  ripened  and  fallen  to  the  ground.     A  pair  of  narrow  green 
leaves  raised  on  a  tiny  stem  make  up  the  whole  plant  at  its  first 
appearance  (Fig.  4).     Soon  a  root  appears  at  the  lower  end  of  this 
stemlet  ;  then  a  little  bud  at  its  upper  end,  between  the  pair  of 
leaves,  which  soon  grows  into  a  second  joint  or 

stem  bearing  another  pair  of  leaves,  resembling 
the  ordinary  leaves  of  the  Red  Maple,  which 
the  first  did  not.  Figures  5  and  6  represent 
these  steps  in  the  growth. 

15.  Was  this  plantlet  formed  in  the  seed  at 
the  time  of  germination,  something  as  the  chick 
is  formed  in  the  egg  during  the  process  of  incu- 
bation ?      Or  did  it  exist   before  in   the   seed, 
ready   formed  ?      To  decide  this  question,  we 
have  only  to  inspect  a  sound  seed,  which  in  this 
instance  requires  no  microscope,  nor  any  other 
instrument   than  a  sharp   knife,  by  which  the 
coats  of  the  seed  (previously  soaked  in  water,  if 
dry)  may  be  laid  open.      We  find  within  the 
seed,  in  this  case,  the  little  plantlet  ready  formed, 
and  nothing  else  (Fig.  2)  ;  —  namely,   a   pair 
of  leaves    like  those   of  the   earliest   seedling 
(Fig.  4),  only  smaller,  borne  on  a  stemlet  just 
like   that   of  the  seedling,  only  much  shorter, 
and  all  snugly  coiled  up  within  the  protecting 
seed-coat.     The   plant   then   exists   beforehand 

in  the   seed,  in  miniature.     It  was   not  formed,  but  only  devel- 

FIG.  1.  A  winged  fruit  of  Red  Maple,  witli  the  seed-bearing  portion  cut  open,  to  show  the 
seed.  2.  This  seed  cut  open  to  show  the  embryo  plantlet  within,  enlarged.  3.  The  embryo 
taken  out  whole,  and  partly  unfolded.  4.  The  same  after  it  has  begun  to  grow ;  of  the 
Qatural  size. 

1* 


6 


GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.   [LESSON  2, 


oped,  in  germination  ;  when  it  had  merely  to  unfold  and  grow,  — 
to  elongate  its  rudimentary  stem,  which  takes 
at  the  same  time  an  upright  position,  so  as  to 
bring  the  leaf-bearing  end  into  the  light  and  air, 
where  the  two  leaves  expand ;  while  from  the 
opposite  end,  now  pushed  farther  downwards 
into  the  soil,  the  root  begins  to  grow.  All  this 
is  true  in  the  main  of  all  plants  that  spring  from 
real  seeds,  although  with  great  diversity  in  the 
particulars.  At  least,  there  is  hardly  an  excep- 
tion to  the  fact,  that  the  plantlet  exists  ready 
formed  in  the  seed,  in  some  shape  or  other. 

16.  The  rudimentary  plantlet  contained  in 
the  seed  is  called  an  Embryo.  Its  little  stem 
is  named  the  Radicle,  because  it  was  supposed 
to  be  the  root,  when  the  difference  between  the 
root  and  stem  was  not  so  well  known  as  now. 
It  were  better  to  name  it  the  Caulicle  (i.  e. 
little  stem)  ;  but  it  is  not  expedient  to  change 
old  names.  The  seed-leaves  it  bears  on  its  sum- 
mit (here  two  in  number)  are  technically  called 
Cotyledons.  The  little  bud  of  undeveloped 
leaves  which  is  to  be  found  between  the  co- 
tyledons before  germination  in  many  cases  (as  in  the  Pea,  Bean, 
Fig.  17,  &c.),  has  been  named  the  Plumule. 

17.  In  the  Maple  (Fig.  4),  as  also  in  the  Morning-Glory  (Fig. 
28),  and  the  like,  this  bud,  or  plumule,  is  not  seen  for  some  days 
after  the  seed-leaves  are  expanded.  But  soon  it  appears,  in  the 
Maple  as  a  pair  of  minute  leaves  (Fig.  5),  erelong  raised  on  a  stalk 
which  carries  them  up  to  some  distance  above  the  cotyledons.  The 
plantlet  (Fig.  6)  now  consists,  above  ground,  of  two  pairs  of  leaves, 
viz. :  1.  the  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves,  borne  on  the  summit  of  the 
original  stemlet  (the  radicle)  ;  and  2.  a  pair  of  ordinary  leaves, 
raised  on  a  second  joint  of  stem  which  has  grown  from  the  top 
of  the  first.  Later,  a  third  pair  of  leaves  is  formed,  and  raised 
on  a  third  joint  of  stem,  proceeding  from  the  summit  of  the  second 
(Fig.  7),  just  as  that  did  from  the  first ;  and  so  on,  until  the  germi- 
nating plantlet  becomes  a  tree. 

FIG.  5.    Germinating  Red  Maple,  which  has  produced  its  root  beneath,  and  ia  developing 
a  second  pair  of  leaves  above.    G.  Same,  further  advanced. 


LESSON  2.]       GROWTH    OP    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED. 


18.  So  the  youngest  seedling,  and  even  the  embryo  in  the  seed, 
is  already  an  epitome  of  the  herb  or  tree.     It  has  a  stem,  from  the 
lower  end  of  which  it  strikes  root :  and  it 

has  leaves.  The  tree  itself  in  its  whole 
vegetation  has  nothing  more  in  kind. 
To  become  a  tree,  the  plantlet  has  only 
to  repeat  itself  upwardly  by  producing 
more  similar  parts,  —  that  is,  new  por- 
tions of  stem,  with  new  and  larger  leaves, 
in  succession,  —  while  beneath,  it  pushes 
its  root  deeper  and  deeper  into  the  soil. 

19.  The  Opposite  Growth  of  Root  and 

Stem  began  at  the  beginning  of  germi- 
nation, and  it  continues  through  the 
whole  life  of  the  plant.  While  yet 
buried  in  the  soil,  and  perhaps  in  total 
darkness,  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  grow, 
the  stem  end  of  the  embryo  points 
towards  the  light,  —  curving  or  turning 
quite  round  if  it  happens  to  lie  in 
some  other  direction,  —  and  stretches 
upwards  into  the  free  air  and  sunshine  ; 
while  the  root  end  as  uniformly  avoids 
the  light,  bends  in  the  opposite  direction 
to  do  so  if  necessary,  and  ever  seeks  to  bury  itself  more  and  more 
in  the  earth's  bosom.  How  the  plantlet  makes  these  movements  we 
cannot  explain.  But  the  object  of  this  instinct  is  obvious.  It 
places  the  plant  from  the  first  in  the  proper  position,  with  its  roots 
in  the  moist  soil,  from  which  they  are  to  absorb  nourishment,  and  its 
leaves  in  the  light  and  air,  where  alone  they  can  fulfil  their  office  of 
digesting  what  the  roots  absorb. 

20.  So  the  seedling  plantlet  finds  itself  provided  with  all  the 
organs  of  vegetation  that  even  the  oldest  plant  possesses,  —  namely, 
root,  stem,  and  leaves ;  and  has  these  placed  in  the  situation  where 
each  is  to  act,  —  the  root  in  the  soil,  the  foliage  in  the  light  and  air. 
Thus  established,  the  plantlet  has  only  to  set  about  its  proper  work. 

21.  The  different  Mode  of  Growth  of  Root  and  Stem  may  also  be  here 
mentioned.     Each  grows,  not  only  in  a  different  direction,  but  in  a 
different  way.    The  stem  grows  by  producing  a  set  of  joints,  each  from 

FIG.  7.     Germinating  Red  Maple.,  further  developed. 


8  GROWTH    OF   THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.       [LESSON   2. 

the  summit  of  its  predecessor ;  and  each  joint  elongates  throughout 
every  part,  until  it  reaches  its  full  length.  The  root  is  not  composed 
of  joints,  and  it  lengthens  only  at  the  end.  The  stem  in  the  embryo 
(viz.  the  radicle)  has  a  certain  length  to  begin  with.  In  the  pump- 
kin-seed, for  instance  (Fig.  9),  it  is  less  than  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
long :  but  it  grows  in  a  few  days  to  the  length  of  one  or  two  inches 
(Fig.  10),  or  still  more,  if  the  seed  were  deeper  covered  by  the  soil. 
It  is  by  this  elongation  that  the  seed-leaves  are  raised  out  of  the 
soil,  so  as  to  expand  in  the  light  and  air.  The  length  they  acquire 
varies  with  the  depth  of  the  covering.  When  large  and  strong  seeds 
are  too  deeply  buried,  the  stemlet  sometimes  grows  to  the  length  of 
several  inches  in  the  endeavor  to  bring  the  seed-leaves  to  the  sur- 
face. The  lengthening  of  the  succeeding  joints  of  the  stem  serves  to 
separate  the  leaves,  or  pairs  of  leaves,  from  one  another,  and  to  ex- 
pose them  more  fully  to  the  light. 

22.  The  root,  on  the  other  hand,  begins  by  a  new  formation  at 
the  base  of  the  embryo  stem ;  and  it  continues  to  increase  in  length 
solely  by  additions  to  the  extremity,  the  parts  once  formed  scarcely 
elongating  at  all  afterwards.  This  mode  of  growth  is  well  adapted 
to  the  circumstances  in  which  roots  are  placed,  leaving  every  part 
undisturbed  in  the  soil  where  it  was  formed,  while  the  ever-advan- 
cing points  readily  insinuate  themselves  into  the  crevices  or  looser 
portions  of  the  soil,  or  pass  around  the  surface  of  solid  obstacles. 


LESSON  3.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.        9 

LESSON  III. 

GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.  —  Continued. 

23.  So  a  plant  consists  of  two  parts,  growing  in  a  different  manner, 
as  well  as  in  opposite  directions.     One  part,  the  root,  grows  down- 
wards into  the  soil :  it  may,  therefore,  be  called  the  descending  axis. 
The  other  grows  upwards  into  the  light  and  air :  it  may  be  called 
the  ascending  axis.     The  root  grows  on  continuously  from  the  ex- 
tremity, and  so  does  not  consist  of  joints,  nor  does  it  bear  leaves, 
or   anything   of  the    kind.      The    stem   grows  by  a  succession  of 
joints,  each  bearing  one  or  more  leaves  on  its  summit     Root  on 
the  one  hand,  and  stem  with  its  foliage  on  the  other,  make  up  the 
whole  plantlet  as  it  springs  from  the  seed ;  and  the  full-grown  herb, 
shrub,  or  tree  has  nothing  more  in  kind,  —  only  more  in  size  and 
number.     Before  we  trace  the  plantlet  into  the  herb  or  tree,  some 
other  cases  of  the  growth  of  the  plantlet  from  the  seed  should  be 
studied,  that  we  may  observe  how  the  same  plan  is  worked  out  under 
a  variety  of  forms,  with  certain  differences  in  the  details.    The  mate- 
rials for  this  study  are  always  at  hand.    We  have  only  to  notice  what 
takes  place  all  around  us  in  spring,  or  to  plant  some  common  seeds 
in  pots,  keep  them  warm  and  moist,  and  watch  their  germination. 

24.  The  Germinating  Planllel  feeds  on  Nourishment  provided  beforehand. 

The  embryo  so  snugly  ensconced  in  the  seed  of  the  Maple  (Fig.  2, 
3, 4)  has  from  the  first  a  miniature  stem,  and  a  pair  of  leaves  already 
green,  or  which  become  green  as  soon  as  brought  to  the  light.  It 
has  only  to  form  a  root  by  which  to  fix  itself  to  the  ground,  when  it 
becomes  a  perfect  though  diminutive  vegetable,  capable  of  providing 
for  itself.  This  root  can  be  formed  only  out  of  proper  material  : 
neither  water  nor  anything  else  which  the  plantlet  is  imbibing  from 
the  earth  will  answer  the  purpose.  The  proper  material  is  nourish- 
ing matter,  or  prepared  food,  more  or  less  of  which  is  always  pro- 
vided by  the  parent  plant,  and  stored  up  in  the  seed,  either  in  the 
embryo  itself,  or  around  it.  In  the  Maple,  this  nourishment  is  stored 
up  in  the  thickish  cotyledons,  or  seed-leaves.  And  there  is  barely 
enough  of  it  to  make  the  beginning  of  a  root,  and  to  provide  for  the 
lengthening  of  the  stemlet  so  as  to  bring  up  the  unfolding  seed-leaves 
where  they  may  expand  to  the  light  of  day.  But  when  this  is  done, 
S&F— 2 


10 


GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.   [LESSON  3. 


the  tiny  plant  is  already  able  to  shift  for  itself;  —  that  is,  to  live  and 
continue  its  growth  on  what  it  now  takes  from  the  soil  and  from  the 
air,  and  elaborates  into  nourishment  in  its  two  green  leaves,  under 
the  influence  of  the  light  of  the  sun. 

25.  In  most  ordinary  plants,  a  larger  portion  of  nourishment  is 
provided  beforehand  in  the  seed ;  and  the  plantlet  consequently  is 
not  so  early  or  so  entirely  left  to  its  own  resources.     Let  us  examine 

4  a  number  of  cases,  selected  from  very  common  plants.     Sometimes, 
as  has  just  been  stated,  we  find  this 

26.  Deposit  Of  Food  in  the  Embryo  itself,     And  we  may  observe  it 
in  every  gradation  as  to  quantity,  from  the  Maple  of  our  first  illus- 
tration, where  there  is  very  little,  up  to 
the  Pea  and  the  Horsechestnut,  where 
there  is  as  much  as  there  possibly  can 
be.     If  we  strip  off  the  coats  from  the 
large    and    flat    seed    of   a    Squash    or 
Pumpkin,  we  find  nothing  but  the  em- 
bryo within   (Fig.  9)  ;    and  almost  the 
whole  bulk  of  this  consists  of  the  two 
seed-leaves.     That  these  contain  a  good 
supply  of  nourishing  matter,  is  evident 
from  their  sweet  taste  and  from  their 
thickness,  although  there  is  not  enough 
to  obscure  their   leaf-like   appearance. 
It  is  by  feeding  on  this  supply  of  nour- 
ishment that  the  germinating  Squash  or 
Pumpkin    (Fig.    10)    grows  so  rapidly 
and    so   vigorously   from   the    seed,  — 
lengthening   its   stemlet   to   more  than 
twenty  times  the  length  it  had  in  the 
seed,  and  thickening  it  in  proportion, — 
sending  out  at  once  a  number  of  roots 
from  its  lower  end,  and  soon  developing 

the  plumule  (16)  from  its  upper  end  into  a  third  leaf:  meanwhile 
the  two  cotyledons,  relieved  from  the  nourishment  with  which  their 
tissue  was  gorged,  have  expanded  into  useful  green  leaves. 

27.  For  a  stronger  instance,  take  next  the  seed  of  a  Plum  or 
Peach,  or  an  Almond,  or  an  Apple-seed  (Fig.  11,  12),  which  shows 


FIG.  9.    Embryo  of  a  Pumpkin,  of  the  natural  size  j  the  cotyledons  a  little  opened. 
JO.  The  same,  when  it  has  germinated. 


LESSON  3.]      GROWTH    OF   THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED. 


11 


the  same  thing  on  a  smaller  scale.  The  embryo,  which  here  also 
makes  up  the  whole  bulk  of  the  kernel  of  the 
seed,  differs  from  that  of  the  Pumpkin  only 
in  having  the  seed-leaves  more  thickened,  by 
the  much  larger  quantity  of  nourishment  stored 
up  in  their  tissue,  —  so  large  and  so  pure  in- 
deed, that  the  almond  becomes  an  article  of 
food.  Fed  by  this  abundant  supply,  the  second, 
and  even  the  third  joints  of  the  stem,  with 
their  leaves,  shoot  forth  as  soon  as  the  stemlet  comes  to  the  surface  oi 
the  soil.  The  Beech-nut  (Fig.  13),  with 
its  sweet  and  eatable  kernel,  consisting 
mainly  of  a  pair  of  seed-leaves  folded 
together,  and  gorged  with  nourishing 
matter,  offers  another  instance  of  the 
same  sort :  this  ample  store  to  feed 
upon  enables  the  germinating  plantlet 
to  grow  with  remarkable  vigor,  and  to 
develop  a  second  joint  of  stem,  with  its 
pair  of  leaves  (Fig.  14),  before  the  first 
pair  has  expanded  or  the  root  has  ob- 
tained much  foothold  in  the  soil. 

28.  A  Bean  affords  a  similar  and 
more  familiar  illustration.  Here  the  co- 
tyledons in  the  seed  (Fig.  16)  are  so 
thick,  that,  although  they  are  raised  out 
of  ground  in  the  ordinary  way  in  ger- 
mination (Fig.  17),  and  turn  greenish, 
yet  they  never  succeed  in  becoming  leaf- 
like,  —  never  display  their  real  nature  of 
leaves,  as  they  do  so  plainly  in  the  Ma- 
ple (Fig.  5),  the  Pumpkin  (Fig.  10),  the 
Morning-Glory  (Fig.  8,  26-28),  &c. 
Turned  to  great  account  as  magazines 
of  food  for  the  germinating  plantlet,  they 
fulfil  this  special  office  admirably,  but 

FIG.  11.  An  Apple-seed  cut  through  lengthwise,  showing  the  embryo  with  its  thickened 
cotyledons.  12.  The  embryo  of  the  Apple,  taken  out  whole,  its  cotyledons  partly  separated. 

FIG.  13.  A  Beech-nut,  cut  across.  14.  Beginning  germination  of  the  Beech,  showing  the 
plumule  growing  before  the  cotyledons  have  opened  or  the  root  has  scarcely  formed.  15.  The 
same,  a  little  later,  with  the  second  joint  lengthened. 


12 


GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANT    FROM    THE    SEED.      [^LESSON  3. 


they  were  so  gorged  and,  as  it  were,  misshapen,  that  they  became 

quite  unfitted  to  perform  the  office  of 
foliage.  This  office  is  accordingly  first 
performed  by  the  succeeding  pair  of 
leaves,  those  of  the  plumule  (Fig.  17, 
18),  which  is  put  into  rapid  growth  by 
the  abundant  nourishment  contained  in 
the  large  and  thick  seed-leaves.  The 
latter,  having  fulfilled  this  office,  soon 
wither  and  fall  away. 

29.  This  is  carried  a  step  farther  in 
the  Pea  (Fig.  19,  20),  a  near  relative 
of  the  Bean, 
and  in  the" 
Oak  (Fig. 
21,  22),  a 
near  relative 
of  the  Beech. 
The  differ- 
ence in  these 
and  many 
other  similar 
cases  is  this. 

The  cotyledons,  which  make  up  nearly 

the  whole  bulk  of  the  seed  are  exces- 
sively thickened,  so  as  to  become  nearly 

hemispherical  in  shape.     They  have  lost 

all  likeness  to  leaves,  and  all  power  of 

ever  fulfilling  the  office  of  leaves.     Ac- 
cordingly in     germination    they   remain 

unchanged   within    the  husk  or  coats  of 

the  seed,  never  growing  themselves,  but 

supplying  abundant   nourishment  to  the 

plumule  (the  bud  for  the  forming  stem) 

between  them.     This  pushes  forth  from 

the  seed,  shoots  upward,  and  gives  rise 

FIG.  16.  A  Bean :  the  embryo,  from  which  seed-coats  have  been  removed :  the  small 
stem  is  seen  above,  bent  down  upon  the  edge  of  the  thick  cotyledons.  17.  The  same  in  early 
germination  ;  the  plumule  growing  from  between  the  two  seed-leaves.  18.  The  germination 
more  advanced,  the  two  leaves  of  the  plumule  unfolded,  and  raised  on  a  short  joint  of  stem. 

FIG.  19.    A  Pea  :  the  embryo,  with  the  seed-coats  taken  off.    20.  A  Pea  in  germination. 


LESSON  3.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED. 


13 


to  the  first  leaves  that  appear.    In  most  cases  of  the  sort,  the  radicle, 
or  short  original  stemlet  of  the  embryo  be- 
low the  cotyledons  (which  is  plainly  shown 
in  the  Pea,  Fig.  19),  lengthens  very  little, 
or  not  at  all ;  and  so  the  cotyledons  remain 
under  ground,  if  the  seed  was  covered  by 
the  soil,  as  every  one  knows  to  be  the  case 
with  Peas.     In  these  (Fig.  20),  as  also  in 
the  Oak  (Fig.  22),  the  leaves  of  the  first 
one  or  two  joints  are  imperfect,  and  mere 
small  scales ;  but  genuine  leaves  immedi- 
ately follow.    The  Horsechestnut  and  Buck- 
eye (Fig.  23,  24)  furnish  another  instance 
of  the  same  sort.     These  trees  are  nearly 
related  to  the  Maple  ;  but  while  the  seed- 
leaves  of  the  Maple  show  themselves  to 
be  leaves,  even  in  the  seed   (as  we  have 
already  seen),  and  when    they  germinate 
fulfil  the   office   of  ordinary   leaves,  those 
of  the  Buckeye  and  of  the  Horsechestnut 
(Fig.  23),  would  never  be  suspected  to  be 
the  same  organs.     Yet  they  are   so,  only 
in  another  shape,  —  exceedingly  thickened 
by  the  accumulation  of  a  great   quantity 
of  starch  and  other  nourishing  matter  in 
their  substance  ;  and  besides,  their  contigu- 
ous faces  stick  together  more  or  less  firmly, 
so  that  they  never  open.     But  the  stalks 
of  these   seed-leaves    grow,   and,  as   they 
lengthen,  push  the  radicle  and  the  plumule 
out  of  the  seed,  when  the  former  develops  downwardly  the  root,  the 
latter  upwardly  the  leafy  stem  and  all  it  bears  (Fig.  24). 

30.  Deposit  of  Food  outside  Of  the  Embryo.  Very  often  the  nourish- 
ment provided  for  the  seedling  plantlet  is  laid  up,  not  in  the  embryo 
itself,  but  around  it.  A  good  instance  to  begin  with  is  furnished  by 
the  common  Morning-Glory,  or  Convolvulus.  The  embryo,  taken 
out  of  the  seed  and  straightened,  is  shown  in  Fig.  26.  it  consists 
of  a  short  stemlet  and  of  a  pair  of  very  thin  and  delicate  green 
leaves,  having  no  stock  of  nourishment  in  them  for  sustaining  the 

FIG.  21.     An  acorn  divided  lengthwise.    22.  The  germinating  Oak. 


GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.    [LESSON  3. 


earliest  growth.     On  cutting  open  the  seed,  however,  we  find  this 

embryo  (considerably  crumpled  or  folded  together,  so  as  to  occupy 

less  space,  Fig.  25)  to  be  surround- 
ed by  a  mass  of  rich,  mucilaginous 
matter  (becoming  rather  hard  and 
solid  when  dry),  which  forms  the 
principal  bulk  of  the  seed.  Upon 
this  stock  the  embryo  feeds  in  ger- 
mination ;  the  seed-leaves  absorbing 
it  into  their  tissue  as  it  is  rendered 
soluble  (through  certain  chemical 
changes)  and  dissolved  by  the  wa- 
ter which  the  germinating  seed  im- 
bibes from  the  moist  soil.  Having 
by  this  aid  &  ss 

lengthened 
its  radicle 
into  a  stem 
of  consider- 
able length, 

and  formed  the  beginning  of  a  root  at  its 

lower   end.  already   imbedded   in   the  soil 

(Fig.   27),   the   cotyledons  now  disengage 

themselves    from   the   seed-coats,   and  ex- 
pand in  the  light  as  the  first  pair  of  leaves 

(Fig.  28).     These   immediately   begin    to 

elaborate,   under  the  sun's  influence,  what 

the  root  imbibes  from  the  soil,  and  the  new 

nourishment  so  produced  is  used,  partly  to 

increase  the  size  of  the  little  stem,  root, 

and  leaves  already  existing,  and  partly  to 

produce  a   second  joint  of  stem  with  its 

leaf  (Fig.  29),  then  a  third  with  its  leaf 

(Fig.  8)  ;  and  so  on. 

31.  This  maternal  store  of  food,  deposited  in  the  seed  along  with 

the  embryo  (but  not  in  its  substance),  the  old  botanists  likened  to 

FIG.  23.     Buckeye  :  a  seed  divided.    24.  A  similar  seed  in  gemination. 

FIG.  25.  Ssed  and  embryo  of  Morning-Glory,  cut  across.  2fi.  Embryo  of  the  same,  de. 
tached  and  straightened.  27.  Germinating  Morning-Glory.  28.  The  same  further  advanced; 
its  two  thin  seed-leaves  expanded. 


LESSON  3.]       GROWTH    OP   THE   PLANT    FROM   THE    SEED. 


15 


the  albumen,  or  white  of  the  egg,  which  encloses  the  yolk,  and 
therefore  gave  it  the  same  name, —  the  albumen  of  the  seed,  —  a 
name  which  it  still  retains.  Food  of  this  sort  for  the  plant  is  also 
food  for  animals,  or  for  man  ;  and  it  is 
this  albumen,  the  floury  part  of  the  seed, 
which  forms  the  principal  bulk  of  such 
important  grains  as  those  of  Indian  Corn 
(Fig.  38  -  40),  Wheat,  Rice,  Buck- 
wheat, and  of  the  seed  of  Four-o'clock, 
(Fig.  36,  37),  and  the  like.  In  all 
these  last-named  cases,  it  may  be  ob- 
served that  the  embryo  is  not  enclosed 
in  the  albumen,  but  placed  on  one  side 
of  it,  yet  in  close  contact  with  it,  so 
that  the  embryo  may  absorb  readily 
from  it  the  nourishment  it  requires 
when  it  begins  to  grow.  Sometimes 
the  embryo  is  coiled  around  the  outside,  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  as 
in  the  Purslane  and  the  Four-o'clock  (Fig.  36,  37)  ;  sometimes  it  is 
coiled  within  the  albumen,  as  in  the  Potato  (Fig.  34,  35)  ;  some- 
times it  is  straight  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  occupying  nearly  its 
so  32  34  ss  whole  length,  as  in 

the  Barberry  (Fig. 
32,  33),  or  much 
smaller  and  near  one 
end,  as  in  the  Iris 
(Fig.  43)  ;  or  some- 
times so  minute,  in 
the  midst  of  the  al- 
bumen, that  it  needs 
a  magnifying-glass  to 
find  it,  as  in  the  But- 


37 


FIG.  29.  Germination  of  the  Morning  Glory  more  advanced  :  the  upper  part  only  ;  showing 
the  leafy  cotyledons,  the  second  joint  of  stem  with  its  leaf,  and  the  third  with  its  leaf  just 
developing. 

FIG.  30.  Section  of  a  seed  of  a  Peony,  showing  a  very  small  embryo  in  the  albumen, 
near  one  end.  31.  This  embryo  detached,  and  more  magnified. 

FIG.  32.  Section  of  a  seed  of  Barberry,  showing  the  straight  embryo  in  the  middle  of 
the  albumen.  33.  Its  embryo  detached. 

FIG.  34.  Section  of  a  Potato-seed,  showing  the  embryo  coiled  in  the  albumen.  35.  Its 
embryo  detached. 

FIG.  36.  Section  of  the  seed  of  Four-o'clock,  showing  the  embryo  coiled  round  the 
outside  of  the  albumen.  37.  Its  embryo  detached- 


16       GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.   [LESSON  3« 

tercup  or  the  Columbine,  and  in  the  Peony  (Fig.  30,  31),  where, 
however,  it  is  large  enough  to  be  distinguished  by  the  naked  eye. 
Nothing  is  more  curious  than  the  various  shapes  and  positions  of 
the  embryo  in  the  seed,  nor  more  interesting  than  to  watch  its  de- 
velopment in  germination.  One  point  is  still  to  be  noticed,  since 
the  botanist  considers  it  of  much  importance,  namely  :  — 

32.  The  Rinds  of  Embryo  as  to  the  Number  of  Cotyledons,    In  all  the 

figures,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  embryo,  however  various  in  shape, 
is  constructed  on  one  and  the  same  plan  ;  —  it  consists  of  a  radicle  or 
stemlet,  with  a  pair  of  cotyledons  on  its  summit.  Botanists  there- 
fore call  it  dicotyledonous,  —  an  inconveniently  long  word  to  express 
the  fact  that  the  embryo  has  two  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves.  In 
many  cases  (as  in  the  Buttercup),  the  cotyledons  are  indeed  so 
minute,  that  they  are  discerned  only  by  the  nick  in  the  upper  end 
of  the  little  embryo ;  yet  in  germination  they  grow  into  a  pair  of 
seed-leaves,  just  as  in  other  cases  where  they  are  plain  to  be  seen, 
as  leaves,  in  the  seed.  But  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  40),  in  Wheat, 
the  Onion,  the  Iris  (Fig.  43),  &c.,  it  is  well  known  that  only  one 

leaf  appears  at  first  from  the 
sprouting  seed :  in  these  the 
embryo  has  only  one  cotyle- 
don, and  it  is  therefore  termed 
by  the  botanists  monocotyledo- 
nous  ;  —  an  extremely  long 
word,  like  the  other,  of  Greek  derivation,  which  means  one-cotyle- 
doned.  The  rudiments  of  one  or  more  other  leaves  are,  indeed, 
commonly  present  in  this  sort  of  embryo,  as  is  plain  to  see  in  Indian 
Corn  (Fig.  38  -  40),  but  they  form  a  bud  situated  above  or  within 
the  cotyledon,  and  enclosed  by  it  more  or  less  completely  ;  so  that 
they  evidently  belong  to  the  plumule  (16)  ;  and  these  leaves  appear 
in  the  seedling  plantlet,  each  from  within  its  predecessor,  and  there- 
fore originating  higher  up  on  the  forming  stem  (Fig.  42,  44).  This 
will  readily  be  understood  from  the  accompanying  figures,  with  their 
explanation,  which  the  student  may  without  difficulty  verify  for  him- 

FIG.  38.  A  grain  of  Indian  Corn,  flatwise,  cut  away  a  little,  so  as  to  show  the  embryo, 
lying  on  the  albumen,  which  makes  the  principal  bulk  of  the  seed. 

FIG.  39.  Another  grain  of  Corn,  cut  through  the  middle  in  the  opposite  direction,  divid- 
ing the  embryo  through  its  thick  cotyledon  and  its  plumule,  the  latter  consisting  of  two 
leaves,  one  enclosing  the  other. 

FIG.  40.  The  embryo  of  Corn,  taken  out  whole  :  the  thick  mass  is  the  cotyledon  ;  the 
narrow  body  partly  enclosed  by  it  is  the  plumule  ;  the  little  projection  at  its  base  is  the  very 
short  radicle  enclosed  in  the  sheathing  base  of  the  first  leaf  of  the  plumule. 


LESSON  3.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.       17 

self,  and  should  do  so,  by  examining  grains  of  Indian  Corn,  soaked 
in  water,  before  and  also  during  germination.  In  the  Onion,  Lily, 
and  the  Iris  (Fig.  43),  the  monocotyledonous  embryo  is  simpler, 
consisting  apparently  of  a  simple  oblong  or  cylindrical 
body,  in  which  no  distinction  of  parts  is  visible  :  the  lower 
end  is  radicle,  and  from  it  grows  the  root ;  the  rest  is  a 
cotyledon,  which  has  wrapped  up  in  it  a  minute  plumule, 
or  bud,  that  shows  itself  when  the  seeds  sprout  in  germi- 
Dation.  The  first  leaf  which  appears  above  ground  in  all 
these  cases  is  not  the  cotyledon.  In  all  seeds  with  one  coty- 
ledon to  the  embryo,  this  remains  in  the  seed,  or  at  least 
its  upper  part,  while  its  lengthening  base  comes  out,  so  as 
to  extricate  the  plumule,  which  shoots  upward,  and  de- 
velops the  first  leaves  of  the  plantlet.  These  appear  one 
above  or  within  the  other  in  succes- 
sion, —  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  42  and 
Fig.  44,  —  the  first  commonly  in  the 
form  of  a  little  scale  or  imperfect 
leaf;  the  second  or  third  and  the  4l 

following  ones  as  the  real,  ordinary  leave?  of 
the  plant.  Meanwhile,  from  the  root  end  of 
the  embryo,  a  root  (Fig.  41,  44),  or  soon  a 
whole  cluster  of  roots  (Fig.  42) ,  makes  its 
appearance. 

33.  In  Pines,  and  the  like,  the  embryo  con- 
sists of  a  radicle    or    stemlet,  bearing  on  its 
summit  three  or  four,  or  often  from   five  to 
ten  slender  cotyledons,  arranged  in  a 
circle    (Fig.   45),   and    expanding    at 
once  into  a   circle   of  as  many  green 
'•  leaves  in  germination  (Fig.  46).    Such 
embryos  are  said  to  be  polycotyledonous, 
that   is,  as  the    word   denotes,  many- 
cotyledoned. 

34.  Plan  of  Vegetation,    The  student 

who  has  understandingly  followed  the 
growth  of  the  embryo  in  the  seed  into  the  seedling  plantlet,  —  com- 
posed of  a  root,  and  a  stem  of  two  or  three  joints,  each  bearing  a 

FIG.  41.    Grain  of  Indian  Corn  in  germination. 
FIG.  42.    The  same,  further  advanced- 

2* 


18 


GROWTH    OF   THE   PLANT   FROM   THE    SEED.      [LESSON  3. 


leaf,  or  a  pair  (rarely  a  circle)  of  leaves,  —  will  have  gained  a  cor- 
rect idea  of  the  plan  of  vegetation  in  general,  and  have  laid  a  good 
foundation  for  a  knowledge  of  the  whole  structure  and  physiology 
43  of  plants.     For  the  plant  goes  on  to  grow  in  the  same 

way  throughout,  by  mere  repetitions  of  what  the  early 
germinating  plantlet  displays  to  view,  —  of  what  was 
contained,  in  miniature  or  in  rudiment,  in  the  seed  itself. 
So  far  as  vegetation  is  concerned  (leaving  out  of  view' 
for  the  present  the  flower  and  fruit),  the  full-grown  leafy 
herb  or  tree,  of  whatever  size,  has  nothing,  and  does 
nothing,  which  the  seedling  plantlet  does  not  have  and 
do.  The  whole  mass  of  stem  or  trunk  and  foliage  of 
the  complete  plant,  even  of  the  largest  forest-tree,  is 
composed  of  a  succession  or  multiplication  of  similar 
parts,  —  one  arising  from  the  summit  of  another,  — 
each,  so  to  say,  the  offspring  of  the  preceding  and 
the  parent  of  the  next. 

35.  In  the  same  way  that  the  earliest  portions  of 
the  seedling  stem,  with  the  leaves 
they  bear,  are  successively  produced, 
so,  joint  by  joint  in  direct  succes- 
sion, a  single,  simple,  leafy  stem  is 
developed  and  carried  up.  Of  such  a 
simple  leafy  stem  many  a  plant  consists 
(before  flowering,  at  least),  —  many 
herbs,  such  as  Sugar-Cane,  Indian 
Corn,  the  Lily,  the  tall  Banana,  the 
Yucca,  &c. ;  and  among  trees  the 
Palms  and  the  Cycas  (wrongly  called 
Sago  Palm)  exhibit  the  same  simplicity,  their 
stems,  of  whatever  age,  being  unbranched  columns 
(Fig.  47).  (Growth  in  diameter  is  of  course  to  be  considered, 
as  well  as  growth  in  length.  That,  and  the  question  how  growth 
of  any  kind  takes  place,  we  will  consider  hereafter.)  But  more 
commonly,  as  soon  as  the  plant  has  produced  a  main  stem  of  a  cer- 
tain length,  and  displayed  a  certain  amount  of  foliage,  it  begins  to 

FIG.  43.  Section  of  a  seed  of  the  Iris,  or  Flower-de-Luce,  showing  its  small  embryo  in 
the  albumen,  near  the  bottom. 

FIG.  44.    Germinating  plantlet  of  the  Iris. 

FIG.  45.  Section  of  a  seed  of  a  Pine,  with  its  embryo  of  several  cotyledons.  40.  Early 
seedling  Pine,  with  its  stemlot,  displaying  its  six  seed-leaves. 


LESSON  3.]   GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT  FROM  THE  SEED.       19 

produce  additional  stems,  that  is,  branches.     The   branching  plant 
we  will  consider  in  the  next  Lesson. 

36.  The  subjoined  figures  (Fig.  47)  give  a  view  of  some  forms 
of  simple-stemmed  vegetation.  The  figure  in  the  foreground  on 
the  left  represents  a  Cycas  (wrongly  called  in  the  conservatories 
Sago  Palm).  Behind  it  is  a  Yucca  (called  Spanish  Bayonet  at  the 
South)  and  two  Cocoanut  Palm-trees.  On  the  right  is  some  Indian 
Corn,  and  behind  it  a  Banana, 


20  GROWTH    OF   PLANTS   FROM   BUDS.  [LESSON  4. 


LESSON  IV. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  PLANTS  FROM  BUDS  AND  BRANCHES. 

37.  WE  have  seen  how  the  plant  grows  so  as  to  produce  a  root, 
and  a  simple  stem  with  its  foliage.     Both  the  root  and  stem,  how- 
ever, generally  branch. 

38.  The  branches  of  the  root  arise  without  any  particular  order. 
There  is  no  telling  beforehand  from  what  part  of  a  main  root  they 
will  spring.     But  the  branches  of  the  stem,  except  in  some  extra- 
ordinary cases,  regularly  arise  from  a  particular  place.     Branches 
or  shoots  in  their  undeveloped  state  are 

39.  Buds,     These  regularly  appear  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  — 
that  is,  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  leaf  with  the  stem  on  the  upper 
side ;  and  as  leaves  are  symmetrically  arranged  on  the  stem,  the 
buds,  and  the  branches  into  which  the  buds  grow,  necessarily  par- 
take of  this  symmetry. 

40.  We  do  not  confine  the  name  of  bud  to  the  scaly  winter-buds 
which  are  so  conspicuous  on  most  of  our  shrubs  and  trees  in  winter 
and  spring.     It  belongs  as  well  to  the  forming  branch  of  any  herb,  at 
its  first  appearance  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf.     In  growing,  buds  lengthen 
into  branches,  just  as  the  original  stem  did  from  the  plumule  of  the 
embryo  (16)  when  the  seed  germinated.     Only,  while  the  original 
stem  is  implanted  in  the  ground  by  its  root,  the  branch  is  implanted 
on  the  stem.     Branches,  therefore,  are  repetitions  of  the  main  stem. 
They  consist  of  the  same  parts,  —  namely,  joints  of  stem  and  leaves, 
—  growing  in  the  same  way.      And  in  the  axils  of  their  leaves 
another  crop  of  buds  is  naturally  produced,  giving  rise  to  another 
generation  of  branches,  which  may  in   turn  produce  still   another 
generation  ;  and  so  on,  —  until  the  tiny  and  simple  seedling  develops 
into  a  tall  and  spreading  herb  or  shrub  ;  or  into  a  massive  tree, 
with  its  hundreds  of  annually  increasing  branches,  and  its  thousands, 
perhaps  millions,  of  leaves. 

41.  The  herb  and  the  tree  grow  in  the  same  way.     The  difference 
is  only  in  size  and  duration. 

An  Herb  dies  altogether,  or  dies  down  to  the  ground,  after  it  has 
ripened  its  fruit,  or  at  the  approach  of  winter. 


LESSON  4.]  GROWTH    OF   PLANTS   FROM   BUDS. 


21 


An  annual  herb  flowers  in  the  first  year,  and  dies,  root  and  all, 
after  ripening  its  seed :  Mustard,  Peppergrass,  Buckwheat,  &c.,  are 
examples. 

A  biennial  herb  —  such  as  the  Turnip,  Carrot,  Beet,  and  Cabbage 
—  grows  the  first  season  without  blossoming,  survives  the  winter, 
flowers  after  that,  and  dies,  root  and  all,  when  it  has  ripened  its  seed. 

A  perennial  herb  lives  and  blossoms  year  after  year,  but  dies 
down  to  the  ground,  or  near  it,  annually,  —  not,  however,  quite  down 
to  the  root :  for  a  portion  of  the  stem,  with  its  buds,  still  survives ; 
and  from  these  buds  the  shoots  of  the  following  year  arise. 

A  Shrub  is  a  perennial  plant,  with  woody  stems  which  continue 
alive  and  grow  year  after  year. 

A  Tree  differs  from  a  shrub  only  in  its  greater  size. 

42.  The  Terminal  Bud,     There  are  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees  which 
do  not  branch,  as  we  have  already  seen  (35)  ;  but  whose  stems, 
even    when    they  liva    for    many   years,   rise    as    a   simple   shaft 
(Fig.  47).     These  plants  grow  by  the  continued  evolution  of  a  bud 
which  crowns  the  summit  of  the  stem,  and  which  is  therefore  called 
the  terminal   bud.     This   bud  is  very  conspicuous   in 

many  branching  plants  also  ;  as  on  all  the  stems  or 
shoots  of  Maples  (Fig.  53),  Horsechestnuts  (Fig.  48), 
or  Hickories  (Fig.  49),  of  a  year  old.  When  they 
grow,  they  merely  prolong  the  shoot  or  stem  on  which 
they  rest.  On  these  same  shoots,  however,  other  buds 
are  to  be  seen,  regularly  arranged  down  their  sides. 
We  find  them  situated  just  over  broad,  flattened  places, 
which  are  the  scars  left  by  the  fall  of  the  leaf-stalk  the 
autumn  previous.  Before  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  they 
would  have  been  seen  to  occupy  their  axils  (39)  :  so 
they  are  named 

43.  Axillary  Buds,     They  were  formed  in  these  trees 
early  in  the  summer.     Occasionally  they  grow  at  the 
time  into  branches :  at  least,  some  of  them  are  pretty 
sure  to  do  so,  in  case  the  growing  terminal  bud  at  the 
end  of  the  shoot  is  injured  or  destroyed.     Otherwise 
they   lie   dormant   until  the   spring.      In   many   trees 

or  shrubs  (such  for   example  as  the  Sumach  and  Honey-Locust) 
these  axillary  buds  do  not  show  themselves  until   spring ;    but  if 

FIG.  48.    Shoot  of  Horsechestmit,  of  one  year's  growth,  taken  in  autumn  after  the  leaves 
have  fallen. 


22 


GROWTH    OF    PLANTS    FROM    BUDS.  [LESSON  4. 


searched  for,  they  may  be  detected,  though  of  small  size,  hidden 
under  the  bark.  Sometimes,  although  early  formed,  they  are  con- 
cealed all  summer  long  under  the  base  of  the  leaf- 
stalk, hollowed  out  into  a  sort  of  inverted  cup,  like  a 
candle-extinguisher,  to  cover  them ;  as  in  the  Locust, 
the  Yellow-wood,  or  more  strikingly  in  the  Button- 
wood  or  Plane-tree  (Fig.  50). 

44.  Such  large  and  conspicuous  buds  as  those  of 
the  Horsechestnut,  Hickory,  and  the  like,  are  scaly  ; 
the  scales  being  a  kind  of  imperfect  leaves.  The 
use  of  the  bud-scales  is  obvious  ;  namely,  to  protect 
the  tender  young  parts  beneath.  To  do  this  more 
effectually,  they  are  often  coated  on  the  outside  with 
a  varnish  which  is  impervious  to  wet,  while  within 
they,  or  the  parts  they  enclose,  are  thickly  clothed 
with  down  or  wool ;  not  really  to  keep  out  the  cold 
of  winter,  which  will  of  course  penetrate  the  bud  in 
time,  but  to  shield  the  interior  against  sudden  changes 
«  from  warm  to  cold,  or  from  cold  to  warm,  which  are 
equally  injurious.  Scaly  buds  commonly  belong,  as  would  be  expect- 
ed, to  trees  and  shrubs  of  northern  climates ;  while  naked  buds  are 
usual  in  tropical  regions,  as  well  as  in  herbs  everywhere  which 
branch  during  the  summer's  growth  and  do  not  endure  the  winter. 


45.  But  naked  buds,  or  nearly  naked,  also  occur  in  several  of  our 
own  trees  and  shrubs ;  sometimes  pretty  large  ones,  as  those  of  Hob- 

FfG.  49.     Annual  shoot  of  the  Shaphark  Hickory. 

FIG.  50.    Bud  and  loaf  of  the  Buttonwood,  or  American  Piano-tree. 


LESSON  4.]  GROWTH    OF    PLANTS    FROM   BUDS.  23 

blebush  (while  those  of  the  nearly-related  Snowball  or  High  Bush- 
Cranberry  are  scaly)  ;  but  more  commonly,  when  naked  bucis  occur 
in  trees  and  shrubs  of  our  climate,  they  are  small,  and  sunk  in  the 
bark,  as  in  the  Sumac ;  or  even  partly  buried  in  the  wood  until  they 
begin  to  grow,  as  in  the  Honey-Locust. 

46.  Vigor  Of  Vegetation  from  Buds,    Large  and  strong  buds,  like  those 
of  the  Horsechestnut,  Hickory,  and  the  like,  on  inspection  will  be 
found  to  contain  several  leaves,  or  pairs  of  leaves,  ready  formed, 
folded  and  packed  away  in  small  compass,  just  as  the  seed-leaves 
are  packed  away  ia  the  seed  :  they  even  contain  all  the  blossoms  of 
the  ensuing  season,  plainly  visible  as  small  buds.     And  the  stems 
upon  which  these  buds  rest  are  filled  with  abundant  nourishment, 
which  was  deposited  the  summer  before  in  the  wood  or  in  the  bark. 
Under  the  surface  of  the  soil,  or  on  it,  covered  with  the  fallen  leaves 
of  autumn,  we  may  find  similar  strong  buds  of  our  perennial  herbs, 
in  great  variety ;  while  beneath  are  thick  roots,  rootstocks,  or  tubers, 
charged  with  a  great  store  of  nourishment  for  their  use.     As  we 
regard  these,  we  shall  readily  perceive  how  it  is   that  vegetation 
shoots  forth  so  vigorously  in  the  spring  of  the  year,  and  clothes  the 
bare  and  lately  frozen  surface  of  the  soil,  as  well  as  the  nuked 
boughs  of  trees,  almost  at  once  with  a  covering   of  the  freshest 
green,  and  often  with  brilliant  blossoms.     Everything  was  prepared, 
and  even  formed,  beforehand :  the  short  joints  of  stem  in  the  bud 
have  only  to  lengthen,  and  to  separate  the  leaves  from  each  other 
so  that  they  may  unfold  and  grow.     Only  a  small  part  of  the  vege- 
tation of  the  season  comes  directly  from  the  seed,  and  none  of  the 
earliest  vernal  vegetation.     This  is  all  from  buds  which  have  lived 
through  the  winter. 

47.  This  growth  from  buds,  in  manifold  variety,  is  as  interesting 
a  subject  of  study  as  the  growth  of  the  plantlet  from  the  seed,  and 
is  still  easier  to  observe.     We  have  only  room  here  to  sketch  the 
general  plan  ;  earnestly  recommending  the  student  to  examine  at- 
tentively their  mode  of  growth  in  all  the  common  trees  and  shrubs, 
when  they  shoot  forth  in  spring.     The  growth  of  the  terminal  bud 
prolongs   the  stem   or  branch:    the  growth  of  axillary  1/uds   pro- 
duces branches. 

48.  The  Arrangement   of  Branches   is   accordingly  the  same   as  of 
axillary  buds  ;  and  the  arrangement  of  these  buds  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  leaves.    Now  leaves  are  arranged  in  two  principal  ways  : 
they  are  either  opposite  or  alternate.     Leaves  are  opposite  \vhen 


24  GROWTH    OF   PLANTS   FROM   BUDS.  [LESSON  4. 

there  are  two  borne  on  the  same  joint  of  stem,  as  in  the  Horse- 
chestnut,  Maple  (Fig.  7),  Honeysuckle  (Fig.  132),  Lilac,  &c.;  the 
two  leaves  in  such  cases  being  always  opposite  each  other,  that  is, 
on  exactly  opposite  sides  of  the  stem.  Here  of  course  the  buds 
in  their  axils  are  opposite,  as  we  observe  in  Fig.  48,  where  the 
leaves  have  fallen,  but  their  place  is  shown  by  the  scars.  And  the 
branches  into  which  the  buds  grow  are  likewise  opposite  each  other 
in  pairs. 

49.  Leaves  are  alternate  when  there  is  only  one  from  each  joint  of 
stem,  as  in  the  Oak  (Fig.  22),  Lime-tree,  Poplar,  Buttonwood  (Fig. 
50),  Morning-Glory  (Fig.  8), — not  counting  the  seed-leaves,  which  of 
course  are  opposite,  there  being  a  pair  of  them ;  also  in  Indian  Corn 
(Fig.  42),  and  Iris  (Fig.  44).     Consequently  the  axillary  buds  are 
also  alternate,  as  in  Hickory   (Fig.  49)  ;   and  the  branches  they 
form  alternate,  —  making  a  different  kind  of  spray  from  the  other 
mode,  —  one  branch  shooting  on  the  one  side  of  the  stem  and  the 
next  on  some  other.     For  in  the  alternate  arrangement  no  leaf  is 
on  the  same  side  of  the   stem   as    the  one   next  above   or   next 
below  it, 

50.  Branches,  therefore,  are  arranged  with  symmetry ;  and  the 
mode  of  branching  of  the  whole  tree  may  be  foretold  by  a  glance  at 
the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  on  the  seedling  or  stem  of  the  first 
year.     This  arrangement  of  the  branches  according  to  that  of  the 
leaves  is  always  plainly  to  be   recognized ;   but  the  symmetry  of 
branches  is  rarely  complete.      This  is  owing   to  several   causes  ; 
mainly  to  one,  viz.:  — 

51.  It  never  happens  that  all  the  bud?  grow.     If  they  did,  there 
would  be  as  many  branches  in  any  year  as  there  were  leaves  the 
year  before.     And  of  those  which  do  begin  to  grow,  a  large  portion 
perish,  sooner  or  later,  for  want  of  nourishment  or  for  want  of  light. 
Those  which  first  begin  to  grow  have  an  advantage,  which  they  are 
apt  to  keep,  taking  to  themselves  the  nourishment  of  the  stem,  and 
starving  the  weaker  buds. 

52.  In  the  Horsechestnut   (Fig.  48),  Hickory  (Fig.  49),  Mag- 
nolia, and  most  other  trees  with  large  scaly  buds,  the  terminal  bud 
is  the  strongest,  and  has  the  advantage   in    growth,  and  next  in 
strength  are  the  upper  axillary  buds :  while  the  former  continues 
the  shoot  of  the  last  year,  some  of  the  latter  give  rise  to  branches, 
while  the  rest  fail  to  grow.     In 'the  Lilac  also,  the  upper  axillary 
buds  are  stronger   than   the   lower;   but  the  terminal  bud  rarely 


LESSON  4.]     GROWTH  OP  PLANTS  FROM  BUDS.  25 

appears  at  all ;  in  its  place  the  uppermost  pair  of  axillary  buds  grow, 
and  so  each  stem  branches  every  year  into  two  ;  making  a  re- 
peatedly two-forked  ramification. 

53.  In  these  and  many  similar  trees  and  shrubs,  most  of  the  shoots 
make  a  definite  annual  growth.     That  is,  each  shoot  of  the  season 
develops  rapidly  from  a  strong  bud  in  spring,  —  a  bud  which  gen- 
erally contains,  already  formed  in  miniature,  all  or  a  great  part  of  the 
leaves  and  joints  of  stem  it  is  to  produce,  —  makes  its  whole  growth 
in  length  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks,  or  sometimes  even  in  a  few 
days,  and  then  forms  and  ripens  its  buds  for  the  next  year's  similar 
rapid  growth. 

54.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Locust,  Honey-Locust,  Sumac,  and, 
among  smaller  plants,  the  Rose  and  Raspberry,  make  an  indefinite 
annual  growth.     That  is,  their  stems  grow  on  all  summer   long, 
until  stopped  by  the  frosts  of  autumn  or  some  other  cause ;  con- 
sequently they  form  and  ripen  no  terminal  bud  protected  by  scales, 
and  the  upper  axillary  buds  are  produced  so  late  in   the  season 
that  they  have  no  time  to  mature,  nor  has  the  wood  time  to  solidify 
and  ripen.     Such  stems  therefore  commonly  die  at  the  top  in  winter, 
or  at  least  all  their  upper  buds  are  small  and  feeble ;  and  the  growth 
of.the  succeeding  year  takes  place  mainly  from  the  lower  axillary 
buds,  which  are  more  mature.     Most  of  our  perennial  herbs  grow 
in  this  way,  their  stems  dying  down  to  the  ground  every  year :  the 
part  beneath,   however,  is  charged  with  vigorous  buds,  well  pro- 
tected by  the  kindly  covering  of  earth,  ready  for  the  next  year's 
vegetation. 

55.  In  these  last-mentioned  cases  there  is,  of  course,  no  single 
main  stem,  continued  year  after  year  in  a  direct  line,  but  the  trunk 
is  soon  lost  in  the  branches ;  and  when  they  grow  into  trees,  these 
commonly  have  rounded  or  spreading  tops.      Of  such  trees  with 
deliquescent  stems,  —  that  is,  with  the  trunk  dissolved,  as  it  were, 
into  the  successively  divided  branches,  the  common  American  Elm 
(Fig.  54)  furnishes  a  good  illustration. 

56.  On  the  other  hand,  the  main  stem  of  Pines  and  Spruces,  as 
it  begins  in  the  seedling,  unless  destroyed  by  some  injury,  is  carried 
on  in  a  direct  line  throughout  the  whole  growth  of  the  tree,  by  the 
development  year  after  year  of  a  terminal  bud :  this  forms  a  single, 
uninterrupted  shaft,  —  an  excurrent  trunk,  which  can  never  be  con- 
founded with  the  branches  that  proceed  from  it.     Of  such  spiry  or 
spire-shaped  trees,  the   Firs  or  Spruces  are  the  most  perfect  and 


26  GROWTH    OF    PLANTS    FROM   BUDS.  [LESSON  4. 

familiar  illustrations  (Fig.  54)  ;  but  some  other  trees  with  strong 
terminal  buds  exhibit  the  same  character  for  a  certain  time,  and 
in  a  less  marked  degree. 

57.  Latent    Buds,     Some  of  the  axillary  buds  grow  the  following 
year  into  branches  ;  but  a  larger  number  do  not  (51).     These  do  not 
necessarily  die.     Often  they  survive  in  a  latent  state  for  some  years, 
visible  on  the  surface  of  the  branch,  or  are  smaller  and  concealed 
under  the  bark,  resting  on  the  surface  of  the  wood :  and  when  at 
any  time  the  other  buds  or  branches  happen  to  be  killed,  these  older 
latent  buds  grow  to  supply  their  place ;  —  as  is  often  seen  when  the 
foliage  and  young  shoots  of  a  tree  are  destroyed  by  insects.     The 
new  shoots  seen  springing  directly  out  of  large  stems  may  sometimes 
originate  from  such  latent  buds,  which  have  preserved  their  life  for 
years.     But  commonly  these  arise  from 

58.  Adventitious  Buds,     These  are  buds  which  certain  shrubs  and 
trees  produce  anywhere  on  the  surface  of  the  wood,  especially  where 
it  has  been  injured.     They  give  rise  to  the  slender  twigs  which  often 
feather  so  beautifully  the  sides  of  great  branches  or  trunks  of  our 
American  Elms.     They  sometimes  form  on  the  root,  which  naturally 
is  destitute  of  buds ;  and  they  are  sure  to  appear  on  the  trunks  and 
roots  of  Willows,  Poplars,  and  Chestnuts,  when  these  are  wounded 
or  mutilated.     Indeed  Osier- Willows  are  pollarded,  or  cut  off,  from 
time  to  time,  by  the  cultivator,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  a  crop  of 
slender  adventitious  twigs,  suitable  for  basket-work.    Such  branches, 
being  altogether  irregular,  of  course  interfere  with  the  natural  sym- 
metry of  the  tree  (50).     Another  cause  of  irregularity,  in  certain 
trees  and  shrubs,  is  the  formation  of  what  are  called 

59.  Accessory  OF  Supernumerary  Buds,     There  are  cases  where  two, 

three,  or  more  buds  spring  from  the 
axil  of  a  leaf,  instead  of  the  single 
one  which  is  ordinarily  found  there. 
Sometimes  they  are  placed  one  over 
the  other,  as  in  the  Aristolochia  or 
Pipe- Vine,  and  in  the  Tartarian 
Honeysuckle  (Fig.  51)  ;  also  in  the 
si  Honey-Locust,  and  in  the  Walnut  and 

Butternut  (Fig.  52),  where  the  upper  supernumerary  bud  is  a  good 
way  out  of  the  axil  and  above  the  others.  And  this  is  here  stronger 

FIG.  51.    Tartarian  Honeysuckle,  with  three  accessory  buds  in  one  axil. 


LESSON  4.]  GROWTH    OF    PLANTS    FROM   BUDS. 


27 


than  the  others,  and  grows  into  a  branch  which  is  considerably  out  of 
the  axil,  while  the  lower  and  smaller  ones  commonly  do  not  grow  at 
all.  In  other  cases  the  three  buds  stand  side  by  side 
in  the  axil,  as  in  the  Hawthorn,  and  the  Red  Maple 
(Fig.  53).  If  these  were  all  to  grow  into  branches, 
they  would  stifle  or  jostle  each  other.  But  some 
of  them  are  commonly  flower-buds :  in 
the  Red  Maple,  only  the  middle  one  is  ^\ 

a  leaf-bud,  and  it  does  not  grow  until 
after  those  on  each  side  of  it  have  ex- 
panded the  blossoms  they  contain. 

60.  Sorts  Of  Buds,  It  may  be  useful 
to  enumerate  the  kinds  of  buds  which 
have  now  been  mentioned,  referring 
back  to  the  paragraphs  in  which  the  pe- 
culiarities of  each  are  explained.  Buds, 
then,  are  either  terminal  or  lateral. 
They  are 

Terminal  when  they  rest  on  the  apex 
of  a  stem  (42).  The  earliest  terminal 
bud  is  the  plumule  of  the  embryo  (16). 

Lateral,  when  they  appear  on  the 
side  of  a  stem  :  —  of  which  the  only 
regular  kind  is  the 

Axillary  (43),  namely,   those  which  are  situated  in 
the  axils  of  leaves. 

Accessory  or  Supernumerary  (59),  when  two  or  more 
occur  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  axillary  bud.  53 

Adventitious  (58),  when  they  occur  out  of  the  axils  and  without 
order,  on  stems  or  roots,  or  even  on  leaves.  Any  of  these  kinds 
may  be,  either 

Naked,  when  without  coverings ;  or  scaly,  when  protected  by 
scales  (44,  45). 

Latent,  when  they  survive  long  without  growing,  and  commonly 
without  being  visible  externally  (57). 

Leaf-buds,  when  they  contain  leaves,  and  develop  into  a  leafy 
shoot. 

Flower-buds,  when  they  contain  blossoms,  and  no  leaves,  as  the 

FIG.  52.     Butternut  branch,  with  accessory  buds,  the  uppermost  above  the  axil. 
FIG.  53.     Red-Maple  branch,  with  accessory  buds  placed  side  by  side. 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


[LESSON  5. 


side-buds  of  the  Red-Maple,  or  when  they  are  undeveloped  blossoms. 
These  we  shall  have  to  consider  hereafter. 

Figure  54  represents  a  spreading-topped  tree  (American  Elm), 
the  stem  dividing  off  into  branches  ;  and  some  spiiy  trees  (Spruces 
on  the  right  hand,  and  two  of  the  Arbor- Vitae  on  the  left)  with  ex- 
current  stems. 


LESSON   V, 

MORPHOLOGY  (i.e.  VARIOUS  SORTS  AND  FORMS)  OF  ROOTS. 

61.  Morphology,  as  the  name   (derived  from  two  Greek  words) 
denotes,  is  the  doctrine  of  forms.     In  treating  of  forms  in  plants,  the 
botanist  is  not  confined  to  an  enumeration   or  description  of  the 
shapes  or  sorts  that  occur,  —  which  would  be  a  dull  and  tedious 
business,  —  but  he  endeavors  to  bring  to  view  the  relations  between 
one  form  and  another  ;  and  this  is  an  interesting  study. 

62.  Botanists  give  particular  names  to  all  the  parts  of  plants,  and 
also  particular  terms  to  express  their   principal  varieties  in  form. 
They  ?ise  these  terms  with  great  precision  and  advantage  in  describ- 
ing the  species  or  kinds  of  plants.     They  must  therefore  be  denned 
and  explained  in  our  books.     But  it  would  be  a  great  waste  of  time 


LESSON  5.]  MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS.  29 

for  the  young  student  to  learn  them  by  rote.  The  student  should 
rather  consider  the  connection  between  one  form  and  another ;  and 
notice  how  the  one  simple  plan  of  the  plant,  as  it  has  already  been 
illustrated,  is  worked  out  in  the  greatest  variety  of  ways,  through  the 
manifold  diversity  of  forms  which  each  of  its  three  organs  of  vege- 
tation —  root,  stem,  and  leaf —  is  made  to  assume. 

63.  This  we  are  now  ready  to  do.     That  is,  having  obtained  a 
g  neral  idea  of  vegetation,  by  tracing  the  plant  from  the  seed  and 
the  bud  into  the  herb,  shrub,  or  tree,  we  proceed  to  contemplate  the 
principal  forms  under  which  these  three  organs  occur  in  different 
plants,  or  in  different  parts  of  the  same  plant ;  or,  in  other  words,  to 
study  the  morphology  of  the  root,  stem,  and  leaves. 

64.  Of  these  three  organs,  the  root  is  the  simplest  and  the  least 
varied  in  its  modifications.     Still  it  exhibits  some  widely  different 
kinds.     Going  back  to  the  beginning,  we  commence  with 

65.  The  simple  Primary  Root,  which  most  plants  send  down  from 
the  root-end  of  the  embryo  as  it  grows  from  the  seed ;  as  we  have 
seen  in  the  Maple   (Fig  5  -  7),  Morning-Glory   (Fig.  8  and  28), 
Beech  (Fig.  14,  15),  Oak  and  Buckeye  (Fig.  22-24),  &c.     This, 
if  it  goes  on  to  grow,  makes  a  main  or  tap  root,  from  which  side- 
branches  here  and  there  proceed.     Some  plants  keep  this  main  root 
throughout  their  whole  life,  and  send  off  only  small  side  branches ; 
as  in  the  Carrot  (Fig.  58)  and  Radish  (Fig.  5*9)  :  and  in  some  trees, 
like  the  Oak,  it  takes  the  lead  of  the  side-branches  for  many  years, 
unless  accidentally  injured,  as  a  strong  tap-root.      But  commonly 
the  main  root  divides  off  very  soon,  and  is  lost  in  the  branches. 
We  have  already  seen,  also,  that  there  may  be  at  the  beginning 

66.  Multiple  Primary  Roots,     We  have  noticed  them  in  the  Pump- 
kin (Fig.  10),  in  the  Pea  (Fig.  20),  and  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  42). 
That  is,  several  roots  have  started  all  at  once,  or  nearly  so,  from  the 
seedling  stem,  and  formed  a  bundle  or  cluster  (a  fascicled  root,  as 
it  is  called),  in  place  of  one  main  root.     The  Bean,  as  we  observe 
in  Fig.  18,  begins  with  a  main  root ,  but  some  of  its  branches  soon 
overtake  it,  and  a  cluster  of  roots  is  formed. 

67.  Absorption  of  Moisture  by  Roots,     The  branches  of  roots  as  they 
grow  commonly  branch  again  and  again,  into  smaller  roots  or  rootlets  ; 
in  this  way  very  much  increasing  the  surface  by  which  the  plant 
connects  itself  with  the  earth,  and  absorbs  moisture  from  it.     The 
whole  surface  of  the  root  absorbs,  so  long  as  it  is  fresh  and  new  ; 
and  the  newer  the  roots  and  rootlets  are,  the  more  freely  do  they 

3* 


30 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


[LESSON  5. 


imbibe.  Accordingly,  as  long  as  the  plant  grows  above  ground,  and 
expands  fresh  foliage,  from  which  moisture  much  of  the  time  largely 
escapes  into  the  air,  so  long  it  continues  to  extend  and  multiply  its 
roots  in  the  soil  beneath,  renewing  and  increasing  the  fresh  surface 
for  absorbing  moisture,  in  proportion  to  the  demand  from  above. 
And  \vhen  growth  ceases  above  ground,  and  the  leaves  die  and  fall, 
or  no  longer  act,  then  the  roots  generally  stop  growing,  and  their 
soft  and  tender  tips  harden.  From  this  period,  therefore,  until 
growth  begins  anew  the  next  spring,  is  the  best  time  for  transplant- 
ing ;  especially  for  trees  and  shrubs,  and  herbs  so  large  that  they 
cannot  well  be  removed  without  injuring  the  roots  very  mnch. 

68.  We  see,  on  considering  a  moment,  that  an  herb  or  a  tree 
consists  of  two  great  surfaces,  with  a  narrow  part  or  trunk  between 
them,  —  one  surface  spread  out  in  the  air,  and  the  other  in  the  soil. 
These  two  surfaces  bear  a  certain  proportion  to  each  other ;  and  the 

upper  draws  largely  on  the  lower  for 
moisture.  Now,  when  the  leaves  fall 
from  the  tree  in  autumn,  the  vast  sur- 
face exposed  to  the  air  is  reduced  to  a 
very  small  part  of  what  it  was  before ; 
and  the  remainder,  being  covered  with 
a  firm  bark,  cannot  lose  much  by  evap- 
oration. In  common  herbs  the  whole 
surface  above  ground  perishes  in  au- 
tumn ;  and  many  of  the  rootlets  die  at 
the  same  time,  or  soon  afterwards. 
So  that  the  living  vegetable  is  reduced 
for  the  time  to  the  smallest  compass, 
—  to  the  thousandth  or  hundred-thou- 
sandth part  of  what  it  was  shortly 
before,  —  and  what  remains  alive  rests 
in  a  dormant  state,  and  may  now  be 
transplanted  without  much  danger  of 
harm.  If  any  should  doubt  whether 
there  is  so  great  a  difference  between 
the  summer  and  the  winter  size  of 
56  plants,  let  them  compare  a  lily-bulb 

with  the  full-grown  Lily,  or  calculate  the  surface  of  foliage  which 


FIG.  55.    Seedling  Maple,  of  the  natural  size,  showing  the  root  hairs.    5G.  A  bit  of  the 
end  of  the  root  magnified. 


LESSON  5.] 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


31 


a  tree    exposes   to  the   air,  as   compared  with   the  surface  of  its 
twigs. 

69.  The  absorbing  surface  of  roots  is  very  much  greater  than 
it  appears  to  be,  on  account  of  the  root-hairs, 
or  slender  fibrils,  which  abound  on  the  fresh  and 
new  parts  of  roots.  These  may  be  seen  with 
an  ordinary  magnifying-glass,  or  even  by  the 
naked  eye  in  many  cases  ;  as  in  the  root  of  a 
seedling  Maple  (Fig.  55),  where  the  surface  is 
thickly  clothed  with  them.  They  are  not  root- 
lets of  a  smaller  sort ;  but,  when  more  magnified, 
are  seen  to  be  mere  elongations  of  the  surface 
of  the  root  into  slender  tubes,  which  through 
their  very  delicate  walls  imbibe  moisture  from 
the  soil  with  great  avidity.  They  are  com- 
monly much  longer  than  those  shown  in  Fig. 
56,  which  represents  only  the  very  tip  of  a  root 
moderately  magnified.  Small  as  they  are  indi- 
vidually, yet  the  whole  amount  of  absorbing 
surface  added  to  the  rootlets  by  the  countless 
numbers  of  these  tiny  tubes  is  very  great. 

70.  Roots  intend- 
ed  mainly    for   ab- 
sorbing branch  free- 
ly, and  are  slender 

or  thread-like.  When  the  root  is  prin- 
cipally of  this-  character  it  is  said  to  be 
fibrous ;  as  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  42), 
and  other  grain,  and  to  some  extent  in 
all  annual  plants  (41). 

71.  The  Root  as  a  Storehouse  of  Food. 

In  biennial  and  many  perennial  herbs 
(41),  the  root  answers  an  additional 
purpose.  In  the  course  of  the  season  it 
becomes  a  storehouse  of  nourishment, 
and  enlarges  or  thickens  as  it  receives 
the  accumulation.  Such  roots  are  said 
to  be  fleshy  ;  and  different  names  are  applied  to  them  according  to 


FIG.  57  58,  59.    Forms  of  fleshy  or  thickened  root*. 


32 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS. 


[LESSON  5. 


their  shapes.  We  may  divide  them  all  into  two  kinds ;  1st,  those 
consisting  of  one  main  root,  and  2d,  those  without  any  main  root. 

72.  The  first  are  merely  different  shapes  of  the  top-root ;  which  is 

Conical,  when  it  thickens  most  at  the  crown,  or  where  it  joins 
the  stem,  and  tapers  regularly  downwards  to  a  point,  as  in  the 
Common  Beet,  the  Parsnip,  and  Carrot  (Fig.  58)  : 

Turnip-shaped  or  napiform,  when  greatly  thickened  above  ;  but 
abruptly  becoming  slender  below;  as  the  Turnip  (Fig.  57)  :  and, 

Spindle-shaped,  or  fusiform,  when  thickest  in  the  middle  and 
tapering  to  both  ends;  as  the  common  Radish  (Fig.  59). 

73.  In  the  second  kind,  where  there 
is  no  main  root,  the  store  of  nourishing 
matter  may  be  distributed  throughout 
the  branches  or  cluster  of  roots  gener- 
ally, or  it  may  be  accumulated  in  some 
of  them,  as  we  see  in  the  tuberous  roots 
of  the  Sweet  Potato,  the  common  Peony, 
and  the  Dahlia  (Fig.  GO). 

74.  All  but  the  last  of  these  illustra- 
t  rations  are  taken  from  biennial  plants. 
These  grow  with  a  large  tuft  of  leaves 
next  the  ground,  and  accumulate  nour- 
ishment all  the  first  summer,  and  store 
up   all    they  produce  beyond   what   is 
wanted  at  the  time  in  their  great  root, 
which  lives  over  the  winter.     We  know 

very  well  what  use  man  and  other  animals  make  of  this  store  of  food, 
in  the  form  of  starch,  sugar,  jelly,  and  the  like.  From  the  second 
year's  growth  we  may  learn  what  use  the  plant  itself  makes  of  it. 
The  new  shoots  then  feed  upon  it,  and  use  it  to  form  with  great 
rapidity  branches,  flower-stalks,  blossoms,  fruit,  and  seed ;  and,  having 
used  it  up,  the  whole  plant  dies  when  the  seeds  have  ripened. 

75.  In  th'e  same  way  the  nourishment  contained  in  the  separate 
tuberous  roots  of  the  Sweet  Potato  and  the  Dahlia  (Fig  60)  is  fed 
upon  in  the  spring  by  the  buds  of  the  stem  they  belong  to  ;  and 
as  they  are  emptied  of  their  contents,  they  likewise  die  and  decay. 
But  meanwhile  similar  stores  of  nourishment,  produced  by  the  second 
year's  vegetation,  are  deposited  in  new  roots,  which  live  through  the 


FIG.  60.    Clustered  tuberous  roots  of  the  Dahlia,  with  tha  bottom  of  tho  stem  they 
belong  to. 


LESSON  5.]  MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS.  33 

next  winter,  and  sustain  the  third  spring's  growth,  and  so  on  ;  — 
these  plants  being  perennial  (41),  or  lasting  year  after  year,  though 
each  particular  root  lives  little  more  than  one  year. 

76.  Many  things  which  commonly  pass  for  roots  are  not  really 
roots  at  all.     Common  potatoes  are  tuberous  parts  of  stems,  while 
sweet  potatoes  are  roots,  like  those  of  the  Dahlia  (Fig.  60).    The  dif- 
ference between  them  will  more  plainly  appear  in  the  next  Lesson. 

77.  Secondary  Roots,     So  far  we  have  considered  only  the  original 
or  primary  root,  —  that  which  proceeded  from  the  lower  end  of  the 
first  joint  of  stem  in  the  plantlet  springing  from  the  seed,  —  and  its 
subdivisions.     We  may  now  remark,  that  any  other  part  of  the  stem 
will  produce  roots  just  as  well,  whenever  favorably  situated  for  it ; 
that  is,  when  covered  by  the  soil,  which  provides  the  darkness  and 
the  moisture  which  is  congenial  to  them.     For  these  secondary  roots, 
as  they  may  be  called,  partake  of  the  ordinary  disposition  of  the 
organ :  they  avoid  the  light,  and  seek  to  bury  themselves  in  the 
ground.     In  Indian  Corn  we  see  roots  early  striking  from  the  second 
and  the  succeeding  joints  of  stem  under  ground,  more  abundantly 
than  from  the  first  joint  (Fig.  42).     And  all  stems  that  keep  up  a 
connection  with  the  soil  —  such   as  those  which  creep  along  on  or 
beneath  its  surface  —  are  sure  to  strike  root  from  almost  every  joint. 
So  will  most  branches  when  bent  to  the  ground,  and  covered  with 
the  soil :  and  even  cuttings  from  the  branches  of  most  plants  can  be 
made  to  do  so,  if  properly  managed.     Propagation  by  buds  depend* 
upon  this.     That  is,  a  piece  of  a  plant  which  has  stem  and  leaves, 
either  developed  or  in  the  bud,  may  be  made  to  produce  roots,  and 
so  become  an  independent  plant. 

78.  In  many  plants  the  disposition  to  strike  root  is  so  strong,  that 
they  even  will  spring  from  the  stem  above  ground.     In  Indian  Corn, 
for  example,  it  is  well  known  that  roots  grow,  not  only  from  all  those 
joints  round  which  the  earth  is  heaped  in  hoeing,  but  also  from  those 
several  inches  above  the  soil :  and  other  plants  produce  them  from 
stems  or  branches  high  in  the  air.     Such  roots  are  called 

79.  Aerial  Roots,     All  the  most  striking  examples  of  these  are  met 
Vvith,  as  we  might  expect,  in  warmer  and  damper  climates  than  ours, 
and  especially  in  deep  forests  which  shut  out  much  of  the  light ;  this 
being  unfavorable  to  roots.     The  Mangrove  of  tropical  shores,  which 
occurs  on  our  own  southern  borders;  the  Sugar  Cane,  from  which, 
roots  strike  just  as  in  Indian  Corn,  only  from  higher  up  the  stem  ; 
the  Pandanus,  called   Screw  Pine    (not  from  its  resemblance  to  a 

S&F— 3 


34  MORPHOLOGY    OF   ROOTS.  [LESSON  5. 

Pine-tree,  but  because  it  is  like  a  Pine-apple  plant)  ;  and  the  famous 
Banyan  of  India,  and  some  other  Fig-trees,  furnish  the  most  remark- 
able examples  of  roots,  which  strike  from  the  stem  or  the  branches 
in  the  open  air,  and  at  length  reach  the  ground,  and  bury  them- 
selves, when  they  act  in  the  same  manner  as  ordinary  roots. 

80.  Some  of  our  own  common  plants,  however,  produce  small 
aerial  rootlets  ;  not  for  absorbing  nourishment,  but  for  climbing.    By 
these  rootlets,  that  shoot  out  abundantly  from  the  side  of  the  stems 
and  branches,  the  Trumpet  Creeper,  the  Ivy  of  Europe,  and  our 
Poison  Rhus,  —  here  called  Poison  Ivy,  —  fasten  themselves  firmly 
to  walls,  or  the  trunks  of  trees,  often  ascending  to  a  great  height, 
Here  roots  serve  the  same  purpose  that  tendrils  do  in  the  Grape- 
Vine  and  Virginia  Creeper.     Another  form,  and  the  most  aerial  of 
all  roots,  since  they  never  reach  the  ground,  are  those  of 

81.  Epiphytes,  or  Alr-PlantS,     These  are  called  by  the  first  name 
(which  means  growing  on  plants),  because  they  are  generally  found 
upon  the  trunks  and  branches  of  trees  ;  —  not  that  they  draw  any 
nourishment  from  them,  for  their  roots  merely  adhere  to  the  bark, 
and  they  flourish  just  as  well  upon  dead  wood  or  any  other  con- 
venient support.      They  are  called  air-plants  because  they  really 
live  altogether  upon  what  they  get  from  the  air,  as  they  have  no 
connection  with  the  soil.     Hundreds  of  air-plants  grow  all  around 
us  without  attracting  any  attention,  because  they  are  small  or  hum- 
ble.    Such  are  the  Lichens  and  Mosses  that  abound  on  the  trunks 
or  boughs  of  trees,  especially  on  the  shaded  side,  and  on  old  walls, 
fences,  or  rocks,  from  which  they  obtain  no  nourishment.     But  this 
name  is  commonly  applied  only  to  the  larger,  flower-bearing  plants 
which  live  in  this  way.     These  belong  to  warm  and  damp  parts  of 
the  world, -where  there  is  always  plenty  of  moisture  in  the  air.     The 
greater  part  belong  to  the  Orchis  family  and  to  the  Pine-Apple 
family ;  and  among  them  are  some  of  the  handsomest  flowers  known. 
We  have  two  or  three  flowering  air-plants  in  the  Southern  States, 
though  they  are  not  showy  ones.     One  of  them  is  an  Epidendrum 
growing  on  the  boughs  of  the  Great-flowered  Magnolia :  another  is 
the  Long-Moss,  or  Black  Moss,  so  called,  —  although  it  is  no  Moss 
at  all,  —  which  hangs  from  the  branches  of  Oaks  and  Pines  in  all 
the  warm  parts  of  the  Southern  States.     (Fig  61  represents  both 
of  these.     The  upper  is  the  Epidendrum  conopseum  ;  the  lower,  the 
Black  Moss,  Tillandsia  usneoides.) 

82.  Parasitic  Plants  exhibit  roots  under  yet  another  remarkable 


LESSON  5.J  MORPHOLOGY    OF    ROOTS.  85 

aspect.  For  these  are  not  merely  fixed  upon  other  plants,  as  air- 
plants  are,  but  strike  their  roots,  or  what  answer  to  roots,  into  them, 
and  feed  on  their  juices.  Not  only  Moulds  and  Blights  (which  are 
plants  of  very  low  organization)  live  in  this  predacious  way,  but 
many  flowering  herbs,  and  even  shrubs.  One  of  the  latter  is  the 
Mistletoe,  the  seed  of  which  germinates  on  the  bough  of  the  tree 
where  it  falls  or  is  left  by  birds ;  and  the  forming  root  penetrates  the 
bark  and  engrafts  itself  into  the  wood,  to  which  it  becomes  united  as 
firmly  as  a  natural  branch  to  its  parent  stem  ;  and  indeed  the  parasite 
lives  just  as  if  it  were  a  branch  of  the  tree  it  grows  and  feeds  on. 
A  most  common  parasitic  herb  is  the  Dodder;  which  abounds  in 
low  grounds  everywhere  in  summer,  and  coils  its  long  and  slender 
leafless,  yellowish  stems  —  resembling  tangled  threads  of  yarn  — 
round  and  round  the  stalks  of  other  plants  ;  wherever  they  touch 
piercing  the  bark  with  minute  and  very  short  rootlets  in  the  form  of 
suckers,  which  draw  out  the  nourishing  juices  of  the  plants  laid  hold 
of.  Other  parasitic  plants,  like  the  Beech-drops  and  Pine-sap,  fasten 
their  roots  under  ground  upon  the  roots  of  neighboring  plants,  and 
rob  them  of  their  rich  juices. 


86  MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [LESSON  6. 


LESSON  VI. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES. 

83.  THE   growth  of  the  stem  in  length,  and  the  formation  of 
branches,  have  been  considered  already.     Their  growth  in  thick- 
ness we  may  study  to  more  advantage  in  a  later  Lesson.     The  very 
various  forms  which  they  assume  will  now  occupy  our  attention, — 
beginning  with 

84.  The  Forms  of  Stems  and  Brunches  above  ground,    The  principal 

differences  as  regards  size  and  duration  have  been  mentioned  before 
(41);  namely,  the  obvious  distinction  of  plants  into  herbs,  shrubs, 
and  trees,  which  depends  upon  the  duration  and  size  of  the  stem. 
The  stem  is  accordingly 

Herbaceous,  when  it  dies  down  to  the  ground  every  year,  or  after 
blossoming. 

Sujffrutescent,  when  the  bottom  of  the  stem  above  the  soil  is  a 
little  woody,  and  inclined  to  live  from  year  to  year. 

Suffruticose,  when  low  stems  are  decidedly  woody  below,  but 
herbaceous  above. 

Fruticose,  or  shrubby,  when  woody,  living  from  year  to  year,  and 
of  considerable  size,  —  not,  however,  more  than  three  or  four  times 
the  height  of  a  man. 

Arborescent,  when  tree-like  in  appearance,  or  approaching  a  tree 
in  size. 

Arboreous,  when  forming  a  proper  tree  trunk. 

85.  When  the  stem  or  branches  rise  above  ground  and  are  ap- 
parent to  view,  the  plant  is  said  to  be  caulescent  (that  is,  to  have  a 
caulis  or  true  stem).     When  there  is  no  evident  stem  above  ground, 
but  only  leaves  or  leaf-stalks  and  flower-stalks,  the  plant  is  said  to 
be  acaulescent,  i.  e.  stemless,  as  in  the  Crocus,  Bloodroot,  common 
Violets,  &c.,  and  in  the  Beet,  Carrot,  and  Radish  (Fig.  59),  for  the 
first  season.     There  is  a  stem,  however,  in  all  such  cases,  only  it 
remains  on  or  beneath  the  ground,  and  is  sometimes  very  short. 
Of  course  leaves  and  flowers  do  not  arise  from  the  root.     These 
concealed  sorts  of  stem  we  will  presently  study. 

86.  The  direction  taken  by  stems,  &c.,  or  their  mode  of  growth, 


LESSON  6.]  SUCKERS,    STCLONS,,.   AND    OFFSETS.  37 

gives  rise  to  several  terms,  which  may  be  briefly  mentioned:  — 
such  as 

Diffuse,  when  loosely  spreading  in  all  directions. 

Declined,  when  turned  or  bending  over  to  one  side. 

Decumbent,  reclining  on  the  ground,  as  if  too  weak  to  stand. 

Assurgent  or  ascending,  when  rising  obliquely  upwards. 

Procumbent  or  prostrate,  lying  flat  on  the  ground  from  the  first. 

Creeping,  or  repent,  when  prostrate  stems  on  or  just  beneath  the 
ground  strike  root  as  they  grow  ;  as  does  the  White  Clover,  the 
little  Partridge-berry,  &c. 

Climbing,  or  scandent,  when  stems  rise  by  clinging  to  other  ob- 
jects for  support,  —  whether  by  tendrils,  as  do  the  Pea,  Grape- 
Vine,  and  Virginia  Creeper  (Fig.  62) ;  by  their  twisting  leaf-stalks, 
as  the  Virgin's  Bower ;  or  by  rootlets,  like  the  Ivy,  Poison  Ivy,  and 
Trumpet  Creeper  (80). 

Twining,  or  voluble,  when  stems  rise  by  coiling  themselves  spirally 
around  other  stems  or  supports ;  like  the  Morning-Glory  and  the  Bean. 

87.  Certain  forms  of  stems  have  received  distinct  names.     The 
jointed  stem  of  Grasses  and  Sedges  is  called  by  botanists  a  culm ; 
and  the  peculiar  scaly  trunk  of  Palms  and  the  like   (Fig  47)  is 
sometimes  called  a  caudex.     A  few  forms  of  branches  the  gardener 
distinguishes  by  particular  names  ;    and  they  are  interesting  from 
their  serving  for  the  natural  propagation  of  plants  from  buds,  and 
for  suggesting  ways  by  which  we  artificially  multiply  plants  that 
would  not  propagate  themselves  without  the  gardener's  aid.     These 
are  suckers,  offsets,  stolons,  and  runners. 

88.  Slickers  are  ascending  branches  rising  from  stems  under  ground, 
such  as  are  produced  so  abundantly  by  the  Rose,  Raspberry,  and 
other  plants  said  to  multiply  "  by  the  root."     If  we  uncover  them, 
we  see  at  once  the   great  difference  between   these  subterranean 
branches  and  real  roots.     They  are  only  creeping  branches  under 
ground.     Remarking  how  the  upright  shoots  from  these  branches 
become  separate  plants,  simply  by  the  dying  off  of  the  connecting 
under-ground  stems,  the  gardener  expedites  the  result  by  cutting 
them  through  with  his  spade.     That  is,  he  propagates  the  plant  "  by 
division." 

89.  Stolons  are  trailing  or  reclining  branches  above  ground,  which 
strike  root  where  they  touch  the  soil,  and  then  send  up  a  vigorous 
shoot,  which  has  roots  of  its  own,  and  becomes  an  independent  plant 
when  the  connecting  part  dies,  as  it  does  after  a  while.    The  Currant 

4 


38        MORPHOLOGY  OF  STEMS  AND  BRANCHES.   [LESSON  0. 

and  the  Gooseberry  naturally  multiply  in  this  way,  as  well  as  by 
suckers  (which  we  see  are  just  the  same  thing,  only  the  connecting 
part  is  concealed  under  ground).  They  must  have  suggested  the 
operation  of  layering,  or  bending  down  and  covering  with  earth 
branches  which  do  not  naturally  make  stolons  ;  and  after  they  have 
taken  root,  as  they  almost  always  will,  the  gardener  cuts  through 
the  connecting  stem,  and  so  converts  a  rooting  branch  into  a  sepa-" 
rate  plant. 

90.  Offsets,  like  those  of  the  Houseleek,  are  only  short  stolons, 
with  a  crown  of  leaves  at  the  end. 

91.  Runners,  of  which  the  Strawberry  presents  the  most  familiar 
example,  are  a  long  and  slender,  tendril-like,  leafless  form  of  creep- 
ing branches.     Each  runner,  after  having  grown  to  its  full  length, 
strikes  root  from  the  tip,  and  fixes  it  to  the  ground,  then  forms  a  bud 
there,  which  develops  into  a  tuft  of  leaves,  and  so  gives  rise  to  a  new 
plant,  which  sends  out  new  runners  to  act  in  the  same  way.     In  this 
manner  a  single  Strawberry  plant  will  spread  over  a  large  space,  or 
produce  a  great  number  of  plants,  in  the  course  of  the  summer ;  —  all 
connected  at  first  by  the  slender  runners ,  but  these  die  in  the 
following  winter,  if  not  before,  and  leave  the  plants  as  so  many 
separate  individuals. 

92.  Tendrils  are  branches  of  a  very  slender  sort,  like  runners,  not 
destined  like  them  for  propagation,  and  therefore  always  destitute 


of  buds  or  leaves,  but  intended  for  climbing.     Those  of  the  Grape- 
Vine,  of  the  Virginia  Creeper  (Fig.  62),  and  of  the  Cucumber  and 

FIG.  C2.     Piece  of  the  stem  of  Virginia  Creeper,  bearing  a  leaf  and  a  tendril.    C3.  Tips 
of  a  tendril,  about  the  natural  size,  showing  the  disks  by  which  they  hold  fast  to  walls,  tc. 


LESSON  6.]  RUNNERS,    TENDRILS,    SPINES.  39 

Squash  tribe  are  familiar  illustrations.  The  tendril  commonly  grows 
straight  and  outstretched  until  it  reaches  some  neighboring  support, 
such  as  a  stem,  when  its  apex  hooks  around  it  to  secure  a  hold ; 
then  the  whole  tendril  shortens  itself  by  coiling  up  spirally,  and  so 
draws  the  shoot  of  the  growing  plant  nearer  to  the  supporting  object. 
When  the  Virginia  Creeper  climbs  the  side  of  a  building  or  the 
smooth  bark  of  a  tree,  which  the  tendrils  cannot  lay  hold  of  in  the 
usual  way,  their  tips  expand  into  a  flat  disk  or  sucker  (Fig.  62,  63), 
which  adheres  very  firmly  to  the  wall  or  bark,  enabling  the  plant* to 
climb  over  and  cover  such  a  surface,  as  readily  as  the  Ivy  does  by 
means  of  its  sucker-like  little  rootlets.  The  same  result  is  effected 
by  different  organs,  in  the  one  case  by  branches  in  the  form  of  ten- 
drils ;  in  the  other,  by  roots. 

93.  Tendrils,  however,  are  not  always  branches ;  some  are  leaves, 
or  parts  of  leaves,  as  those  of  the  Pea  (Fig.  20).     Their  nature  in 
each  case  is  to  be  learned  from  their  position,  whether  it  be  that  of 
a  leaf  or  of  a  branch.     In  the  same  way 

94.  Spines  OF  Thorns  sometimes  represent  leaves,  as  in  the  Bar- 
berry, where  their  nature  is  shown  by  their  situation  outside  of  an 
axillary  bud  or  branch.     In  other  words,  here  they  have  a  bud  in 
their  axil,  and  are  therefore  leaves;  so  we  shall  have  to  mention 
them  in   another  place.      Most  commonly  spines  are  stunted  and 
hardened  branches,  arising  from  the  axils  of  leaves,  as  in  the  Haw- 
thorn and  Pear.     A  neglected  Pear-tree  or  Plum-tree  shows  every 
gradation  between  ordinary  branches  and  thorns.    Thorns  sometimes 
branch,  their  branches  partaking  of  the  same  spiny  character :  in 
this  way  those  on  the  trunks  of  Honey-Locust  trees  (produced  from 
adventitious  buds,  58)  become  exceedingly  complicated, and  horrid. 
The  thorns  on  young  shoots  of  the  Honey-Locust  may  appear  some- 
what puzzling  at  first  view ;  for  they  are  situated  some  distance 
above  the  axil  of  the  leaf.     Here  the  thorn  comes  from  the  upper- 
most of  several  supernumerary  buds  (59).     Prickles,  such  as  those 
of  the  Rose  and  Blackberry,  must  not  be  confounded  with  thorns : 
these  have  not  the  nature  of  branches,  and  have  no  connection  with 
the  wood ;  but  are  only  growths  of  the  bark.     When  we  strip  off 
the  bark,  the.  prickles  go  with  it. 

95.  Still  stranger  forms  of  stems  and  branches  than  any  of  these 
are  met  with  in  some  tribes  of  plants,  such  as  Cactuses  (Fig.  76). 
These  will  be  more  readily  understood  after  we  have  considered 
some  of  the  commoner  forms  of 


40  MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [LESSON  6. 

96.  Subterranean  Stems  and  Branches,    These  are  very  numerous 

and  various  ;  but  they  are  commonly  overlooked,  or  else  confounded 
with  roots.  From  their  situation  they  are  out  of  the  sight  of  the 
superficial  observer :  but  if  sought  for  arid  examined,  they  will  well 
repay  the  student's  attention.  For  the  vegetation  that  is  carried  on 
under  ground  is  hardly  less  varied,  and  no  less  interesting  and  im- 
portant, than  that  which  meets  our  view  above  ground.  All  their 
forms  may  be  referred  to  four  principal  kinds  ;  namely,  the  Rkizo- 
ma  or  Rootstock,  the  Tuber,  the  Corm,  and  the  Bulb. 

97.  The  RootstOCk,  OF  Rllizoma,  in   its  simplest  form,  is  merely  a 
creeping  stem  or  branch   (86)  growing  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
soil,  or  partly  covered  by  it.     Of  this  kind  are  the  so-called  creeping, 
running,  or  scaly  roots,  such  as  those  by  which  the  Mint  (Fig.  64), 
the  Scotch  Rose,  the  Couch-grass  or  Quick-grass,  and  many  other 
plants,  spread  so  rapidly  and  widely,  "  by  the  root,"  as  it  is  said. 


64 

That  these  are  really  stems,  and  not  roots,  is  evident  from  the  way 
in  which  they  grow;  from  their  consisting  of  a  succession  of  joints; 
and  from  the  leaves  which  they  bear  on  each  joint  (or  node,  as 
the  botanist  calls  the  place  from  which  leaves  arise),  in  the  form  of 
small  scalesx  just  like  the  lowest  ones  on  the  upright  stem  next  the 
ground.  Like  other  stems,  they  also  produce  buds  in  the  axils  of 
these  scales,  showing  the  scales  to  be  leaves ;  whereas  real  roots 
bear  neither  leaves  nor  axillary  buds.  Placed,  as  they  are,  in  the 
damp  and  dark  soil,  such  stems  naturally  produce  roots,  just  as  the 
creeping  stem  does  where  it  lies  on  the  surface  of  the  ground ;  but 
the  whole  appearance  of  these  roots,  their  downward  growth,  and 
their  mode  of  branching,  are  very  different  from  that  of  the  subter- 
ranean stem  they  spring  from. 

98.  It  is  easy  to  see  why  plants  with  these  running  rootstocks  take 
such  rapid  and  wide  possession  of  the  soil,  —  often  becoming  great 
pests  to  farmers, — and  why  they  are  so  hard  to  get  rid  of.  They  are 

FIG.  G4.    Rootstocks,  or  creeping  subterranean  branches,  of  the  Peppermint. 


LESSON  6.J        SUBTERRANEAN    FORMS  :    ROOTSTOCKS.  41 

always  perennials  (41)  ;  the  subterranean  shoots  live  over  the  first 
winter,  it'  not  longer,  and  are  provided  with  vigorous  buds  at  every 
joint.  Some  of'  these  buds  grow  in  spring  into  upright  stems,  bearing 
foliage,  to  elaborate  the  plant's  crude  food  into  nourishment,  and  at 
length  produce  blossoms  for  reproduction  by  seed ;  while  many  oth- 
ers, fed  by  nourishment  supplied  from  above,  form  a  new  generation 
of  subterranean  shoots ;  and  this  is  repeated  over  and  over  in  the 
course  of  the  season  or  in  succeeding  years.  Meanwhile  as  the  sub- 
terranean shoots  increase  in  number,  the  older  ones,  connecting  the 
series  of  generations  into  one  body,  die  off  year  by  year,  liberating 
the  already  rooted  side-branches  as  so  many  separate  plants ;  and 
so  on  indefinitely.  Cutting  these  running  rootstocks  into  pieces, 
therefore,  by  the  hoe  or  the  plough,  far  from  destroying  the  plant, 
only  accelerates  the  propagation ;  it  converts  one  many-branched 
plant  into  a  great  number  of  separate  individuals.  Even  if  you 
divide  the  shoots  into  as  many  pieces  as  there  are  joints  of  stem, 
each  piece  (Fig.  65)  is  already  a  plantlet,  with  its  roots  and  with  a 
bud  in  the  axil  of  its  scale-like  leaf  (either  latent  or  apparent),  and 
having  prepared  nourishment  enough  in  the  bit  of 
stem  to  develop  this  bud  into  a  leafy  stem  ;  and  so 
a  single  plant  is  all  the  more  speedily  converted 
into  a  multitude.  Such  plants  as  the  Quick- 
grass  accordingly  realize  the  fable  of  the  Hy- 
dra ;  as  fast  as  one  of  its  many  branches  is  cut  65 
off",  twice  as  many,  or  more,  spring  up  in  its  stead.  Whereas,  when 
the  subterranean  parts  are  only  roots,  cutting  away  the  stem  com- 
pletely destroys  the  plant,  except  in  the  rather  rare  cases  where  the 
root  produces  adventitious  buds  (58). 

90.  The  more  nourishment  rootstocks  contain,  the  more  readily  do 
separate  portions,  furnished  with  buds,  become  independent  plants. 
It  is  to  such  underground  stems,  thickened  with  a  large  amount  of 
starch,  or  some  similar  nourishing  matter  stored  up  in  their  tissue, 
that  the  name  of  rhizoma  or  rootstock  is  commonly  applied  ;  —  such, 
for  example,  as  those  of  the  Sweet  Flag  or  Calamus,  of  Ginger,  of  Iris 
or  Flower-de-luce  (Fig.  133),  and  of  the  Solomon's  Seal  (Fig.  66). 

100.  The  rootstocks  of  the  common  sorts  of  Iris  of  the  gardens 
usually  lie  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  partly  uncovered ;  and 
they  bear  real  leaves  (Fig.  133),  which  closely  overlap  each  other ; 

FIG.  65.     A  piece  of  the  running  rootstock  of  the  Peppermint,  with  its  node  or  joint,  and 
an  axillary  bud  ready  to  grow. 

A* 


42 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AXD    BRANCHES.       [LESSON  6. 


the  joints  (i.  e.  the  internodes,  or  spaces  between  each  leaf)  being 
very  short.  As  the  leaves  die,  year  by  year,  and  decay,  a  scar 
left  in  the  form  of  a  ring  marks  the  place  where  each  leaf  was 
attached.  Instead  of  leaves,  rootstocks  buried  under  ground  com- 
monly bear  scales,  like  those  of  the  Mint  (Fig.  G4),  which  are  im- 
perfect leaves. 


101.  Some  rootstocks  are  marked  with  large  round  scars  of  a 
different  sort,  like  those  of  the  Solomon's  Seal  (Fig.  66),  which  gave 
this  name  to  the  plant,  from  their  looking  something  like  the  impres- 
sion of  a  seal  upon  wax.     Here  the  rootstock  sends  up  every  spring 
an  herbaceous  stalk  or  stem,  which  bears  the  foliage  and  flowers, 
and  dies  in  autumn  ;  and  the  seal  is  the  circular  scar  left  by  the 
death  and  separation  of  the  dead  stalk  from  the  living  rootstock. 
As  but  one  of  these  is  formed  each  year,  they  mark  the  limits  of  a 
year's  growth.     The  bud  at  the  end  of  the  rootstock  in  the  figure, 
which  was  taken  in  summer,  will  grow  the  next  spring  into  the  stalk 
of  the  season,  which,  dying  in  autumn,  will  leave  a  similar  scar,  while 
another  bud  will  be  formed  farther  on,  crowning  the  ever-advancing 
summit  or  growing  end  of  the  stem. 

102.  As  each  year's  growth  of  stem,  in  all 
these  cases,  makes  its  own  roots,  it  soon  becomes 
independent  of  the  older  parts.      And  after  a 
certain    age,    a   portion    dies   off  behind,  every 
year,  about  as  fast  as  it  increases  at  the  grow- 
ing end  ;  — '•  death  following  life  with  equal  and 
certain  step,  with   only   a  narrow  interval  be- 
tween.     In  vigorous   plants  of  Solomon's  Seal    'f 
or  Iris,  the  living  rootstock  is  several  inches  or 

a  foot  in  length ;  while  in  the  short  rootstock  of 

FIG.  6«.    Rootstock  of  Solomon's  Seal,  with  the  bottom  of  the  stalk  of  the  season,  and  th» 
bud  for  the  next  year's  growth. 
FIG.  G7.    The  very  short  rootstock  and  bud  of  a  Trillium  or  Birturoot. 


LESSON  6.]  SUBTERRANEAN    FORMS  I    TUBERS. 


43 


Trillium  or  Birthroot  (Fig.  67)  life  is  reduced  to  a  very  narrow 
span,  only  an  inch  or  less  intervening  between  death  beneath  and 
young  life  in  the  strong  bud  annually  renewed  at  the  summit. 

103.  A  Tuber  is  a  thickened  portion  of  a  rootstock.  When  slender 
subterranean  branches,  like  those  of  the  Quick-grass  or  Mint  (Fig. 
64),  become  enlarged  at  the  growing  end  by  the  accumulation  there 
of  an  abundance  of  solid  nourishing  matter,  tubers  are  produced,  like 
those  of  the  Nut-grass  of  the  Southern  States  (which  accordingly  be- 
comes a  greater  pest  even  than  the  Quick-grass),  and  of  the  Jerusalem 
Artichoke,  and  the  Potato.  The  whole  formation  may  be  seen  at  a 
glance  in  Figure  68,  which  represents  the  subterranean  growth  of  a 
Potato-plant,  and  shows  the  tubers  in  all  their  stages,  from  shoots 
just  beginning  to  enlarge  at  the  tip,  up  to  fully-formed  potatoes. 
And  Fig.  69,  —  one  of  the  forming  tubers  moderately  magnified, — 
plainly  shows  the  leaves  of  this  thickening  shoot,  in  the  form  of  little 
scales.  It  is  under  these  scales  that  the  eyes  appear  (Fig.  70) : 
and  these  are  evidently  axillary  buds  (43). 


104.  Let  us  glance  for  a  moment  at  the  economy  or  mode  of  life 
of  the   Potato-plant,  and  similar  vegetables,  as  shown  in  the  mor- 

FIG,  68.     Forming  tubers  of  the  Potato.    69.  One  of  the  very  young  potatoes,  moderately 
magnified.     70.  Slice  of  a  portion  through  an  eye,  more  magnified. 


44  MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.      [LESSON  6. 

phology  of  the  branches,  —  that  is,  in  the  different  forms  they  appear 
under,  and  the  purposes  they  serve.  The  Potato-plant  has  three 
principal  forms  of  branches  :  —  1.  Those  that  bear  ordinary  leaves, 
expanded  in  the  air,  to  digest  what  they  gather  from  it  and  what 
the  roots  gather  from  the  soil,  and  convert  it  into  nourishment. 
2.  After  a  while  a  second  set  of  branches  at  the  summit  of  the 
plant  bear  flowers,  which  form  fruit  and  seed  out  of  a  portion  of  the 
nourishment  which  the  leaves  have  prepared.  3-  But  a  larger  part 
of  this  nourishment,  while  in  a  liquid  state,  is  carried  down  the  stem, 
into  a  third  sort  of  branches  under  ground,  and  accumulated  in  the 
form  of  starch  at  their  extremities,  which  become  tubers,  or  deposi- 
tories of  prepared  solid  food; — just  as  in  the  Turnip,  Carro% 
Dahlia,  &c.  (Fig.  57  -  GO),  it  is  deposited  in  the  root.  The  use 
of  the  store  of  food  is  obvious  enough.  In  the  autumn  the  whole 
plant  dies,  except  the  seeds  (if  it  formed  them)  and  the  tubers ;  and 
the  latter  are  left  disconnected  in  the  ground.  Just  as  that  small 
portion  of  nourishing  matter  which  is  deposited  in  the  seed  (3,  and 
Fig.  34)  feeds  the  embryo  when  it  germinates,  so  the  much  larger 
portion  deposited  in  the  tuber  nourishes  its  buds,  or  eyes,  when  they 
likewise  grow,  the  next  spring,  into  new  plants.  And  the  great 
supply  enables  them  to  shoot  with  a  greater  vigor  at  the  beginning, 
and  to  produce  a  greater  amount  of  vegetation  than  the  seedling 
plant  could  do  in  the  same  space  of  time  ;  which  vegetation  in  turn 
may  prepare  and  store  up,  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks  or  months, 
the  largest  quantity  of  solid  nourishing  material,  in  a  form  most 
available  for  food.  Taking  advantage  of  this,  man  has  transported 
the  Potato  from  the  cool  Andes  of  South  America  to  other  cool  cli- 
mates, and  makes  it  yield  him  a  copious  supply  of  food,  especially  in 
countries  where  the  season  is  too  short,  or  the  summer's  heat  too 
little,  for  profitably  cultivating  the  principal  grain-plants. 

105.  All  the  sorts  of  subterranean  stems  or  branches  distinguished 
by  botanists  pass  into  one  another  by  gradations.     We  have  seen 
how  nearly  related  the  tuber  is  to  the  rootstock,  and  there  are  many 
cases  in  which  it  is  difficult  to  say  which  is  the  proper  name  to  use. 
So  likewise, 

106.  The  Coi'm,  OF  Solid  Bulb,  like  that  of  the   Indian  Turnip  and 
the  Crocus   (Fig.  71),  is  just  a  very  short   and  thick  rootstock;  as 
will  be  seen  by  comparing  Fig.  71  with  Fig.  67.     Indeed,  it  grows 
go  very  little  in  length,  that  it  is  often  much  broader  than  long,  as 
in  the  Indian  Turnip,  and  the  Cyclamen  of  our  greenhouses.    Corms 


LESSON  6.]    •  SUBTERRANEAN    FORMS  :    BULBS. 


45 


are  usually  upright,  producing  buds  on  their  upper   surface   and 

roots  from  the  lower.     But  (as  we  see  in  the  Crocus  here  figured) 

buds   may   shoot  from  just  above  any  of  the  faint  cross  lines  or 

rings,  which  are  the  scars  left  by  the  death 

and  decay  of  the  sheathing  bases  of  former 

leaves.     That  is,  these  are  axillary  buds.     In 

these  extraordinary  (just  as  in  ordinary)  stems, 

the  buds  are  either  axillary  or  terminal.     The 

whole  mode  of  growth  is  just  the  same,  only 

the  corm  does   not   increase  in  length  faster 

than  it  does  in  thickness.     After  a  few  years 

some  of  the  buds  grow  into  new  corms  at  the 

expense  of  the  old  one ;  the  young  ones  taking 

the  nourishment  from  the  parent,  and  storing 

up  a   large    part   of  it   in    their   own   tissue. 

When  exhausted   in   this  way,  as  well  as  by 

flowering,  the  old  corm  dies,  and  its  shrivelled 

and  decaying  remains  may  be  found  at  the  side  of  or  beneath  the 

present  generation,  as  we  see  in  the  Crocus  (Fig.  71). 

107.  The  corm  of  a  Crocus  is  commonly  covered  with  a  thin  and 
dry,  scaly  or  fibrous  husk,  consisting  of  the  dead  remains  of  the  bases 
of  former  leaves.     When  this  husk  consists  of  many  scales,  there  is 
scarcely  any  distinction  left  between  the  corm  and 

108.  The  Bulb,     This  is   an  extremely  short  subterranean  stem, 
usually  much  broader  than  high,  producing  roots  from  underneath, 
and  covered  with  leaves  or  the  bases  of  leaves,  in  the  form  of  thick- 
ened scales.     It  is,  therefore,  the  same  as  a  corm,  or  solid  bulb,  only 
it  bears  an  abundance  of  leaves  or  scales,  which  make  up  the  greater 
part  of  its  bulk.     Or  we  may  regard  it  as  a  bud,  with  thick  and 
fleshy  scales.     Compare  a  Lily-bulb  (Fig.  73)  with  the  strong  scaly 
buds  of  the  Hickory  and  Horsechestnut  (Fig.  48  and  49),  and  the 
resemblance  will  be  apparent  enough. 

109.  Bulbs  serve  the  same  purpose  as  tubers,  rootstocks,  or  corms. 
The  main  difference  is,  that  in  these  the  store  of  food  for  future 
growth  is  deposited  in  the  stem ;  while  in  the  bulb,  the  greater  part 
is  deposited  in  the  bases  of  the  leaves,  changing  them  into  thick 
scales,  which  closely  overlap  or  enclose  one  another,  because  the 
etem  does  not  elongate  enough  to  separate  them.     That  the  scales 


FIG.  71.    Conn  or  solid  bulb  of  a  Crocus.    72.  The  same,  cut  through  lengthwise. 


46 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.   .  [LESSON  6. 


of  the  bulb  are  the  bases  of  leaves  may  be  seen  at  once  by  follow- 
ing any  of  the  ground-leaves  (root-leaves  as  they  are  incorrectly 

called)  down  to  their 
origin  in  the  bulb. 
Fig.  75  represents 
one  of  them  from 
the  White  Lily ;  the 
thickened  base,  which 
makes  a  scale,  being 
cut  off  below,  to  show 
its  thickness.  After 

73  74  having  lasted  its  time 

and  served  its  purpose  as  foliage,  the  green  leaf  dies,  down  to  the 
thickened  base,  which  remains  as  a  scale  of  the  bulb.  And  year 
after  year,  as  the  bulb  grows  from  the  centre,  to  produce  the  vege- 
tation and  the  flowers  of  the  season,  the  outer  scales  yield  up  their 
store  of  nourishment  for  the  purpose,  and  perish. 

110.  Each  scale,  being  a  leaf,  may  have  a  bud  in  its  axil.     Some 
of  these  buds  grow  into  leafy  and  flowering  stems 

above  ground :  others  grow  into  new  bulbs,  feeding 

on  the  parent,  and  at  length  destroying  it,  in  the  same      f    (  /  / 

way  that  corms  do,  as  just  described  (106). 

111.  When  the  scales  are  broad  and  enwrap  all 
that  is  within  so  as  to  form  a  succession  of  coats,  one 
over  another,  the  bulb  is  said  to  be  tunicated  or  coated. 
The  Tulip,  Hyacinth,  Leek,  and   Onion  afford  such 
familiar  examples  of  coated  bulbs   that  no  figure  is 
needed.     When  the  scales  are  narrow  and  separate, 
as  in  the  Lily  (Fig.  73),  the  bulb  is  said  to  be  scaly. 

112.  BulblctS  are  small  bulbs  formed  above  ground 
on  some  plants ;  as  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the 
common  bulbiferous  Lily  of  the  gardens,  and  often  in 
the  flower-clusters  of  the  Leek  and  Onion.     They  are 
plainly  nothing  but  bulbs  with  thickened  scales.     They 
never  grow  into  branches,  but  detach  themselves  when  75 

full  grown,  and  fall  to  the  ground,  to  take  root  there  and  form 
new  plants. 

113.  From  the  few  illustrations  already  given,  attentive  students 

FIG.  73.     Bulb  of  the  Meadow  or  Canada  Lily.    74.  The  same,  rut  through  lengthwise. 
FIG.  75.     A  lower  leaf  of  White  Lily,  with  its  base  under  ground  thickened  into  a  bulb- 
scale. 


LESSON  G.]       CONSOLIDATED    FORMS    OF    VEGETATION.  47 

can  hardly  fail  to  obtain  a  good  idea  of  what  is  meant  by  morphology 
in  Botany ;  and  they  will  be  able  to  apply  its  simple  principles  for 
themselves  to  all  forms  of  vegetation.  They  will  find  it  very  inter- 
esting to  identify  all  these  various  subterranean  forms  with  the  com- 
mon plan  of  vegetation  above  ground.  There  is  the  same  structure, 
and  the  same  mode  of  growth  in  reality,  however  different  in  ap- 
pearance, and  however  changed  the  form,  to  suit  particular  conditions, 
or  to  accomplish  particular  ends.  It  is  plain  to  see,  already,  that 
the  plant  is  constructed  according  to  a  plan,  —  a  very  simple  one,  — 
which  is  exhibited  by  all  vegetables,  by  the  extraordinary  no  less 
than  by  the  ordinary  kinds ;  and  that  the  same  organ  may  appear 
under  a  great  many  different  shapes,  and  fulfil  very  different  offices. 

114.  These   extraordinary  shapes  are  not  confined  to  subterra- 
nean vegetation.     They  are  all  repeated  in  various  sorts  of  fleshy 
plants  ;  in  the  Ilouseleek,  Aloe,  Agave  (Fig.  82),  and  in  the  many 
and    strange    shapes   which    the   Cactus  family  exhibit    (Fig.  76) ; 
shapes  which  imitate  rootstocks,  tubers,  corms,  &c.  above  ground. 
All  these  we  may  regard  as 

115.  Consolidated  Forms  Of  Vegetation.     While  ordinary  plants  are 
constructed  on  the  plan  of  great  spread  of  surface    (131),    these 
are  formed  on  the  plan  of  the  least  possible  amount  of  surface  in 
proportion  to  their  bulk.     The  Cereus  genus  of  Cactuses,  for  ex- 
ample, consisting  of  solid  columnar  trunks   (Fig.  76,  &),  may  be 
likened  to  rootstocks.     A  green  rind  serves  the  purpose  of  foliage  ; 
but  the  surface  is  as  nothing  compared  with  an  ordinary  leafy  plant 
of  the  same  bulk.      Compare,  for  instance,  the  largest  Cactus  known, 
the  Giant  Cereus  of  the  Gila  River  (Fig.  76,  in  the  background), 
which  rises  to  the  height  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  with  a  common  leafy 
tree  of  the  same  height,  such  as  that  in  Fig.  54,  and  estimate  how 
vastly  greater,  even  without  the  foliage,  the  surface  of  the  latter 
is  than  that  of  the  former.     Compare,  in  the  same  view,  an  Opuntia 
or  Prickly-Pear  Cactus,  its  stem  and  branches  formed  of  a  succes- 
sion of  thick  and  flattened  joints  (Fig.  76,  a),  which  may  be  likened 
to  tubers,  or  an  Epiphyllum  (d),  with  shorter  and  flatter  joints,  with 
an  ordinary  leafy  shrub   or  herb  of  equal  size.     And  finally,  in 
Me  Ion- Cactuses  or  Echinocactus  (c),  with  their  globular  or  bulb-like 
shapes,  we  have  plants  in  the  compactest  shape ;  their  spherical  fig- 
ure being  such  as  to   expose  the  least  possible  amount  of  its  bulk 
to  the  air. 

116.  These  consolidated  plants  are  evidently  adapted  and  designed 


48  MORPHOLOGY    OF    STEMS    AND    BRANCHES.       [LESSON  G. 

for  very  dry  regions  ;  and  in  such  only  are  they  found.  Similarly, 
bulbous  and  conn-bearing  plants,  and  the  like,  are  examples  of  a 
form  of  vegetation  which  in  the  growing  season  may  expand  a  large 
surface  to  the  air  and  light,  while  during  the  period  of  rest  the 
living  vegetable  is  reduced  to  a  globe,  or  solid  form  of  the  least 
possible  surface ;  and  this  is  protected  by  its  outer  coats  of  dead 
and  dry  scales,  as  well  as  by  its  situation  under  ground.  Such 
plants  exhibit  another  and  very  similar  adaptation  to  a  season  of 
drought.  And  they  mainly  belong  to  countries  (such  as  Southern 
Africa,  and  parts  of  the  interior  of  Oregon  and  California)  which 
have  a  long  hot  season  during  which  little  or  no  rain  falls,  when, 
their  stalks  and  foliage  above  and  their  roots  beneath  being  early  cut 
off  by  drought,  the  plants  rest  securely  in  their  compact  bulbs,  filled 
with  nourishment,  and  retaining  their  moisture  with  great  tenacity, 
until  the  rainy  season  comes  round.  Then  they  shoot  forth  leaves 
and  flowers  with  wonderful  rapidity,  and  what  was  perhaps  a  desert 
of  arid  sand  becomes  green  with  foliage  and  gay  with  blossoms, 
almost  in  a  day.  This  will  be  more  perfectly  understood  when  the 
nature  and  use  of  foliage  have  been  more  fully  considered.  (Fig.  76 
represents  several  forms  of  Cactus  vegetation.) 


LESSON  7.J  MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES.  49 


LESSON  VII. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES. 

117.  IN  describing  the  subterranean  forms  of  the  stem,  we  have 
been  led  to  notice  already  some  of  the  remarkable  forms  under 
which  leaves  occur ;  namely,  as  scales,  sometimes  small  and  thin,  as 
those  of  the  rootstocks  of  the  Quick-grass,  or  the  Mint  (Fig.  64), 
sometimes  large  and  thick,  as  those  of  bulbs  (Fig.  73-75),  where 
they  are  commonly  larger  than  the  stem  they  belong  to.     We  have 
seen,  too,  in  the  second  Lesson,  the  seed-leaves  (or  cotyledons)  in 
forms  as  unlike  foliage  as  possible  ;  and  in  the  third  Lesson  we  have 
spoken  of  bud-scales  as  a  sort  of  leaves.     So  that  the  botanist  recog- 
nizes the  leaf  under  other  forms  than  that  of  foliage. 

118.  We  may  call  foliage  the  natural  form  of  leaves,  and  look 
upon  the  other  sorts  as  special  forms,  —  as  transformed  leaves:  by 
this  term  meaning  only  that  what  would  have  been  ordinary  leaves 
under  other  circumstances  (as,  for  instance,  those  on  shoots  of  Mint, 
Fig.  64,  had  these  grown  upright  in  the  air,  instead  of  creeping  under 
ground)   are  developed  in  special  forms   to  serve  some  particular 
purpose.     For  the  Great  Author  of  Nature,  having  designed  plants 
upon  one  simple  plan,  just  adapts  this  plan  to  all  cases.     So,  when- 
ever any  special  purpose  is  to  be  accomplished,  no  new  instruments 
or  organs  are  created  for  it,  but  one  of  the  three  general  organs  of 
the  vegetable,  root,  stem,  or  leaf,  is  made  to  serve  the  purpose,  and 
is  adapted  to  it  by  taking  some  peculiar  form. 

119.  It  is  the  study  of  the  varied  forms  under  this  view  that  con- 
stitutes Morphology  (61),  and  gives  to  this  part  of  Botany  such  great 
interest.      We  have   already  seen  stems  and  roots  under  a  great 
variety  of  forms.     But  leaves  appear  under  more  various  and  widely 
different  forms,  and  answer  a  greater  variety  of  purposes,  than  do 
both  the  other  organs  of  the  plant  put  together.     We  have  to  con- 
sider, then,  leaves  as  foliage,  and  leaves  as  something  else  than  foliage. 
As  we  have  just  been  noticing  cases  of  leaves  that  are  not  foliage, 
we  may  consider  these  first,  and  enumerate  the  principal  kinds. 

120.  Leaves  as  Depositories  Of  Food,     Of  these  we  have  had  plenty 
of  instances  in  the  seed-leaves,  such  as  those  of  the  Almond,  Apple- 


50 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES. 


[LESSON  7. 


seed  (Fig.  11),  Beech  (Fig.  13-15),  the  Bean  and  Pea  (Fig.  16- 
20),  the  Oak  (Fig.  21,  22),  and  Horsechestnut  (Fig.  23,  24)  ;  where 
the  food  upon  which  the  plantlet  feeds  when  it  springs  from  the 
seed  is  stored  up  in  its  cotyledons  or  first  leaves.  And  we  have 
noticed  how  very  unlike  foliage  such  leaves  are.  Yet  in  seme  cases, 

as  in  the  Pumpkin  (Fig.  10),  they 
actually  grow  into  green  leaves  as 
they  get  rid  of  their  burden. 

121.  Bulb-Scales  (Fig.  73-75)  of- 
fer another  instance,  which  we  were 
considering  at  the  close  of  the  last 
Lesson.    Here  a  part  of  the  nourish- 
ment prepared  in  the  foliage  of  one 
year  is  stored  up  in  the  scales,  or 
subterranean  thickened  leaves,  for  the 
early  growth  and  flowering  of  the  next 
year ;  and  this  enables  the  flowers  to 
appear  before  the  leaves,  or  as  soon 
as  they  do ;  as  in  Hyacinths,  Snow- 
drops, and  many  bulbous  plants. 

122.  Leaves  as  Bud-scales,  &c,  True 
to   its   nature,    the    stem    produces 
leaves    even    under   ground,  where 
they   cannot   serve   as  foliage,  and 
where  often,  as  on   rootstocks  and 
tubers   (97  -  103),  they  are'  not  of 
any  use  that  we  know  of.     In  such 
cases  they  usually   appear   as  thin 
scales.      So  the  first  leaves  of  the 
stems  of  herbs,  as  they  sprout  from 
the  ground,  are  generally  mere  scales, 
such  as  those  of  an  Asparagus  shoot ; 
and  such  are  the  first  leaves  on  the 
stem  of  the  seedling  Oak  (Fig.  22) 
and   the   Pea  (Fig.   20).      Similar 
scales,  however,  often  serve  an  im- 
portant purpose;  as  when  they  form  the  covering  of  buds,  where 
they  protect  the  tender  parts   within    (44).      That  bud-scales  are 

FIG.  77.     Leaves  of  a  developing  bud  of  the  Low  Sweet  Buckeye  (Genius  parviflora), 
showing  a  nearly  complete  set  of  gradations  from  a  scale  to  a  compound  leaf  of  five  leafleUs. 


LESSON  7.]  SPINES,    TENDRILS,    AND    PITCHERS. 


51 


leaves  is  plainly  shown,  in  many  cases,  by  the  gradual  transition 
between  them  and  the  first  foliage  of  the  shoot.    The  Common  Lilac 
and  the  Shell-bark  Hickory  are  good  instances 
of  the  sort.      But  the  best   illustration  is  fur- 
nished  by   the    Low   Sweet    Buckeye    of  the 
Southern  States,   which   is  often  cultivated  as 
an  ornamental  shrub.      From  one  and  the  same 
growing  bud  we  may  often  find  all  the  grada- 
tions which  are  shown  in  Fig.  77. 

123.  Leaves  as  Spines  occur  in  several  plants. 
The  most  familiar  instance  is  that  of  the  Com- 
mon Barberry.     In  almost  any  summer  shoot, 
most  of  the  gradations  may  be  seen  between  the 
ordinary  leaves,  with  sharp  bristly  teeth,  and 
leaves  which  are  reduced  to  a  branching  spine 
or  thorn,  as  shown  in  Fig.  78.     The  fact  that 
the  spines  of  the  Barberry  produce  a  leaf-bud 
in  their  axil  also  proves  them  to  be  leaves. 

124.  Leaves  as  Tendrils  are  to  be  seen  in  the 
Pea  and  the  Vetch  (Fig.  20,  127),  where  the 
upper  part  of  each  leaf  becomes  a  tendril,  which 

the  plant    uses   to 

climb  by ;  and  in 

one  kind   of  Vetch   the  whole  leaf  is 

such  a  tendril. 

1 25.  Leaves  as  Pitchers,  or  hollow  tubes, 

are  familiar  to  us  in  the  common  Pitcher- 
plant  or  Side-saddle  Flower  (Sarracenia, 
Fig.  79)  of  our  bogs.  These  pitchers 
are  generally  half-full  of  water,  in  which 
flies  and  other  insects  are  drowned,  often 
in  such  numbers  as  to  make  a  rich 
manure  for  the  plant,  no  doubt ;  though 
we  can  hardly  imagine  this  to  be  the 
design  of  the  pitcher.  Nor  do  we  per- 
ceive here  any  need  of  a  contrivance 
to  hold  water,  since  the  roots  of  these 
plants  are  always  well  supplied  by  the  wet  bogs  where  they  grow. 


FIG.  78.     Summer  shoot  of  Barberry,  showing  the  transition  of  leaves  into  spines. 
FIG.  79.     Leaf  of  Sarracenia  purpurea,  entire,  and  another  with  the  upper  part  cut  off. 


52 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES, 


[LESSON  7 


126.  Leaves  as  Fly-traps,     Insects  are  caught  in  another  way,  and 
more  expertly,  by  the  most  extraordinary  of  all  the  plants  of  this 

country,  .the  Dionoea  or  Venus's  Fly- 
trap, which  grows  in  the  sandy  bogs 
around '  Wilmington,  North  Carolina. 
Here  (Fig.  81)  each  leaf  bears  at  its 
summit  an  appendage  which  opens  and 
shuts,  in  shape  something  like  a  steel- 
trap,  and  operating  much  like  one.  For 
when  open,  as  it  commonly  is  when  the 
sun  shines,  no  sooner  does  a  fly  alight 
on  its  surface,  and  brush  against  any 
one  of  the  several  long  bristles  that  grow 
there,  than  the  trap  suddenly  closes, 
often  capturing  the  intruder,  pressing  it 
all  the  harder  for  its  struggles,  and  com- 
monly depriving  it  of  life.  If  the  fly 
escapes,  the  trap  soon  slowly  opens,  and 
is  ready  for  another  capture.  When  retained,  the  insect  is  after  a 
time  moistened  by  a  secretion  from  minute  glands  of  the  inner  sur- 
face, and  is  apparently  digested !  How  such 
and  various  other  movements  are  made  by 
plants,  —  some  as  quick  as  in  this  case, 
others  very  slow,  but  equally  wonderful, — 
must  be  considered  in  a  future  Lesson. 

127.  Leaves   serving  both  Ordinary  and 

Special  Purposes.  Let  us  now  remark,  that 
the  same  leaf  frequently  answers  its  gen- 
eral purpose,  as  foliage,  and  some  special 
purpose  besides.  For  example,  in  the  Dio- 
naea,  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf,  and  prob- 
ably the  whole  of  it,  acts  as  foliage,  while  the 
appendage  serves  its  mysterious  purpose  >^%\ 
as  a  fly-catcher.  In  the  Pea  and  Vetch  *  \\ 
(Fig.  20,  127),  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf 
is  foliage,  the  upper  a  tendril.  In  the  Pitcher-plants  of  the  Indian 
Archipelago  (Nepenthes,  Fig.  80)  which  are  not  rare  in  conserva- 
tories, the  lower  part  of  the  leaf  is  expanded  and  acts  as  foliage ; 


FIG.  80.     Leaf  of  Nepenthes:  leaf,  tendril,  and  pitclier  combined. 

FIG.  81.    Leaves  of  Dionsea  :  the  trap  in  one  of  them  open,  in  the  others  closed. 


LESSON  7.J     THICKENED  AND  FLESHY  LEAVES.  53 

farther  on,  it  is  contracted  into  a  tendril,  enabling  the  plant  to  climb ; 
the  end  of  this  tendril  is  then  expanded  into  a  pitcher,  of  five  or 
six  inches  in  length,  and  on  the  end  of  this  is  a  lid,  which  exactly 
closes  the  mouth  of  the  pitcher  until  after  it  is  full  grown,  when  the 
lid  opens  by  a  hinge  !  But  the  whole  is  only  one  leaf. 

128.  So  in  the  root-leaves  of  the  Tulip  or  the  Lily  (Fig.  75), 
while  the  green  leaf  is  preparing  nourishment  throughout  the  grow- 
ing season,  its  base  under  ground  is  thickened  into  a  reservoir  for 
storing  up  a  good  part  of  the  nourishment  for  next  year's  use. 

129.  Finally,  the  whole  leaf  often  serves  both  as  foliage,  to  pre- 
pare nourishment,  and  as  a  depository  to  store  it  up.     This  takes 
place  in  all  fleshy-leaved   plants,  such  as  the  Houseleek,  the  Ice- 
plant,  and  various  sorts  of  Mesembryanthemum,  in  the  Live-for-ever 
of  the  gardens  to  some  extent,  and  very  strikingly  in  the  Aloe,  and 
in  the  Century-plant.     In  the  latter  it  is  only  the  green  surface  of 
these  large  and  thick  leaves  (of  three  to  five  feet  in  length  on  a 
strong  plant,  and  often  three  to  six  inches  thick  near  the  base)  which 
acts  as  foliage  ;  the  whole  interior  is  white,  like  the  interior  of  a 
potato,  and  almost  as  heavily  loaded  with  starch  and  other  nourish- 
ing matter.     (Fig.  82   represents  a  young  Century-plant,  Agave 
Americana.) 


54  MORPHOLOGY    OF  LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  8. 

LESSON   VIII. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE. 

130.  HAVING  in  the  last  Lesson  glanced  at  some  of  the  special 
or  extraordinary  forms  and  uses  of  leaves,  we  now  return  to  leaves 
in  their  ordinary  condition,  namely,  as  foliage.     We  regard  this  as 
the  natural  state  of  leaves.     For  although  they  may  be  turned  to 
account   in   other   and  very  various   ways,  as  we  have  just  seen, 
still  their  proper  office  in  vegetation  is  to  serve  as  foliage.     In  this 
view  we  may  regard 

131.  Leaves  as  a  Contrivance  for  Increasing  the  Surface  of  that  large 

part  of  the  plant  which  is  exposed  to  the  light  and  the  air.  This  is 
shown  by  their  expanded  form,  and  ordinarily  slight  thickness  in 
comparison  with  their  length  and  breath.  "While  a  Melon-Cactus 
(115,  Fig.  76)  is  a  striking  example  of  a  plant  with  the  least  pos- 
sible amount  of  surface  for  its  bulk,  a  repeatedly  branching  leafy 
herb  or  tree  presents  the  largest  possible  extent  of  surface  to  the 
air.  The  actual  amount  of  surface  presented  by  a  tree  in  full  leaf 
is  much  larger  than  one  would  be  apt  to  suppose.  Thus,  the  Wash- 
ington Elm  at  Cambridge  —  a  tree  of  no  extraordinary  size  —  was 
some  years  ago  estimated  to  produce  a  crop  of  seven  millions  of 
leaves,  exposing  a  surface  of  200,000  square  feet,  or  about  five 
acres,  of  foliage. 

132.  What  is  done  by  the  foliage  we  shall  have  to  explain  in 
another  place.     Under  the  present  head  we  are  to  consider  ordinary 
leaves  as  to  their  parts  and  their  shapes. 

133.  The  Parts  Of  the  Leaf.     The  principal  part  of  a  leaf  is  the 
blade,  or  expanded  portion,  one  face  of  which  naturally  looks  toward 
the  sky,  the  other  towards  the  earth.     The  blade  is  often  raised  on 
a  stalk  of  its  own,  and  on  each  side  of  the  stalk  at  its  base  there  is 
sometimes  an  appendage  called  a  stipule.     A  complete  leaf,  there- 
fore consists  of  a  Hade  (Fig.  83,  &),  a  foot-stalk  or  leaf-stalk,  called 
the  petiole  (p),  and  a  pair  of  stipules  (st).     See  also  Fig.  136. 

134.  It  is  the  blade  which  we  are  now  to  describe.      This,  as 
being  the  essential  and  conspicuous  part,  we  generally  regard  as  the 
leaf:  and  it  is  only  when  we  have  to  particularize,  that  we  speak  of 
the  blade,  or  lamina,  of  the  leaf. 


LESSON  8.] 


THEIR    VENATION. 


135.  Without  here  entering  upon  the  subject  of  the  anatomy  of 
the  leaf,  we  may  remark,  that  leaves  consist  of  two  sorts  of  mate- 
rial, viz. :    1.  the  green  pulp,  or  parenchyma ;   and  2.  the  fibrous 
framework,  or  skeleton,  which  extends  throughout  the  soft  green 
pulp  and  supports  it,  giving  the  leaf  a  strength  and  firmness  which 
it  would  not  otherwise  possess.     Besides,  the  whole  surface  is  cov- 
ered with  a  transparent  skin,  called  the 

epidermis,  like  that  which  covers  the 
surface  of  the  shoots,  &c. 

136.  The    framework    consists    of 
wood,  —  a  fibrous  and  tough  material 
which  runs  from  the  stem  through  the 
leaf-stalk,  when   there   is  one,  in    the 
form  of  parallel  threads  or  bundles  of  &j 
fibres  ;  and  in  the  blade  these  spread 
out  in  a  horizontal  direction,  to  form 
the   ribs  and  veins  of  the  leaf.     The 
stout  main  branches  of  the  framework 
(like  those  in  Fig.  50)  are  called  the 
ribs.     When  there  is  only  one,  as  in 
Fig.  83,  &c.,  or  a  middle  one  decid- 
edly larger  than  the  rest,  it  is  called 

the  midrib.     The  smaller  divisions    are  termed  veins;   and  their 
still  smaller  subdivisions,  veinlets. 

137.  The  latter  subdivide  again  and  again,  until  they  become  so 
fine  that  they  are  invisible  to  the  naked  eye.     The  fibres  of  which 
they  are  composed  are  hollow ;  forming  tubes  by  which  the  sap  is 
brought  into  the  leaves  and  carried  to  every  part.    The  arrangement 
of  the  framework  in  the  blade  is  termed  the 

138.  Venation,  or  mode  of  veining.    This  corresponds  so  complete- 
ly with  the  general  shape  of  the  leaf,  and  with  the  kind  of  division 
when  the  blade  is  divided  or  lobed,  that  the  readiest  way  to  study 
and  arrange  the  forms  of  leaves  is  first  to  consider  their  veining. 

139.  Various  as  it  appears  in  different  leaves,  the  veining  is  all 
reducible  to  two  principal  kinds ;  namely,  the  parallel-veined  and  the 
netted-veined. 

140.  In  netted-veined  (also  called  reticulated)   leaves,  the  veins 
branch,  off  from  the  main  rib  or  ribs,  divide  into  finer  and  finer 


FIG.  8a     Leaf  of  the  Quince:  b,  blade  ;  p,  petiole  ;  st,  stipules. 


56 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  8, 


reinlets,  and  the  brandies  unite  with  each  other  to  form  meshes  of 
network.  "  That  is,  they  anastomose,  as  anatomists  say  of  the  veins 
and  arteries  of  the  body.  The  Quince-leaf,  in  Fig.  83,  shows  this 
kind  of  reining  in  a  leaf  with  a  single  rib.  The  Maple,  Basswood, 
and  Buttonwood  (Fig.  50)  show  it  in  leaves  of  several  ribs. 

141.  In  parallel-veined  leaves,  the  whole  framework  consists  of 
slender  ribs  or  veins,  which  run  parallel  with  each  other,  or  nearly 
so,  from  the  base  to  the  point  of  the  leaf,  not  dividing  and  sub- 
dividing, nor  forming  meshes,  except  by  very  minute  cross-veinlets. 
The  leaf  of  any  grass,  or  that  of  the  Lily  of  the  Valley  (Fig.  84) 
will  furnish  a  good  illustration. 

142.  Such  simple,  parallel  veins  Linnreus,  to  distinguish  them, 

called  nerves,  and  parallel-veined  leaves 
are  still  commonly  called  nerved  leaves  ; 
while  those  of  the  other  kind  are  said  to 
be  veined ;  —  terms  which  it  is  conven- 
ient to  use,  although  these  "  nerves  "  and 
"  veins  "  are  all  the  same  thing,  and  have 
no  likeness  to  the  nerves  of  animals. 

143.  Netted-veined  leaves  belong  to 
plants  which  have  a  pair  of  seed-leaves 
or  cotyledons,  such  as  the  Maple  (Fig.  1 
-7),  Beech  (Fig.  15),  Pea  and  Bean 
(Fig.  18,  20),  and  most  of  the  illustra- 
tions in  the  first  and  second  Lessons. 
While  parallel-veined  or  nerved  leaves 
belong  to  plants  with  one  cotyledon  or 
true  seed-leaf;  such  as  the  Iris  (Fig.  134) 
and  Indian  Corn  (Ffg.  42).  So  that  a  mere  glance  at  the  leaves 
of  the  tree  or  herb  enables  one  to  tell  what  the  structure  of  the 
embryo  is,  and  to  refer  the  plant  to  one  or  the  other  of  these  two 
grand  classes,  —  which  is  a  great  convenience.  For  generally  when 
plants  differ  from  each  other  in  some  one  important  respect,  they 
differ  correspondingly  in  other  respects  as  well. 

144.  Parallel- veined  leaves  are  of  two  sorts  ;  one  kind,  and  the 
commonest,  having  the  ribs  or  nerves  all  running  from  the  base  to 
the  point  of  the  leaf,  as  in  the  examples  already  given ;  while  in 
another  kind  they  run  from  a  midrib  to  the  margin ;  as  in  the  com- 


FIG.  84.    A  (parallel-veined)  leaf  of  the  Lily  of  the  Valley. 


LESSON  8.]   THEIR  FORMS  AS  TO  GENERAL  OUTLINE.         57 

mon  Pickerel-weed  of  our  ponds,  in  the  Banana  (Fig.  47),  and  many 
similar  plants  of  warm  climates. 

145.  Netted- veined  leaves  are  also  of  two  sorts,  as  is  shown  in 
the  examples   already   referred  to.     In  one  case  the  veins  all  rise 
from  a  single  rib  (the  midrib),  as  in  Fig.  83.    Such  leaves  are  called 
feather-veined  or  p  innately-veined  ;  both  terms  meaning  the  same 
thing,  namely,  that  the  veins  are  arranged  on  the  sides  of  the  rib 
like  the  plume  of  a  feather  on  each  side  of  the  shaft. 

146.  In   the  other  case  (as  in  the  Button  wood,  Fig.  50,  Maple, 
&c,),  the  veins  branch  off  from  three,  five,  seven,  or  nine  ribs,  which 
spread  from  the  top  of  the  leaf-stalk,  and  run  through  the  blade  like 
the  toes  of  a  web-footed  bird.     Hence  these  are  said  to  be  palmately 
or  digitately  veined,  or  (since  the  ribs  diverge  like   rays  from  a 
centre)  radiate-veined. 

147.  Since  the  general  outline  of  leaves  accords  with  the  frame- 
work or  skeleton,  it  is  plain  that  feather-veined  leaves  will  incline  to 
elongated  shapes,  or  at  least  will  be  longer  than  broad  ;  while  in 
radiate-veined  leaves  more  rounded  forms  are  to  be   expected.     A 
glance  at  the  following  figures  shows  this.     Whether  we  consider 
the  veins  of  the  leaf  to  be  adapted  to  the  shape  of  the  blade,  or  the 
green  pulp  to  be  moulded  to  the  framework,  is  not  very  material. 
Either  way,  the  outline  of  each  leaf  corresponds  with  the  mode  of 
spreading,  the  extent,  and  the  relative  length  of  the  veins.     Thus,  in 
oblong  or  elliptical  leaves   of  the  feather-veined  sort  (Fig.  87,  88), 
the  principal  veins  are  nearly  equal  in  length  ;  while  in  ovate  and 
heart-shaped  leaves    (Fig.  89,   90),  those    below   the   middle   are 
longest;    and  in   leaves  which  widen  upwards  (Fig.  91-94),  the 
veins  above  the  middle  are  longer  than  the  others. 

148.  Let  us  pass  on,  without  particular  reference  to  the  kind  of 
veining,  to  enumerate  the  principal 

149.  Forms  of  Leaves  as  to  General  Outline,    It  is  necessary  to  give 

names  to  the  principal  shapes,  and  to  define  them  rather  precisely, 
since  they  afford  the  easiest  marks  for  distinguishing  species.  The 
same  terms  are  used  for  all  other  flattened  parts  as  well,  such  as  the 
petals  of  the  flowers  ;  so  that  they  make  up  a  great  part  of  the 
descriptive  language  of  Botany.  We  do  not  mention  the  names  of 
common  plants  which  exhibit  these  various  shapes.  It  will  be  a  good 
exercise  for  young  students  to  look  them  up  and  apply  them. 

150.  Beginning  with  the  narrower  and  proceeding  to  the  broadest 
forms,  a  leaf  is  said  to  be 

S£F— 4 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  8. 


Linear  (Fig.  85),  when  narrow,  several  times  longer  than  wide, 
and  of  the  same  breadth  throughout. 

Lanceolate,  or  lance-shaped,  when  several  times  longer  than  wide, 
and  tapering  upwards  (Fig.  86),  or  both  upwards  and  downwards. 

Oblong  (Fig.  87),  when  nearly  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  broad. 

-Elliptical  (Fig.  88)  is  oblong  with  a  flowing  outline,  the  two  ends 
alike  in  width. 

Oval  is  the  same  as  broadly  elliptical,  or  elliptical  with  the  breadth 
considerably  more  than  half  the  length. 

Ovate  (Fig.  89),  when  the  outline  is  like  a  section  of  a  hen's-egg 
lengthwise,  the  broader  end  downward. 

Orbicular,  or  rotund  (Fig.  102),  circular  in  outline,  or  nearly  so. 


151.  When  the  leaf  tapers  towards  the  base,  instead  of  upwards, 
it  may  be 

Oblanceolate    (Fig.  91),  which   is  lance-shaped,  with   the  more 

tapering  end  downwards ; 

Spatulate  (Fig.  92),  round- 
ed above  and  long  and  narrow 
below,  like  a  spatula  ; 

Obovate   (Fig.  93),   or  in- 
versely ovate,  that  is,  ovate  with 
the  narrower  end  down  ;  or 
Cuneate,  or  cuneiform,  that  is,   wedge-shaped    (Fig.  94),  broad 
above  and  tapering  by  straight  lines  to  an  acute  angle  at  the  base. 
1^2.  As  to  tllC  Base,  its  shape  characterizes  several  forms,  such  as 
Cordate,  or  heart-shaped  (Fig.  90,  99,  8),  when  a  leaf  of  an  ovate 
form,  or  something  like  it,  has  the  outline  of  its  rounded  base  turned 
in  (forming  a  notch  or  sinus)  where  the  stalk  is  attached. 

JReniform,  or  kidney-shaped  (Fig.  100),  like  the  last,  only  rounder 
and  broader  than  long. 


FIG.  85-90.    Various  forms  of  feather-veined  leavea. 

FIG.  91-    Oblanceolate,  92.  spatulate,  93.  obovate,  94.  wedge-shaped,  feather-veined  leaves. 


LESSON  8.] 


THEIR    PARTICULAR    FORMS. 


59 


Auriculate,  or  eared,  having  a  pair  of  small  and  blunt  projections, 
or  ears,  at  the  base,  as  in  one  species  of  Magnolia  (Fig.  96). 

Sagittate,  or  arrow-shaped,  where  such  ears  are  pointed  and  turned 
downwards,  while  the 
main  body  of  the  blade 
tapers  upwards  to  a 
point,  as  in  the  com- 
mon Sagittaria  or  Ar- 
row-head, and  in  the 
Arrow-leaved  Polygo- 
num  (Fig.  95). 

Hastate,  or  halberd- 
shaped,     when      such 
lobes  at  the  base   point  outwards,  giving  the  leaf  the  shape  of  the 
halberd  of  the  olden  time,  as  in  another  Polygonum  (Fig.  97). 

Peltate,  or  shield-shaped,  (Fig.  102,)  is  the  name  applied  to  a 
curious  modification  of  the  leaf,  commonly  of  a  rounded  form,  where 
the  footstalk  is  attached  to  the  lower  surface,  instead  of  the  base,  and 


100  103 

therefore  is  naturally  likened  to  a  shield  borne  by  the  outstretched 
arm.  The  common  Watershield,  the  Nelumbium,  and  the  White 
Water-lily,  and  also  the  Mandrake,  exhibit  this  sort  of  leaf.  On 
comparing  the  shield-shaped  leaf  of  the  common  Marsh  Pennywort 
(Fig.  102)  with  that  of  another  common  species  (Fig.  101),  we  see 
at  once  what  this  peculiarity  means.  A  shield-shaped  leaf  is  like  a 


FIG.  95.    Sagittate,  96.  auriculate,  97.  halberd-shaped,  leaves. 
FIG.  98  -  102.     Various  forms  of  radiate- v«ined  leaves. 


60  MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  8. 

kidney-shaped  (Fig.  100)  or  other  rounded  leaf,  with  the  margins  at 
the  base  brought  together  and  united. 

153.  As  to  the  Apex,  the  following  terms  express  the  principal 
variations. 

Acuminate,  pointed,  or  taper-pointed,  when  the  summit  is  more  or 
less  prolonged  into  a  narrowed  or  tapering  point,  as  in  Fio-.  97. 

Acute,  when  ending  in  an  acute  angle  or  not  prolonged  point,  as 
in  Fig.  104,  98,  95,  &c. 

Obtuse,  when  with  a  blunt  or  rounded  point,  as  in  Fig.  105, 89,  &c. 

Truncate,  with  the  end  as  if  cut  off  square,  as  in  Fig.  106,  94. 

Refuse,  with  the  rounded  summit  slightly  indented,  forming  a 
very  shallow  notch,  as  in  Fig.  107. 

Emarginate,  or  notched,  indented  at  the  end  more  decidedly,  as 
in  Fig.  108. 

Obcordate,  that  is,  inversely  heart-shaped,  where  an  obovate  leaf 
is  more  deeply  notched  at  the  end  (Fig.  109),  as  in  White  Clover  and 
Wood-sorrel ;  so  as  to  resemble  a  cordate  leaf  (Fig.  99)  inverted. 

Cuspidate,  tipped  with  a  sharp  and  rigid  point ;  as  in  Fig.  110. 

Mucronate,  abruptly  tipped  with  a  small  and  short  point,  like  a 
projection  of  the  midrib ;  as  in  Fig.  111. 

Aristate,  awn-pointed,  and  bristle-pointed,  are  terms  used  when  this 
mucronate  point  is  extended  into  a  longer  bristle-form  or  other 
slender  appendage. 

The  first  six  of  these  terms  can  be  applied  to  the  lower  as  well  as 
to  the  upper  end  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ.  The  others  belong  to 
the  apex  only. 


IDS 


FIG.  103  -  111.    Forms  of  the  apex  of  leaves. 


LKSSON  9.]  SIMPLE    AND    COMPOUND    LEAVES. 


61 


LESSON   IX. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE. SIMPLE    AND    COM- 
POUND   LEAVES,    STIPULES,  ETC. 

154.  IN  the  foregoing  Lesson  leaves  have  been  treated  of  in  their 
simplest  form,  namely,  as  consisting  of  a  single  blade.     But  in  many- 
cases  the  leaf  is  divided  into  a  number  of  separate  blades.     That  is, 

155.  Leaves  are  either  Simple  or  Compound,    They  are  sr ,id  to  be 

simple,  when  the  blade  is  all  of  one  piece  :  they  are  compound,  when 
the  blade  consists  of  two  or  more  separate  pieces,  borne  upon  a 
common  leaf-stalk.  And  between  these  two  kinds  every  interme- 
diate gradation  is  to  be  met  with.  This  will  appear  as  we  proceed 
to  notice  the  principal 

156.  Forms  of  Leaves  as  to  particular  Outline  or  degree  of  division. 

In  this  respect,  leaves  are  said  to  be 

Entire,  when  their  general  outline  is  completely  filled  out,  so  that 
the  margin  is  an  even  line,  without  any  teeth  or  notches ;  as  in 
Fig.  83,  84,  100,  &c. 

Serrate,  or  saiv-toothed,  when  the  margin  only  is  cut  into  sharp 
teeth,  like  those  of  a  saw,  and  pointing  forwards;  as  in  Fig.  112; 
also  90,  &c. 


\ 


112    113        114      115      11G        117 

Dentate,   or   toothed,    when    such   teeth   point  outwards,  instead 
of  forwards  ;  as  in  Fis^.  113. 


FIG.  112-  117.     Kinds  of  margin  ofleaves. 

6 


62  MORPHOLOGY    OF   LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       ["LESSON  9. 

Crenate,  or  scalloped,  when  the  teeth  are  broad  and  rounded  ;  as 
in  Fig.  114,  101. 

Repand,  undulate,  or  wavy,  when  the  margin  of  the  leaf  forms  a 
wavy  line,  bending  slightly  inwards  and  outwards  in  succession ;  as 
in  Fig.  115. 

Sinuate,  when  the  margin  is  more  strongly  sinuous,  or  turned 
inwards  and  outwards,  as  in  Fig.  116. 

Incised,  cut,  or  jagged,  when  the  margin  is  cut  into  sharp,  deep, 
and  irregular  teeth  or  incisions,  as  in  Fig.  117. 

157.  When  leaves  are  more  deeply  cut,  and  with  a  definite  number 
of  incisions,  they  are  said,  as  a  general  term,  to  be  lobed  ;  the  parts 
being  called  lobes.     Their  number  is  expressed  by  the  phrase  two- 
lobed,  three-lobed,  Jive-lobed,  many-lobed,  &c.,  as  the  case  may  be. 
When  the  depth  and  character  of  the  lobing  needs  to  be  more  par- 
ticularly specified,  —  as  is  often  the  case,  —  the  following  terms  are 
employed,  viz. : 

Lobed,  when  the  incisions  do  not  extend  deeper  than  about  half- 
way between  the  margin  and  the  centre  of  the  blade,  if  so  far,  and 
are  more  or  less  rounded ;  as  in  the  leaves  of  the  Post-Oak,  Fig. 
118,  and  the  Hepatica,  Fig.  122. 

Cleft,  when  the  incisions  extend  half-way  down  or  more,  and 
especially  when  they  are  sharp,  as  in  Fig.  119,  123.  And  the 
phrases  two-cleft,  or,  in  the  Latin  form,  bifid ;  three-cleft,  or  trifid; 
four-cleft,  or  quadrijid ;  jive-cleft,  or  quinqucfid,  &c. ;  or  many-cleft, 
in  the  Latin  form  multifid,  —  express  the  number  of  the  segments, 
or  portions. 

Parted,  when  the  incisions  are  still  deeper,  but  yet  do  not  quite 
reach  to  the  midrib  or  the  base  of  the  blade  ;  as  in  Fig.  120,  124. 
And  the  terms  two-parted,  three-parted,  &c.  express  the  number  of 
such  divisions. 

Divided,  when  the  incisions  extend  quite  to  the  midrib,  as  in  the 
lower  part  of  Fig.  121  ;  or  to  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  Fig.  125;  which 
makes  the  leaf  compound.  Here,  using  the  Latin  form,  the  leaf  is 
said  to  be  bisected,  trisected  (Fig.  125),  &c.,  to  express  the  number 
of  the  divisions. 

158.  In  this  way  the  degree  of  division  is  described.     We  may 
likewise  express  the  mode  of  division.     The  notches  or  incisions, 
being  places  where  the  green  pulp  of  the  blade  has  not  wholly  filled 
up  the  framework,  correspond  with  the   veining ;    as  we  perceive 
on  comparing  the  figures  118  to  121  with  figures  122  to  125.     The 


LESSON  9.] 


LOBED    OR    DIVIDED    LEAVES. 


G3 


upper  row  of  figures  consists  of  feather-veined,  or,  in  Latin  form, 
pinnately-veined  leaves  (145);  the  lower  row,  of  radiate-veined  or 
palmately -veined  leaves  (14G). 


120 


122 


124 


159.  In  the  upper  row  the  incisions  all  point  towards  the  midrib, 
from  which  the  main  veins  arise,  the  incisions  (or  sinuses)  being 
between   the  main  veins.      That  is,  being  pinnately  veined,  such 
leaves  are  pinnately  lobed  (Fig.  118),  pinnately  cleft,  or  pinnatifid 
(Fig.  119),  pinnately  parted  (Fig.  120),  or  pinnately  divided  (Fig. 
121),  according  to  the  depth  of  the  incisions,  as  just  denned. 

160.  In  the  lower  row  of  figures,  as  the  main  veins  or  ribs  all 
proceed  from  the  base  of  the  blade  or  the  summit  of  the  leaf-stalk,  so 
the  incisions  all  point  in  that  direction.     That  is,  palmately-vemed 
leaves  are  palmately  lobed  (Fig.  122),  palmately  cleft   (Fig.  123), 
palmately  parted  (  Fig.  1 24) ,  or  palmately  divided  (  Fig.  125).    Some- 
times, instead  of  palmately,  we  say  digitately  cleft,  &c.,  which  means 
just  the  same. 

'  161.  To  be  still  more  particular,  the  number  of  the  lobes,  &c. 
may  come  into  the  phrase.  Thus,  Fig.  122  is  a  palmately  three- 
lobed;  Fig.  123,  a  palmately  three-cleft ;  Fig.  124,  &  palmately  three- 
parted;  Fig.  125,  a  palmately  three-divided,  or  trisected,  leaf.  The 

FIG.  118  -  121.     Pinnately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  and  divided  leaves. 

FIG.  122-125.    Palmately  or  digitately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  and  divided  leaves. 


C4  MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       ["LESSON  9. 

Sugar-Maple  and  the  Button  wood  (Fig.  50)  have  palmately  Jive- 
lobed  leaves  ;  the  Soft  White-Maple  palmately  Jive-parted  leaves;  and 
so  on.  And  in  the  other  sort,  the  Post-Oak  has  pinnately  seven- 
to  nine-lobed  leaves  ;  the  Red-Oak  commonly  has  pinnately  seven-  to 
nine-cleft  haves,  &c.,  &c. 

1G2.  The  divisions,  lobes,  &c.  may  themselves  be  entire  (without 
teeth  or  notches,  15G),  as  in  Fig.  118,  122,  &c. ;  or  serrate  (Fig. 
124),  or  otherwise  toothed  or  incised  (Fig.  121) ;  or  else  lobed,  cleft, 
parted,  &c. :  in  the  latter  cases  making  twice  pinnatifid,  twice  pal- 
mately or  pinnately  lobed,  parted,  or  divided  leaves,  &c.  From  these 
illustrations,  the  student  will  perceive  the  plan  by  which  the  bota- 
nist, in  two  or  three  words,  may  describe  any  one  of  the  almost 
endlessly  diversified  shapes  of  leaves,  so  as  to  convey  a  perfectly 
clear  and  definite  idea  of  it.  ^ 

1G3.  Compound  Leaves,  These,  as  already  stated  (155),  do  not 
differ  in  any  absolute  way  from  the  divided  form  of  simple  leaves. 
A  compound  leaf  is  one  which  has  its  blade  in  two  or  more  entirely 
separate  parts,  each  usually  with  a  stalklet  of  its  own :  and  the  stalk- 
let  is  often  jointed  (or  articulated)  with  the  main  leaf-stalk,  just  as 
this  is  jointed  with  the  stem.  When  this  is  the  case,  there  is  no 


doubt  that  the  leaf  is  compound.  But  when  the  pieces  have  no 
Ftalklets,  and  are  not  jointed  with  the  main  leaf-stalk,  the  leaf  may 
be  considered  either  as  simple  and  divided,  or  compound,  according 
to  the  circumstances. 

FIG.  126.     Pinnate  with  an   odd  leaflet,  or  odd-pinnate.     127.  Pinnate  with  a  tendril 
J28.  Abruptly  pinnate  leaf. 


LESSON  9.] 


COMPOUND  LEAVES. 


164.  The  separate  pieces  or  little  blades  of  a  compound  leaf  are 
called  leaflets. 

165.  Compound  leaves  are  of  two  principal  kinds,  namely,  the 
pinnate  and  the  palmate  ;  answering  to  the  two  modes  of  veining  in 
reticulated  leaves  (145-147),  and  to  the  two  sorts  of  lobed  or  di- 
vided leaves  (153,  159). 

166.  Pinnate  leaves  are  those  in  which  the  leaflets  are  arranged 
on  the  sides  of  a  main  leaf-stalk  ;  as  in  Fig.  126  - 128.    They  answer 
to  the  feather-veined  (\.e.pinnately-veined)  simple  leaf;  as  will  be 
seen  at  once,  on  comparing  Fig.  126  with  the  figures  118  to  121. 
The  leaflets  of  the  former  answer  to  the  lobes  or  divisions  of  the 
latter ;  and  the  continuation  of  the  petiole,  along  which  the  leaflets 
are  arranged,  answers  to  the  midrib  of  the  simple  leaf. 

167.  Three  sorts  of  pinnate  leaves  are  here  given.     Fig.  126  is 
pinnate  with  an  odd  or  end  leaflet,  as  in  the  Common  Locust  and 
the  Ash.     Fig.  127  is  pinnate  with  a  tendril  at  the  end,  in  place  of 
the  odd  leaflet,  as  in  the  Vetches  and  the  Pea,     Fig.  128  is  abruptly 
pinnate,  having  a  pair  of  leaflets  at  the  end,  like  the  rest  of  the  leaf- 
lets ;  as  in  the  Honey- Locust. 

168.  Palmate  (also  named  digitate)  leaves  are  those  in  which  the 
leaflets  are  all  borne  on  the  very  tip  of  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the 
Lupine,  the  Common  Clover  (Fig.  136),  the  Virginia  Creeper  (Fig. 
62),  and  the  Horsechestnut  and  Buckeye  (Fig.  129).     They  answer 
to  the  radiate-veined  or  palmately- 

veined  simple  leaf;  as  is  seen  by 
comparing  Fig.  136  with  the  figures 
122  to  125.  That  is,  the  Clover- 
leaf  of  three  leaflets  is  the  same  as 
a  palmately  three-ribbed  leaf  cut 
into  three  separate  leaflets.  And 
such  a  simple  five-lobed  leaf  as  that 
of  the  Sugar-Maple,  if  more  cut,  so 
as  to  separate  the  parts,  would  pro- 
duce a  palmate  leaf  of  five  leaflets, 
like  that  of  the  Horsechestnut  or  Buckeye  (Fig.  129). 

169.  Either  sort  of  compound  leaf  may  have  any  number  of  leaf- 
lets ;  though  palmate  leaves  cannot  well  have  a  great  many,  since 
they  are  all  crowded  together  on  the   end  of  the  main  leaf-stalk. 


FIG.  120.     Palmate  leaf  of  five  leaflet,  of  the  Sweet  Buckeye. 
6* 


66 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  9. 


Some  Lupines  have  nine  or  eleven  ;  the  Horsechestnut  has  seven, 
the  Sweet  Buckeye  more  commonly  five,  the  Clover  three.  A  pin- 
nate leaf  often  has  only  seven  or  five  leaflets,  as  in  the  Wild  Bean 
or  Groundnut ;  and  in  the  Common  Bean  it  has  only  three  ;  in 

some  rarer  cases  only  two  ;  in 
the  Orange  and  Lemon  only 
one!  The  joint  at  the  place 
where  the  leaflet  is  united  with 
the  petiole  alone  distinguishes 
this  last  case  from  a  simple 
leaf.* 

170.  The  leaflets  of  a  com- 
pound leaf  may  be  either  entire 

g  (as  in  Fig.  126-128),  or  ser- 
rate, or  lobed,  cleft,  parted, 
&c. :  in  fact,  they  may  pre- 
sent all  the  variations  of  simple 
leaves,  and  the  same  terms 
£  equally  apply  to  them. 

171.  When  this  division  is 
carried  so  far  as  to  separate 
what  would  be  one  leaflet  into 
two,  three,  or  several,  the  leaf 
becomes  doubly  or  twice  com- 
pound, either  pinnately  orpal- 
mately,   as  the    case   may  be. 

For  example,  while  some  of  the  leaves  of  the  Honey-Locust  are 
simply  pinnate,  that  is,  once  pinnate,  as  in  Fig.  128,  the  greater  part 


*  When  the  botanist,  in  describing  leaves,  wishes  to  express  the  number  cf 
leaflets,  he  may  use  terms  like  these  :  — 

Unifoliolate,  for  a  compound  leaf  of  a  single  leaflet ;  from  the  Latin  vnum,  one, 
andfoUolum,  leaflet. 

Bifoliolate,  of  two  leaflets,  from  the  Latin  Us,  twice,  &r\dfoliolum,  leaflet. 

Trifoliolote  (or  ternate),  of  three  leaflets,  as  the  Clover;  and  so  on. 

When  he  would  express  in  one  phrase  both  the  number  of  leaflets  and  the  way 
the  leaf  is  compound,  he  writes  :  — 

Palmately  bifoliolate,  trlfolidate,plurifollolate  (of  several  leaflets),  &c.,  or  else 

Pinnately  U-,  tri-,  quadri-,  or  pluri-foitdate  (that  is,  of  two,  three,  four,  five,  or 
several  leaflets),  as  the  case  may  be. 


FIG.  130.    A  twicc-pinnato  (abruptly)  loaf  of  the  Honcv-LocusU 


LESSON  9.] 


PERFOLIATE    LEAVES,    ETC. 


G7 


are  bipinnate,  i.e.  twice  pinnate,  as  in  Fig.  130.  If  these  leaflets 
were  again  divided  in  the  same  way,  the  leaf  would  become  thrice 
pinnate,  or  tripinnate,  as  in  many  Acacias.  The  first  divisions  are 
called  pinnae ;  the  others,  pinnules ;  and  the  last,  or  little  blades, 
leaflets. 

172.  So  the  palmate  leaf,  if  again  compounded  in  the  same  way, 
becomes  twice  palmate,  or,  as  we   say  when  the  divisions  are  in 
threes,  twice  ternate  (in  Latin  form  litemate)  ;  if  a  third  time  com- 
pounded, thrice  ternate  or  triternate.     But  if  the  division  goes  still 
further,  or  if  the  degree  is  variable,  we  simply  say  that  the  leaf  is 
decompound ;  either  palmately  or  pinnately  so,  as  the  case  may  be. 
Thus,  Fig.  138  represents  a  four  times  ternately  compound,  in  other 
words  a  ternately  decompound,  leaf  of  our  common  Meadow  Rue. 

173.  So  exceedingly  various  are  the  kinds  and  shapes  of  leaves, 
that  we  have  not  yet  exhausted  the  subject.     "We  have,  however, 
mentioned   the  principal   terms   used    in  describing   them.     Many 
others  will  be  found  in  the  glossary  at  the  end  of  the  volume.     Some 
peculiar  sorts  of  leaves  remain  to  be  noticed,  which  the  student  might 
not  well  understand  without  some  explanation  ;  such  as 

174.  Perfoliale  Leaves,     A  common  and  simple  case  of  this  sort  is 
found  in  two  species  of  Uvularia  or  Bell  wort,  where  the  stem  appears 
to  run  through  the  blade  of  the  leaf, 

near  one  end.  If  we  look  at  this  plant 
in  summer,  after  all  the  leaves  are 
formed,  we  may  see  the  meaning  of  this 
at  a  glance.  For  then  we  often  find 
upon  the  same  stem  such  a  series  of 
leaves  as  is  given  in  Fig.  131  :  the  low- 
er leaves  are  perfoliate,  those  next  above 
less  so  ;  then  some  (the  fourth  and  fifth) 
with  merely  a  heart-shaped  clasping 
base,  and  finally  one  that  is  merely 
sessile.  The  leaf,  we  perceive,  becomes 
perfoliate  by  the  union  of  the  edges  of 
the  base  with  each  other  around  the 
stem  ;  just  as  the  shield-shaped  leaf,  Fig. 
102,  comes  from  the  union  of  the  edges  of  the  base  of  such  a  leaf 
as  Fig.  101.  Of  the  same  sort  are  the  upper  leaves  of  most  of 

FIG.  131.    Leaves  of  Uvularia  (Bcllvvort) ;  the  lower  ones  perfoliate,  the  others  merely 
clasping,  or  tho  uppermost  only  sessile. 


68 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSOX  9. 


the  true  Honeysuckles  (Fig.  132):  but  here  it  is  a  pair  of  oppo- 
site leaves,  with  their  contiguous  broad  bases  grown  together,  which 
makes  what  seems  to  be  one  round  leaf,  with  the  stem  running 
through  its  centre.  This  is  seen  to  be  the  case,  by  comparing 
together  the  upper  and  the  lowest  leaves  of  the  same  branch. 
Leaves  of  this  sort  are  said  to  be  connate-per foliate. 

175.  Equitant  Leaves,  While  ordinary 
leaves  spread  horizontally,  and  present 
one  face  to  the  sky  and  the  other  to  the 
earth,  there  are  some  that  present  their 
tip  to  the  sky,  and  their  faces  right 
and  left  to  the  horizon.  Among  these 
are  the  equitant  leaves  of  the  Iris  or 
Flower-de-Luce.  On  careful  inspection 
we  shall  find  that  each  leaf  was  formed 
folded  together  length- 
wise, so  that  what 
would  be  the  upper 
surface  is  within,  and 
all  grown  together,  ex- 
cept next  the  bottom, 
where  each  leaf  covers 

the  next  younger  one.  It  was  from  their  strad- 
dling over  each  other,  like  a  man  on  horseback  (as 
is  seen  in  the  cross-section,  Fig.  134),  that  Linnasus, 
with  his  lively  fancy,  called  these  equitant  leaves. 

176.  Leaves  with  no  distinction  of  Petiole  and  Blade, 

The  leaves  of  Iris  just  mentioned  show  one  form 
of  this.  The  flat  but  narrow 
leaves  of  Jonquils,  Daffodils, 
and  the  like,  are  other  in- 
stances. Needle-shaped  leaves, 
like  those  of  the  Pine  (Fig. 
140),  Larch  (Fig.  139),  and 
Spruce,  and  the  awl-shaped 
as  well  as  the  scale-shaped 
leaves  of  Junipers,  Red  Ce- 

FIG.  132.    Branch  of  a  Yellow  Honeysuckle,  with  connate-perfoliate  leaves. 
FIG.  133.     Rootstock  and  equitant  leaves  of  Iris.    131.  A  section  across  the  cluster  of 
leaves  at  tne  bottom. 


LESSOX  9.J 


miLLODIA,    STIPULES,    ETC. 


69 


dar,  and  Arbor- Vitce  (Fig.  135),  are  different  examples.  These 
last  are  leaves  serving  for  foliage,  but  having  as 
little  spread  of  surface  as  possible.  They  make 
up  for  this,  however,  by  their  immense  numbers. 

177.  Sometimes  the  petiole  expands  and  flattens, 
and.  takes  the  place  of  the  blade ;  as  in  numerous 
New  Holland  Acacias,  some  of  which  are  now 
common  'in  greenhouses.  Such  counterfeit  blades 
are  called  phyUodia,  —  meaning  leaf-like  bodies. 
They  may  be  known  from  true  blades  by  their 
standing  edgewise,  their  margins  being  directed 
upwards  and  downwards  ;  while  in  true  blades  the 
faces  look  upwards  and  downwards ;  excepting  in 
equitant  leaves,  as  al- 
ready explained,  and 
in  those  which  are 
turned  edgewise  by 

a  twist,   such  as  those  of  the   Callis- 

temon  or  Bottle-brush  Flower  of  our 

greenhouses,  and  other  Dry  Myrtles 

of  New  Holland,  &c. 

178.  Stipules,  the  pair  of  appendages 

which  is  found  at  the  base  of  the  peti- 
ole in  many  leaves  (133),  should  also 

be  considered  in  respect  to  their  very 

varied  forms  and  appearances.     More 

commonly  they  appear  like  little  blades, 

on  each  side  of  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the 

Quince  (Fig.  83),  and  more  strikingly 

in  the  Hawthorn  and  in  the  Pea.   Here 

they  remain  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the 

leaf,  and  serve  for  the  same  purpose 

as  the  blade.     Very  commonly  they 

serve  for  bud-scales,  and  fall  off  when 

the  leaves  expand,  as  in  the  Fig-tree,  137 

and  the  Magnolia  (where  they  are  large  and  conspicuous),  or  soon 

FIG.  135.  Twig  of  Arbnr-Vitffi,  with  its  two  sorts  of  leaves :  viz.  some  awl-shaped,  the 
others  scale-like  ;  the  latter  on  the  branchlets,  a. 

FIG.  138.  Leaf  of  Red  Clover  :  st,  stipules,  adhering  to  the  base  of  p,  the  petiole  :  ft,  blade 
of  three  leaflets. 

FIG.  137.  Part  of  stem  and  leaf  of  Priuce's-Feathcr  ;  Polygonum  orientale)  with  the  united 
sheathing  stipules  forming  a  sheath. 


70 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    LEAVES    AS    FOLIAGE.       [LESSON  9. 


afterwards,  as  in  the  Tulip-tree.  In  the  Pea  the  stipules  make  a 
very  conspicuous  part  of  the  leaf;  while  in  the  Bean  they  are  quite 
small ;  and  in  the  Locust  they  are  reduced  to  bristles  or  prickles. 
Sometimes  the  stipules  are  separate  and  distinct  (Fig.  83) :  often 
they  are  united  with  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  the  Eose  and 
the  Clover  (Fig.  136) :  and  sometimes  they  grow  together  by  both 
margins,  so  as  to  form  a  sheath  around  the  stem,  above  the  leaf,  as 
in  the  Button  wood,  the  Dock,  and  almost  all  the  plants  of  the 
Polygonum  Family  (Fig.  137). 

179.  The  sheaths  of  Grasses  bear  the  blade  on  their  summit,  and 
therefore  represent  a  form  of  the  petiole.  The  small  and  thin  ap- 
pendage which  is  commonly  found  at  the  top  of  the  sheath  (called  a 
ligule)  here  answers  to  the  stipule. 


FIG.  138.    Ternately-decompound  leaf  of  Meadow  Rue  (Thalictrum  Cornuti). 


LESSON  10.]  ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES.  71 


LESSON   X. 
^ 

THE    ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES. 

180.  UNDER  this  head  we  may  consider,  —  1.  the  arrangement  of 
leaves  on  the  stem,  or  what  is  sometimes  called  PHYLLOTAXY  (from 
two  Greek  words  meaning  leaf-order)  ;  and  2.  the  ways  in  which 
they  are  packed  together  in  the  bud,  or  their  VERNATION  (the  word 
meaning  their  spring  state). 

181.  Phyllotaxy,     As  already  explained  (48,  49),  leaves  are  ar- 
ranged on  the  stem  in  two  principal  ways.     They  are  either 

Alternate  (Fig.  131,  143),  that  is,  one  after  another,  only  a  single 
leaf  arising  from  each  node  or  joint  of  the  stem  ;  or  * 

Opposite  (Fig.  147),  when  there  is  a  pair  of  leaves  on  each  joint 
of  the  stem ;  one  of  the  two  leaves  being  in  this  case  always  situ- 
ated exactly  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem  from  the  other.  A 
third,  but  uncommon  arrangement,  may  be  added  ;  namely,  the 

Whorled,  or  verticillale  (Fig.  148),  when  there  are  three  or  more 
leaves  in  a  circle  (ivliorl  or  verticil)  on  one  joint  of  stem.  But  this 
is  only  a  variation  of  the  opposite  mode;  or  rather  the  latter  ar- 
rangement is  the  same  as  the  whorled,  with  the  number  of  the 
leaves  reduced  to  two  in  each  whorl. 

182.  Only  one  leaf  is  ever  produced  from  the  same  point.     When 
two  are  borne  on  the  same  joint,  they  are  always  on  opposite  side? 
of  the  stem,  that  is,  are  separated  by  half  the  circumference ;  when 
in  whorls  of  three,  four,  five,  or  any  other  number,  they  are  equally 
distributed  around  the  joint  of  stem,  at  a  distance  of  one  third,  one 
fourth,  or  one  fifth  of  the  circumfer- 
ence  from   each  other,  according  to 

their  number.  So  they  always  have 
the  greatest  possible  divergence  from 
each  other.  Two  or  more  leaves  be- 
longing to  the  same  joint* of  stem 
never  stand  side  by  side,  or  one 
above  the  other,  in  a  cluster. 

183.  What  are   called  clustered  or  fascicled  leaves,  and  which 

FIG.  139.     Clustered  or  fascicled  leaves  of  the  Larch. 


72  ARRANGEMENT    OF   LEAVES    ON    THE    STEM       [LESSON  10. 

appear  to  be  so,  are  always  the  leaves  of  a  whole  branch  which 
remains  so  very  short  that  they  are  all  crowded  together  in  a 
bundle  or  rosette ;  as  in  the  spring  leaves  of  the  Barberry  and  of 
the  Larch  (Fig.  139).  In  these  cases  an  examination  shows  them 
to  be  nothing  else  than  alternate  leaves,  very  much  crowded  on  a 
short  spur ;  and  some  of  these  spurs  are  seen  in  the  course  of  the 
season  to  lengthen  into  ordinary  shoots  with  scattered  alternate 
leaves.  So,  likewise,  each  cluster  of  two  or  three  needle-shaped 
leaves  in  Pitch  Pines  (as  in  Fig.  140),  or  of  five  leaves 
in  White  Pine,  answers  to  a  similar,  extremely  short 
branch,  springing  from  the  axil  of  a  thin  and  slender 
scale,  which  represents  a  leaf  of  the  main  shoot.  For 
Pines  produce  two  kinds  of  leaves ;  —  1.  primary,  the 
proper  leaves  of  the  shoots,  not  as  foliage,  but  in  the 
shape  of  delicate  scales  in  spring,  which  soon  fall  away ; 
and  2.  secondary,  the  fascicled  leaves,  from  buds  in  the 
axils  of  the  former,  and  these  form  the  actual  foliage. 

184.  Spiral  Arrangement  of  Leaves,    If  we  examine  any 

alternate-leaved  stem,  we  shall  find  that  the  leaves  are 
placed  upon  it  in  symmetrical  order,  and  in  a  way  per- 
fectly uniform  for  each  specie?,  but  different  in  different 
plants.  If  we  draw  a  line  from  the  insertion  (i.  e.  the 
point  of  attachment)  of  one  leaf  to  that  of  the  next,  and 
so  on,  this  line  will  wind  spirally  around  the  stem  as  it 
rises,  and  in  the  same  species  will  always  have  just  the 
same  number  of  leaves  upon  it  for  each  turn  round  the 
stem.  That  is,  any  two  successive  leaves  will  always 
be  separated  from  each  other  by  just  an  equal  portion 
of  the  circumference  of  the  stem.  The  distance  in  height  between 
any  two  leaves  may  vary  greatly,  even  on  the  same  shoot,  for  that 
depends  upon  the  length  of  the  internodes  or  spaces  between  each 
leaf;  but  the  distance  as  measured  around  the  circumference  (in 
other  words,  the  angular  divergence,  or  angle  formed  by  any  two 
successive  leaves)  is  uniformly  the  same. 

185.  The  greatest  possible  divergence  i*,  of  course,  where  the 
second  leaf  stands  on  exactly  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem  from  the 
first,  the  third  on  the  side  opposite  the  second,  and  therefore  over  the 

FIG.  140.  Piece  of  a  branchlet  of  Pitch  Pine,  with  three  leaves  in  a  fascicle  or  bundle,  in 
tbo  axil  <;f  a  thin  fcalo  w!:ich  answer*  to  a  primary  leaf.  The  bundle  is  surrounded  at  the 
£>a.sc  by  a  sliort  sheath,  formed  of  the  delicate  scales  of  the  axillary  bud. 


LESSON  10.] 


IN    A    SPIRAL    ORDER. 


73 


first,  and  the  fourth  over  the  second.  This  brings  all  the  leaves  into 
two  ranks,  one  on  one  side  of  the  stem  and  one  on  the  other ;  and 
is  therefore  called  the  two-ranked  arrangement.  It  occurs  in  all 
Grasses,  —  in  Indian  Corn,  for  instance ;  also  in  the  Spiderwort,  the 
Bellwort  (Fig.  131)  and  Iris  (Fig.  132),  in  the  Basswood  or  Lime- 
tree,  &c.  This  is  the  simplest  of  all  arrangements. 

186.  Next  to  this  is  the  three-ranked  arrangement,  such  as  we 
see  in  Sedges,  and  in  the  Veratrum  or  White  Hellebore.     The  plan 
of  it  is  shown  on  a  Sedge  in  Fig.  141,  and  in  a  diagram  or  cross- 
section  underneath,  in  Fig.  142.     Here  the 

second  leaf  is  placed  one  third  of  the  way 
round  the  stem,  the  third  leaf  two  thirds  of 
the  way  round,  the  fourth  leaf  accordingly 
directly  over  the  first,  the  fifth  over  the 
second,  and  so  on.  That  is,  three  leaves 
occur  in  each  turn  round  the  stem,  and  they 
are  separated  from  each  other  by  one  third 
of  the  circumference. 

187.  The  next  and  one  of  the  most  com- 
mon is  the  Jive-ranked  arrangement ;  which 
is  seen  in  the  Apple  (Fig.  143),  Cherry, 
Poplar,  and  the  greater  part  of  our  trees 
and  shrubs.     In  this  case  the  line  traced 
from  leaf  to  leaf  will  pass  twice  round  the 
stem  before  it  reaches  a  leaf  situated  di- 
rectly over  any  below  (Fig.  144).     Here 
the  sixth  leaf  is  over  the  first;  the  leaves 
stand  in  five  perpendicular  ranks,  equally 
distant  from  each  other ;  and  the  distance 
between  any  two  successive  leaves  is  just 
two  fifths  of  the  circumference  of  the  stem. 

188.  The  five-ranked  arrangement  .is  expressed  by  the  fraction  f. 
This  fraction  denotes  the  divergence  of  ihe  successive  leaves,  i.  e.  the 
angle  they  form  with  each  other :  the  numerator  also  expresses  the 
number  of  turns  made  round  the  stem  by  the  spiral  line  in  complet- 
ing one  cycle  or  set  of  leaves,  namely  i! ;  and  the  denominator  gives 
the  number  of  leaves  in  each  cycle,  or  the  number  of  perpendicular 

FIG.  141.  Piece  of  the  stalk  of  a  Sedge,  with  the  leaves  cut  away,  leaving  their  bases  : 
the  leaves  are  numbered  in  order,  from  J  to  6.  142.  Diagram  or  cross-section  of  the  same, 
all  in  one  plane  j  the  leaves  similarly  numbered. 

7 


74 


ARRANGEMENT    OF   LEAVES    ON    THE    STEM.       [LESSON  10. 


ranks,  namely  o.  In  the  same  way  the  fraction  £  stands  for  the 
two-ranked  mode,  and  £  for  the  three-ranked :  and  so  these  different 
113  sorts  are  expressed  by  the  series  of  fractions  £, 

£,  f .    And  the  other  cases  known  follow  in  the 

same  numerical  progression. 

189.  The  next  is  the  eight-ranked  arrange- 
ment, where  the  ninth  leaf  stands  over  the  first, 
and  three  turns  are  made  around  the  stem  to 
reach  it ;  so  it  is  expressed  by  the  fraction  |. 
This  is  seen  in  the  Holly,  and  in  the  common 
Plantain.     Then  comes  the  thirteen-ranked  ar- 
rangement, in  which  the  fourteenth  leaf  is  over 
the  first,  after  five  turns  around  the  stem.     Of 
this  we  have  a  good  example  in  the  common 
Houseleek  (Fig.  146). 

190.  The  series  so   far, 
then,  is  £,  £,  f ,  f ,  T5? ;  the 
numerator  and  the  denomi- 
nator of  each  fraction  being 
those  of  the  two  next  pre- 
ceding ones  added  together. 
At  this  rate  the  next  higher 
should  be  /T,  then  ^f,  and 
so  on ;  and  in  fact  just  such 

cases  are  met  with,  and  (commonly)  no  others. 
These  higher  sorts  are  found  in  the  Pine  Fam- 
ily, both  in  the  leaves  and  the  cones  (Fig.  324), 
and  in  many  other  plants  with  small  and  crowd- 
ed leaves.  But  the  number  of  the  ranks,  or  of 
leaves  in  each  cycle,  can  here  rarely  be  made 
out  by  direct  inspection:  they  may  be  ascer- 
tained, however,  by  certain  simple  mathematical 
computations,  which  are  rather  too  technical  for 
these  Lessons. 


X 


H 


FIG.  143.    Shoot  with  its  leaves  5-ranked,  the  sixth  leaf  over  the  first ;  as  in  the  Apple-tree. 

FIG.  144.  Diagram  of  this  arrangement,  with  a  spiral  line  drawn  from  the  attachment  of 
one  leaf  to  the  next,  and  so  on  ;  the  parts  on  the  side  turned  from  the  eye  are  fainter. 

FIG.  145.  A  ground-plan  of  the  same  ;  the  section  of  the  leaves  similarly  numbered ;  a 
dotted  line  drawn  from  the  edge  of  one  leaf  to  that  of  the  next  completes  the  spiral. 

FIG.  146.  A  young  plant  of  the  Honecleek,  with  the  leaves  (not  yet  expanded)  numbered, 
and  exhibiting  the  13-rankcd  arrangement* 


LESSON  10.]      ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES    IN    THE    BUD. 


7o 


191.  The  arrangement  of  opposite  leaves  (181)  is  usually  very 
simple.     The  second  pair  is  placed  over  the  intervals  of  the  first ; 
the  third  over  the  intervals  of  the  second,  and  so  on  (Fig.  147)  ;  the 
successive    pairs    thus   crossing   each   other,  — 

commonly  at  right  angles,  so  as  to  make  four 
upright  rows.  And  whorled  leaves  (Fig.  148) 
follow  a  similar  plan. 

192.  So  the  place  of  every  leaf  on  every  plant 
is  fixed   beforehand  by  unerring  mathematical 
rule.     As  the  stem  grows  on,  leaf  after  leaf  ap- 
pears exactly  in  its  predes- 
tined place,  producing  a  per- 
fect symmetry ;  —  a  symme- 
try which  manifests  itself  not 

in  one  single  monotonous 
pattern  for  all  plants,  but  in 
a  definite  number  of  forms 
exhibited  by  different  spe- 
cies, and  arithmetically  ex- 
pressed by  the  series  of  frac- 
tions, J,  -£,  f ,  f ,  yV?  A>  &cv  according  as  the  formative  energy  in 
its  spiral  course  up  the  developing  stem  lays  down  at  corresponding 
intervals  2,  3,  5,  8,  13,  or  21  ranks  of  alternate  leaves. 

193.  Vernation,  sometimes  called  Prcefoliation,  relates  to  the  way 
in  which  leaves  are  disposed  in  the  bud  (180).     It  comprises  two 
things  ;  —  1st,  the  way  in  which  each  separate  leaf  is  folded,  coiled,  or 
packed  up  in  the  bud ;  and  2d,  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  in  the 
bud  with  respect  to  one  another.     The  latter  of  course  depends  very 
much  upon  the  phyllotaxy,  i.  e.  the  position  and  order  of  the  leaves 
upon  the  stem.     The  same  terms  are  used  for  it  as  for  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  leaves  of  the  flower  in  the  flower-bud :  so  we  may  pass 
them  by  until  we  come  to  treat  of  the  flower  in  this  respect. 

194.  As  to  each  leaf  separately,  it  is  sometimes  straight  and 
open  in  vernation,  but  more  commonly  it  is  either  bent,  folded,  or 
rolled  up.      When  the  upper  part  is  bent  down  upon  the  lower, 
as  the  young  blade  in  the  Tulip-tree  is  bent  upon   the  leafstalk, 
it  is  said  to  be  infiexed  or  reclined  in  vernation.     When  folded 


FIG.  147.    Opposite  leaves  of  the  Spindle-tree  or  Burning-bush. 
FIG.  148.     Whorled  or  verticillate  leaves  of  Galium  or  Bedstraw. 


76  ARRANGEMENT    OF   FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM.       [LESSON  11. 

by  the  midrib  so  that  the  two  halves  are  placed  face  to  face,  it  is 
conduplicate  (Fig.  149),  as  in  the  Magnolia,  the  Cherry,  and  the 
Oak :  when  folded  back  and  forth  like  the  plaits  of  a  fan,  it  is  plicate 
or  plaited  (Fig.  150),  as  in  the  Maple  and  Currant.  If  rolled, 
it  may  'be  so  either  from  the  tip  downwards,  as  in  Ferns  and  the 
Sundew  (Fig.  154),  when  in  unrolling  it  resembles  the  head  of  a 
crosier,  and  is  said  to  be  circinate  ;  or  it  may  be  rolled  up  parallel 
with  the  axis,  either  from  one  edge  into  a  coil,  when  it  is  convolute 
(Fig.  151),  as  in  the  Apricot  and  Plum,  or  rolled  from  both  edges 
towards  the  midrib;  —  sometimes  inwards,  when  it  is  involute  (Fig. 
152),  as  in  the  Violet  and  Water-Lily  ;  sometimes  outwards,  when 
it  is  revolute  (Fig.  153),  in  the  Rosemary  and  Azalea.  The  figures 
are  diagrams,  representing  sections  through  the  leaf,  in  the  way 
they  were  represented  by  Linnaeus. 


153 


LESSON   XL 

THE    ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM,    OR    INFLO- 
RESCENCE. 

195.  TITUS  far  we  have  been  considering  the  vegetation  of  the 
plant,  and  studying  those  parts,  viz.  root,  stem,  and  leaves,  by  which 
it  increases  in  size  and  extent,  and  serves  the  purpose  of  its  indi- 
vidual life.  But  after  a  time  each  plant  produces  a  different  set  of 
organs,  —  viz.  flowers,  fruit,  and  seed,  —  subservient  to  a  different 
purpose,  that  is,  the  increase  in  numbers,  or  the  continuance  of  the 


LESSON  11.]  INDETERMINATE    INFLORESCENCE.  77 

species.  The  plant  reproduces  itself  in  new  individuals  by  seed. 
Therefore  the  seed,  and  the  fruit  in  which  the  seed  is  formed,  and 
the  flower,  from  which  the  fruit  results,  are  named  the  Organs  of 
Reproduction  or  Fructification.  These  we  may  examine  in  succes- 
sion. We  begin,  of  course,  with  the  flower.  And  the  first  thing  to 
consider  is  the 

196.  Inflorescence,  or  the  mode  of  flowering,  that  is,  the  situation 
and  arrangement  of  blossoms  on  the  plant.     Various  as  this  arrange- 
ment may  seem  to  be,  all  is  governed  by  a  simple  law,  which  is 
easily  understood.     As  the  position  of  every  leaf  is  fixed  beforehand 
by  a  mathematical  law  which  prescribes  where  it  shall  stand  (192), 
so  is  that  of  every  blossom ;  —  and  by  the  same  law  in  both  cases. 
For  flowers  are  buds,  developed  in  a  particular  way ;  and  flower- 
buds  occupy  the  position  of  leaf-buds,  and  no  other      As  leaf-buds 
are  either  terminal  (at  the  summit  of  a  stem  or  branch,   42),  or 
axillary  (in  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  43),  so  likewise 

197.  Flowers  are  either  terminal  or  axillary.     In  blossoming  as 
in  vegetation  we  have  only  buds  terminating  (i.  e.  on  the  summit  of) 
stems  or  branches,  and  buds  from  the  axils  of  leaves.     But  while 
the  same  plant  commonly  produces  both  kinds  of  leaf-buds,  it  rarely 
bears  flowers  in  both  situations.     These  are  usually  either  all  axil- 
lary or  all  terminal;  —  giving  rise  to  two  classes  of  inflorescence, 
viz.  the  determinate  and  the  indeterminate. 

198.  Indeterminate  Inflorescence  is  that  where  the  flowers  all  arise 
from  axillary  buds ;  as  in  Fig.  loo,  156,  157,  &c. ;  and  the  reason 
why  it  is  called  indetermi- 

nate  (or  indefinite]  is,  that 
while  the  axillary  buds 
give  rise  to  flowers,  the 
terminal  bud  goes  on  to 
grow,  and  continues  the 
stem  indefinitely. 

199.  Where  the  flowers  arise,  as  in  Fig.  155,  singly  from  the 
axils  of  the  ordinary  leaves  of  the  plant,  they  do  not  form  flower- 
clusters,  but  are  axillary  and  solitary.      But  when  several  or  many 
flowers  are  produced  near  each  other,  the  accompanying  leaves  are 
usually  of  smaller  size,  and  often  of  a  different  shape  or  character : 
then  they  are  called  bracts, ;  and  the  flowers  thus  brought  together 


FIG.  155     Moneywort  (Lysimachia  nummularia)  of  the  gardens,  with  axillary  flowers 

7* 


78  ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM.       [LESSON  11. 


form  one  cluster  or  inflorescence.  The  sorts  of  inflorescence  of  the 
indeterminate  class  which  have  received  separate  names  are  chiefly 
the  following :  viz.  the  Raceme,  the  Corymb,  the  Umbel,  the  Spike, 
the  Head,  the  Spadix,  the  Catkin,  and  the  Panicle. 

200.  Before  illustrating  these,  one  or  two  terms,  of  common  oc- 
currence, may  be  defined.  A  flower  (or  other  body)  which  has  no 
stalk  to  support  it,  but  which  sits  directly  on  the  stem  or  axis  it  pro- 
ceeds from,  is  said  to  be  sessile.  If  it  has  a  stalk,  this  is  called  its 
peduncle.  If  the  whole  flower-cluster  is  raised  on  a  stalk,  this  is 
called  the  peduncle,  or  the  common  peduncle  (Fig.  156,  p) ;  and  the 
stalk  of  each  particular  flower,  if  it  have  any,  is  called 
the  pedicel  or  partial  peduncle  (p*).  The  portion 
of  the  general  stalk  along  which  flowers  are  dis- 
posed is  called  the  axis  of  inflorescence,  or,  when  cov- 
ered with  sessile  flowers,  the  rhachis  (back-bone),  and 
sometimes  the  receptacle.  The  leaves  of  a  flower- 
cluster  generally  are  termed  bracts.  But  when  we 
wish  particularly  to  distinguish  them,  those  on  the 
peduncle,  or  main  axis,  and  which  have  a  flower  in 
their  axil,  take  the  name  of  bracts  (Fig.  156,  b) ;  and 
those  on  the  pedicels  or  partial  flower-stalks,  if  any, 
that  ofbractlets  (Fig.  156,  b1). 

201.  A  Raceme  (Fig.  156, 157)  is  that  form  of  flower- 
cluster  in  which  the  flowers,  each  on  their  own  foot- 
stalk or  pedicel,  are  arranged  along  a  common  stalk 
or  axis  of  inflorescence ;  as  in  the  Lily  of  the  Valley, 
Currant,  Choke-Cherry,  Barberry,  &c.  Each  flower 
comes  from  the  axil  of  a  small  leaf,  or  bract,  which, 
m  however,  is  often  so  small  that  it  might  escape  notice, 
and  which  sometimes  (a^  in  the  Mustard  Family)  disappears  alto- 
gether. The  lowest  blossoms  of  a  raceme  are  of  course  the  oldest, 
and  therefore  open  first,  and  the  order  of  blossoming  is  ascending, 
from  the  bottom  to  the  top.  The  summit,  never  being  stopped  by 
a  terminal  flower,  may  go  on  to  grow,  and  often  does  so  (as  in  the 
common  Shepherd's  Purse),  producing  lateral  flowers  one  after  an- 
other the  whole  summer  long. 

202.  All  the  various  kinds  of  flower-clusters  pass  one  into  another 


FIG.  156.     A  Raceme,  with  a  general  peduncle  (/>),  pedicels  (;>'),  bracts  (i),  and  bract- 


lets 


LESSON  ll.j  RACEME,    CORYMB,    UMBEL,    ETC. 


79 


by  intermediate  gradations  of  every  sort.  For  instance,  if  we 
lengthen  the  lower  pedicels  of  a  raceme,  and  keep  the  main  axis 
rather  short,  it  is  converted  into 

203.  A  Corymb  (Fig.  158).     This  is  the  same  as  a  raceme,  except 
that  it  is  flat  and  broad,  either  convex,  or  level-topped,  as  in  the 
Hawthorn,  owing  to  the  lengthening  of  the  lower  pedicels  while  the 
uppermost  remain  shorter. 

204.  The  main  axis  of  a  corymb  is  short,  at  least  in  comparison 
with  the  lower  pedicels.     Only  suppose  it  to  be  so  much  contracted 
that  the  bracts  are  all  brought  into  a  cluster  or  circle,  and  the 
corymb  becomes 

205.  An  Umbel  (Fig.  159),  —  as  in  the  Milkweed  and  Primrose, 
—  a  sort  of  flower-cluster  where  the  pedicels  all  spring  apparently 
from  the  same  point,  from  the  top  of  the  peduncle,  so  as  to  resemble, 
when  spreading,  the  rays  of  an  umbrella,  whence  the  name.     Here 
the  pedicels  are  sometimes  called  the  rays  of  the  umbel.     And  the 
bracts,  when  brought  in  this  way  into  a  cluster  or  circle,  form  what 
is  called  an  involucre. 


206.  For  the  same  reason  that  the  order  of  blossoming  in  a  ra- 
ceme is  ascending  (201),  in  the  corymb  and  umbel  it  is  centripetal, 
that  is,  it  proceeds  from  the  margin  or  circumference  regularly  to- 
wards the  centre ;  the  lower  flowers  of  the  former  answering  to  the 
outer  ones  of  the  latter.  Indeterminate  inflorescence,  therefore,  is 
said  to  be  centripetal  in  evolution.  And  by  having  this  order  of 
blossoming,  all  the  sorts  may  be  distinguished  from  those  of  the 
other,  or  the  determinate  class.  In  all  the  foregoing  cases  the 
flowers  are  raised  on  pedicels.  These,  however,  are  very  short  in 
many  instances,  or  are  wanting  altogether;  when  the  flowers  are 
sessile  (200).  They  are  so  in 

FIG.  157.     A  raceme.     158.  A  corymb     159.  AJJ  umbel. 


80  ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM.       [LESSON  11. 


207.  The  Spike,  This  is  a  flower-cluster  with  a  more  or  less 
lengthened  axis,  along  which  the  flowers  are  sessile  or 
nearly  so;  as  in  the  Mullein  and  the  Plantain  (Fig.  160). 
It  is  just  the  same  as  a  raceme,  therefore,  without  any 
pedicels  to  the  flowers. 

208.  The  J/ead  is  a  round  or  roundish  cluster  of  flowers 
which  are  sessile  on  a  very  short  axis  or  receptacle,  as  in 
the  Button-ball,  Button-bush  (Fig.  161),  and  Red  Clover. 
It  is  just  what  a  spike  would  become  if  its  axis  were 
shortened ;  or  an  umbel,  if  its  pedicels  were  all  shortened 
until  the  flowers  became  sessile  or  apparently  so.  The 
head  of  the  Button-bush  (Fig.  161)  is  naked  ;  but  that  of 
the  Thistle,  of  the  Dandelion,  the  Cichory  (Fig.  221), 
and  the  like,  is  surrounded  by  empty  bracts,  which  form 
an  involucre.  Two  particular  forms  of  the  spike  and  the 
head  have  received  particular  names,  namely,  the  Spadix 
and  the  Catkin. 

209.  A  Spadix  is  nothing  but  a  fleshy  spike  or  head,  with  small 
and   often  imperfect  flowers,  as  in  the  Calla,  the  Indian  Turnip 


(Fig.  162),  Sweet  Flag,  &c.     It  is  commonly  covered  by  a  peculiar 
enveloping  leaf,  called  a  spathe. 

FIG.  160.     Spike  of  the  common  Plantain  or  Ribwort. 

FIG.  161.     Head  of  the  Button-bush  (Cephalanthus). 

FIG.  1G2.    Spadix  and  spathe  of  the  Indian  Turnip  ;  the  latter  cut  through  below. 


LESSON  11.]  DETERMINATE    INFLORESCENCE,  81 

210.  A  (ill  kill  Of  Ament  is  the  name  given  to  the  scaly  sort  of  spike 
of  the  Birch  and  Alder,  the  Willow  and  Poplar,  and  one  sort  of 
flower-clusters  of  the  Oak,  Hickory,  and  the  like ;  —  on  which  ac- 
count these  are  called  Amentaceous  trees. 

211.  Sometimes  these  forms  of  flower-clusters  become  compound. 
For  example,  the  stalks  which,  in  the  simple  umbel  such  as  has 
been  described  (Fig.  159),  are  the  pedicels  of  single  flowers,  may 
themselves  branch  in  the  same  way  at  the  top,  and  so  each  become 
the  support  of  a  smaller  umbel ;  as  is  the  case  in  the  Parsnip,  Cara- 
way, and  almost  the  whole  of  the  great  family  of  what  are  called 
Umbelliferous    (i.   e.    umbel-bearing)    plants.      Here   the  whole  is 
termed  a  compound  umbel ;  and  the  smaller  or  partial  umbels  take 
the  name  in  English  of  umbellets.      The  general  involucre,  at  the 
base  of  the  main  umbel,  keeps  that  name ;  while  that  at  the  base 
of  each  umbellet  is  termed  a  partial  involucre  or  an  involucel. 

212.  So  a  corymb  (Fig.  158)  with  its  separate  stalks  branching 

again,  and  bearing  smaller  clusters  of  the  same 
sort,  is  a  compound  corymb ;  of  which  the  Moun- 
tain Ash  is  a  good  example.  A  raceme  where 
what  would  be  the  pedicels  of  single  flowers 
become  stalks,  along  which  flowers  are  disposed 
on  their  own  pedicels,  forms  a  compound  raceme, 
as  in  the  Goafs-beard  and  the  False  Spikenard. 
But  when  what  would  have  been  a  raceme  or  a 
corymb  branches  irregularly  into  an  open  and 
more  or  less  compound  flower-cluster,  we  have 
what  is  called 

213.  A  Panicle  (Fig.  163);  as  in  the  Oat  and 
in  most  common  Grasses.     Such  a  raceme  as  that 
of  the  diagram,  Fig.  156,  would  be  changed  into 
a  panicle  like   Fig.  163,  by  the  production  of  a 
flower  from  the  axil  of  each  of  the  bractlets  b1. 

214.  A  Thyrsus  is  a  compact  panicle  of  a  pyram- 
idal or  oblong  shape ;  such  as  a  bunch  of  grapes, 

I63  or  the  cluster  of  the  Lilac  or  Horsechestnut. 

215.  Determinate  Inflorescence  is  that  in  which  the  flowers  are  from 
terminal  buds.  The  simplest  case  is  where  a  stem  bears  a  soli- 
tary, terminal  flower,  as  in  Fig.  1G3°.  This  stops  the  growth  of 


FIG.  1C3.     A  Panicle 
S  &  F— 5 


82 


ARRANGEMENT    OF    FLOWERS    ON    THE    STEM.       [LESSON  11. 


the  stem ;  for  its  terminal  bud,  being  changed  into  a  blossom,  can 
no  more  lengthen  in  the  manner  of  a  leaf-bud.     Any  further  growth 


c    b 


e    b 


% 


must  be  from  axillary  buds  developing  into  branches.  If  such 
branches  are  leafy  shoots,  at  length  terminated  by  single  blossoms, 
the  inflorescence  still  consists  of  solitary  flowers  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem  and  branches.  But  if  the  flowering  branches  bear  only  bracts 
in  place  of  ordinary  leaves,  the  result  is  the  kind  of  flower-cluster 
called 

216.  A  Cyme,  This  is  commonly  a  flat-topped  or  con- 
vex floAver-cluster,  like  a  corymb,  only  the  blossoms  are 
from  terminal  buds.  Fig.  164  illustrates  the  simplest 
cyme  in  a  plant  with  opposite  leaves,  namely,  with  three 
Q  £7  flowers.  The  middle  flower,  a,  terminates  the  stem ; 
1  L  the  two  others,  b  5,  terminate  short  branches,  one  from 
the  axil  of  each  of  the  uppermost  leaves;  and  being 
later  than  the  middle  one,  the  flowering  proceeds  from 
the  centre  outwards,  or  is  centrifugal; — just  the  op- 
posite of  the  indeterminate  mode,  or  that  where  all 
the  flower-buds  are  axillary.  If  flowering  branches 
appear  from  the  axils  below,  the  lower  ones  are  the 
later,  so  that  the  order  of  blossoming  continues  centrif- 
ugal or  descending  (which  is  the  same  thing),  as  in  Fig.  166,  mak- 
ing a  sort  of  reversed  raceme ;  —  a  kind  of  cluster  which  is  to  the 
true  raceme  just  what  the  flat  cyme  is  to  the  corymb. 

217.  Wherever  there  are  bracts  or  leaves,  buds  may  be  produced 
from  their  axils  and  appear  as  flowers.  Fig.  165  represents  the 
case  where  the  branches,  b  b,  of  Fig.  1 64,  each  with  a  pair  of  small 

FIG.  ]C3  a.  Diagram  of  an  opposite-leaved  plant,  with  a  single  terminal  flower.  1C4. 
Bame,  with  a  cyme  of  three  flowers  ;  a,  the  first  flower,  of  the  main  axis  ;  b  b,  those  of  branches. 
1G5.  Same,  with  flowers  of  the  third  order,  c  c.  1G6.  Same,  with  flowers  only  of  the  second 
order  from  all  the  axils  ;  the  central  or  uppermost  opening  first,  and  so  on  downwards. 


LESSON  11.]  SORTS    OF    FLOWER-CLUSTERS.  83 

leaves  or  bracts  about  their  middle,  have  branched  again,  and  pro- 
duced the  branchlets  and  flowers  c  c,  on  each  side.  It  is  the  con- 
tinued repetition  of  this  which  forms  the  full  or  compound  cyme, 
such  as  that  of  the  Laurustinus,  Hobblebush,  Dogwood,  and  Hy- 
drangea (Fig.  167). 

218.  A  Fascicle,  like  that  of  the  Sweet- William  and  Lychnis  of 
the  gardens,  is  only  a  cyme  with  the  flowers  much  crowded,  as  it 
were,  into  a  bundle. 

219.  A  Glomerule  is  a  cyme  still  more  compacted,  so  as  to  form  a 
sort  of  head.     It  may  be  known  from  a  true  head  by  the  flowers 
not  expanding  centripetally,  that  is,  not  from  the  circumference  to- 
wards the  centre,  or  from  the  bottom  to  the  top. 

220.  The  illustrations  of  determinate  or  cymose  inflorescence  have 
been  taken  from  plants  with  opposite  leaves,  which  give  rise  to  the 
most  regular  cymes.     But  the  Rose,  Cinquefoil,  Buttercup,  and  the 
like,  with  alternate  leaves,  furnish  equally  good  examples  of  this 
class  of  flower-clusters. 

221.  It  may  be  useful  to  the  student  to  exhibit  the  principal  sorts 
of  inflorescence  in  one  view,  in  the  manner  of  the  following 

Analysis  of  Flower-Clusters, 

I.  INDETERMINATE  OR  CENTRIPETAL.  (198.) 
Simple  ;  and  with  the 

Flowers  borne  on  pedicels, 

Along  the  sides  of  a  lengthened  axis,  RACEME,  201- 

Along  a  short  axis  ;  lower  pedicels  lengthened,    CORYMB,  203- 

Clustered  on  an  extremely  short  axis,  UMBEL,  205. 
Flowers  sessile,  without  pedicels  (206), 

Along  an  elongated  axis,  SPIKE,  207. 

On  a  very  short  axis,  HEAD,  208. 

with  their  varieties,  the  SPADIX,  209,  and  CATKIN,  210. 

Branching  irregularly,  PANICLE,  213. 

with  its  variety,  the  THYRSUS,  214. 

II.  DETERMINATE  OR  CENTRIFUGAL.  (215.) 

Open,  mostly  flat-topped  or  convex,  CYME,  216. 

Contracted  into  a  bundle,  FASCICLE,  218. 

Contracted  into  a  sort  of  head,  GLOMERULE,  219. 

222.  The  numbers  refer  to  the  paragraphs  of  this  Lesson.  The 
various  sorts  run  together  by  endless  gradations  in  different  plants. 
The  botanist  merely  designates  the  leading  kinds  by  particular 
names.  Even  the  two  classes  of  inflorescence  are  often  found  com- 
bined in  the  same  plant.  For  instance,  in  the  whole  Mint  Family 


84 


THE    FLOWER. 


[LESSON  12.k 


the  flower-clusters  are  centrifugal,  thnt  is,  are  cymes  or  fascicles  ; 
but  they  are  themselves  commonly  disposed  in  spikes  or  racemes, 
which  are  centripetal,  or  develop  in  succession  from  below  up- 
wards. 


LESSON   XII. 


THE  FLOWER:  ITS  PARTS  OR  ORGANS. 

223.  HAVING  considered,  in  the  last  Lesson,  the  arrangement  of 
flowers  on  the  stem,  or  the  places  from  which  they  arise,  we  now 
direct  our  attention  to  the  flower  itself. 

224.  Nature  and  Use  Of  the  Flower.     The  object  of  the  flower  is  the 
production  of  seed.     The  flower  consists  of  all  those  parts,  or  organs, 
which  are  subservient  to  this  end.     Some  of  these  parts  are  neces- 
sary to  the  production  of  seed.     Others  serve  merely  to  protect  or 
support  the  more  essential  parts. 

TIC.  1C7.     Cyme  of  the  Wild  Hydrangea  (with  neutral  flowers  in  the  border). 


LESSON  12.]  ITS    PARTS    OR    ORGANS*  85 

225.  TllC  Organs  Of  the  Flower  are  therefore  of  two  kinds ;  namely, 
first,  the  protecting  organs,  or  leaves  of  the  flower,  —  also  called  the 
floral  envelopes,  —  and,  second,  the  essential  organs.     The  latter  are 
situated  within  or  a  little  above  the  former,  and  are  enclosed  by  them 
in  the  bud. 

226.  The  Floral  Envelopes  in  a  complete  flower  are  double  ;  that  is, 
they  consist  of  two  whorls  (181),  or  circles  of  leaves,  one  above  or 
within  the  other.     The  outer  set  forms  the  Calyx ;  this  more  com- 
monly consists  of  green  or  greenish  leaves,  but  not  always.     The 
inner  set,  usually  of  a  delicate  texture,  and  of  some  other  color  than 
green,  and  in  most  cases  forming  the  most  showy  part  of  the  blos- 
som, is  the  Corolla. 

227.  The  floral  envelopes,  taken  together,  are  sometimes  called  the 
Perianth.     This  name  is  not  much  used,  however,  except  in  cases 
where  they  form  only  one  set,  at  least  in  appearance,  as  in  the  Lily, 
or  where,  for  some  other  reason,  the  limits  between  the  calyx  and 
the  corolla  are  not  easily  made  out. 

228.  Each  leaf  or  separate  piece  of  the  corolla  is  called  a  Petal ; 
each  leaf  of  the  calyx  is  called  a  Sepal.     The  sepals  and  the  petals 
—  or,  in  other  words,  the  leaves  of  the  blossom  —  serve  to  protect, 
support,  or  nourish  the  parts  within.     They  do  not  themselves  make 
a  perfect  flower. 

229.  Some  plants,  however,  naturally  produce,  besides  their  per- 
fect flowers,  others  which  consist  only  of  calyx  and  corolla  (one  or 
both),  that  is,  of  leaves.     These,  destitute  as  they  are  of  the  essential 
organs,  and  incapable  of  producing  seed,  are  called  neutral  flowers. 
We  have  an  example  in  the  flowers  round  the  margin  of  the  cyme  of 
the  Hydrangea  (Fig.  1G7),  and  of  the  Cranberry-Tree,  or  Snowball, 
in  their  wild  state.     By  long  cultivation  in  gardens  the  whole  cluster' 
has  been  changed  into  showy,  but  useless,  neutral  flowers,  in  these 
and  some  other  cases.     What  are  called  double  flowers,  such  as  full 
Roses  (Fig.  173),  Buttercups,  and  Camellias,  are  blossoms  which, 
under  the  gardener's  care,  have  developed  with  all  their  essential 
organs  changed  into  petals.     But  such  flowers   are  always  in  an 
unnatural  or  monstrous  condition,  and  are  incapable  of  maturing 
seed,  for  want  of 

230.  The  Essential  Organs,    These  are  likewise  of  two  kinds,  placed 
one  above  or  within  the  other ;  namely,  first,  the  Stamens  or  fertil- 
izing organs,  and,  second,  the  Pistils,  which  are  to  be  fertilized  and 
bear  the  seeds. 

8 


86 


THE    FLOWER. 


[LESSON  12. 


231.  Taking  them  in  succession,  therefore,  beginning  from  below, 
or  at  the  outside,  we  have  (Fig.  168,  169),  first,  the  calyx  or  outer 

circle  of  leaves,  which  are  individually 
termed  sepals  (a)  ;  secondly,  the  corolla 
or  inner  circle  of  delicate  leaves,  called 
petals  (b)  ;  then  a  set  of  stamens  (c)  ; 
and  in  the  centre  one  or  more  pistils  (d). 
The  end  of  the  flower-stalk,  or  the  short 
168  axis,  upon  which  all  these  parts  stand,  is 

called  the  Torus  or  Receptacle. 

232.  We  use  here  for  illus-  fK  (II        \\    t&       111  /  * 
tration   the  flower  of  a  spe- 
cies of  Stonecrop  (Sedum  ter- 

natum),  —  which  is  a  com-  \^\\%J 
mon  plant  wild  in  the  Middle 
States,  and  in  gardens  almost 
everywhere,  —  because,  al- 
though small,  it  exhibits  all 
the  parts  in  a  perfectly  simple  and  separate  state,  and  so  answers  for 
a  sort  of  pattern  flower,  better  than  any  larger  one  that  is  common 
c  and  well  known. 

233.  A  Stamen  consists  of  two  parts, 
namely,  the  Filament  or  stalk  (Fig.  170, 
«),  and  the  Anther  (b).  The  latter  is 
*  the  only  essential  part.  It  is  a  case, 
commonly  with  two  lobes  or  cells,  each 
opening  lengthwise  by  a  slit,  at  the 
proper  time,  and  discharging  a  pow- 
der or  dust-like  substance,  usually  of  a  yellow  color.  This  powder 
is  the  Pollen,  or  fertilizing  matter,  to  produce  which  is  the  sole  office 
of  the  stamen. 

234.  A  Pistil  is  distinguished  into  three  parts  ;  namely,  —  beginning 
from  below,  —  the  Ovary,  the  Style,  and  the  Stigma.  The  Ovary  is 
the  hollow  case  or  young  pod  (Fig.  171,  a),  containing  rudimentary 
seeds,  called  Ovules  (d).  Fig.  172,  representing  a  pistil  like  that  of 

FIG.  1C8.  Flower  of  a  Stonecrop  :  Pednm  trrnatmn. 

FIG.  If  9.  Two  parts  of  each  kind  of  the  same  flower,  displayed  and  enlarged. 

FIG.  170.  A  stamen  :  a,  the  filament ;  &,  the  anther,  discharging  pollen. 

FIG.  171.  A   pistil    divided   lengthwise,  showing   the   interior  of  the  ovary,  a,  and   ita 

ovules,  d  ;  fr,  the  Htyle  ;  c,  stigma. 

FIG.  172.  A  pistil,  enlarged  ;  the  ovary  cut  across  to  show  the  ovules  within. 

FIG.  173.  "  Double  "  Rosa  ;  the  essential  organs  all  replaced  by  petals. 


LESSON  12.] 


ITS    PARTS    OR    ORGANS. 


Fig.  160,  d,  but  on  a  larger  scale,  and  with  the  .ovary  cut  across, 
shows  the  ovules  as  they  appear  in  a  transverse 
section.  The  style  (Fig.  171,  b)  is  the  tapering 
part  above,  sometimes  long  and  slender,  sometimes 
short,  and  not  rarely  altogether  wanting,  for  it  is 
not  an  essential  part,  like  the  two  others.  The 
stigma  (c)  is  the  tip  or  some  other  portion  of  the 
style  (or  of  the  top  of  the  ovary  when  there  is  no 
distinct  style),  consisting  of  loose  tissue,  not  cov- 
ered, like  the  rest  of  the  plant,  by  a  skin  or  epi- 
dermis. It  is  upon  the  stigma  that  the  pollen 
falls ;  and  the  result  is,  that  the  ovules  contained 
in  the  ovary  are  fertilized  and  become  seeds,  by 
having  an  embryo  (16)  formed  in  them.  To  the 
pistil,  therefore,  all  the  other  organs  of  the  blos- 
som are  in  some  way  or  other  subservient :  the 
stamens  furnish  pollen  to  fertilize  its  ovules ;  the 
corolla  and  the  calyx  form  coverings  which  pro- 
tect the  whole. 

234\  These  are  all  the  parts  which  belong  to  any  flower.  But 
these  pails  appear  under  a  variety  of  forms  and  combinations,  some 
of  them  greatly  disguising  their  natural  appearance.  To  understand 
the  flower,  therefore,  under  whatever  guise  it  may  assume,  we  must 
study  its  plan. 

J 


68  FLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER.  [LESSON  13. 

LESSON  XIII. 

THE    PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 

235.  THE  FLOWER,  like  every  other  part  of  the  plant,  is  formed 
upon  a  plan,  which  is  essentially  the  same  in  all  blossoms ;  and  the 
student  should  early  get  a  clear  idea  of  the  plan  of  the  flower.    Then 
the  almost  endless  varieties  which  different  blossoms  present  will  be 
at  once  understood  whenever  they  occur,  and  will  be  regarded  with 
a  higher  interest  than  their  most  beautiful  forms  and  richest  colors 
are  able  to  inspire. 

236.  We  have  already  become  familiar  with  the  plan  of  the  vege- 
tation;—  with  the  stem,  consisting  of  joint  raised  upon  joint,  each 
bearing  a  leaf  or  a  pair  of  leaves ;  with  the  leaves  arranged  in  sym- 
metrical order,  every  leaf  governed  by  a  simple  arithmetical  law, 
which  fixes  beforehand  the  precise  place  it  is  to  occupy  on  the  stem; 
and  we  have  lately  learned  (in  Lesson  11)  how  the  position  of  each 
blossom  is  determined  beforehand  by  that  of  the  leaves  ;  so  that  the 
shape  of  every  flower-cluster  in  a  bouquet  is  given  by  the  same  sim- 
ple mathematical  law  which  arranges  the  foliage.     Let  us  now  con- 
template the  flower  in  a  similar  way.     Having  just  learned  what 
parts  it  consists  of,  let  us  consider  the  plan  upon  which  it  is  made, 
and  endeavor  to  trace  this  plan  through  some  of  the  various  forms 
which  blossoms  exhibit  to  our  view. 

237.  In  order  to  give  at  the  outset  a  correct  idea  of  the  blossom, 
we  took,  in  the  last  Lesson,  for  the  purpose  of  explaining  its  parts,  a 
perfect,  complete,  regular,  and  symmetrical  flower,  and  one  nearly  as 
simple  as  such  a  flower  could  well  be.     Such  a  blossom  the  botanist 
regards  as 

238.  A  Typical  Flower,  that  is,  a  pattern  flower,  because  it  well  ex- 
emplifies the  plan  upon  which  all  flowers  are  made,  and  serves  as 
what  is  called  a  type,  or  standard  of  comparison. 

239.  Another  equally  good  typical  flower  (except  in  a  single  re- 
spect, which  will  hereafter  be  mentioned),  and  one  readily  to  be  ob- 
tained in  the  summer,  is  that  of  the  Flax  (Fig.  174).     The  parts 
differ  in  shape  from  those  of  the  Stonecrop  ;  but  the  whole  plan  is 
evidently  just  the  same  in  both.     Only,  while  the  Stonecrop  has  ten 
stamens,  or  in  many  flowers  eight  stamens,  —  in  till  cases  just  twice 


LESSON  13.]       PERFECT   AND    IMPERFECT    FLOWERS. 


89 


as  many  as  there  are  petals,  —  the  Flax  has  only  five  stamens,  or 
just  as  many  as  the  petals.     Such  flowers  as  these  are  said  to  be 

Perfect,  because  they  are 
provided  with  both  kinds  of 
essential  organs  (230),  namely, 
stamens  and  pistils  ; 

Complete,  because  they  have 
all  the  sorts  of  organs  which 
any  flower  has,  namely,  both 
calyx  and  corolla,  as  well  as 
stamens  and  pistils  ; 

Regular,  because  all  the  parts 
of  each  set  are  alike  in  shape  and  size  ;  and 

Symmetrical,  because  they  have  an  equal  number  of  parts  of  each 
sort,  or  in  each  set  or  circle  of 
organs.  That  is,  there  are  five 
sepals,  five  petals,  five  stamens, 
or  in  the  Stonecrop  ten  stamens 
(namely,  two  sets  of  five  each), 
and  five  pistils. 

240.    On    the    other    hand, 
many  flowers  do  not  present 
this  perfect  symmetry  and  reg- 
ularity,'or  this  completeness  of  parts.     Accord- 
ingly, we  may  have 

241.  Imperfect,  or  Separated  Flowers ;  which  are 

those  where  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  separate 
blossoms ;  that  is,  one  sort  of  flowers  has  stamens 
and  no  pistils,  and  another  has  pistils  and  no  sta- 
mens, or  only  imperfect  ones.  The  blossom  which 
has  stamens  but  no  pistils  is  called  a  staminate  or 
sterile  flower  (Fig.  176)  ;  and  the  corresponding 
one  with  pistils  but  no  stamens  is  called  a  pistil- 
late or  fertile  flower  (Fig.  177).  The  two  sorts 
may  grow  on  distinct  plants,  from  different  roots, 
as  they  do  in  the  Willow  and  Poplar,  the  Hemp,  and  the  Moonseed 

FIG.  174.  Flowers  of  the  common  Flax :  a  perfect,  complete,  regular,  and  symmetrical 
blossom,  all  its  parts  in  fives.  175.  Half  of  a  Flax-flower  divided  lengthwise,  and  enlarged. 

FIG.  175.  Stamiuate  flower  cf  Moonseed  (Menispermum  Cauadeuse).  177.  Pistillate 
flower  of  the  smie.  .  . 

8* 


90 


PLAN    OF   THE    FLOWER. 


[LESSON  13. 


(Fig.  176, 177)  ;  when  the  flowers  are  said  to  be  dioecious  (from  two 
Greek  words  meaning  in  two  households).     Or  the  two  may  occur 

on  the  same  plant 
or  the  same  stem, 
as  in  the  Oak, 
Walnut,  Nettle, 
and  the  Castor-oil 
Plant  (Fig.  178); 
when  the  flowers 
are  said  to  be  mo- 


noecious (that  is,  in  one  household).  A  flower 
may,  however,  be  perfect,  that  is,  have  both 
stamens  and  pistils,  and  yet  be  incomplete. 

242.  Incomplete  Flowers  are  those  in  which 
one  or  both  sorts  of  the  floral  envelopes,  or 
leaves  of  the  blossom,  are  wanting.  Some- 
times only  one  sort  is  wanting,  as  in  the 
Castor-oil  Plant  (Fig.  178)  and  in  the  Anem- 
one (Fig.  179).  In  this  case  the  missing 
sort  is  always  supposed  to  be  the  inner,  that  is,  the  corolla ;  and 
accordingly  such  flowers  are  said  to  be  opetalous  (meaning  without 
petals).  Occasionally  both  the  corolla  and  the  calyx  are  wanting, 
when  the  flower  has  no  proper  cover- 
ings or  floral  envelopes  at  all.  It  is  then 
said  to  be  naked,  as  in  the  Lizard's- 
tail  (Fig.  180),  and  in  the  Willow. 

243.  Our  two  pattern  flowers  (Fig. 
168,  174)  are  regular  and  symmetrical 
(239).  We  commonly 
expect  this  to  be  the 
case  in  living  things. 
The  corresponding 

parts  of  plants,  like  the  limbs  or  members  of  ani- 
mals, are  generally  alike,  and  the  whole  arrange- 
ment is  symmetrical.     This   symmetry  pervades 
the  blossom,  especially.     But  the  student  may  often  fail  to  perceive 

FIG.  178.     Monrccious  flowers,  i.  e.  one  staminate  (*)  and  one  pistillate  (p)  flower,  of 
tlie  Castor-oil  Plant,  growing  on  the  paine  stem. 
FIG.  179.    Apctalous  (incomplete)  flower  of  Anemone  Pennsylvania!. 
FIG.  180.     A  naked  (but  perfect.)  flower  of  the  Lizard 's-taiL  • 


LESSON  13.J       IRREGULAR  AND  UNSYMMETRICAL  FLOWERS 


91 


it,  at  first  view,  at  least  in  cases  where  the  plan  is  more  or  less 
obscured  by  the  leaving  out  (obliteration)  of  one  or  more  of  the 
members  of  the  same  set,  or  by  some  in- 
equality in  their  size  and  shape.  The 
latter  circumstance  gives  rise  to 

244.  Irregular  Flowers,    This  name  is 

given  to  blossoms  in  which  the  different 

members  of  the  same  sort,  as,  for  exam- 

ple, the  petals  or  the  stamens,  are  unlike 

in   size  or  in  form.     We  have  familiar 

cases  of  the 
sort  in  the 
Larkspur 
(Fig.  1 
184),  and 
Monkshood 
(Fig.  1S5, 
186);  also 
in  the  Via- 

let  (Fig.  181,  182).  In  the  latter  it 
is  the  corolla  principally  which  is  ir- 
regular, one  of  the  petals  being  larger 
than  the  rest,  and  extended  at  the 
base  into  a  hollow  protuberance  or 
spur.  In  the  Larkspur  (Fig.  183), 
both  the  calyx  and  the  corolla  par- 
take of  the  irregularity.  This  and 
the  Monkshood  are  likewise  good  ex- 
amples of 

2±o.  Unsymmetrical   Flowers.     We 

call  them  unsymmetrical,  when  the 
different  sets  of  organs  do  not  agree 
in  the  number  of  their  parts.  The 

ar  calyx  of  Larkspur  (Fig.  183,  184)  consists  of  five  sepals, 
which,  larger  than  the  rest,  is  prolonged  behind  into  a  large 
but  the  corolla  is  made  of  only  four  petals  (of  two  shapes)  ; 


irregul 
one  of 
spur; 


FIG.  181.  Flower  of  a  Violet.  182.  Its  calyx  and  corolla  displayed  :  the  five  smaller 
parts  are  the  sepals;  the  five  intervening  larger  ones  are  the  petals. 

FIG.  183.  Flower  of  a  Larkspur.  184.  Its  calyx  and  corolla  displayed  ;  the  five  larger 
pieces  arc  the  sepals  ;  the  four  smaller,  the  petals. 


92 


PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 


[LESSON  13. 


the  fifth,  needed  to  complete  the  symmetry,  being  left  out.     And 
the   Monkshood    (Fig.  185,  186)   has  five  very  dissimilar  sepals, 

and  a  corolla  of  only  two,  very  small, 
curiously-shaped  petals  ;  the  three  need- 
ed to  make  up  the  symmetry  being  left 
out.  For  a  flower  which  is  unsymmet- 
rical  but  regular,  we  may  take  the  com- 
mon Purslane,  which  has  a  calyx  of 
only  two  sepals,  but  a  corolla  of  five 
petals,  from  seven  to  twelve  stamens, 
and  about  six  styles.  The  Mustard, 
and  all  flowers  of  that  family,  are  un- 
symmetrical  as  to  the  stamens,  these 
being  six  in  number  (Fig.  188,  while 
the  leaves  of  the  blossom  (sepals  and 
petals)  are  each  only  four 
(Fig.  187).  Here  the 
stamens  are  irregular  also, 
two  of  them  being  shorter 
than  the  other  four. 

246.  Numerical  Plan  of 
the  Flower,   Although  not 

easy  to  make  out  in  all 
cases,  yet  generally  it  is 
plain  to  see  that  each 

blossom  is  based  upon  a  particular  number,  which 
runs  through  all  or  most  of  its  parts.  And  a  prin- 
cipal thing  which  a  botanist  notices  when  examin- 
ing a  flower  is  its  numerical  plan.  It  is  upon  this 
that  the  symmetry  of  the  blossom  depends.  Our  two 
pattern  flowers,  the  Stonecrop  (Fig.  168)  and  the 
Flax  (Fig.  174),  are  based  upon  the  number  five, 
which  is  exhibited  in  all  their  parts.  Some  flowers  of  this  same 
Stonecrop  have  their  parts  in  fours,  and  then  that  number  runs 
throughout ;  namely,  there  are  four  sepals,  four  petals,  eight  stamens 
(two  sets),  and  four  pistils.  The  Mustard  (Fig.  187,  188),  Radish, 

FIG.  185.  Flower  of  a  Monkshood.  18^.  Its  parts  displayed  :  the  five  larppr  pieces  are  the 
sepals  ;  the  two  small  ones  under  the  hood  are  petals ;  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  the 
centre. 

FIG.  187.    Flower  of  Mustard.    188.  Its  stamens  and  pistil  separate  and  enlarged. 


LESSON  13.]       THE    RELATIVE    POSITION    OF    ITS    PARTS. 


93 


&c.,  also  have  their  flowers  constructed  on  the  plan  of  four  as  to  the 

calyx  and  corolla,  but  this  number  is  interfered  with  in  the  stamens, 

either  by  the  leaving  out  of  two  sta- 
mens (which  would  complete  two  sets), 

or  in  some  other  way.     Next  to  five, 

the  most  common   number  in  flowers 

is  three.     On  this  number  the  flowers 

of  Lily,  Crocus,  Iris,  Spiderwort,  and 

Trillium    (Fig.  189)   are   constructed. 

In  the  Lily  and  Crocus  the  leaves  of 

the  flower  at  first  view  appear  to  be 

six  in  one  set ;  but  the  bud  or  just- 

opening  blossom  plainly  shows  these  to  consist  of  an  outer  and  an 

inner  circle,  each  of  three  parts,  namely,  of  calyx  and  corolla,  both  of 

the  same  bright  color  and  delicate  texture.     In  the  Spiderwort  and 

Trillium   (Fig.  189)   the    three  outer 

leaves,  or  sepals,  are  green,  and  dif- 
ferent in  texture  from  the  three  inner, 

or  the   petals ;    the  stamens   are   six 

(namely,  two  sets  of  three  each),  and 

the  pistils  three,  though  partly  grown 

together  into  one  mass. 

247.  Alternation  of  Parts,     The  symmetry  of  the  flower  is  likewise 

shown  in  the  arrangement  or  relative  position  of  successive  parts. 

The  rule  is,  that  the  parts  of  successive  circles  alternate  with  one 

another.  That  is,  the  petals  stand  over  the  intervals  between  the 
sepals  ;  the  stamens,  when  of  the  same  number, 
stand  over  the  intervals  between  the  petals ;  or 
when  twice  as  many,  as  in  the  Trillium,  the 
outer  set  alternates  with  the  petals,  and  the 
inner  set,  alternating  with  the  other,  of  course 
stands  before  the  petals  ;  and  the  pistils  alter- 
nate with  these.  This  is  shown  in  Fig.  189, 

and  in  the  diagram,  or  cross-section  of  the  same  in  the  bud,  Fig.  190. 

And  Fig.  191  is  a  similar  diagram  or  ground-plan  (in  the  form  of  a 


FIG.  189.  Flower  of  Trillium  erectum,  or  Birthroot,  spread  out  a  little,  and  viewed  from 
Above. 

FTG.  190.  Diagram  or  ground-plan  of  the  same,  as  it  would  appear  in  a  cross-section  of 
the  bud  ;  —  the  parts  all  in  the  same  relative  position. 

FIG.  191.    Diagram,  or  ground-plan,  of  the  Flax-flower,  Fig.  174. 


$4  PLAN    OF   THE    FLOWER.  [LESSON  13, 

section  made  across  the  bud)  of  the  Flax  blossom,  the  example  of  a 
pattern  symmetrical  flower  taken  at  the  beginning  of  this  Lesson, 
with  its  parts  all  in  fives. 

248.  Knowing  in  this  way  just  the  position  which  each  organ 
should  occupy  in  the  flower,  it  is  readily  understood  that  flowers 
often  become  unsymmetrical  through  the  loss  of  some  parts,  which 

belong  to  the  plan,  but  are  obliterated 
or  left  out  in  the  execution.  For  ex- 
ample, in  the  Larkspur  (Fig.  183, 
184),  as  there  are  five  sepals,  there 
should  be  five  petals  likewise.  We 
find  only  four ;  but  the  vacant  place 
where  the  fifth  belongs  is  plainly  rec- 
ognized at  the  lower  side  of  the  flower. 
Also  the  similar  plan  of  the  Monkshood  (Fig.  186)  equally  calls  for 
five  petals  ;  but  three  of  them  are  entirely  obliterated,  and  the  two 
that  remain  are  reduced  to  slender  bodies,  which  look  as  unlike  or- 
dinary petals  as  can  well  be  imagined.  Yet  their  position,  answer- 
ing to  the  intervals  between  the  upper  sepals  and  the  side  ones, 
reveals  their  true  nature.  All  this  may  perhaps  be  more  plainly 
shown  by  corresponding  diagrams  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  of  the 
Larkspur  and  Monkshood  (Fig.  192,  193),  in  which  the  places  of 
the  missing  petals  are  indicated  by  faint  dotted  lines.  The  oblitera- 
tion of  stamens  is  a  still  more  common  case.  For  example,  the 
Snapdragon,  Foxglove,  Gerardia,  and  almost  all  flowers  of  the 
large  Figwort  family  they  belong  to,  have  the  parts  of  the  calyx 
and  corolla  five  each,  but  only  four  stamens  (Fig.  194);  the  place 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower  where  the  fifth  stamen  belongs  is 
vacant.  That  there  is  in  such  cases  a  real  obliteration  of  the  miss- 
ing part  is  shown  by  the 

249.  Abortive  Organs,  or  vestiges  which  are  sometimes  met  with  ; 
—  bodies  which  stand  in  the  place  of  an  organ,  and  represent  it, 
although  wholly  incapable  of  fulfilling  its  office.  Thus,  in  the  Fig- 
wort  family,  the  fifth  stamen,  which  is  altogether  missing  in  Gerardia 
(Fig.  194)  and  most  others,  appears  in  the  Figwort  as  a  little  scale, 
and  in  Pentstemon  (Fig.  195)  and  Turtlehead  as  a  sort  of  filament 
without  any  anther  ;  —  a  thing  of  no  use  whatever  to  the  plant,  but 

FIG.  192.  Diagram  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  of  a  Larkspur.  193.  Similar  diagram  of 
Monkshood.  The  dotted  lines  show  where  the  petals  are  wanting  ,  one  in  the  former,  three 
in  the  Utter. 


LESSON  13.  I 


A.BORTIVE    ORGANS. 


95 


very  interesting  to  the  botanist,  since  it  completes  the  symmetry  of 
the  blossom.  And  to  show  that  this  really  is  the  lost  stamen,  it 
now  and  then  bears  an  anther,  or  the  rudiment  of  one.  So  the 
flower  of  Catalpa  should  likewise  have  five  stamens  ;  but  we  seldom 
find  more  than  two  good  ones.  Still  we 
may  generally  discern  the  three  others, 
as  vestiges  or  half-obliterated  stamens 
(Fig.  196).  In  separated  flowers  the 
rudiments  of  pistils  are  often  found  in 
the  sterile  blossom,  and  rudimentary  sta- 
mens in  the  fertile  blossom,  as  in  Moon- 
eeed  (Fig.  177). 

250.  Multiplication  of  Parts.    Quite  in 

the  opposite  way,  the  simple  plan  of  the 
flower  is  often  more  or  less  obscured  by  f  ^ 
an  increase  in  the  number  of  parts.  In 
the  White  Water-Lily,  and  in  many 
Cactus-flowers  (Fig.  197),  all  the  parts 
are  very  numerous,  so  that  it  is  hard 
to  say  upon  what  number  the  blos- 
som is  constructed.  But  more  com- 
moDly  some,  of  the  sets  are  few  and 
definite  in  the  number  of  their  parts. 
The  Buttercup,  for  instance,  has  five 
sepals  and  five  petals,  but  many  sta- 
mens and  pistils ;  so  it  is  built  upon 
the  plan  of  five.  The  flowers  of  Mag- 
nolia have  indefinitely  numerous  stamens 
and  pistils,  and  rather  numerous  floral 
envelopes ;  but  these  latter  are  plainly  distinguishable  into  sets  of 
three ;  namely,  there  are  three  sepals,  and  six  petals  in  two  circles, 
or  nine  in  three  circles,  —  showing  that  these  blossoms  are  con- 
structed on  the  number  three. 


FIG.  194.  Corolla  of  a  purple  Gerardia  laid  open,  showing  the  four  stamens ;  tli -3  cross 
•hows  where  the  fifth  stamen  would  be,  if  present. 

FIG.  195.  Corolla,  laid  open,  and  stamens  of  Pentstemon  grandiflorus  of  Iowa,  &.C.,  with 
a  sterile  filament  in  the  place  of  the  fifth  stamen,  and  representing  it. 

FIG.  196.  Corolla  of  Catalpa  laid  open,  displaying  two  good  stamens  and  throe  abortive 
vestiges  of  stamens. 


96  MORPHOLOGY    OP    THE    .FLOWER.  [LESSON  14. 


LESSON   XIV. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    FLOWER. 

251.  IN  all  the  plant  till  we  came  to  the  blossom  we  found  nothing 
but  root,  stem,  and  leaves  (23,  118).  However  various  or  strange 
their  shapes,  and  whatever  their  use,  everything  belongs  to  one  of 
these  three  organs,  and  everything  above  ground  (excepting  the  rare 
case  of  aerial  roots)  is  either  stem  or  leaf.  We  discern  the  stem 
equally  in  the  stalk  of  an  herb,  the  trunk  and  branches  of  a  tree,  the 
trailing  or  twining  Vine,  the  straw  of  Wheat  or  other  Grasses,  the 
columnar  trunk  of  Palms  (Fig.  47),  in  the  flattened  joints  of  the 
Prickly-Pear  Cactus,  and  the  rounded  body  of  the  Melon  Cactus 
(Fig.  76).  Also  in  the  slender  runners  of  the  Strawberry,  the 
tendrils  of  the  Grape-vine  and  Virginia  Creeper,  the  creeping 
subterranean  shoots  of  the  Mint  and  Couchgrass,  the  tubers  of  the 
Potato  and  Artichoke,  the  solid  bulb  of  the  Crocus,  and  the  solid 
part  or  base  of  scaly  bulbs  ;  as  is  fully  shown  in  Lesson  6.  And  in 
Lesson  7  and  elsewhere  we  have  learned  to  recognize  the  leaf  alike 
in  the  thick  seed-leaves  of  the  Almond,  Bean,  Horsechestnut,  and  the 
like  (Fig.  9-24),  in  the  scales  of  buds  (Fig.  77),  and  the  thickened 

FIG.  187.     A  Cactus-flower,  viz.  of  Mamillaria  c«spitosa  of  the  Upper  Missouri 


LESSON  14.]      ARRANGEMENT    OF    LEAVES    IN    THE    BUD.  97 

scales  of  bulbs  (Fig.  73-75),  in  the  spines  of  the  Barberry  and  the 
tendrils  of  the  Pea,  in  the  fleshy  rosettes  of  the  Houseleek,  the 
strange  fly-trap  of  Dionasa  (Fig.  81),  and  the  curious  pitcher  of  Sar- 
racenia  (Fig.  79). 

252.  Now  the  student  who  understands  these  varied  forms  or 
metamorphoses  of  the  stem  and  leaf,  and  knows  how  to  detect  the 
real  nature  of  any  part  of  the  plant  under  any  of  its  disguises, 
may  readily  trace  the  leaf  into  the  blossom  also,  and  perceive  that, 
as  to  their  morphology, 

253.  Flowers  are  altered  Branches,  and  their  parts,  therefore,  altered 
leaves.     That  is,  certain  buds,  which  might  have  grown  and  length- 
ened into  a  leafy  branch,  do,  under  other  circumstances  and  to  ac- 
complish other  purposes,  develop  into  blossoms.     In  these  the  axis 
remains  short,  nearly  as  it  is  in  the  bud ;  the  leaves  therefore  remain 
close  together  in  sets  or  circles ;  the  outer  ones,  those  of  the  calyx, 
generally  partake  more  or  less  of  the  character  of  foliage  ;  the  next 
set  are  more  delicate,  and  form  the  corolla,  while  the  rest,  the  sta- 
mens and  pistils,  appear  under  forms  very  different  from  those  of 
ordinary  leaves,  and  are  concerned  in  the  production  of  seed.     This 
is  the  way  the  scientific  botanist  views  a  flower ;  and  this  view  gives 
to  Botany  an  interest  which  one  who  merely  notices  the  shape  and 
counts  the  parts  of  blossoms,  without  understanding  their  plan,  has 
no  conception  of. 

254.  That  flowers  answer  to  branches  may  be  shown  first  from 
their  position.     As  explained  in  the  Lesson  on  Inflorescence,  flowers 
arise  from  the  same  places  as  branches,  and  from  no  other ;  flower- 
buds,  like  leaf-buds,  appear  either  on  the  summit  of  a  stem,  that  is, 
as  a  terminal  bud,  or  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  as  an  axillary  bud  (196). 
And  at  an  early  stage  it  is  often  impossible  to  foretell  whether  the 
bud  is  to  give  rise  to  a  blossom  or  to  a  branch. 

255.  That  the  sepals  and  petals  are  of  the  nature  of  leaves  is 
evident  from  their  appearance  ;  persons  who  are  not  botanists  com- 
monly call  them  the  leaves  of  the  flower.     The  calyx  is  most  gen- 
erally green  in  color,  and  foliaceous  (leaf-like)  in  texture.     And 
though  the  corolla  is  rarely  green,  yet  neither  are  proper  leaves 
always  green.     In  our  wild  Painted-Cup,  and  in  some  scarlet  Sages, 
common  in  gardens,  the  leaves  just  under  the  flowers  are  of  the 
brightest  red  or  scarlet,  often  much  brighter-colored  than  the  corolla 
itself.     And  sometimes  (as  in  many  Cactuses,  and  in  Carolina  All- 
spice) there  is  sueh  a  regular  gradation  from  the  last  leaves  of  the 

9 


98  MORPHOLOGY    OF   THE   FLOWER.  [LESSON  14. 

plant  (bracts  or  bractlets)  into  the  leaves  of  the  calyx,  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  say  where  the  one  ends  and  the  other  begins.  And  if 
sepals  are  leaves,  so  also  are  petals ;  for  there  is  no  clearly  fixed 
limit  between  them.  Not  only  in  the  Carolina  Allspice  and  Cactus 
(Fig.  197),  but  in  the  Water-Lily  (Fig.  198)  and  a  variety  of 
flowers  with  more  than  one  row  of  petals,  there  is  such  a  complete 
transition  between  calyx  and  corolla  that  no  one  can  surely  tell  how 
many  of  the  leaves  belong  to  the  one  and  how  many  to  the  other. 

256.  It  is  very  true  that  the  calyx  or  the  corolla  often  takes  the 
form  of  a  cup  or  tube,  instead  of  being  in  separate  pieces,  as  in  Fig. 
194-196.      It   is   then  composed  of  two  or  more  leaves  grown 
together.     This  is  no  objection  to  the  petals  being  leaves ;  for  the 
same  thing  takes  place  with  the  ordinary  leaves  of  many  plants,  as, 
for  instance,  in  the  upper  ones  of  Honeysuckles  (Fig.  132). 

257.  That  stamens  are  of  the  same  general  nature  as  petals,  and 
therefore  a  modification  of  leaves,  is  shown  by  the  gradual  transitions 
that  occur  between  the  one  and  the  other  in  many  blossoms  ;  es- 
pecially in  cultivated  flowers,  such  as  Roses  and  Camellias,  when 
they  begin  to  double,  that  is,  to  change  their  stamens  into  petals. 
Some  wild  and  natural  flowers  show  the  same  interesting  transitions. 
The  Carolina  Allspice  and  the  White  Water-Lily  exhibit  complete 
gradations  not  only  between  sepals  and  petals,  but  between  petals 
and  stamens.     The  sepals  of  the  Water-Lily  are  green  outside,  but 
white  and  petal-like  on  the  inside  ;  the  petals,  in  many  rows,  grad- 
ually grow  narrower  towards  the  centre  of  the  flower ;  some  of  these 
are  tipped  with  a  trace  of  a  yellow  anther,  but  still  are  petals  ;  the 
next  are  more  contracted  and  stamen-like,  but  with  a  flat  petal-like 
filament;  and  a  further  narrowing  of  this  completes  the  genuine  sta- 
men.    A  series  of  these  stages  is  shown  in  Fig.  198. 

258.  Pistils  and  stamens  now  and  then  change  into  each  other  in 
some  Willows  ;  pistils  often  turn  into  petals  in  cultivated  flowers  ; 
and  in  the  Double  Cherry  they  occasionally  change  directly  into 
small  green  leaves.     Sometimes  a  whole  blossom  changes  into  a 
cluster  of  green  leaves,  as  in  the  "  green  roses  "  which  are  occa- 
sionally noticed  in  gardens,  and  sometimes  it  degenerates  into  a 
leafy  branch.     So  the  botanist  regards  pistils  also  as  answering  to 
leaves.     And  his  idea  of  a  pistil  is,  that  it  consists  of  a  leaf  with  its 
margins  curved  in\iards  till  they  meet  and  unite  to  form  a  closed 
cavity,  the  ovary,  while  the  tip  is  prolonged  to  form  the  style  and 
bear  the  stigma ;  as  will  be  illustrated  in  the  Lesson  upon  the  Pistil. 


LESSON  15.] 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


99 


259.  Moreover-,  the  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  the  flower  answers 
to  that  of  leaves,  as  illustrated  in  Lesson  10,  —  either  to  a  succes- 
sion of  whorls  alternating  with  each  other  in  the  manner  of  whorled 
leaves,  or  in  some  regular  form  of  spiral  arrangement. 


LESSON   XV. 

MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  CALYX  AND  COROLLA. 

260.  HAVING  studied  the  flower  as  a  whole,  we  proceed  to  con- 
eider  more  particularly  its  several  parts,  especially  as  to  the  principal 
differences  they  present  in  different  plants.     We  naturally  begin 
with  the  leaves  of  the  blossom,  namely,  the  calyx  and  corolla.     And 
first  as  to 

261.  The  Growing  together  Of  Parts,     It  is  this  more  than  anything 
else  which  prevents  one  from  taking  the  idea,  at  first  sight,  that  the 
flower  is  a  sort  of  very  short  branch  clothed  with  altered  leaves. 
For  most  blossoms  we  meet  with  have  some  of  their  organs  grown 
together  more  or  less.     We  have  noticed  it  as  to  the  corolla  of  Ge- 
rardia,  Catalpa,  &c.  (Fig.  194-196),  in  Lesson  13.     This  growing 


FIG.  198.    Succession  of  sepals,  petals,  pradations  between  petals  and  stamens,  ar.d  true 
etamens,  of  the  Nyniphjea,  or  White  Water-Lily.  • 


100 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


[LESSON  15. 


together  takes  place  in  two  ways :  either  parts  of  the  same  kind, 
or  parts  of  different  kinds,  may  be  united.  The  first  we  may  call 
simply  the  union,  the  second  the  consoli- 
dation, of  parts. 

262.  Ullion  OF  Cohesion  with  one  another 
of  parts  of  the  same  sort.  We  very  com- 
monly find  that  the  calyx  or  the  corolla 
is  a  cup  or  tube,  instead  of  a  set  of  leaves. 
Take,  for  example,  the  flower  of  the  Stra- 
monium or  Thorn-Apple,  where  both  the 
calyx  and  the  corolla  are  so  (Fig.  199) ; 
likewise  the  common  Morning-Glory,  and 
the  figures  201  to  203,  where  the  leaves 
of  the  corolla  are  united  into  one  piece, 
but  those  of  the  calyx  are  separate.  Now 
there  are  numerous  cases  of  real  leaves 
growing  together  much  in  the  same 
way,  —  those  of  the  common  Thorough- 
wort,  and  the  upper  pairs  in  Woodbines 
or  Honeysuckles,  for  example  (Fig.  132) ; 
so  that  we  might  expect  it  to  occur  in 
the  leaves  of  the  blossom  also.  And  that  this  is  the  right  view  to 
take  of  it  plainly  appears  from  the  transitions  everywhere  met  with 
in  different  plants,  between  a  calyx  or  a  corolla  of  separate  pieces 
and  one  forming  a  perfect  tube  or  cup.  Figures  200  to  203  show 
one  complete  set  of  such  gradations  in  the  corolla,  and  Fig.  204  to 
206  another,  in  short  and  open  corollas.  How  many  leaves  or  petals 
each  corolla  is  formed  of  may  be  seen  by  the  number  of  points  or 
tips,  or  of  the  notches  (called  sinuses)  which  answer  to  the  inter- 
vals between  them. 

263.  When  the  parts  are  united  in  this  way,  whether  much  or 
little,  the  corolla  is  said  to  be  monopetalous,  and  the  calyx  mono- 
sepalous.  These  terms  mean  "  of  one  petal,"  or  "  of  one  sepal " ; 
that  is,  of  one  piece.  Wherefore,  taking  the  corolla  or  the  calyx 
as  a  whole,  we  say  that  it  is  parted  when  the  parts  are  separate 
almost  to  the  base,  as  in  Fig.  204 ;  cleft  or  lobed  when  the  notches 
do  not  extend  below  the  middle  or  thereabouts,  as  in  Fig.  205  ; 


FTG.  199.     Flower  of  the  common  Stramonium  ;  both  the  calyx  and  the  corolla  with  then 
parts  united  tnto  a  tube. 


LESSON  15.] 


UNION    OF    PARTS. 


101 


toothed  or  dentate,  when  only  the  tips  are  separate  as  short  points ; 
entire,  when  the  border  is  even,  without  points  or  notches,  as  in  the 


common  Morning-Glory,  and  very  nearly  so  in  Fig.  203 ;  and  so 
on ;  —  the  terms  being  just  the  same  as  those  applied  to  leaves  and 
all  other  flat  bodies,  and  illustrated  in  Lessons  8  and  9. 

264.  There  is  a  set  of  terms  applied  particularly  to  calyxes, 
corollas,  or  other  such  bodies  of  one  piece,  to  express  their  general 
shape,  which  we  see  is  very  various.  The  following  are  some  of 
the  principal :  — 

Wheel-shaped,  or  rotate  ;  when  spreading  out  at  once,  without  a 
tube  or  with  a  very  short  one,  something  in  the  shape  of  a  wheel 
or  of  its  diverging  spokes,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the  Potato  and  Bitter- 
sweet (Fig.  204,  205). 

Salver-shaped,  or  salver-form  ;  when  a  flat-spreading  border  is 
raised  on  a  narrow  tube,  from  which  it  diverges  at  right  angles, 


204  205  206 

like  the  salver  represented  in  old  pictures,  with  a  slender  handle 
beneath.  The  corolla  of  the  Phlox  (Fig.  208)  and  of  the  Cypress- 
Vine  (Fig.  202)  are  of  this  sort. 

FIG.  200.    Corolla  of  Soapwort  (the  same  in  Pinks,  &c.),  of  5  separate,  long-clawed  petals. 

FIG.  201.  Flower  of  Gilia  or  Ipomopsis  coronopifolia ;  the  parts  answering  to  the  claws 
of  the  petals  of  the  last  figure  here  all  united  into  a  tube. 

FIG.  202.  Flower  of  the  Cypress- Vine  ;  the  petals  a  little  farther  united  into  a  five-lobed 
spreading  border. 

FIG.  203.  Flower  of  the  small  Scarlet  Morning-Glory,  the  five 'petals  it  is  composed  of 
perfectly  united  into  a  trumpet-shaped  tube,  with  the  spreading  border  nearly  even  (or  entire). 

FIG.  204.     Wheel-shaped  and  five-parted  corolla  of  Bittersweet  (Solanum  Dulcamara). 

FIG.  205.     Wheel-shaped  and  five-cleft  corolla  of  the  common  Potato. 

FIG.  20G.    Almost  entire  and  very  open  bell-shaped  corolla  of  a  Ground  Cherry  (Physalis) 

9* 


102 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


[LESSON  15. 


Bell-shaped,  or  campanulate ;  where  a  short  and  broad  tube 
widens  upward,  in  the  shape  of  a  bell,  as  in  Fig.  207. 

Funnel-shaped,  or  funnel-form  ;  gradually  spreading  at  the  sum- 
mit of  a  tube  which  is  narrow  below,  in  the  shape  of  a  funnel  or 
tunnel,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the  common  Morning-Glory,  and  of  the 
Stramonium  (Fig.  199). 

Tubular  ;  when  prolonged  into  a  tube,  without  much  spreading  at 
the  border,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the  Trumpet  Honeysuckle,  the  calyx 
of  Stramonium  (Fig.  199),  &c. 


211 


265.  In  most  of  these  cases  we  may  distinguish  two  parts ;  namely, 
the  lube,  or  the  portion  all  in  one  piece  and  with  its  sides  upright  or 
nearly  so  ;  and  the  border  or  limb,  the  spreading  portion  or  summit. 
The  limb  may  be  entire,  as  in  Fig.  203,  but  it  is  more  commonly 
lobed,  that  is,  partly  divided,  as  in  Fig.  202,  or  parted  down  nearly 
to  the  top  of  the  tube,  as  in  Fig.  208,  &c. 

2G6.  So,  likewise,  a  separate  petal  is  sometimes  distinguishable 
into  two  parts ;  namely,  into  a  narrowed  base  or  stalk-like  part  (a? 
in  Fig.  200,  where  this  part  is  peculiarly  long),  called  the  claw,  and 
a  spreading  and  enlarged  summit,  or  body  of  the  petal,  called  the 
lamina  or  blade. 

267.  When  parts  of  the  same  set  are  not  united  (as  in  the  Flax, 
Cherry,  &c.,  Fig.  212-215),  we  call  them  distinct.  Thus  the  sepals 
or  the  petals  are  distinct  when  not  at  all  united  with  each  other.  As 
a  calyx  with  sepals  united  into  one  body  is  called  monosepalous  (263, 
that  is,  one-sepalled),  or  sometimes  monophyllous,  that  is,  one-leaved ; 
so,  on  the  other  hand,  when  the  sepals  are  distinct,  it  is  said  to  be 

FIG.  207.  Flower  of  the  Harebell,  with  a  campanulate  or  bell-shaped  corolla.  208.  Of  a 
Phlox,  with  salver-shaped  corolla.  209.  Of  Dead-Nettie  (Laminm),  with  labiate  ring-ent  (or 
gaping)  corolla.  210.  Of  Snapdragon,  with  labiate  personate  corolla.  211.  Of  Toad-Flax, 
with  a  similar  corolla  spurred  at  the  base. 


LESSON  15.] 


CONSOLIDATION    OF    PARTS. 


103 


polyscpaloiiS)  that  is,  composed  of  several  or  many  sepals.  And  a 
corolla  with  distinct  petals  is  said  to  be  polypetalous. 

2G8.  Consolidation,  the  growing  together  of  the  parts  of  two  or  more 
different  sets.  In  the  most  natural  or  pattern  flower  (as  explained 
in  Lessons  13  and  14),  the 
several  parts  rise  from  the 
receptacle  or  axis  in  succes- 
sion, like  leaves  upon  a  very- 
short  stem  ;  the  petals  just 
above  or  within  the  sepals, 
the  stamens  just  above  or 
within  these,  and  then  the 
pistils  next  the  summit  or  2l2 

centre.  Now  when  contiguous  parts  of  different  sorts,  one  within 
the  other,  unite  at  their  base  or  origin,  it  obscures  more  or  less  the 
plan  of  the  flower,  by  consolidating  organs  which  in  the  pattern 
flower  are  entirely  separate. 

269.  The  nature  of  this  con- 
solidation will  be  at  once  un- 
derstood on  comparing  the  fol- 
lowing series  of  illustrations. 
Fig.  212  represents  a  flower  of 
the  common  Flax,  cut  through 
lengthwise,  so  as  to  show  the 
attachment  (or  what  the  bot- 
anist calls  the  insertion)  of  all 
the  parts.  Here  they  are  all 
inserted  on,  that  is  grow  out 
of,  the  receptacle  or  axis  of 
the  blossom.  In  other  words, 
there  is  no  union  at  all  of  the 
parts  of  contiguous  circles.  So 
the  parts  are  said  to  be  free. 
And  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens,  all  springing  of  course  from 
beneath  the  pistils,  which  are  on  the  very  summit  of  the  axis,  are 
said  to  be  hypogynous  (a  term  composed  of  two  Greek  words,  mean- 
ing "  under  the  pistil "). 

FIG.  212.     A  Flax-flower,  cut  through  lengthwise. 

FIG.  213.     Flower  of  a  Cherry,  divided  in  the  same  way. 

FIG.  214.     Flower  of  the  common  Purslane,  divided  lengthwise. 


104 


THE    CALYX   AND    COROLLA. 


[LESSON  15. 


270.  Fig.  213  is  a  flower  of  a  Cherry,  cut  through  lengthwise  in 
the  same  way.     Here  the  petals  and  the  stamens  grow  out  of,  that 
is,  are  inserted  on,  the  calyx ;   in  other  words  they  cohere  or  are 
consolidated  with  the  base  of  the  calyx  up  to  a  certain  height.     In 
such  cases  they  are  said  to  be  perigynous  (from  two  Greek  words, 
meaning  around  the  pistil).     Thje  consolidation  in  the  Cherry  is  con- 
fined to  the  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens  :  the  calyx  is  still  free  from 
the  pistil.     One  step  more  we  have  in 

271.  Fig.  214,  which  is  a  similar  section  of  a  flower  of  a  Purslane. 

Here  the    lower   part  of  the 

.  ... 

calyx     (carrying    with    it    or 

course  the  petals  and  stamens) 
is  coherent  with  the  surface  of 
the  whole  lower  half  of  the 
ovary.  Therefore  the  calyx, 
seeming  to  rise  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  ovary,  is  said  to  be 
half  superior,  instead  of  being 
inferior,  as  it  is  when  entirely  free.  It  is  better  to  say,  however, 
calyx  half-adherent  to  the  ovary.  Every  gradation  occurs  between 
/?  such  a  case  and  that  of  a  calyx 

altogether  free  or  inferior,  as 
we  see  in  different  Purslanes 
and  Saxifrages.  The  consol- 
idation goes  farther, 

272.  In  the  Apple,  Quince, 
Hawthorn  (Fig.  215),  &c. 
Here  the  tube  of  the  calyx 
is  consolidated  with  the  whole 
surface  of  the  ovary ;  and  its 
limb,  or  free  part,  therefore  appears  to  spring  from  its  top,  instead  of 
underneath  it,  as  it  naturally  should.  So  the  calyx  is  said  to  be 
superior,  or  (more  properly)  adherent  to,  or  coherent  with,  the  ovary. 
In  most  cases  (and  very  strikingly  in  the  Evening  Primrose),  the 
tube  of  the  calyx  is  continued  on  more  or  less  beyond  the  ovary, 
and  has  the  petals  and  stamens  consolidated  with  it  for  some  dis- 
tance; these  last,  therefore,  being  borne  on  the  calyx,  are  said  to 
be  perigynous,  as  before  (270). 


FIG.  215.    Flower  of  a  Hawthorn,  divided  lengthwise. 
FIG.  21G.    Flower  of  tbe  Cranberry,  divided  lengthwise 


LESSON  15.] 


IRREGULARITY    OF   PARTS. 


105 


273.  But  if  the  tube  of  the  calyx  ends  immediately  at  the  summit 
of  the  ovary,  and  its  lobes  as  well  as  the  corolla  and  stamens  are  as 
it  were  inserted  directly  on  the  ovary,  they  are  said  to  be  epigynous 
(meaning  on  the  pistil),  as  in  Cornel,  the  Huckleberry,  and  the  Cran- 
berry (Fig.  216). 

274.  Irregularity  of  Parts  in  the  calyx  and  corolla  has  already  been 
noticed  (244)  as  sometimes  obstructing  one's  view  of  the  real  plan  of 
a  flower.     There  is  infinite  variety  in  this  respect ;  but  what  has 
already  been  said  will  enable  the  student  to  understand  these  irreg- 
ularities when  they  occur.     We  have  only  room  to  mention  one  or 
two  cases  which  have  given  rise  to 

particular  names.  A  very  common 
kind,  among  polypetalous  (267) 
flowers,  is 

275.  The  Papilionaceous  flower 
of  the  Pea,  Bean,  and  nearly  all 
that  family.     In  this  we  have  an 

irregular  corolla  of  a  peculiar  shape,  which  Linnaeus  likened  to  a 
butterfly  (whence  the  term,  papilio  being  the  Latin  name  for  a  but- 
terfly) ;  but  the  resemblance  is 
not  very  obvious.  The  five  pet- 
als of  a  papilionaceous  corolla 
(Fig.  217)  have  received  different 
names  taken  from  widely  different 
objects.  The  upper  and  larger 
petal  (Fig.  218,  s),  which  is  gen- 
erally wrapped  round  all  the  rest 
in  the  bud,  is  called  the  standard 
or  banner.  The  two  side  petals 
(w)  are  called  the  wings.  And 
the  two  anterior  ones  (&),  the 
blades  of  which  commonly  stick 
together  a  little,  and  which  en- 
close the  stamens  and  pistil  in  the  flower,  from  their  forming  a 
body  shaped  somewhat  like  the  keel,  or  rather  the  prow,  of  an 
ancient  boat,  are  together  named  the  keel. 

276.  The  Labiate  or  bilabiate  (that  is,  two-lipped)  flower  is  a  very 
common  form  of  the  monopetalous  corolla,  as  in  the  Snapdragon 

FIG.  217.    Front  view  of  the  papilionaceous  corolla  of  the  Locust-tree.    218.  The  parts  of 
the  same,  displayed' 

S&F— 6 


106  THE    CALYX   AND    COROLLA.  [LESSON  15. 

(Fig.  210),  Toad-Flax  (Fig.  211),  Dead-Nettie  (Fig.  209),  Catnip, 
Horsemint,  &c. ;  and  in  the  Sage,  the  Catalpa,  &c.,  the  calyx  also  is 
two-lipped.  This  is  owing  to  unequal  union  of  the  different  parts  of 
the  same  sort,  as  well  as  to  diversity  of  shape.  In  the  corolla  two 
of  the  petals  grow  together  higher  than  the  rest,  sometimes  to  the 
very  top,  and  form  the  upper  lip,  and  the  three  remaining  ones  join 
on  the  other  side  of  the  flower  to  form  the  lower  lip,  which  therefore 
is  more  or  less  three-lobed,  while  the  upper  lip  is  at  most  only  two- 
lobed.  And  if  the  calyx  is  also  two-lipped,  as  in  the  Sage, —  since 
the  parts  of  the  calyx  always  alternate  with  those  of  the  corolla 
(247), — then  the  upper  lip  has  three  lobes  or  teeth,  namely,  is  com- 
posed of  three  sepals  united,  while  the  lower  has  only  two  ;  which  is 
the  reverse  of  the  arrangement  in  the  corolla.  So  that  all  these 
flowers  are  really  constructed  on  the  plan  of  five,  and  not  on  that  of 
two,  as  one  would  at  first  be  apt  to  suppose.  In  Gerardia,  &c.  (Fig. 
194, 195),  the  number  five  is  evident  in  the  calyx  and  corolla,  but  is 
more  or  less  obscured  in  the  stamens  (249).  In  Catalpa  this  num- 
ber is  masked  in  the  calyx  by  irregular  union,  and  in  the  stamens  by 
abortion.  A  different  kind  of  irregular  flower  is  seen  in 

277.  The  Ligulate  or  strap- 
shaped  corolla  of  most  com- 
pound flowers.  What  was 
called  the  compound  flower 
of  a  Dandelion,  Succory  (Fig. 
221),  Thistle,  Sunflower,  As- 
ter, Whiteweed,  &c.,  consists 
of  many  distinct  blossoms, 
closely  crowded  together  into 
a  head,  and  surrounded  by  an  involucre  (208).  People  who  are  not 
botanists  commonly  take  the  whole  for  one  flower,  the  involucre  for 
a  calyx,  and  corollas  of  the  outer  or  of  all  the  flowers  as  petals. 
And  this  is  a  very  natural  mistake  when  the  flowers  around  the 
edge  have  flat  and  open  or  strap-shaped  corollas,  while  the  rest 
are  regular  and  tubular,  but  small,  as  in  the  Whiteweed,  Sunflower, 
&c.  Fig.  219  represents  such  a  case  in  a  Coreopsis,  with  the 
head,  or  so-called  compound  flower,  cut  through  ;  and  in  Fig.  220 
we  see  one  of  the  perfect  flowers  of  the  centre  or  disk,  with  a  reg- 
ular tubular  corolla  (a),  and  with  the  slender  bract  (#)  from  whose 

FIG.  219.     Head  of  flowers  (the  so-called  "  compound  flower  ")  of  Coreopsis,  divided 
lengthwise. 


LESSON  15.]  SO-CALLED    COMPOUND    FLOWERS. 


107 


axil  it  grew  ;  and  also  one  belonging  to  the  margin,  or  ray,  with 
a  strap-shaped  corolla  (c),  borne  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf  or  bract  of 


the  involucre  (d).  Here  the  ray-flower  consists  merely  of  a  strap- 
shaped  corolla,  raised  on  the  small  rudiment  of  an  ovary ;  it  is 
therefore  a  neutral  flower,  like  those  of  the  ray  or  margin  of  the 
cluster  in  Hydrangea  (229,  Fig.  167),  only  of  a  different  shape. 
More  commonly  the  flowers  with  a  strap-shaped  corolla  are  pis- 
tillate,  that  is,  have  a  pistil  only,  and  produce  seed  like  the  others, 
as  in  Whiteweed.  But  in  the  Dandelion,  Succory  (Fig.  221,  222), 


and  all  of  that  tribe,  these  flowers  are  perfect,  that  is,  bear  both 
stamens  and  pistils.  And  moreover  all  the  flowers  of  the  head  are 
strap-shaped  and  alike. 

278.  Puzzling  as  these  strap-shaped  corollas  appear  at  first  view, 
an  attentive  inspection  will  generally  reveal  the  plan  upon  which 
they  are  constructed.  We  can  make  out  pretty  plainly,  that  each 
one  consists  of  five  petals  (the  tips  of  which  commonly  appear  as  five 
teeth  at  the  extremity),  united  by  their  contiguous  edges,  except  on 

FIG.  220.  A  slice  of  Fig.  219,  more  enlarged,  with  one  tubular  perfect  flower  (a)  left 
standing  on  the  receptacle,  with  its  bracelet  or  chaff  (6),  one  ligulate,  neutral  ray-flower  (e), 
and  part  of  another:  d,  section  of  bracts  or  leaves  of  the  Involucre. 

FIG.  222.     Head  of  flowera  of  Succory,  cut  through  lengthwise  and  enlarged. 


108 


THE    CALYX    AND    COROLLA. 


[LESSON  16. 


one  side,  and  spread  out  flat.  To  prove  that  this  is  the  case,  we  have 
only  to  compare  such  a  corolla  (that  of  Coreopsis,  Fig.  220,  c,  or 
one  from  the  Succory,  for  instance)  with  that  of  the  Cardinal-flower, 
or  of  any  other  Lobelia,  which  is  equally  split  down  along  one  side  ; 
and  this  again  with  the  less  irregular  corolla  of  the  Woodbine,  par- 
tially split  down  on  one  side. 


LESSON  XVI. 


JESTIVATION,   OR    THE    ARRANGEMENT    OF    THE    CALYX   AND    CO- 
ROLLA   IN    THE    BUD. 

279.  JESTIVATION  or  Prcefloration  relates  to  the  way  in  which 
the  leaves  of  the  flower,  or  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  or  corolla,  are 
placed  with  respect  to  each  other  in  the  bud.  This  is  of  some 
importance  in  distinguishing  different  families  or  tribes  of  plants, 
being  generally  very  uniform  in  each.  The  estivation  is  best  seen 

FIG.  221.    Compound  flowers,  i.  e.  heads  of  flowers,  of  Succory. 


LESSON  16.]        THEIR   ARRANGEMENT    IN    THE   3UD. 


109 


by  making  a  horizontal  slice  of  the  flower-bud  when  just  ready  to 
open  ;  and  it  may  be  expressed  in  diagrams,  as  in  Fig.  223,  224. 

280.  The  pieces  of  the  calyx  or  the  corolla  either  overlap  each 
other  in  the  bud,  or  they  do  not.  When  they  do  not,  the  aestivation 
is  commonly 

Valvate,  as  it  is  called  when  the  pieces  meet  each  other  by  their 
abrupt  edges  without  any  infolding  or  overlapping ;  as  the  calyx  of 
the  Linden  or  Basswood  (Fig.  223)  and  the  Mallow,  and  the  corolla 
of  the  Grape,  Virginia  Creeper,  &c.  Or  it  may  be 

Induplicate,  which  is  valvate  with  the  margins  of  each  piece  pro- 
jecting inwards,  or  involute  (like  the  leaf  in  Fig.  152),  as  in  the 
calyx  of  Virgin's-Bower  and  the  corolla  of  the  Potato,  or  else 

Reduplicate,  like  the  last,  but  the  margins  projecting  outwards 
instead  of  inwards ;  these  last  being  mere  vari- 
ations of  the  valvate  form. 

281.  When  the  pieces  overlap  in  the  bud,  it 
is  in  one  of  two  ways :  either  every  piece  has 
one  edge  in  and  one  edge  out ;  or  some  pieces 
are  wholly  outside  and  others  wholly  inside. 
In  the  first  case  the  aestivation  is 
Convolute  or  twisted,  as  in  the  corolla  of  Geranium  (most  com- 
monly, Fig.   224),  Flax  (Fig.   191),  and  of  the  Mallow  Family. 
Here  one  edge  of  every  petal  covers  the  next 
before  it,  while  its  other  edge  is  covered  by 
the  next  behind  it.    In  the  second  case  it  is 

Imbricated  or  imbricate,  or  breaking  joints, 
like  shingles  on  a  roof,  as  in  the  calyx  of  Ge- 
ranium (Fig.  224)  and  of  Flax  (Fig.  191), 
and  the  corolla  of  the  Linden  (Fig.  223).  In 
these  cases  the  parts  are  five  in  number ;  and  the  regular  way  then 
is  (as  in  the  calyx-  of  the  figures  above  cited)  to  have  two  pieces  en- 
tirely external  (1  arid  2),  one  (3)  with  one  edge  covered  by  the  first, 
while  the  other  edge  covers  that  of  the  adjacent  one  on  the  other 
side,  and  two  (4  and  5)  wholly  within,  their  margins  at  least  being 
covered  by  the  rest.  That  is,  they  just  represent  a  circle  of  five 
leaves  spirally  arranged  on  the  five-ranked  or  f  plan  (187,  188, 
and  Fig.  143-145),  only  with  the  stem  shortened  so  as  to  bring 
the  parts  close  together.  The  spiral  arrangement  of  the  parts  of 

FIG.  223.     Section  across  the  flower-bud  of  Linden. 

FIG.  234.    Section  across  the  flower-bud  ol  Geranium  :  the  sepals  numbered  in  their  order- 

10 


110  ARRANGEMENT    OF    PARTS    IN    THE    BUD.       ^LESSON  16. 

the  blossom  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  foliage,  —  an  additional  evi- 
dence that  the  flower  is  a  sort  of  branch.  The  petals  of  the  Linden, 
with  only  one  outside  and  one  inside,  as  shown  in  Fig.  223,  exhibit 
a  gradation  between  the  imbricated  and  the  convolute  modes.  When 
the  parts  are  four  in  number,  generally  two  opposite  ones  overlap  the 
other  two  by  both  edges.  When  three  in  number,  then  one  is  outer- 
most, the  next  has  one  edge  out  and  the  other  covered,  and  the  third 
is  within,  being  covered  by  the  other  two;  as  in  Fig.  190.  This  is 
just  the  three-ranked  (^)  spiral  arrangement  of  leaves  (186,  and 
Fig.  171). 

282.  In  the  Mignonette,  and  some  other  flowers,  the  estivation  is 
open  ;  that  is,  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  not  closed  at  all  over  the 
other  parts  of  the  flower,  even  in  the  young  bud. 

283.  When  the  calyx  or  the  corolla  is  tubular,  the  shape  of  the 
tube  in  the  bud  has  sometimes  to  be  considered,  as  well  as  the  way 
the  lobes  are  arranged.     For  example,  it  may  be 

Plaited  or  plicate,  that  is,  folded  lengthwise ;  and  the  plaits  may 
either  be  turned  outwards,  forming  projecting  ridges,  as  in  the 
corolla  of  Campanula ;  or  turned  inwards,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the 
Gentian,  &c.  When  the  plaits  are  wrapped  round  all  in  one  direc- 
tion, so  as  to  cover  one  another  in  a  convolute  manner,  the  aestivation 
is  said  to  be 

Supervohite,  as  in  the  corolla  of  Stramonium  (Fig.  225)  and  the 
Morning-Glory ;  and  in  the  Morning-Glory  it  is  twisted  besides. 

FIG.  225.    Upper  part  of  the  corolla  of  a  Stramonium  (Datura  mcteloides),  in  the  bud. 
Underneath  is  a  cross-section  of  the  same. 


LESSON  17.]  THE    STAMENS.  Ill 


LESSON   XVII. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    STAMENS. 

284.  THE  STAMENS  exhibit  nearly  the  same  kinds  of  variation  in 
different  species  that  the  calyx  and  corolla  do.     They  may  be  dis- 
tinct (that  is,  separate  from  each  other,  267)  or  united.     They  may 
be  free  (269),  or  else  coherent  with  other  parts  :  this  concerns 

285.  Their  Insertion,  or  place  of  attachment,  which  is  most  com- 
monly the  same  as  that  of  the  corolla.     So,  stamens  are 

Hypogynous  (269),  when  they  are  borne  on  the  receptacle,  or  axis 
of  the  flower,  under  the  pistils,  as  they  naturally  should  be,  and  as  is 
shown  in  Fig.  212. 

Perigynous,  when  borne  on  (that  is  coherent  below  with)  the 
calyx ;  as  in  the  Cherry,  Fig.  213. 

Epigynous,  when  borne  on  the  ovary,  appar- 
ently, as  in  Fig.  216.  To  these  we  may  add 

Gynandrous  (from  two  Greek  words,  answer- 
ing  to  " stamens  and  pistil  united"),  when  the 
stamens  are  consolidated  with  the  style,  so  as 
to  be  borne  by  it,  as  in  the  Lady's  Slipper 
(Fig.  226)  and  all  the  Orchis  Family.  Also 

Epipetalous  (meaning  on  the  petals),  when 
they  are  borne  by  the  corolla;  as  in  Fig.  194, 
and  in  most  monopetalous  blossoms.  As  to 

286.  Their  Union  with  each  Other,  the  stamens  may  be  united  by 
their  filaments  or  by  their  anthers.     In  the  former  case  they  are 

Monadelphous  (from  two  Greek  words,  meaning  "  in  one  brother- 
hood "),  when  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set,  usually  into  a 
ring  or  cup  below,  or  into  a  tube,  as  in  the  Mallow  Family,  the 
Passion-flower,  and  the  Lupine  (Fig.  228). 

Diadelphous  (in  two  brotherhoods),  when  so  united  in  two  sets, 
as  in  the  Pea  and  almost  all  papilionaceous  flowers  (275):  here 
the  stamens  are  nine  in  one  set,  and  one  in  the  other  (Fig.  227). 

FIG.  226.  Style  of  a  Lady's  Slipper  (Cypripedimn),  and  stamens  united  with  it :  a,  a,  the 
anthers  of  the  two  good  stamens  ;  st.,  an  abortive  stamen,  what  should  be  its  anther  changed 
into  a  petal-like  body  ;  stiff. ,  the  etigma. 


112 


THE    STAMENS. 


[LESSON  17. 


Triadelphous,  in  three  sets  or  parcels,  as  in  the  common  St.  Johns- 
wort  ;  or 

Polyadelphous,  when  in  more  numerous  sets,  as  in  the  Loblolly 
Bay,  where  they  are  in  five  clusters.  On 
the  other  hand,  stamens  are  said  to  be 

Syngenesious,  when  united  by  their  an- 
thers (Fig.  229,  230),  as  they  are  in  Lobelia, 
in  the  Violet  (slightly),  and  in  what  are 
called  compound  flowers,  such  as  the  Thistle, 
Sunflower,  Coreopsis  (Fig.  220),  and  Suc- 
cory (Fig.  222).  In  Lobelia,  and  in  the 
Squash  and  Pumpkin,  the  stamens  are 
united  both  by  their  anthers  and  their  filaments. 

287.  Their  Number  in  the  flower  is  sometimes  expressed  by  terms 
compounded  of  the  Greek  numerals  and  the  word  used  to  signify 
stamen ;  as,  monandrous,  for  a  flower  having 

only  one  stamen  ;  diandrous,  one  with  two 
stamens ;  triandrous,  with  three  stamens ;  te- 
trandrous,  with  four  stamens ;  pentandrous, 
with  five  stamens ;  and  so  on,  up  to  polyan- 
drous  (meaning  with  many  stamens),  when 
there  are  twenty  or  a  larger  number,  as  in  a 
Cactus  (Fig.  197).  All  such  terms  may  be 
found  in  the  Glossary  at  the  end  of  the  book. 

288.  Two  terms  are  used  to  express  particular  numbers  with  un. 
equal  length.     Namely,  the  stamens  are  didynamous  when  only  four 
in  number,  two  longer  than  the  other  two,  as  in  the  Mint,  Catnip, 
Gerardia  (Fig.   194),  Trumpet-Creeper,  &c. ;    and  tetradynamous, 
when  they  are  six,  with  four  of  them  regularly  longer  than  the 
other  two,  as  in  Mustard  (Fig.  188),  and  all  that  family. 

289.  Their  Parts,     As  already  shown  (233),  a  stamen  consists  of 
two  parts,  the  Filament  and  the  Anther  (Fig.  231). 

290.  The  Filament  is  a  kind  of  stalk  to  the  anther :   it  is  to  the 
anther  nearly  what  the  petiole  is  to  the  blade  of  a  leaf.     Therefore 
it  is  not  an  essential  part.     As  a  leaf  may  be  without  a  stalk,  so 
the  anther  may  be  sessile,  or  without  a  filament.     When  present, 

FIG.  227.  Diadelphous  stamens  of  the  Pea,  &c.  228.  Monadelphous  stamens  of  tho 
Lupine. 

FIG.  229.  Syngenesious  stamens  of  Coreopsis  (Fig.  220,  a),  &c.  230.  Same,  with  th» 
tube  of  anthers  split  down  on  one  side  and  spread  open. 


LESSON  17.]  THEIR    STRUCTURE    AND    PARTS. 


113 


the  filament  may  be  of  any  shape ;  but  it  is  commonly  thread-like, 
as  in  Fig.  231,  234,  &c. 

291.  The  Anther  is  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen. 
It  is  a  sort  of  case,  filled  with  a  fine  powder,  called 
Pollen,  which  serves  to  fertilize  the  pistil,  so  that  it 
may  perfect  seeds.      The  anther  may  be  considered, 
first,  as  to 

292.  Its  Attachment  to  the  filament.     Of  this  there  are 
three  ways  ;  namely,  the  anther  is 

Innate  (as  in  Fig.  232),  when  it  is  attached  by  its  base  to  the 
very  apex  of  the  filament,  turning  neither  inwards  nor  outwards ;  or 

Adnate  (as  in  Fig.  233),  when  at- 
tached by  one  face,  usually  for  its 
whole  length,  to  the  side  of  the  fila- 
ment ;  and 

Versatile  (as  in  Fig.  234),  when  fixed 
by  its  middle  only  to  the  very  point  of 
the  filament,  so  as  to  swing  loosely,  as 
we  see  it  in  the  Lily,  in  Grasses,  &c. 

293.  In  both   the  last-named  cases, 
232        233  234         the  anther  either  looks  inwards  or  out- 

wards. When  it  is  turned  inwards,  or  is  fixed  to  that  side  of  the 
filament  which  looks  towards  the  pistil  or  centre  of  the  flower,  the 
anther  is  incumbent  or  introrse,  as  in  Magnolia  and  the  Water-Lily. 
When  turned  outwards,  or  fixed  to  the  outer  side  of  the  filament,  it  is 
extrorse,  as  in  the  Tulip-tree. 

294.  Its  Structure,  &c.  There  are  few  cases  in  which  the  stamen 
bears  any  resemblance  to  a  leaf.  Nevertheless,  the  botanist's  idea  of 
a  stamen  is,  that  it  answers  to  a  leaf  developed  in  a  peculiar  form 
and  for  a  special  purpose.  In  the  filament  he  sees  the  stalk  of  the 
leaf;  in  the  anther,  the  blade.  The  blade  of  a  leaf  consists  of  two 
similar  sides ;  so  the  anther  consists  of  two  lobes  or  cells,  one  answer- 
ing to  the  left,  the  other  to  the  right,  side  of  the  blade.  The  two  lobes 
are  often  connected  by  a  prolongation  of  the  filament,  which  answers 
to  the  midrib  of  a  leaf'  this  is  called  the  connective.  It  is  very  con- 
spicuous in  Fig.  252,  where  the  connective  is  so  broad  that  it  separates 
the  two  cells  of  the  anther  to  some  distance  from  each  other. 

FIG.  231.    A  stamen  :  a,  filament ;  b,  anther  discharging  pollen. 

FIG.  232.    Stamen  of  Isopyrum,  with  innate  anther.    233.  Of  Tulip-tree,  with  adnate  (arid 
•xtrorse)  anther.    234.  Of  Evening  Primrose,  with  versatile  anther. 
10* 


114 


THE    STAMENS. 


[LESSON  17. 


295.  To  discharge  the  pollen,  the  anther  opens  (or  is  dehiscent) 
at  maturity,  commonly  by  a  line  along  the  whole 
length  of  each  cell,  and  which  answers  to  the 
margin  of  the  leaf  (as  in  Fig.  231);  but  when 
the  anthers  are  extrorse,  this  line  is  often  on  the 
outer  face,  and  when  introrse,  on  the  inner  face 
of  each  cell.  Sometimes  the  anther  opens  only 
by  a  chink,  hole,  or  pore  at  the  top,  as  in  the 
Azalea,  Pyrola  or  False  Wintergreen  (Fig.  235), 
&c. ;  and  sometimes  a  part  of  the  face  separates  as  a  sort  of  trap-door 
(or  valve),  hinged  at  the  top,  and  opening  to  allow  the  escape  of  the 
pollen,  as  in  the  Sassafras,  Spice-bush,  and  Barberry  (Fig.  236). 
Most  anthers  are  really  four-celled  when  young ; 
a  slender  partition  running  lengthwise  through 
each  cell  and  dividing  it  into  two  compartments, 
one  answering  to  the  upper,  and  the  other  to  the 
lower,  layer  of  the  green  pulp  of  the  leaf.  Oc- 
casionally the  anther  becomes  one-celled.  This 
takes  place  mostly  by  confluence,  that  is,  the  two 
cells  running  together  into  one,  as  they  do 
slightly  in  Pentstemon  (Fig.  237) 
and  thoroughly  in  the  Mallow  Family  (Fig.  238).  But 
sometimes  it  occurs  by  the  obliteration  or  disappear- 
ance of  one  half  of  the  anther,  as  in  the  Globe  Ama- 
ranth of  the  gardens  (Fig.  239). 

296.  The  way  in  which  a  stamen  is  supposed  to  be 
constructed  out  of  a  leaf,  or  rather  on  the  plan  of  a 
leaf,  is  shown  in  Fig.  240,  an  ideal  figure,  the  lower 
part  representing  a  stamen  with  the  top  of  its  anther 
cut  away ;  the  upper,  the  corresponding  upper  part  of 
a  leaf.  —  The  use  of  the  anther  is  to  produce 
297.  Pollen,     This  is  the  powder,  or  fine  dust,  commonly  of  a  yel- 
low color,  which  fills  the  cells  of  the  anther,  and  is  discharged  during 
blossoming,  after  which  the  stamens  generally  fall  off  or  wither  away. 

FIG.  235.  Stamen  of  Pyrola  ;  the  anther  opening  by  holes  at  the  top. 

FIG.  23G.  Stamen  of  Barberry  ;  the  anther  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

FIG.  237.  Stamen  of  Pentstemon  pubescens  ;  anther-cella  slightly  confluent. 

FIG.  238.  Stamen  of  Mallow  ;  the  two  cells  confluent  into  one,  opening  round  the  margin. 

FIG.  239.  Anther  of  Globe  Amaranth,  of  only  one  cell ;  the  other  cell  wanting. 

FIG.  240  Diagram  of  the  lower  part  of  an  anther,  cut  across  above,  and  the  upper  part  o( 
a  loaf,  to  show  how  the  one  answers  to  the  other. 


LESSON  17.] 


POLLEN. 


1J.5 


Under  the  microscope  it  is  found  to  consist  of  grains,  usually  round  or 
oval,  and  all  alike  in  the  same  species,  but  very  different  in  different 
plants.  So  that  the  plant  may  sometimes  be  recognized  from  the 
pollen  alone. 

298.  A  grain  of  pollen  is  made  up  of  two  coats ;  the  outer  coat 
thickish,  but  weak,  and  frequently  adorned  with  lines  or  bands,  or 
studded  with  points  ;  the  inner  coat  is  extremely  thin  and  delicate, 
but  extensible,  and  its  cavity  is  filled  with  a  thickish  fluid,  often 
rendered  turbid  by  an  immense  number  of  minute  grains  that  float 
in  it.     When  wet,  the  grains  absorb  the  water  and  swell  so  much 
that  many  kinds  soon  burst  and  discharge  their  contents. 

299.  Figures  241  -  250  represent  some  common  sorts  of  pollen, 
magnified  one  or  two  hundred  diameters,  viz. :  —  A  pollen-grain  of 
the  Musk  Plant,  spirally  grooved.     One  of  Sicyos,  or  One-seeded 
Cucumber,  beset  with  bristly  points  and  marked  by  smooth  bands. 
One  of  the  Wild  Balsam-Apple  (Echinocystis),  grooved  lengthwise. 
One  of  Hibiscus  or  Rose-Mallow,  studded  with  prickly  points.     One 
of  Succory,  many-sided,  and  dotted  with  fine  points.     A  grain  of  the 
curious  compound  pollen  of  Pine.     One  from  the  Lily,  smooth  and 
oval.     One  from  Enchanter's  Nightshade,  with  three  small  lobes  on 
the  angles.     Pollen  of  Kalmia,  composed  of  four  grains  united,  as  in 
all  the  Heath  family.     A  grain  from  an  Evening  Primrose,  with  a 
central  body  and  three  large  lobes.     The  figures  number  from  left 
to  right,  beginning  at  the  top. 


116  THE  PISTILS.  [LESSON  18. 

LESSON   XVIII. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF    PISTILS. 

300.  THE   PISTIL,  when   only  one,  occupies  the  centre  of  the 
flower ;  when  there  are  two  pistils,  they  stand  facing  each  other  in 
the  centre  of  the  flower ;  when  several,  they  commonly  form  a  ring 
or  circle ;  and  when  very  numerous,  they  are  generally  crowded  in 
rows  or  spiral  lines  on  the  surface  of  a  more  or  less  enlarged  or 
elongated  receptacle. 

301.  Their  number  in  a  blossom  is  sometimes  expressed,  in  Sys- 
tematic Botany,  by  terms  compounded  of  the  Greek  numerals  and 
the  Greek  word  used  to  signify  pistil,  in  the  following  way.    A  flower 
with  one  pistil  is  said  to  be  monogynous  ;  with  two,  digynous  ;  with 
three,  trigynous  ;  with  four,  tetragynous  ;  with  five,  pentagynous,  and 
so  on  ;  with  many  pistils,  polygynous,  —  terms  which  are  explained 
in  the  Glossary,  but  which  there  is  no  need  to  commit  to  memory. 

302.  The  Paris  Of  a  Pistil,  as   already  explained   (234),  are  the 
Ovary ',  the  Style,  and  the  Stigma.     The  ovary  is  one  essential  part : 
it  contains  the  rudiments  of  seeds,  called  Ovules.     The  stigma  at 
the  summit  is  also  essential :  it  receives  the  pollen,  which  fertilizes 
the  ovules  in  order  that  they  may  become  seeds.     But  the  style,  the 
tapering  or  slender  column  commonly  borne  on  the  summit  of  the 
ovary,  and  bearing  the  stigma  on  its  apex  or  its  side,  is  no  more  neces- 
sary to  a  pistil  than  the  filament  is  to  the  stamen.    Accordingly,  there 
is  no  style  in  many  pistils :  in  these  the  stigma  is  sessile,  that  is,  rests 
directly  on  the  ovary.     The  stigma  is  very  various  in  shape  and 
appearance,  being  sometimes  a  little  knob  (as  in  the  Cherry,  Fig. 
213),  sometimes  a  small  point,  or  small  surface  of  bare,  moist  tissue 
(as  in  Fig.  254-25G),  and  sometimes  a  longitudinal  crest  or  line 
(as  in  Fig.  252,  258,  267,  269),  and  also  exhibiting  many  other 
shapes. 

303.  The  pistil  exhibits  an  almost  infinite  variety  of  forms,  and 
many  complications.     To  understand   these,  it  is  needful  to  begin 
with  the  simple  kinds,  and  to  proceed  gradually  to  the  complex. 
And,  first  of  all,  the  student  should  get  a  clear  notion  of 

304.  The  Plan  or  Ideal  Structure  of  the  Pistil,  or,  in  other  words,  of 
the  way  in  which  a  simple  pistil  answers  to  a  leaf.     Pistils  are  either 


LESSON  18.]  SIMPLE   PISTILS.  117 

simple  or  compound.  A  simple  pistil  answers  to  a  single  leaf.  A 
compound  pistil  answers  to  two  or  more  leaves  combined,  just  as  a 
monopetalous  corolla  (263)  answers  to  two  or  more  petals,  or  leaves 
of  the  flower,  united  into  one  body.  In  theory,  accordingly, 

305.  The  Simple  Pistil,  OF  Carpel  (as  it  is  sometimes  called),  consists 
of  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  curved  until  the  margins  meet  and  unite,  form- 
ing in  this  way  a  closed  case  or  pod,  which  is  the  ovary.     So  that 
the  upper  face  of  the  altered  leai"  answers  to  the  inner  surface  of  the 
ovary,  and  the  lower,  to  its  outer  surface.    And  the  ovules  are  borne 
on  what  answers  to  the  united  edges  of  the  leaf.     The  tapering  sum- 
mit, rolled  together  and  prolonged,  forms  the  style,  when  there  is 
any ;  and  the  edges  of  the  altered  leaf  turned  outwards,  either  at 
the  tip  or  along  the  inner  side  of  the  style,  form  the  stigma.     To 
make  this  perfectly  clear,  compare  a  leaf  folded  together  in  this  way 
(as  in  Fig.  251)  with  a  pistil  of  a 

Garden  Paeony,  or  Larkspur,  or  with 
that  in  Fig.  252 ;  or,  later  in  the 
season,  notice  how  these,  as  ripe  pods, 
split  down  along  the  line  formed  by 
the  united  edges,  and  open  out  again 
into  a  sort  of  leaf,  as  in  the  Marsh- 
Marigold  (Fig.  253).  In  the  Double- 
flowering  Cherry  the  pistil  occasion 
ally  is  found  changed  back  again  into 
a  small  green  leaf,  partly  folded,  much  as  in  Fig.  251. 

306.  Fig.  172  represents  a  simple  pistil  on  a  larger  scale,  the 
ovary  cut  through  to  show  how  the  ovules  (when  numerous)  are 
attached  to  what  answers  to  the  two  margins  of  the  leaf.      The 
Stonecrop  (Fig.  168)  has  five  such  pistils  in  a  circle,  each  with  the 
side  where  the  ovules  are  attached  turned  to  the  centre  of  the  flower. 

307.  The  line  or  seam  down  the  inner  side,  which  answers  to  the 
united  edges  of  the  leaf,  and  bears  the  ovules,  is  called  the  ventral  or 
inner  Suture.     A  corresponding  line  down  the  back  of  the  ovary, 
and  which  answers  to  the  middle  of  the  leaf,  is  named  the  dorsal  or 
outer  Suture. 

308.  The  ventral  suture  inside,  where  it  projects  a  little  into  the 

FIG.  251.  A  leaf  rolled  up  inwards,  to  show  how  the  pistil  is  supposed  to  be  formed. 

FIG.  252.  Pistil  of  Isopyrum  biteroatum  cut  across,  with  the  inner  suture  turned  towards 
the  eye. 

FIG.  253.  Pod  or  rip«  pistij  of  the  Caltha,  or  Marsh-Marigold,  after  opening. 


113 


THE    PISTILS. 


[LESSON  18. 


cavity  of  the  ovary,  and  bears  the  ovules,  is  called  the  Placenta. 
Obviously  a  simple  pistil  can  have  but  one  placenta ;  but  this  is  in 
its  nature  double,  one  half  answering  to  each  margin  of  the  leaf. 
And  if  the  ovules  or  seeds  are  at  all  numerous,  they  will  be  found 
to  occupy  two  rows,  one  for  each  margin,  as  we  see  in  Fig.  252, 172, 
in  the  Marsh-Marigold,  in  a  Pea-pod,  and  the  like. 

309.  A  simple  pistil  obviously  can  have  but  one  cavity  or  cell ; 
except  from  some  condition  out  of  the  natural  order  of  things.     But 
the  converse  does  not  hold  true :  all  pistils  of  a  single  cell  are  not 
simple.     Many  compound  pistils  are  one-celled. 

310.  A  simple  pistil  necessarily  has  but  one  style.     Its  stigma, 
however,  may  be  double,  like  the  placenta,  and  for  the  same  reason 
(305) ;  and  it  often  exhibits  two  lines  or  crests,  as  in  Fig.  252,  or  it 
may  even  be  split  into  two  lobes. 

311.  The  Compound  Pistil  consists  of  two,  three,  or  any  greater 

number  of  pistil-leaves, 
or  carpels  (305),  in  a 
circle,  united  into  one 
body,  at  least  by  their 
ovaries.  The  Culti- 
vated Flax,  for  exam- 
ple (Fig.  212),  has  a 
compound  pistil  com- 
posed of  five  simple 
ones  with  their  ovaries 
united,  while  the  five 
styles  are  separate. 
But  in  one  of  our 
wild  species  of  Flax,  the  styles  are  united  into  one  also,  for  about 
half  their  length.  So  the  Common  St.  John's-wort  of  the  fields  has 
a  compound  ovary,  of  three  united  carpels,  but  the  three  styles  are 
separate  (Fig.  255),  while  some  of  our  wild,  shrubby  species  have  the 
styles  also  combined  into  one  (Fig.  256),  although  in  the  fruit  they 
often  split  into  three  again.  Even  the  ovaries  may  only  partially 
combine  with  each  other,  as  we  see  in  different  species  of  Saxifrage, 
some  having  their  two  pistils  nearly  separate,  while  in  others  they 

FIG.  254.    Pistil  of  a  Saxifrage,  of  two  simple  carpels  or  pistil-leaves,  united  at  the  bas» 
only,  cut  across  both  above  and  below. 

FIG.  255.    Compound  pistil  of  common  St.  John's-wort,  cut  across:  styles  separate. 
FIG.  256.    The  same  of  shrubby  St.  John's-wort ;  the  throe  styles  united  into  one. 


LESSON  18.]  COMPOUND    PISTILS.  119 

are  joined  at  the  base  only,  or  else  below  the  middle  (as  in  Fig. 
254),  and  in  some  they  are*  united  quite  to  the  top. 

312.  Even  when  the  styles  are  all  consolidated  into  one,  the  stig- 
mas are  often  separate,  or  enough  so  to  show  by  the  number  of  their 
lobes  how  many  simple  pistils  are  combined  to  make  the  compound 
one.    In  the  common  Lily,  for  instance,  the  three  lobes  of  the  stigma, 
as  well  as  the  three  grooves  down  the  ovary,  plainly  tell  us  that  the 
pistil  is  made  of  three  combined.     But  in  the  Day-Lily  the  three 
lobes  of  the  stigma  are  barely  discernible  by  the  naked  eye,  and  m 
the  Spiderwort  (Fig.  257)  they  are  as  perfectly  united  into 

one  as  the  ovaries  and  styles  are.  Here  the  number  of 
cells  in  the  ovary  alone  shows  that  the  pistil  is  compound. 
These  are  all  cases  of 

313.  Compound  Pistils  with  two  or  more  Cells,  namely,  with 

as  many  cells  as  there  are  simple  pistils,  or  carpels,  that 
have  united  to  compose  the  organ.  They  are  just  what 
would  be  formed  if  the  simple  pistils  (two,  three,  or  five 
in  a  circle,  as  the  case  may  be),  like  those  of  a  Pteony  or 
Stonecrop,  all  pressed  together  in  the  centre  of  the  flower, 
were  to  cohere  by  their  contiguous  parts. 

314.  As  each  simple  ovary  has  its  placenta,  or  seed- 
bearing  line   (308),  at  the  inner  angle,  so  the  resulting 
compound  ovary  has  as  many  axile  placentae,  (that  is,  as 

many  placenta  in  the  axis  or  centre)  as  there  are  pistil-leaves  in 
its  composition,  but  all  more  or  less  consolidated  into  one.  This  is 
shown  in  the  cross-sections,  Fig.  254-256,  &c. 

315.  The  partitions  (or  Dissepiments,  as    they  are    technically 
named)  of  a  compound  ovary  are  accordingly  part  of  the  walls  or 
the  sides  of  the  carpels  which  compose  it.    Of  course  they  are  double, 
one  layer  belonging  to  each  carpel ;  and  in  ripe  pods  they  often  split 
into  the  two  layers. 

316.  We  have  described  only  one,  though  the  commonest,  kind  of 
compound  pistil.     There  are  besides 

317.  One-Celled  Compound  Pistils.     These  are  of  two  sorts,  those  with 
axile,  and  those  with  parietal  placentae.     That  is,  first,  where  the 
ovules  or  seeds  are  borne  in  the  axis  or  centre  of  the  ovary,  and, 
secondly,  where   they  are  borne   on  its  walls.     The  first  of  these 
cases,  or  that 

FIG.  257.    Pistil  of  Spiderwort  (Tradescantia) :  the  throe-celled  drarj  cut  across. 


120 


THE    PISTILS. 


[LESSON  18. 


318.  With  a  Free  Central  Placenta,  is  what  we  find  in  Purslane 
(Fig.  214),  and  in  most  duckweeds  (Fig.  258,  259)  and  Pinks. 
The  difference  between  this  and  the  foregoing  case  is  only  that  the 
delicate  partitions  have  very  early  vanished  ;  and  traces  of  them 
may  often  be  detected.  Or  sometimes  this  is  a  variation 
of  the  mode 

319.  With  Parietal  Placenta,  namely,  with  the  ovules 
and  seeds  borne  on  the  sides  or  wall  (parietes)  of  the 
ovary.  The  pistil  of  the  Prickly  Poppy,  Bloodroot, 
Violet,  Frost-weed  (Fig.  261),  Gooseberry,  and  of 
many  Hypericums,  are  of  this  sort.  To  understand  it 
perfectly,  we  have  only  to  imagine  two,  three,  or  any 
number  of  carpel-leaves  (like  that  of  Fig. 
251),  arranged  in  a  circle,  to  unite  by  their 
259  contiguous  edges,  and  so  form  one  ovary 
or  pod  (as  we  have  endeavored  to  show  in  Fig.  260) ; 
—  very  much  as  in  the  Stramonium  (Fig.  199)  the 
five  petals  unite  by  their  edges  to  compose  a  mono- 
petalous  corolla,  and  the  five  sepals  to  form  a  tubular 
calyx.  Here  each  carpel  is  an  open  leaf,  or  partly 
open,  bearing  ovules  along  its  margins ;  and  each 
placenta  consists  of  the  contiguous  margins  of  two 
pistil-leaves  grown  together. 

320.  All  degrees  occur  between  this  and  the  sev- 
eral-celled ovary  with  the  placentae  in  the  axis.  Com- 
pare, for  illustration,  the  common  St.  John's-worts,  Fig.  255  and  256, 
with  Fig.  262,  a  cross-section  of  the  ovary  of  a  different  species,  in 
which  the  three  large  placentae  meet  in  the  axis,  but  — 
scarcely  unite,  and  with  Fig.  263,  a  similar  section  of 
the  ripe  pod  of  the  same  plant,  showing  three  parietal 
placentae  borne  on  imperfect  partitions  projecting  a 
little  way  into  the  general  cell.  Fig.  261  is  the  same 
in  plan,  but  with  hardly  any  trace  of  partitions  ;  that 
is,  the  united  edges  of  the  leaves  only  slightly  project  into  the  cell. 

FIG.  258.  Pistil  of  a  Sandwort,  with  the  ovary  divided  lengthwise ;  and  259,  the  same 
divided  transversely,  to  show  the  free  central  placenta. 

FIG.  260.  Plan  of  a  one^elled  ovary  of  three  carpel -leaves,  with  parietal  placentm,  cut 
across  below,  where  it  is  complete ;  the  upper  part  showing  the  top  of  the  three  leaves  it  ia 
composed  of,  approaching,  but  not  united. 

FIG.  201.  Cross-section  of  the  ovary  of  Frost-weed  (Heliauthemuiu),  with  three  parietal 
placcntou  bearing  ovule*. 


LESSON  18.] 


OPEN   PISTILS. 


121 


321.  The  ovary,  especially  when  compound,  is  often  covered  by 
and  united  with  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  as  has  already  been  explained 
(272).     We  describe   this  by  saying  either  "  ovary  adherent,"  or 
" calyx  adherent,"  &c.     Or  we  say  u ovary  inferior"  when  the  tube 
of  the  calyx  is  adherent  throughout  to 

the  surface  of  the  ovary,  so   that   its 

lobes,  and   all   the  rest  of  the  flower, 

appear  to  be  borne  on  its  summit,  as 

in  Fig.  215  and   Fig.  216;   or  "half- 

inferior"  as  in  the  Purslane  (Fig.  214), 

where  the  calyx  is  adherent  part  way  up  ;  or  "superior"  where  the 

calyx  and  the  ovary  are  not  combined,  as  in  the  Cherry  (Fig.  213) 

and  the  like,  that  is,  where  these  parts  are  free.     The  term  "  ovary 

superior,"  therefore,  means  just  the  same  as  "calyx  inferior";  and 

"  ovary  inferior,"  the  same  as  "  calyx  superior." 

322.  Open  or  Gymnospermous  Pistil,    This  is  what  we  have  in  the 

whole  Pine  family,  the  most  peculiar,  and  yet  the  simplest, 
of  all  pistils.  While  the  ordinary  simple  pistil  in  the  eye 
of  the  botanist  represents  a  leaf  rolled  together  into  a 
closed  pod  (305),  those  of  the  Pine,  Larch  (Fig.  264), 
Cedar,  and  Arbor- Vitae  (Fig.  265, 

266)  are  plainly  open  leaves,  in  the  form  of 

scales,  each  bearing  two  or  more  ovules  on  the 

inner  face,  next  the  base.     At  the  time  of 

blossoming,  these  pistil-leaves  of  the  young  \j 

cone  diverge,  and  the  pollen,  so  abundantly 

shed  from  the  staminate  blossoms,  falls  di- 
rectly upon  the  exposed  ovules.  Afterwards 

the  scales  close  over  each  other  until  the 

seeds  are  ripe.     Then  they  separate  again, 

that  the  seeds  may  be  shed.     As  their  ovules  and  seeds  are  not 

enclosed  in  a  pod,  all  such  plants  are  said  to  be  Gymnospermous, 

that  is,  naked-seeded. 

FIG.  262.  Cross-section  of  the  ovary  of  Hypericum  graveolens.  263.  Similar  section  of 
the  ripe  pod  of  the  same. 

FIG.  264.  A  pistil,  that  is,  a  scale  of  the  cone,  of  a  Larch,  at  the  time  of  flowering; 
inside  view,  showing  its  pair  of  naked  ovules. 

FIG.  265.  Branchlet  of  the  American  Arbor- Vita,  considerably  larger  than  in  nature, 
terminated  by  its  pistillate  flowers,  each  consisting  of  a  single  scale  (an  open  pistil),  together 
forming  a  small  cone. 

FIG.  266.  One  of  the  scales  or  pistils  of  the  last,  removed  and  more  enlarged,  the  inside 
exposed  to  view,  showing  a  pair  of  ovules  on  its  base. 

11 


122  THE  PISTILS.  [LESSON  18.' 

323.  Ovnles  (234).     These  are  the  bodies  which  are  to  become 
seeds.     They  are  either  sessile,  that  is,  stalkless,  or  else  borne  on  a 
stalk,  called  the  Funiculus.    They  may  be  produced  along  the  whole 
length  of  the  cell,  or  only  at  some  part  of  it,  generally  either  at  the 
top  or  the  bottom.     In  the  former  case  they  are  apt  to  be  numerous ; 
in  the  latter,  they  may  be  few  or  single  (solitary,  Fig.  267-269). 
As  to  their  direction,  ovules  are  said  to  be 

)     Horizontal,  when   they  are  neither  turned  upwards  nor  down- 
wards, as  in  Fig.  252,  261 ; 

Ascending,  when  rising  obliquely  upwards,  usually  from  the  side 
of  the  cell,  not  from  its  very  base,  as  in  the  Buttercup  (Fig.  267), 

and  the  Purslane  (Fig.  214)  ; 

Erect,  when  rising  upright  from 
the  base  of  the  cell,  as  in  the  Buck- 
wheat (Fig.  268) ; 

Pendulous,  when    hanging  from 
towards   the  top,  as  in   the    Flax 
(Fig.  212);  and 
Suspended,  when  hanging  perpendicularly  from  the  very  sum- 
mit of  the  cell,  as  in  the  Anemone  (Fig.  269),  Dogwood,  &c.     All 
these  terms  equally  apply  to  seeds. 

324.  An  ovule  consists  of  a  pulpy  mass  of  tissue,  the  Nucleus  or 
kernel,  and  usually  of  one  or  two  coats.     In  the  nucleus  the  embryo 
is  formed,  and  the  coats  become  the  skin  or  coverings  of  the  seed. 
There  is  a  hole  (  Orifice  or  Foramen)  through  the  coats,  at  the  place 
which  answers  to  the  apex  of  the  ovule.     The  part  by  which  the 
ovule  is  attached  is  its  base  ;  the  point  of  attachment,  where  the  ripe 
seed  breaks  away  and  leaves  a  scar,  is  named  the  Hilum.     The 
place  where  the  coats  blend,  and  cohere  with  each  other  and  with  the 
nucleus,  is  named  the  Chalaza.     We  will  point  out  these  parts  in 
illustrating  the  four  principal  kinds  of  ovule.     These  are  not  difficult 
to  understand,  although  ovules  are  usually  so  small  that  a  good  mag- 
nifying-glass  is  needed  for  their  examination.    Moreover,  their  names, 
all  taken  from  the  Greek,  are  unfortunately  rather  formidable. 

325.  The  simplest  sort,  although  the  least  common,  is  what  is 
called  the 

Orthotropous,  or  straight  ovule.     The  Buckwheat  affords  a  good 

FIG.  267.    Section  of  the  ovary  of  a  Buttercup,  lengthwise,  showing  its  ascending  ovule. 
FIG.  QC8.     Section  of  the  ovary  of  Buckwheat,  showing  the  erect  ovule. 
FIG.  2C9.     Section  of  the  ovary  of  Anemone,  showing  its  suspended  ovule. 


LESSON  18.]  OVULES.  123 

instance  of  it :  it  is  shown  in  its  place  in  the  ovary  in  Fig.  268, 
also  detached  in  Fig.  270,  and  a  much  more  magnified  diagram  of  it 
in  Fig.  274.  In  this  kind,  the  orifice  (/)  is  at  the  top,  the  chalaza 
and  the  hilum  (c)  are  blended  at  the  base  or  point  of  attachment, 
which  is  at  the  opposite  end ;  and  the  axis  of  the  ovule  is  straight. 


If  such  an  ovule  were  to  grow  on  one  side  more  than  on  the  other, 
and  double  up,  or  have  its  top  pushed  round  as  it  enlarges,  it  would 
become  a 

Campylotropous  or  curved  ovule,  as  in  Cress  and  Chickweed  (Fig. 
271).  Here  the  base  remains  as  in  the  straight  kind,  but  its  apex 
with  the  orifice  is  brought  round  close  to  it.  —  Much  the  most  com- 
mon form  of  all  is  the 

Anatropous  or  inverted  ovule.  This  is  shown  in  Fig.  2G7,  and 
273  ;  also  a  much  enlarged  section  lengthwise,  or  diagram,  in  Fig. 
275.  To  understand  it,  we  have  only  to  suppose  the  first  sort  (Fig. 
270)  to  be  inverted  on  its  stalk,  or  rather  to  have  its  stalk  bent 
round,  applied  to  one  side  of  the  ovule  lengthwise,  and  to  grow  fast 
to  the  coat  down  to  near  the  orifice  (y')  ;  the  hilum,  therefore,  where 
the  seed-stalk  is  to  break  away  (^),  is  close  to  the  orifice ;  but  the 
chalaza  (c)  is  here  at  the  top  of  the  ovule  ;  between  it  and  the  hilum 
runs  a  ridge  or  cord,  called  the  Rhaphe  (?•),  which  is  simply  that  part 
of  the  stalk  which,  as  the  ovule  grew  and  turned  over,  adhered  to  its 
surface.  —  Lastly,  the 

Amphitropous  or  half-anatropous  ovule  (Fig.  272)  differs  from 
the  last  only  in  having  a  shorter  rhaphe,  ending  about  half-way 
between  the  chalaza  and  the  orifice.  So  the  hilum  or  attachment  is 
not  far  from  the  middle  of  one  side,  while  the  chalaza  is  at  one  end 
and  the  orifice  at  the  other. 

326.  The  internal  structure  of  the  ovule  is  sufficiently  displayed 
in  the  subjoined  diagrams,  representing  a  longitudinal  slice  of  two 

FIG.  270.  Orthotropous  ovule  of  Buckwheat :  c,  hilum  and  chalaza  ;  /,  orifice. 

FIG.  271.  Campylotropous  ovule  of  a  Chickweed  :  c,  hilum  and  chalaza  ;  /,  orifice. 

FIG.  272.  Amphitropous  ovule  of  Mallow  :  /,  orifice  ;  A,  hilum  ;  r,  rhaplio  ;  c,  chalaza. 

FIG.  273.  Anatropous  ovule  of  a  Violet;  the  parts  lettered  as  in  the  last. 


124 


THE    RECEPTACLE. 


[LESSON  19. 


ovules  ;  Fig.  274,  an  orthotropous,  Fig.  275,  an  anatropous  ovule. 
The  letters  correspond  in  the  two  ;  c,  the  chalaza  ;  f,  the  orifice ; 
r,  rhaphe  (of  which  there  is  of  course  none  in  Fig.  274) ;  />,  the 
outer  coat,  called  primine  ;  s,  inner  coat,  called  secundine  ;  n,  nu- 
cleus or  kernel. 


LESSON   XIX. 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    RECEPTACLE. 

327.  THE  RECEPTACLE  (also  called  the  Torus)  is  the  axis,  or 
stem,  which  the  leaves  and  other  parts  of  the  blossom  are  attached 
to  (231).     It  is  commonly  small  and  short  (as  in  Fig.  169) ;  but  it 
sometimes  occurs  in  more  conspicuous  and  remarkable  forms. 

328.  Occasionally  it  is  elongated,  as  in  some  plants  of  the  Caper 
family  (Fig.  276),  making  the  flower  really  look  like  a  branch,  hav- 
ing its  circles  of  leaves,  stamens,  &c.,  separated  by  long  spaces  or 
internodes. 

329.  The  Wild  Geranium  or  Cranesbill  has  the  receptacle  pro- 
longed above  and  between  the  insertion  of  the  pistils,  in  the  form 
of  a  slender  beak.     In  the  blossom,  and  until  the  fruit  is  ripe,  it 
is  concealed  by  the  five  pistils  united  around  it,  and  their  flat  styles 
covering  its  whole  surface  (Fig.  277).     But  at  maturity,  the  five 
small  and  one-seeded  fruits  separate,  and  so  do  their  styles,  from  the 
beak,  and  hang  suspended  from  the  summit.     They  split  off  elasti- 


LESSON  19.] 


THE    RECEPTACLE. 


125 


cally  from  the  receptacle,  curving  upwards  with  a  sudden  jerk,  whioh 
scatters  the  seed,  often  throwing  it  to  a  considerable  distance. 

330.  When  a  flower 
bears  a  great  many  pis- 
tils, its  receptacle  is  gen- 
erally enlarged  so  as  to 
give  them  room  ;  some- 
times becoming  broad 
and  flat,  as  in  the  Flow- 
ering Raspberry,  some- 
times elongated,  as  in 
the  Blackberry,  the  Mag- 
nolia, &c.  It  is  the  re- 
ceptacle in  the  Straw- 
berry (Fig.  279),  much 

enlarged  and  pulpy  when  ripe,  which  forms  the  eatable  part  of  the 
fruit,  and  bears  the  small  seed-like  pistils  on  its 
surface.  In  the  Rose  (Fig.  280),  instead  of  being 
convex  or  conical,  the  receptacle  is  deeply  con- 
cave, or  urn-shaped.  Indeed,  a  Rose-hip  may  be 
likened  to  a  strawberry  turned  inside  out,  like 
the  finger  of  a  glove  reversed,  and  the  whole 
covered  by  the  adherent  tube  of  the  calyx,  which 
remains  beneath  in  the  strawberry. 

331.  A  Disk  is  a  part  of  the  re- 
ceptacle, or  a  growth  from  it,  en- 
larged under  or  around  the  pistil. 
It  is  hypogynous  (269),  when  free 
from  all  union  either  with  the  pistil 
or  the  calyx,  as  in  the  Rue  and  the 
Orange  (Fig.  281).  It  is  perigy- 
nous  (270),  when  it  adheres  to  the 
base  of  the  calyx,  as  in  the  Bladder-nut  and  Buckthorn  (Fig.  282, 

FIG.  276.  Flower  of  Gynandropsis  ,  the  receptacle  enlarged  and  flattened  where  it  bears 
the  sepals  and  petals,  then  elongated  into  a  slender  stalk,  bearing  the  stamens  (in  appearance, 
but  they  are  monadelphous)  above  its  middle,  and  a  compound  ovary  on  its  summit. 

FIG.  277.    Young  fruit  of  the  common  Wild  Cranesbill. 

FIG.  278.  The  same,  ripe,  with  the  five  pistils  splitting  away  from  the  long  beak  or  recvp* 
tacle,  and  hanging  from  its  top  by  their  styles. 

FIG.  279.    Longitudinal  section  of  a  young  strawberry,  enlarged. 

FIG.  280.    Similar  section  of  a  young  Rose-hip. 

FIG.  281.    Pistil  of  the  Orange,  with  a  large  hypogynous  disk  at  its  base. 
11* 


126  THE  FRUIT.  [LESSON  20. 

283).  Often  it  adheres  both  to  the  calyx  and  to  the  ovary,  as  in 
New  Jersey  Tea,  the  Apple,  &c.,  consolidating  the  whole  together. 
In  such  cases  it  is  sometimes  carried  up  and  expanded  on  the  top  of 

the  ovary,  as  in  the  Parsley  and 
the  Ginseng  families,  when  it  is 
said  to  be  epigynous  (273). 

332.   In  Nelumbium,  —  a  large 
Water-Lily,  abounding  in  the  wa- 
288  283  ters  of  our  Western  States,  —  the 

singular  and  greatly  enlarged  receptacle  is  shaped  like  a  top,  and 
bears  the  small  pistils  immersed  in  separate  cavities  of  its  flat  upper 
surface  (Fig.  284). 


LESSON   XX. 

THE    FRUIT. 

333  THE  ripened  ovary,  with  its  contents,  becomes  the  Fruit. 
When  the  tube  of  the  calyx  adheres  to  the  ovary,  it  also  becomes 
a  part  of  the  fruit :  sometimes  it  even  forms  the  principal  bulk  of  it, 
as  in  the  apple  and  pear. 

334.  Some  fruits,  as  they  are  commonly  called,  are  not  fruits  at 
all  in  the  strict  botanical  sense.  A  strawberry,  for  example  (as 
we  have  just  seen,  330,  Fig.  282),  although  one  of  the  choicest  fruits 
in  the  common  acceptation,  is  only  an  enlarged  and  pulpy  receptacle, 
bearing  the  real  fruits  (that  is,  the  ripened  pistils)  scattered  over  its 

FIG.  282.     Flower  of  a  Buckthorn,  with  a  large  perigynous  disk.    283.  The  same,  divided. 
FIG.  284     Receptacle  of  Nelumbium,  in  fruit. 


LESSON  20.]  ITS    KINDS.  127 

surface,  and  too  small  to  be  much  noticed.  And  mulberries,  figs, 
and  pine-apples  are  masses  of  many  fruits  with  a  pulpy  flower-stalk, 
&c.  Passing  these  by  for  the  present,  let  us  now  consider  only 

335.  Simple  Fruits,    These  are  such  as  are  formed  by  the  ripening 
of  a  single  pistil,  whether  simple  (305)  or  compound  (311). 

336.  A  simple  fruit  consists,  then,  of  the  Seed-vessel  (technically 
called  the  Pericarp},  or  the  walls  of  the  ovary  matured,  and  the  seeds, 
contained  in  it.     Its  structure  is  generally  the  same  as  that  of  the 
ovary,  but  not  always  ;  because  certain  changes  may  take  place  after 
flowering.    The  commonest  change  is  the  obliteration  in  the  growing 
fruit  of  some  parts  which  existed  in  the  pistil  at  the  time  of  flowering. 
The  ovary  of  a  Horsechestnut,  for  instance,  has  three  cells  and  two 
ovules  in  each  cell ;  but  the  fruit  never  has  more  than  three  seeds, 
and  rarely  more  than  one  or  two,  and  only  as  many  cells.     Yet  the 
vestiges  of  the  seeds  that  have  not  matured,  and  of  the  wanting  cells 
of  the  pod,  may  always  be  detected  in  the  ripe  fruit.     This  oblitera- 
tion is  more  complete  in  the  Oak  and  Chestnut.     The  ovary  of  the 
first  likewise  has  three  cells,  that  of  the  second  six  or  seven  cells, 
each  with  two  ovules  hanging  from  the  summit.     We  might  there- 
fore expect  the  acorn  and  the  chestnut  to  have  as  many  cells,  and 
two  seeds  in  each  cell.     Whereas,  in  fact,  all  the  cells  and  all  the 
ovules  but  one  are  uniformly  obliterated  in  the  forming  fruit,  which 
thus  becomes  one-celled  and  one-seeded,  and  rarely  can  any  vestige 
be  found  of  the  missing  parts. 

337.  On  the  other  hand,  a  one-celled  ovary  sometimes  becomes 
several-celled  in  the  fruit  by  the  formation  of  false  partitions,  com- 
monly by  cross-partitions,  as  in  the  jointed  pod  of  the  Sea-Rocket 
and  the  Tick-Trefoil  (Fig.  304). 

338.  Their  Rinds,     In  defining  the  principal  kinds  of  simple  fruits 
which  have  particular  names,  we  may  classify  them,  in  the  first  place, 
into,  —  1.  Fleshy  Fruits-,   2.   Stone  Fruits;    and  3.   Dry  Fruits. 
The  first  and  second  are  of  course  indehiscent ;  that  is,  they  do  not 
split  open  when  ripe  to  discharge  the  seeds. 

339.  In  fleshy  fruits  the  whole  pericarp,  or  wall  of  the  ovary, 
thickens  and  becomes  soft  (fleshy,  juicy,  or  pulpy)  as  it  ripens.     Of 
this  the  leading  kind  is 

340.  The  Berry,  such  as  the  gooseberry  and  currant,  the  blueberry 
and  cranberry,  the  tomato,  and  the  grape.     Here  the  whole  flesh  is 
equally  soft  throughout.      The  orange  is  merely  a  berry  with  a 
leathery  rind. 


123  THE  FRUIT.  [LESSON  20. 

341.  The  PepO,  or  Gourd-fruit,  is  the  sort  of  berry  which  belongs 
to  the  Gourd  family,  mostly  with  a  hard  rind  and  the  inner  portion 
softer.     The  pumpkin,  squash,  cucumber,  and  melon  are  the  prin- 
cipal examples. 

342.  The  Pome  is  a  name  applied  to  the  apple,  pear,  and  quince  ; 
fleshy  fruits  like  a  berry,  but  the  principal  thickness  is  calyx,  only 
the  papery  pods  arranged  like  a  star  in  the  core  really  belonging  to 
the  pistil  itself  (333). 

343.  Secondly,  as  to  fruits  which  are  partly  fleshy  and  partly  hard, 
one  of  the  most  familiar  kinds  is 

344.  The  Drupe,  or  Stone-fruit ;  of  which  the  cherry,  plum,  and 

peach  (Fig.  285)  are  familiar  examples.  In 
this  the  outer  part  of  the  thickness  of  the 
pericarp  becomes  fleshy,  or  softens,  like  a 
berry,  while  the  inner  hardens,  like  a  nut. 
From  the  way  in  which  the  pistil  is  con- 
structed  (305),  it  is  evident  that  the  fleshy 
part  here  answers  to  the  lower,  and  the  stone 
to  the  upper,  side  of  the  leaf;  —  a  leaf  always 

consisting  of  two  layers  of  green  pulp,  an  upper  and  an  under  layer, 

which  are  considerably  different  (439). 

345.  Whenever  the  walls  of  a  fruit  are  separable  into  two  layers, 
the  outer  layer  is  called  the  Exocarp,  the  inner,  the  Endocarp  (from 
Greek  words  meaning  "outside  fruit"  and  "  inside  fruit").     But  in 
a  drupe  the  outer  portion,  being  fleshy,  is  likewise  called  Sarcocarp 
(which  means  "  fleshy  fruit"),  and  the  inner,  the  Putamen  or  stone. 
The  stone  of  a  peach,  and  the  like,  it  will  be  perceived,  belongs  to 
the  fruit,  not  to  the  seed.     When  the  walls  are  separable  into  three 
layers,  the  outer  layer  is  named  either  exocarp  or  Epicarp  ;  the 
middle  one  is  called  the  Mesocarp  (i.  e.  middle  fruit) ;  and  the  inner* 
most,  as  before,  the  Endocarp. 

346.  Thirdly,  in  dry  fruits  the  seed-vessel  remains  herbaceous  in 
texture,  or  becomes  thin  and  membranaceous,  or  else  it  hardens 
throughout.      Some  forms   remain  closed,  that  is,  are   indehiscent 
(338)  ;  others  are  dehiscent,  that  is,  split  open  at  maturity  in  some 
regular  way.     Of  indehiscent  or  closed  dry  fruits  the  principal  kinds 
are  the  following. 

347.  The  Aehenilim,  or  AJcene,  is  a  small,  one-seeded,  dry,  indehis- 

FIG.  285.    Longitudinal  section  of  a  peach,  showing  the  flesh,  the  stone,  and  the  seed. 


LESSON  20.] 


ITS    KINDS. 


129 


cent  fruit,  such,  as  is  popularly  taken  for  a  naked  seed :  but  it  is 
plainly  a  ripened  ovary,  and  shows  the  re- 
mains of  its  style  or  stigma,  or  the  place 
from  which  it  has 
fallen.  Of  this  sort 
are  the  fruits  of  the 
Buttercup  (Fig.  286, 

287),  the  Cinque-foil,  and  the  Strawberry  (Fig. 
279,  288) ;    that  is,  the  real  fruits,  botanically 
speaking,  of  the  latter,  which  are  taken  for  seeds, 
not  the  large  juicy  receptacle  on  the  surface  of 
which  they  rest  (330).     Here  the  akenes  are 
A~^____  :.:-.~-      simple  pistils  (305),  very  numerous  in  the  same 
j[  ^p|r     flower,  and  forming  a  head  of  such  fruits.     In 

the  Nettle,  Hemp,  &c.,  there  is  only  one  pistil  to 
each  blossom. 

348.  In  the  raspberry  and  blackberry,  each  grain 
is  a  similar  pistil,  like  that  of  the  strawberry  in  the 
flower,  but  ripening  into  a  miniature  stone-fruit,  or 
drupe.      So   that   in    the   strawberry   we    eat    the 
receptacle,  or  end  of  the  flower-stalk ;  in  the  rasp- 
berry, a  cluster  of  stone-fruits,  like  cherries  on  a 
very  small  scale ;  and  in  the  blackberry,  both  a  juicy 
receptacle  and  a  cluster  of  stone-fruits  covering  it 
(Fig.  289,  290). 

349.  The  fruit  of  the  Composite  family  is  also 
an  achenium.     Here   the  surface  of  the  ovary  is 
covered  by  an   adherent  calyx-tube,  as  is  evident 
from  the  position  of  the  corolla,  apparently  standing 
on  its  summit  (321,  and  Fig.  220,  a).    Sometimes  tho 
limb  or  divisions  of  the  calyx  are  entirely  wanting, 

as  in  Mayweed  (Fig.  291)  and  Whiteweed.  Sometimes  the  limb 
of  the  calyx  forms  a  crown  or  cup  on  the  top  of  the  achenium,  as  in 
Succory  (Fig.  292);  in  Coreopsis,  it  often  takes  the  form  of  two 
blunt  teeth  or  scales  ;  in  the  Sunflower  (Fig.  293),  it  consists  of  two 


FIG.  286.     Achenium  of  Buttercup.    287.  Same^put  through,  to  show  the  seed  within. 

FIG.  288.     Slice  of  a  part  of  a  ripe  strawberry,  enlarged  ;  some  of  the  achenia  shown  cut 
through. 

FIG.  289.     Slice  of  a  part  of  a  blackberry.    299    One  of  the  grains  or  drupes  divided,  more 
enlarged  ;  showing  the  flesh,  the  stone,  and  the  seed,  as  in  Fig.  285. 
S&F— 7 


130 


THE    FRUIT. 


[LESSON  20. 


thin  scales  which  fall  off  at  the  touch  ;  in  the  Sneezeweed,  of  about 
five  very  thin  scales,  which  look  more  like  a  calyx  (Fig.  294)  ;  and 
in  the  Thistle,  Aster,  Sow-Thistle  (Fig.  295),  and  hundreds  of  others, 
it  is  cut  up  into  a  tuft  of  fine  bristles  or  hairs.  This  is  called  the 
Pappus  ;  —  a  name  which  properly  means  the  down  like  that  of  the 
Thistle ;  but  it  is  applied  to  all  these  forms, 
and  to  every  other  under  which  the  limb  of  the 
calyx  of  the  "  compound  flowers  "  appears.  In 
Lettuce,  Dandelion  (Fig.  296),  and  the  like, 
the  achenium  as  it  matures  tapers  upwards 
into  a  slender  beak,  like  a  stalk  to  the  pappus. 


350.  A  Utricle  is  the  same  as  an  achenium,  but  with  a  thin  and 
bladdery  loose  pericarp  ;  like  that  of  the  Goosefoot  or  Pigweed 
(Fig.  297).  When  ripe  it  bursts  open  irregularly  to 
discharge  the  seed  ;  or  sometimes  it  opens  by  a  circular 
line  all  round,  the  upper  part  falling  off  like  a  lid  ;  as  in 
the  Amaranth  (Fig.  298). 

351.  A  Caryopsis,  or  Grain,  differs  from  the  last  only 
in  the  seed  adhering  to  the  thin   pericarp 
throughout,  so  that  fruit  and  seed  are  in- 
corporated into  one  body;  as  in  wheat,  In- 
dian corn,  and  other  kinds  of  grain. 

352.  A  Nut  is  a  dry  and  indehiscent  fruit, 
commonly  one-celled  and  one-seeded,  with  a  hard,  crus- 
taceous,  or  bony  wall,  such  as  the  coconnut,  hazelnut, 
chestnut,  and  the  acorn  (Fig.  21,  299).      Here   the          299 
involucre,  in  the  form  of  a  cup  at  the  base,  is  called  the  Cupule.     In 
the  Chestnut  it  forms  the  bur ;  in  the  Hazel,  a  leafy  husk. 

FIG.  291.  Achenium  of  Mayweed  (no  pappus).  292.  That  of  Succory  (its  pappus  a  shal- 
low cup).  293.  Of  Sunflower  (pappus  of  two  deciduous  scales).  294.  Of  Sneezeweed  (Ilele- 
riiiim),  with  its  pappus  of  five  scales.  295V  Of  Sow-Thistle,  with  its  pappus  of  delicate  downy 
hairs.  300.  Of  the  Dandelion,  its  pappus  raised  on  a  long  heak. 

IG.  297.     Utricle  of  the  common  Pigweed  (Chenopodium  album). 

FIG.  298.    Utricle  (pyxis)  of  Amaranth,  opening  all  round  (circumcissile). 

FIG.  299.    Nut  (acorn)  of  the  Oak,  with  its  cup  (or  cupule). 


LESSON  20.] 


ITS    KINDS. 


131 


353.  A  Samara,  or  Key-fruit,  is  either  a  nut  or  an  achenium,  or  any 
other  indehiscent  fruit,  furnished  with  a  wing,  like  that  of  the  Maple 
(Fig.  1),  Ash  (Fig.  300),  and  Elm  (Fig.  301). 

354.  The  Capsule,  or  Pod,  is  the  general  name  for  dry  seed-vessels 
which  split  or  burst  open  at  maturity. 

But  several  sorts  of  pod  are  distin- 
guished by  particular  names.  Two  of 
them  belong  to  simple  pistils,  namely, 
the  Follicle  and  the  Legume. 

355.  The  Follicle  is  a  fruit  of  a  simple 
pistil  opening  along    the  inner  suture 
(S07).     The  pods  of  the  Poeony,  Col- 
umbine,     Larkspur,     Marsh-Marigold 
(Fig.  302),  and  Milkweed  are  of  this 
kind.     The  seam  along  which 

the  follicle  opens  answers  to 
the  edges  of  the  pistil-leaf 
(Fig.  251,  253). 

356.  The  Legume   or  true 
Pod,  like  the  Pea-pod   (Fig.      3C2 

303),  is  similar  to  the  follicle,  only  it  opens  by  the  outer  as  well  as 
the  inner  or  ventral  suture  (307),  that  is,  by  what  answers  to  the 
midrib  as  well  as  by  what  answers  to  the  united  margins  of  the  leaf. 
It  splits  therefore  into  two  pieces,  which  are  called  valves.  The  le- 
gume belongs  to  plants  of  the  Pulse  family,  which  are  accordingly 
termed  Leguminosce,  that  is,  leguminous  plants.  So  the  fruits  of  this 
family  keep  the  name  of  legume,  whatever  their  form,  and  whether 
they  open  or  not.  A  legume  divided  across  into  one-seeded  joints, 
which  separate  when  ripe,  as  in  Tick-Trefoil  (Fig.  304),  is  named  a 
Loment. 

357.  The  true  Capsule  is  the  pod  of  a  compound  pistil.     Like  the 
ovary  it  resulted  from,  it  may  be  one-celled,  or  it  may  have  as  many 
cells  as  tjiere  are  carpels  in  its  composition.     It  may  discharge  its 
seeds  through  chinks  or  pores,  as  in  the  Poppy,  or  burst  irregularly 
in  some  part,  as  in  Lobelia  and  the  Snapdragon  ;  but  commonly  it 
splits  open  (or  is  dehiscent)  lengthwise  into  regular  pieces,  called 
valves. 

FIG.  300.  Samara  or  key  of  the  White  Ash.     301.  Samara  of  the  American  Elm. 

FIG.  302.  Follicle  of  Al:irsh-.Marigold  (Caltha  palustris). 

FIG.  303.  Legume  of  a  Sweet  Pea,  opened. 

FIG.  304.  Loracnt  or  Jointed  legumio  of  Tick-Trefoil  (UexmoJiuuiJ. 


132 


THE    FRUIT. 


[LESSON  20. 


358.  Dehiscence  of  a  pod  resulting  from  a  compound  pistil,  when 
regular,  takes  place  in  one  of  two  principal  ways,  which  are  best 

shown  in  pods  of  two  or  three  cells.  Either  the  pod 
splits  open  down  the  middle  of  the  back  of  each  cell, 
when  the  dehiscence  is  loculicidal^  as  in  Fig.  305  ;  or 
it  splits  through  the  partitions,  after  which  each  cell 
generally  opens  at  its  inner  angle,  when  it 
is  septicidal,  as  in  Fig.  306.  These  names 
are  of  Latin  derivation,  the  first  meaning 
"  cutting  into  the  cells  " ;  the  second,  "  cut- 
ting through  the  partitions."  Of  the  first 
sort,  the  Lily  and  Iris  (Fig.  305)  are  good 
examples ;  of  the  second,  the  Rhododen- 
dron, Azalea,  and  St.  John's-wort.  From 
the  structure  of  the  pistil  (305-311)  the 
student  will  readily  see,  that  the  line  down 
the  back  of  each  cell  answers  to  the  dorsal  suture  of  the  carpel ;  so 
that  the  pod  opens  by  this  when  loculicidal,  while  it  separates  into 
its  component  carpels,  which  open  as  follicles,  when  septicidal. 
Some  pods  open  both  ways,  and  so  split  into  twice  as  many  valves 
as  the  carpels  of  which  they  are  formed. 

359.  In  loculicidal  dehiscence  the  valves  naturally  bear  the  par- 
titions on  their  middle ;  in  the  septicidal,  half  the  thickness  of  a 
partition  is  borne  on  the  margin  of  each  valve.     See  the  diagrams, 
Fig.  307-309.     A  variation  of  either  mode  sometimes  occurs,  as 


shown  in  the  diagram,  Fig.  309,  where  the  valves  break  away  from 
the  partitions.  This  is  called  septifragal  dehiscence  ;  and  may  be 
seen  in  the  Morning-Glory. 

360.  Three  remaining  sorts  of  pods  are  distinguished  by  proper 
names,  viz. :  — 

FIG.  305.     Capsule  of  Iris  (vrith  loculicidal  dehiscence),  below  cut  across. 

FIG.  306.     Pod  of  a  Marsh  St.  John's-wort,  with  septicidal  dehiscence. 

FIG.  307.     Diagram  of  septicidal ;  308,  of  loculicidal ;  and  309,  of  septifragal  dehiscence. 


LESSON  20.] 


MULTIPLE    FRUITS. 


133 


361.  The  Silique  (Fig.  310),  the  peculiar  pod  of  the  Mustard  fam- 
ily ;  which  is  two-celled  by  a  false  partition  stretched  across  between 
two  parietal  placentae.     It  generally  opens  by  two  valves 

from  below  upwards,  and  the  placentae  with  the  partition 
are  left  behind  when  the  valves  fall  off. 

362.  A  Silide  OF  Pouch  is  only  a  short  and  broad  silique, 
like  that  of  the  Shepherd's  Purse,  of  the  Candy-tuft,  &c. 

363.  The  Pyxis  is  a  pod  which  opens  by  a  circular  hori- 

zontal line,  the  upper  part  forming  a  lid,  as 
in  Purslane  (Fig.  311),  the  Plantain,  Hen- 
bane, &c.  In  these  the  dehiscence  extends 
all  round,  or  is  circumcissile.  So  it  does 
in  Fig.  298,  which  represents  a  sort  of  one- 
seeded  pyxis.  In  Jeffersonia  or  Twin-leaf,  the  line 
does  not  separate  quite  round,  but  leaves  a  portion 
to  form  a  hinge  to  the  lid. 

364.  Multiple  OF  Collective   Fruits  (334)   are,  properly  speaking, 
masses  of  fruits,  resulting  from  several  or  many  blossoms,  aggre- 
gated into  one  body.     The  pine-apple,  mulberry,  Osage-orange,  and 
the  fig,  are  fruits  of  this  kind.     This  latter  is  a  peculiar  form,  how- 
ever, being  to  a  mulberry  nearly  what  a  Rose-hip  is  to  a  strawberry 
(Fig.  279,  280),  namely,  with  a  hollow  receptacle  bearing  the  flowers 
concealed  inside ;  and  the  whole  eatable  part  is  this  pulpy  common 
receptacle,  or  hollow  thickened  flower-stalk. 

365.  A  Strobile,  or  Cone  (Fig.  314),  is  the  pe- 
culiar multiple  fruit  of  Pines,  Cypresses,  and 
the  like ;    hence   named   Coniferce,  viz.  cone- 
bearing  plants.    As  already  shown  (322),  these 
cones  are  made  of  open  pistils,  mostly  in  the 
form  of  flat   scales,   regularly  overlying   each 
other,  and  pressed  together  in  a  spike  or  head. 

Each  scale  bears  one  or  two  naked  seeds  on  its  inner  face.  When 
the  cone  is  ripe  and  dry,  the  scales  turn  back  or  diverge,  and  the 
seed  peels  off  and  falls,  generally  carrying  with  it  a  wing,  which  was 
a  part  of  the  lining  of  the  scale,  and  which  facilitates  the  dispersion 
of  the  seeds  by  the  wind  (Fig.  312,  313).  In  Arbor- Vitae,  the  scales 

FIG.  310.     Silique  of  Spring  Cress  (Cardamine  rhomboidea),  opening. 
FIG.  311.     The  pyxis,  or  pod,  of  the  common  Purslane 

FIG.  312.     Inside  view  of  a  scale  from  the  cone  of  Pitch-Pine  ;  with  one  of  the  seeda 
(Fig.  313)  detached  ;  the  other  in  its  place  on  the  scale. 

12 


134  THE  SEED.  [LESSON  21. 

of  the  small  cone  are  few,  and  not  very  unlike  the  leaves  (Fig.  2G5). 
In  Cypress  they  are  very  thick  at  the  top  and  narrow  at  the  base,  so 
as  to  make  a  peculiar  sort  of  closed  cone.  In  Juniper  and  Red  Ce- 
dar, the  few  scales  of  the  very  small  cone  become  fleshy,  and  ripen 
into  a  fruit  which  might  be  taken  for  a  berry. 


LESSON   XXI. 

THE    SEED. 

366.  THE  ovules  (323),  when  they  have  an  embryo  (or  unde- 
veloped plantlet,  16)  formed  in  them,  become  seeds. 

367.  The  Seed,  like  the  ovule  from  which  it  originates,  consists 
of  its  coats,  or  integuments,  and  a  kernel. 

368.  The  Seed-COatS  are  commonly  two  (324),  the  outer  and  the 

inner.  Fig.  315  shows  the  two,  in  a  seed  cut  through 
lengthwise.  The  outer  coat  is  often  hard  or  crustaceous, 
whence  it  is  called  the  Testa,  or  shell  of  the  seed ;  the 
inner  is  thin  and  delicate. 

369.  The  shape  and  the  markings,  so  various  in  dif- 
ferent seeds,  depend  mostly  on  the  outer  coat.     Sometimes   it  fits 

FIG.  314.    Cone  of  Pitch-Pine  (Pinus  rigida). 

FIG.  315.    Seed  of  Basswood  cut  through  lengthwise :  a,  the  hilum  or  ecar  j  b,  the  outer 
ceat ;  c,  the  inner.;  </,  the  albumen  ;  c.  the  embryo. 


LESSON  21.] 


ITS    COATS    OR    COVERINGS. 


135 


the  kernel  closely  ;  sometimes  it  is  expanded  into  a  wing,  as  in  the 
Trumpet-Creeper  (Fig.  316),  and  occasionally  this  wing  is  cut  up 
into  shreds  or  tufts,  as  in  the  Catalpa ;  or  instead  of  a 
wing  it  may  bear  a  coma,  or  tuft  of  long  and  soft  hairs, 
such  as  we  find  in  the  Milkweed  or  Silkweed  (Fig.  317). 
The  object  of  wings  or  downy  tufts  is  to  render  the  seeds 
buoyant,  so  that  they  may  be  widely  dispersed  by  the 
winds.  This  is  clear,  not  only  from  their  evident  adap- 
tation to  this  purpose,  but  also  from  the  interesting  fact 
that  winged  and  tufted  seeds  are  found  only  in  fruits  that  split  open 
at  maturity,  never  in  those  that  remain  closed.  The  coat  of  some 
seeds  is  beset  with  long  hairs  or  wool.  Cotton,  one  of 
the  most  important  vegetable  products,  —  since  it  forms 
the  principal  clothing  of  the  larger  part  of  the  human 
race,  —  consists  of  the  long  and  woolly  hairs  which 
thickly  cover  the  whole  surface  of  the  seed.  Certain 
seeds  have  an  additional,  but  more  or  less  incomplete 
covering,  outside  of  the  real  seed-coats,  called  an 

370.  Aril,  OF  Arillus.  The  loose  and  transparent  bag 
which  encloses  the  seed  of  the  White  Water-Lily  (Fig. 
318)  is  of  this  kind.  So  is  the  mace  of  the  nutmeg;  and  also  the 
scarlet  pulp  around  the  seeds  of  the  Waxwork  (Celastrus) 
and  Strawberry -bush  (Euonymus),  so  ornamental  in  autumn, 
after  the  pods  burst.  The  aril  is  a  growth  from  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  seed-stalk,  or  the  placenta. 

371.  The  names  of  the  parts  of  the  seed  and  of  its  kinds 
are  the  same  as  in  the  ovule.  The  scar  left  where  the  seed- 
stalk  separates  is  called  c 
the  Hilum.  The  orifice 
of  the  ovule,  now  closed 
up,  and  showing  only  a 
small  point  or  mark,  is 
named  the  Micropyk.  The  terms  orthotropous,  anatropous^  &c. 

FIG.  316.  A  winged  seed  of  the  Trumpet -Creeper. 

FIG.  317.  Seed  of  Milkweed,  with  a  coma  or  tuft  6T  long  silky  hairs  at  one  end. 

FIG.  318.  Seed  of  White  Water-Lily,  enclosed  in  its  aril. 

FIG.  319.  Seed  of  a  Violet  (anatropous) :  a,  liilum  ;  b,  rhaphe;  c,  chalaza. 

FIG.  320.  Seed  of  a  Larkspur  (also  anatropous) ;  the  parts  lettered  as  in  the  last. 

FIG.  321.  The  snme.  cut  through  lengthwise:  a,  the  liilum;  c,  chalaza  ;  d,  outer  seed- 
coat  ;  e,  inner  seed-coat ;  /,  the  albumen  ;  ^,  the  minute  embryo. 

FIG.  332.  Seed  of  a  St.  John's- wort,  divided  lengthwise ;  here  the  whole  kernel  w 
embryo. 


136  THE  SEED.  [LESSON  21. 

apply  to  seeds  just  as  they  do  to  ovules  (325)  ;  and  so  do  those 
terms  which  express  the  direction  of  the  ovule  or  the  seed  in  the 
cell ;  such  as  erect,  ascending,  horizontal,  pendulous,  or  suspended 
(323)  :  therefore  it  is  not  necessary  to  explain  them  anew.  The 
accompanying  figures  (Fig.  319-322)  show  all  the  parts  of  the 
most  common  kind  of  seed,  namely,  the  anatropous. 

372.  The  Kernel,  or  Nucleus,  is  the  whole  body  of  the  seed  within  the 
coats.     In  many  seeds  the  kernel  is  all  Embryo  ;  in  others  a  large 
part  of  it  is  the  Albumen. 

373.  The  Albumen  of  the  seed  is  an  accumulation  of  nourishing 
matter  (starch,  &c.),  commonly  surrounding  the  embryo,  and  des- 
tined to  nourish  it  when  it  begins  to  grow,  as  was  explained  in  the 
earlier  Lessons  (30-32).     It  is  the  floury  part  of  wheat,  corn  (Fig. 
38,  39),  buckwheat,  and  the  like.     But  it  is  not  always  mealy  in 
texture.     In  Poppy-seeds  it  is  oily.     In  the  seeds  of  Paeony  and 
Barberry,  and  in  the  cocoanut,  it  is  fleshy  ;  in  coffee  it  is  corneous 
(that  is,  hard  and  tough,  like  horn) ;  in  the  Ivory  Palm  it  has  the 
hardness  as  well  as  the  general  appearance  of  ivory,  and  is  now 
largely  used  as  a  substitute  for  it  in  the  fabrication  of  small  objects. 
However  solid  its  texture,  the  albumen  always  softens  and  partly 
liquefies  during  germination  ;  when  a  considerable  portion  of  it  is 
transformed  into  sugar,  or  into  other  forms  of  fluid  nourishment,  on 
which  the  growing  embryo  may  feed. 

374.  The  Embryo,  or  Germ,  is  the  part  to  which  all  the  rest  of  the 
seed,  and  also  the  fruit  and  the  flower,  are  subservient.     When  the 
embryo  is  small  and  its  parts  little  developed,  the  albumen  is  the 
more  abundant,  and  makes  up  the  principal  bulk  of  the  seed,  as  in 
Fig.  30,  321,  325.     On  the  other  hand,  in  many  seeds  there  is  no 
albumen  at  all ;  but  the  strong  embryo  forms  the  whole  kernel ;  as 
in  the  Maple  (Fig.  2,  3),  Pumpkin  (Fig.  9),  Almond,  Plum,  and 
Apple  (Fig.  11,  12),  Beech  (Fig.  13),  and  the  like.     Then,  what- 
ever nourishment  is  needed  to  establish  the  plantlet  in  the  soil  is 
stored  up  in  the  body  of  the  embryo  itself,  mostly  in  its  seed-leaves. 
And  these  accordingly  often  become  very  large  and  thick,  as  in  the 
almond,  bean,  and  pea  (Fig.  1C,  19),  acorn  (Fig.  21),  chestnut,  and 
horsechestnut  (Fig.  23,  24).     Besides  these,  Fig.  25,  26,  30  to  37, 
43,  and  45  exhibit  various  common  forms  of  the  embryo ;  and  also 
some  of  the  ways  in  which  it  is   placed  in   the   albumen  ;    being 
sometimes  straight,  and  sometimes  variously  coiled  up  or  packed 
away. 


LESSON  21.]  THE    EMBRYO.  137 

375.  The  embryo,  being  a  rudimentary  plantlet,  ready  formed  in 
the  seed,  has  only  to  grow  and  develop  its  parts  to  become  a  young 
plant  (15).     Even  in  the  seed  these  parts  are  generally  distinguish- 
able, and  are  sometimes  very  conspicuous  ;  as  in  a  Pumpkin-seed,  for 
example  (Fig.  323,  324).     They  are,  first, 

376.  The  Radicle,  or  rudimentary  stemlet,  which  is  sometimes  long 
and  slender,  and  sometimes  very  short,  as  we  may  see  in  the  numer- 
ous figures  already  referred  to.    In  the  seed  it  always 

points  to  the  micropyle  (371),  or  what  answers  to  the 
foramen  of  the  ovule  (Fig.  325,  326).  As  to  its  po- 
sition in  the  fruit,  it  is  said  to  be  inferior  when  it  points 
to  the  base  of  the  pericarp,  superior  when  it  points  to 
its  summit,  &c.  The  base  or  free  end  of  the  radicle 
gives  rise  to  the  root ;  the  other  extremity  bears 

377.  The  Cotyledons  OF  Seed-Leaves,    With  these  in  various  forms  we 
have  already  become  familiar.     The  number  of 

cotyledons  has  also  been  explained  to  be  impor- 
tant (32,  33).  In  Corn  (Fig.  40),  and  in  all 
Grasses,  Lilies,  and  the  like,  we  have  a 

Monocotyledonous  embryo,  namely,  one  fur- 
nished with  only  a  single  cotyledon  or  seed-leaf.  —  Nearly  all  the 
rest  of  our  illustrations  exhibit  various  forms  of  the 

Dicotyledonous  embryo ;  namely,  with  a  pair  of  cotyledons  or  seed- 
leaves,  always  opposite  each  other.     In  the  Pine  family  we  find  a 

Polycotyledonous  embryo  (Fig.  45,  46) ;  that  is,  one  with  several, 
or  more  than  two,  seed-leaves,  arranged  in  a  circle  or  whorl. 

378.  The  Plumule  is  the  little  bud,  or  rudiment  of  the  next  leaf  or 
pair  of  leaves  after  the  seed-leaves.     It  appears  at  the  summit  of 
the  radicle,  between  the  cotyledons  when  there  is  a  pair  of  them, 
as  in  Fig.  324,  14,  24,  &c. ;  or  the  cotyledon  when  only  one  is 
wrapped  round  it,  as  in  Indian  Corn,  Fig.  40.     In  germination  the 
plumule  develops  upward,  to  form  the  ascending  trunk  or  stem  of 
the   plant,  while  the  other  end  of  the   radicle  grows  downward, 
and  becomes  the  root. 

FIG.  323.  Embryo  of  the  Pumpkin,  seen  flatwise.  324.  Same  cut  through  and  viewed 
edgewise,  enlarged  ;  the  small  plumule  seen  between  the  cotyledons  at  their  base. 

FIG.  325.  Seed  of  a  Violet  (Fig.  319)  cut  through,  showing  the  embryo  in  the  section, 
edgewise ;  being  an  anatropova  seed,  the  radicle  of  the  straight  embryo  points  down  to  the 
base  near  the  liilum. 

FIG.  326.  Similar  section  of  the  orthotropous  seed  of  Buckwheat.  Here  the  radicle  points 
directly  away  from  the  liilum,  and  to  the  apex  of  the  seed ;  also  the  thin  cotyledons  happen 
in  this  plant  to  be  bent  round  into  the  same  direction. 

12* 


138  HOW   PLANTS    GROW.  [LESSON  22. 

379.  This  completes  the  circle,  and  brings  our  vegetable  history- 
round  to  its  starting-point  in  the  Second  Lesson  ;  namely,  The 
Growth  of  the  Plant  from  the  Seed. 


LESSON   XXII. 

HOW    PLANTS    GROW. 

380.  A  PLANT  grows  from  the  seed,  and  from  a  tiny  embryo,  like 
that  of  the  Maple  (Fig.  327),  becomes  perhaps  a  large  tree,  pro- 
ducing every  year  a  crop  of  seeds,  to  grow  in  their  turn  in  the  same 
way.     But  how  does  the  plant  grow  ?     A  little  seedling,  weighing 
only  two  or  three  grains,  often  doubles  its  weight  every  week  of  its 
early  growth,  and  in  time  may  develop  into  a  huge  bulk,  of  many 
tons'  weight  of  vegetable  matter.     How  is  this  done  ?    What  is  vege- 
table matter  ?     Where  did  it  all  come  from  ?     And  by  what  means 
is  it  increased  and  accumulated  in  plants  ?     Such  questions  as  these 
will  now  naturally  arise  in  any  inquiring  mind  ;  and  we  must  try  to 
answer  them. 

381.  Growth  is  the  increase  of  a  living  thing  in  size  and  substance. 
It  appears  so  natural  to  us  that  plants  and  animals  should  grow,  that 
people  rarely  think  of  it  as  requiring  any  explanation.     They  say 
that  a  thing  is  so  because  it  grew  so.     Still  we  wish  to  know  how 
the  growth  takes  place. 

382.  Now,  in  the  foregoing  Lessons  we  explained  the  whole  struc- 
ture of  the  plant,  with  all  its  organs,  by  beginning  with  the  seedling 
plantlet,  and  following  it  onward  in  its  development   through  the 

FIG.  327.    Germinating  embryo  of  a  MapU. 


LESSON  22.]  FORMATION    OF   THE    EMBRYO. 


139 


whole  course  of  vegetation  (12,  &c.).  So,  in  attempting  to  learn 
how  this  growth  took  place,  it  will  be  best  to  adopt  the  same  plan, 
and  to  commence  with  the  commencement,  that  is,  with  the  first 
formation  of  a  plant.  This  may  seem  not  so  easy,  because  we  have 
to  begin  with  parts  too  small  to  be  seen  without  a  good  microscope, 
and  requiring  much  skill  to  dissect  and  exhibit.  But  it  is  by  no 
means  difficult  to  describe  them ;  and  with  the  aid  of  a  few  figures 
we  may  hope  to  make  the  whole  mat- 
ter clear. 

383.  The  embryo  in  the  ripe  seed 
is  already  a  plant  in  miniature,  as  we 
have  learned  in  the  Second,  Third, 
and  Twenty-first  Lessons.     It  is  al- 
ready provided  with  stem  and  leaves. 
To  learn  how  the  plant  began,  there- 
fore, we  must  go  back  to  an  earlier 
period  still ;   namely,  to  the  forma- 
tion and 

384.  Growth  of  the  Embryo  itself. 

For  this  purpose  we  return  to  the 
ovule  in  the  pistil  of  the  flower  (323). 
During  or  soon  after  blossoming,  a 
cavity  appears  in  the  kernel  or  nu- 
cleus of  the  ovule  (Fig.  274,  o),  lined 
with  a  delicate  membrane,  and  so 
forming  a  closed  sac,  named  the 
embryo-sac  (s).  In  this  sac-  or  cav- 
ity, at  its  upper  end  (viz.  at  the 
end  next  the  orifice  of  the  ovule), 
appears  a  roundish  little  vesicle  or 
bladder-like  body  (v),  perhaps  less 
than  one  thousandth  of  an  inch  in 

diameter.  This  is  the  embryo,  or  rudimentary  new  plant,  at  its 
very  beginning.  But  this  vesicle  never  becomes  anything  more 
than  a  grain  of  soft  pulp,  unless  the  ovule  has  been  acted  upon  by 
the  pollen. 

FIG.  328.  Magnified  pistil  of  Buckwheat ;  the  ovary  and  ovule  divided  lengthwise  :  some 
pollen  on  the  stigmas,  one  grain  distinctly  showing  its  tube,  which  penetrates  the  style,  re- 
appears in  the  cavity  of  the  ovary,  enters  the  mouth  of  the  ovule  (o),  and  reaches  the  sur- 
faco  of  the  embryo-sac  (*),  near  tho  embryonal  vesicle  (»). 


140 


HOW   PLANTS    GROW. 


[LESSON  22. 


385.  The  pollen  (297)  which  falls  upon  the  stigma  grows  there 
in  a  peculiar  way  :  its  delicate  inner  coat  extends  into  a  tube  (the 
pollen-tube),  which  sinks  into  the  loose  tissue  of  the  stigma  and 
the  interior  of  the  style,  something  as  the  root  of  a  seedling 
sinks  into  the  loose  soil,  reaches  the  cavity  of  the  ovary,  and  at 
length  penetrates  the  orifice  of  an  ovule.  The  point  of  the  pollen- 
tube  reaches  the  surface  of  the  embryo-sac,  and  in 
some  unexplained  way  causes  a  particle  of  soft  pulpy 
or  mucilaginous  matter  (Fig.  328)  to  form  a  mem- 
branous coat  and  to  expand  into  a  vesicle,  which  is 
the  germ  of  the  embryo. 

386.  This  vesicle  (shown  detached  and  more  mag- 
nified in  Fig.  329)  is  a  specimen  of  what  botanists  call 
a  Cell.     Its  wall  of  very  delicate  membrane  encloses  a 
mucilaginous  liquid,  in  which  there  are  often   some 
minute    grains,  and   commonly  a   larger   soft    mass 
(called  its  nucleus). 

387.  Growth  takes  place  by  this  vesicle  or  cell, 
after  enlarging  to  a  certain  size,  dividing  by  the  for- 
mation of  a  cross  partition  into  two  such  cells,  co- 
hering together  (Fig.  330)  ;    one  of  these   into  two 
more  (Fig.   331);   and   these  repeating   the  process 
by  partitions  formed  in  both  directions  (Fig.  332) ; 
forming  a  cluster  or  mass  of  cells,  essentially  like  the 

first,  and  all  proceeding  from  it.  After  increasing  in  number  for 
some  time  in  this  way,  333 
and  by  a  continuation  of 
the  same  process,  the  em- 
bryo  begins  to  shape  it- 
self; the  upper  end  forms 
the  radicle  or  root-end, 
while  the  other  end  shows  a  notch  between  two  lobes  (Fig.  333), 
these  lobes  become  the  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves,  and  the  embryo 
as  it  exists  in  the  seed  is  at  length  completed  (Fig.  336) 

FIG.  329.  Vesicle  or  first  cell  of  the  embryo,  with  a  portion  of  the  summit  of  the  embryo- 
flac,  detached.  330.  Same,  more  advanced,  divided  into  two  cells.  331.  Same,  a  little  far- 
ther advanced,  consisting  of  three  cells.  332.  Same,  still  more  advanced,  consisting  of  a 
little  mass  of  young  cells. 

FIG.  333.  Forming  embryo  of  Buckwheat,  moderately  magnified,  showing  a  nick  at  the 
end  where  the  cotyledons  are  to  be.  334.  Same,  more  advanced  in  growth.  335.  Same, 
nil!  farther  advanced.  33fi.  The  completed  embryo,  displayed  and  straightened  out;  the 
same  as  shown  in  a  section  when  folded  together  in  Fig.  326. 


LESSON  22.]  GROWTH    OF    THE    PLANTLET.  141 

388.  The  Growth  Of  the  Planllct  when  it  springs  from  the  seed  is 
only  a  continuation  of  the  same  process.     The  bladder-like  cells  of 
which  the   embryo  consists   multiply  in  number  by  the  repeated 
division  of  each  cell  into  two.     And  the  plantlet  is  merely  the  ag- 
gregation of  a  vastly  larger  number  of  these  cells.     This  may  be 
clearly  ascertained  by  magnifying  any  part  of  a  young  plantlet.    The 
young  root,  being  more  transparent 

than  the  rest,  answers  the  purpose 
best.  Fig.  56,  on  page  30,  repre- 
sents the  end  of  the  rootlet  of  Fig. 
55,  magnified  enough  to  show  the 
cells  that  form  the  surface.  Fig. 
337  and  338  are  two  small  bits  of 
the  surface  more  highly  magnified, 
showing  the  cells  still  larger.  And 
if  we  make  a  thin  slice  through  the 
young  root  both  lengthwise  and 
crosswise,  and  view  it  under  a  good 
microscope  (Fig.  340),  we  may  per- 
ceive that  the  whole  interior  is  made  up  of  just  such  cells.  It  is 
the  same  with  the  young  stem  and  the  leaves  (Fig.  355,  357). 
It  is  essentially  the  same  in  the  full-grown  herb  and  the  tree. 

389.  So  the  plant  is  an  aggregation  of  countless  millions  of  little 
vesicles,   or  cells  (Fig.   339),  as  they  are  called,  essentially   like 

the  cell  it  began  with  in  the  formation  of  the  embryo 
(Fig.  329)  ;  and  this  first  cell  is  the  foundation  of 
the  whole  structure,  or  the  ancestor  of  all  the  rest. 
And  a  plant  is  a  kind  of  structure  built  up  of  these 
individual  cells,  something  as  a  house  is  built  of 
bricks,  —  only  the  bricks  or  cells  are  not  brought  to  the  forming 
plant,  but  are  made  in  it  and  by  it ;  or,  to  give  a  better  comparison, 
the  plant  is  constructed  much  as  a  honeycomb  is  built  up  of  cells, 
—  only  the  plant  constructs  itself,  and  shapes  its  own  materials  into 
fitting  forms. 

390.  And  vegetable  growth  consists  of  two  things ; —  1st,  the  ex- 
pansion of  each  cell  until  it  gets  its  full  size  (which  is  commonly  not 
more  than  ^^  of  an  inch  in  diameter)  ;  and  2d,  the  multiplication 

FIG.  337.     Tissue  from  the  rootlet  of  a  seedling  Maple,  magnified,  showing  root-hairs. 
838.   A  small  portion,  more  magnified. 
FIG.  339.     A  regularly  twelye-sided  cell,  like  those  of  Fig.  340,  detached. 


142 


VEGETABLE    FABRIC. 


[LESSON  23. 


of  the  cells  in  number.     It  is  by  the  latter,  of  course,  that  the  prin- 
cipal increase  of  plants  in  bulk  takes  place. 


LESSON   XXIII. 


VEGETABLE    FABRIC  :     CELLULAR    TISSUE. 

391.  Organic  Structure,     A  mineral  —  such  as  a  crystal  of  spar,  or 
a  piece  of  marble  —  may  be  divided  into  smaller  and  still  smaller 
pieces,  and  yet  the  minutest  portion  that  can  be  seen  with  the  mi- 
croscope will  have  all  the  characters  of  the  larger  body,  and  be 
capable  of  still  further  subdivision,  if  we  had  the  means  of  doing  it, 
into  just  such  particles,  only  of  smaller  size.     A  plant  may  also  be 
divided  into  a  number  of  similar  parts :  first  into  branches  ;  then 
each  branch  or  stem,  into  joints  or  similar  parts  (34),  each  with  its 
leaf  or  pair  of  leaves.     But  if  we  divide  these  into  pieces,  the  pieces 
are  not  all  alike,  nor  have  they  separately  the  properties  of  the 
whole  ;  they  are  not  whole  things,  but  fragments  or  slices. 

392.  If  now,  under  the  microscope,  we  subdivide  a  leaf,  or  a  piece 
of  stem  or  root,  we  come  down  in  the  same  way  to  the  set  of  similar 
things  it  is  made  of,  —  to  cavities  with  closed  walls,  —  to  Cells,  as  we 
call  them  (386),  essentially  the  same  everywhere,  however  they  may 
vary  in  shape.     These  are  the  units,  or  the  elements  of  which  every 
part  consists ;  and  it  is  their  growth  and  their  multiplication  which 

FIG.  340.    Magnified  v'ew,  or  diagram,  of  some  perfectly  regular  cellular  tissue,  formed  of 
Cwolvc-sidcd  cells,  cut  crosswise  and  lengthwise. 


LESSON  23.]  CELLULAR    TISSUE.  143 

make  the  growth  of  the  plant,  as  was  shown  in  the  last  Lesson. 
We  cannot  divide  them  into  similar  smaller  parts  having  the  prop- 
erties of  the  whole,  as  we  may  any  mineral  body.  We  may  cut 
them  in  pieces ;  but  the  pieces  are  only  mutilated  parts  of  a  cell. 
This  is  a  peculiarity  of  organic  things  (2,  3)  :  it  is  organic  structure. 
Being  composed  of  cells,  the  main  structure  of  plants  is  called 

393.  Cellular  Tissue.     The  cells,  as  they  multiply,  build  up  the 
tissues  or  fabric  of  the  plant,  which,  as  we  have  said  (389),  may  be 
likened  to  a  wall  or  an  edifice  built  of  bricks,  or  still  better  to  a 
honeycomb  composed  of  ranges  of  cells  (Fig.  340). 

394.  The  walls  of  the  cells  are  united  where  they  touch  each 
other ;   and  so  the    partition  appears  to  be  a  simple   membrane, 
although  it  is  really  double  ;  as  may  be  shown  by  boiling  the  tissue 
a  few  minutes  and  then  pulling  the  parts  asunder.    And  in  soft  fruits 
the  cells  separate  in  ripening,  although  they  were  perfectly  united 
into  a  tissue,  when  green,  like  that  of  Fig.  340. 

395.  In  that  figure  the  cells  fit  together  perfectly,  leaving  no 
interstices,  except   a  very  small   space   at   some  of   the   corners. 
But  in  most  leaves,  the  cells  are  loosely  heaped  together,  leaving 
spaces  or  passages  of  all  sizes  (Fig.  356) ;  and  in  the  leaves  and 
stems  of  aquatic  and  marsh  plants,  in  particular,  the  cells  are  built 
up  into  narrow  partitions,  which  form  the  sides  of  large  and  regular 
canals  or  passages  (as  shown  in  Fig.  341).     These  passages  form 
the  holes  or  cavities  so  conspicuous  on  cutting  across  any  of  these 
plants,  and  which  are  always  filled  with  air.     They  may  be  likened 
to  a  stack  of  chimneys,  built  up  of  cells  in  place  of  bricks. 

396.  When  small  and  irregular,  the  interstices  are  called  inter- 
cellular spaces  (that  is,  spaces  between  the  cells).     When  large  and 
regular,  they  are  named  intercellular  passages  or  air-passages. 

397.  It  will  be  noticed  that  in  slices  of  the  root,  stem,  or  any  tissue 
where  the  cells  are  not  partly  separate,  the  boundaries  of  the  cells 
are  usually  more  or  less  six-sided,  like  the  cells  of  a  honeycomb ; 
and  this  is  apt  to  be  the  case  in  whatever  direction  the  slice  is  made, 
whether  crosswise,  lengthwise,  or  obliquely.     The  reason  of  this  is 
easy  to  see.     The  natural  figure  of  the  cell  is  globular.     Cells  which 
are  not  pressed   upon  by  others  are  generally  round  or  roundish 
(except  when  they  grow  in  some  particular  direction),  as  we  see  in 
the  green  pulp  of  many  leaves.     When  a  quantity  of  spheres  (such, 
for  instance,  as  a  pile  of  cannon-balls)  are  heaped  up,  each  one  in  the 
interior  of  the  heap  is  touched  by  twelve  others.     If  the  spheres  be 


144  VEGETABLE    FABRIC.  [LESSON  23. 

soft  and  yielding,  as  young  cells  are,  when  pressed  together  they  will 
become  twelve-sided,  like  that  in  Fig.  339.  And  a  section  in  any 
direction  will  be  six-sided,  as  are  the  meshes  in  Fig.  340. 

398.  The  size  of  the  common  cells  of  plants  varies  from  about 
the  thirtieth  to  the  thousandth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.     An  ordinary 
size  is  from  -5^  to  3^  of  an  inch  ;  so  that  there  may  generally  be 
from  27  to  125  millions  of  cells  in  the  compass  of  a  cubic  inch  ! 

399.  Now  when  it  is  remembered  that  many  stems  shoot  up  at 
the  rate  of  an  inch  or  two  a  day,  and  sometimes  of  three  or  four 
inches,  knowing  the  size  of  the  cells,  we  may  form  some  conception 
of  the  rapidity  of  their  formation.     The  giant  Puff-ball  has  been 
known  to  enlarge  from  an  inch  or  so  to  nearly  a  foot  in  diameter 
in  a  single  night ;  but  much  of  this  is  probably  owing  to  expansion. 
"We  take  therefore  a  more  decisive,  but  equally  extraordinary  case, 
in  the  huge  flowering  stem  of  the  Century-Plant,     After  waiting 
many  years,  or  even  for  a  century,  to  gather  strength  and  materials 
for  the  effort,  Century-Plants  in  our  conservatories  send  up  a  flow- 
ering stalk,  which  grows  day  after  day  at  the  rate  of  a  foot  in  twenty- 
four  hours,  and  becomes  about  six  inches  in  diameter.     This,  sup- 
posing the  cells  to  average  ^^  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  requires  the 
formation  of  over  twenty  thousand  millions  of  cells  in  a  day ! 

400.  The  walls  of  the  cells  are  almost  always  colorless.     The 
green  color  of  leaves  and  young  bark,  and  all  the  brilliant  hues  of 
flowers,  are  due  to  the  contents  of  the  cells,  seen  through  their  more 
or  less  transparent  walls. 

401.  At  first  the  walls  are  always  very  thin.     In  all  soft  parts 
they  remain  so ;  but  in  other  cases  they  thicken  on  the  inside  and 
harden,  as  we  see  in  the  stone  of  stone-fruits,  and  in  all  hard  wood 
(Fig.  345)      Sometimes  this  thickening  continues  until  the  cell  is 
nearly  filled  up  solid. 

402.  The  walls  of  cells  are  perfectly  closed  and  whole,  at  least  in 
all  young  and  living  cells.     Those  with  thickened  walls  have  thin 
places,  indeed ;  but  there  are  no  holes  opening  from  one  cell  into 
another.     And  yet  through  these  closed  cells  the  sap  and  all  the 
juices  are  conveyed  from  one  end  of  the  plant  to  the  other. 

403.  Vegetable  cells  may  vary  widely  in  shape,  particularly  when 
not  combined  into  a  tissue  or  solid  fabric.     The  hairs  of  plants,  for 
example,  are  cells  drawn  out  into  tubes,  or  are  composed  of  a  row 
of  cells,  growing  on  the  surface.    Cotton  consists  of  simple  long  hairs 
M  the  coat  of  the  seed ;  and  these  hairs  are  single  cells.    The  hair- 


LESSON  24.]  WOOD.  145 

like  bodies  which  abound  on  young  roots  are  very  slender  projec- 
tions of  some  of  the  superficial  cells,  as  is  seen  in  Fig.  337.  Even 
the  fibres  of  wood,  and  what  are  called  vessels  in  plants,  are  only 
peculiar  forms  or  transformations  of  cells. 


LESSON   XXIV. 

VEGETABLE    FABRIC  :     WOOD. 

404.  CELLULAR  TISSUE,  such  as  described  in  the  last  Lesson, 
makes  up  the  whole  structure  of  all  very  young  plants,  and  the 
whole  of  Mosses  and  other  vegetables  of  the  lowest  grade,  even 
when  full  grown.     But  this  fabric  is  too  tender  or  too  brittle  to 
give  needful  strength  and  toughness  for  plants  which  are  to  rise  to 
any  considerable  height  and  support  themselves.     So  all  such  plants 
have  also  in  their  composition  more  or  less  of 

405.  Wood,     This  is  found  in  all  common  herbs,  as  well  as  in 
shrubs  and  trees  ;  only  there  is  not  so  much  of  it  in  proportion  to 
the  softer  cellular  tissue.     It  is  formed  very  early  in  the  growth  of 
the  root,  stem,  and  leaves ;  traces  of  it  appearing  in  large  embryos 
even  while  yet  in  the  seed. 

406.  Wood  is  likewise  formed  of  cells,  —  of  cells  which  at  first 
are  just  like  those  that  form  the  soft  parts  of  plants.     But  early  in 
their  growth,  some  of  these  lengthen  and  at  the  same  time  thicken 
their  walls  ;  these  are  what  is  called  Woody  Fibre  or  Wood-  Cells  ; 
others  grow  to  a  greater  size,  have  thin  walls  with  various  markings 
upon  them,  and  often  run  together  end  to  end  so  as  to  form  pretty 

FIQ   341.   Part  of  a  slice  across  the  stem  of  the  Calla,  or  rather  Richardia  Africana,  magnified. 

13 


146 


TEGETABLE    FABRIC. 


[LESSON  24. 


large  tubes,  comparatively ;   these  are  called  Ducts,  or  sometimes 
Vessels.    Wood  almost  always  consists  of  both  woody  fibres  and  ducts, 

variously  intermingled,  and  combined 
into  bundles  or  threads  which  run 
lengthwise  through  the  root  and  stem, 
and  are  spread  out  to  form  the  frame- 
work of  the  leaves  (136).  In  trees 
and  shrubs  they  are  so  numerous  and 
crowded  together,  that  they  make  a 
6  solid  mass  of  wood.  In  herbs  they 
are  fewer,  and  often  scattered.  That 
is  all  the  difference. 

407.  The  porosity  of  some  kinds  of 
wood,  which  is  to  be  seen  by  the  naked 
eye,  as  in  mahogany  and  Oak-wood,  is 
owing  to  a  large  sort  of  ducts.  These 
generally  contain  air,  except  in  very 
6  young  parts,  and  in  the  spring  of  the 
year,  when  they  are  often  gorged  with 
sap,  as  we  see  in  a  wounded  Grape- 
vine, or  in  the  trunk  of  a  Sugar-Maple 
at  that  time.  But  in  woody  plants 
through  the  season,  the  sap  is  usually 
carried  up  from  the  roots  to  the  leaves 
by  the 

408.  Wood-Cells,  or  Woody  Fibre,  (Fig.  342-345.)  These  are 
small  tubes,  commonly  between  one  and  two  thousandths,  but  in 
Pine-wood  sometimes  two  or  three  hundredths,  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter. Those  from  the  tough  bark  of  the  Bass  wood,  shown  in  Fig. 

342,  are  only  the  fifteen-hundredth  of  an  inch  wide.     Those  of  But- 
ton wood  (Fig.  345)  are  larger,  and  are  here  highly  magnified  be- 
sides.    They  also  show  the  way  wood-cells  are  commonly  put  to- 
gether, namely,  with  their  tapering  ends  overlapping  each  other, — 
spliced  together,  as  it  were,  —  thus  giving  more  strength  and  tough- 
ness to  the  stem,  &c. 

FIG.  342.    Two  wood-cells  from  tlie  inner  or  fibrous  bark  of  the  Linden  or  Basswood. 

343.  Some  tissue  of  the  wood  of  the  same,  viz.  wood-cells,  and  below  («/)  a  portion  of  a 
spirally  marked  duct    344.  A  separate  wood-celt.     All  equally  magnified. 

FIG.  345.  Some  wood-cells  of  Buttonwood,  highly  magnified  :  a,  thin  spots  in  the 
walls,  looking  like  holes  j  on  the  right-hand  side,  where  the  walls  are  cut  through,  these 
(6)  aro  seen  in  profile. 


LESSON  24.] 


WOOD. 


147 


A 


409.  In  hard  woods,  such  as  Hickory,  Oak,  and  Button  wood  (Fig. 
345),  the  walls  of  these  tubes  are  very  thick,  as  well  as  dense  ;  while 
in  soft  woods,  such  as  White-Pine  and  Basswood,  they  are  pretty  thin. 

410.  Wood-cells,  like  other  cells  (at  least  when  young  and  living), 
have  no  openings  ;  each  has  its  own  cavity,  closed  and  independent. 
They  do  not  form  anything  like  a  set  of  pipes  opening  one  into  an- 
other, so  as  to  convey  an  unbroken  stream  of  sap  through  the  plant, 
in  the  way  people  generally  suppose.    The  contents  can  pass  from  one 
cell  to  another  only  by  getting  through  the  partitions  in  some  way  or 
other.     And  so  short  are  the  individual  wood- 
cells  generally,  that,  to  rise  a  foot  in  such  a  tree 

as  the  Basswood,  the  sap  has  to  pass  through 
about  two  thousand  partitions  ! 

411.  But  although  there  are  no  holes  (ex- 
cept by  breaking  away  when  old),  there  are 
plenty  of  thin  places,  which  look  like  perfora- 
tions; and  through  these  the  sap  is  readily  trans- 
ferred from  one  cell  to  another,  in  a  manner  to 
be  explained  further  on  (487).     Some  of  them 

are  exhibited  in  Fig.  345,  both  as  looked  directly  down  upon,  when 
they  appear  as  dots  or  holes,  and  in  profile  where  the  cells  are  cut 
through.  The  latter  view  shows  what  they  really  are,  namely,  very 
thin  places  in  the  thickness  of  the  wall ;  and  also  that  a  thin  place  in 
one  cell  exactly  corresponds  to  one  in  the  contiguous  wall  of  the  next 
cell.  In  the  wood  of  the  Pine  family,  these  thin  spots  are  much 
larger,  and  are  very  conspicuous  in  a  thin  slice  of  wood  under  the 
microscope  (Fig.  346,  347)  ;  —  forming  stamps  impressed  as  it  were 
upon  each  fibre  of  every  tree  of  this  great  family,  by  which  it  may 
be  known  even  in  the  smallest  fragment  of  its  wood. 

412.  Wood-cells   in  the   bark  are    generally  longer,  finer,  and 
tougher  than  those  of  the  proper  wood,  and  appear  more  like  fibres. 
For  example,  Fig.  344  represents  a  cell  of  the  wood  of  Basswood, 
of  average  length,  and  Fig.  342  one  (and  part  of  another)  of  the 
fibrous  bark,  both  drawn  to  the  same  scale.     As  these  long  cells 
form  the  principal  part  of  fibrous  bark,  or  bast,  they  are  named  Bast- 
cells  or  Bast-fibres.     These  give  the  great  toughness  to  the  inner 
bark  of  Basswood  (i.  e.  Bast-wood)  and  of  Leatherwood  ;  and  they 

FIG.  346.  A  bit  of  Pine-shaving,  highly  magnified,  showing  the  large  circular  thin  spots 
of  the  wall  of  the  wood-cells.  34T.  A  separate  wood-cell,  more  magnified,  the  varying  thick- 
ness of  the  wall  at  these  spots  showing  as  rings. 


148 


VEGETABLE    FABRIC. 


[LESSON  24. 


furnish  the  invaluable  fibres  of  flax  and  hemp ;  the  wood  of  the 
stem  being  tender,  brittle,  and  destroyed  by  the  processes  which 
separate  for  use  the  tough  and  slender  bast-cells. 

413.  Ducts  (Fig.  348-350)  are  larger  than  wood-cells,  some  of 
them  having  a  calibre  large  enough  to  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye, 

when  cut  across  (407),  although 
they  are  usually  much  too  small 
for  this.  They  are  either  long 
single  cells,  or  are  formed  of  a  row 
of  cells  placed  end  to  end.  Fig. 
349,  a  piece  of  a  large  dotted  duct, 
and  two  of  the  ducts  in  Fig.  350, 
show  this  by  their  joints,  which 
mark  the  boundaries  of  the  several 
cells  they  are  composed  of. 

414.  The  walls  of  ducts  under   the  microscope  display  various 
kinds  of  markings.     In  what  are  called 

Dotted  Ducts  (Fig.  348,  349),  which  are  the  commonest  and  the 
largest  of  all,  —  their  cut  ends  making  the  visible  porosity  of  Oak- 
wood,  —  the  whole  wall  is  apparently  riddled  with  holes  ;  but  until 
they  become  old,  these  are  only  thin  places. 

Spiral  Ducts,  or  Spiral  Vessels,  also  the  varieties  of  these  called 
Annular  or  Banded  Ducts  (Fig.  350),  are  marked  by  a  delicate  fibre 
spirally  coiled,  or  by  rings  or  bands,  thickening  the  wall.  In  the 
genuine  spiral  duct,  the  thread  may  be  uncoiled,  tearing  the  trans- 
parent wall  in  pieces  ;  —  as  may  be  seen  by  breaking  most  young 
shoots,  or  the  leaves  of  Strawberry  or  Amaryllis,  and  pulling  the 
broken  ends  gently  asunder,  uncoiling  these  gossamer  threads  in 
abundance.  In  Fig.  355,  some  of  these  various  sorts  of  ducts  or 
vessels  are  shown  in  their  place  in  the  wood. 

415.  Milk-  Vessels,   Turpentine-  Vessels,   Oil- Receptacles,   and   the 
like,  are  generally  canals  or  cavities  formed  between  or  among  the 
cells,  and  filled  with  the  particular  products  of  the  plant. 

FIG.  348.  Part  of  a  dotted  duct  from  a  Grape-vine.  349.  A  similar  one,  evidently  com- 
posed of  a  row  of  cells.  350.  Part  of  a  bundle  of  spiral  and  annular  ducta  from  the  stem 
of  Polygonum  orientale,  or  Princes'  Feather.  All  highly  magnified. 


LESSON  25.]  ANATOMY    OF   THE    ROOT.  149 

LESSON   XXV. 

ANATOMY  OF  THE  ROOT,  STEM,  AND  LEAVES. 

416.  HAVING  in  the  last  preceding  Lessons  learned  what  the 
materials  of  the  vegetable  fabric  are,  we  may  now  briefly  consider 
how  they  are  put  together,  and  how  they  act  in  carrying  on  the 
plant's  operations. 

417.  The  root  and  the  stem  are  so  much  alike  in  their  internal 
structure,  that  a  description  of  the  anatomy  of  the  latter  will  answer 
for  the  former  also. 

418.  The  Structure  Of  the  Rootlets,  however,  or  the  tip  of  the  root, 
demands  a  moment's  attention.     The  tip  of  the  root  is  the  newest 
part,  and  is  constantly  renewing  itself  so  long  as  the  plant  is  active 
(67).    It  is  shown  magnified  in  Fig.  56,  and  is  the  same  in  all  rootlets 
as  in  the  first  root  of  the  seedling.     The  new  roots,  or  their  new 
parts,  are  mainly  concerned  in  imbibing  moisture  from  the  ground  ; 
and  the  newer  they  are,  the  more  actively  do  they  absorb.     The  ab- 
sorbing ends  of  roots  are  entirely  composed  of  soft,  new,  and  very 
thin-walled  cellular  tissue ;  it  is  only  farther  back  that  some  wood- 
cells  and  ducts  are  found.     The  moisture  (and  probably  also  air) 
presented  to  them  is  absorbed  through  the  delicate  walls,  which,  like 
those  of  the  cells  in  the  interior,  are  destitute  of  openings  or  pores 
visible  even  under  the  highest  possible  magnifying  power. 

419.  But  as  the  rootlet  grows  older,  the  cells  of  its  external  layer 
harden  their  walls,  and  form  a  sort  of  skin,  or  epidermis  (like  that 
which  everywhere  covers  the  stem  and  foliage  above  ground),  which 
greatly  checks  absorption.     Roots  accordingly  cease  very  actively  to 
imbibe  moisture  almost  as  soon  as  they  stop  growing  (67). 

420.  Many  of  the  cells  of  the  surface  of  young  rootlets  send  out  a 
prolongation  in  the  form  of  a  slender  hair-like  tube,  closed  of  course 
at  the  apex,  but  at  the  base  opening  into  the  cavity  of  the  cell. 
These  tubes  or  root-hairs  (shown  in  Fig.  55  and  56,  and  a  few  of 
them,  more  magnified,  in  Fig.  337  and  338),  sent  out  in  all  direc- 
tions into  the  soil,  vastly  increase  the  amount  of  absorbing  surface 
which  the  root  presents  to  it. 

421.  Structure  Of  the  Stem  (also  of  the  body  of  the  root).     At  the 
beginning,  when  the  root  and  stem  spring  from  the  seed,  they  consist 

13* 


150 


ANATOMY    OF    ENDOGENOUS 


[LESSON  25. 


almost  entirely  of  soft  and  tender  cellular  tissue.     But  as  they  grow, 
wood  begins  at  once  to  be  formed  in  them. 

422.  This  woody  material  is  arranged  in  the  stem  in  two  very 
different  ways  in  different  plants,  making  two  sorts  of  wood.     One 
sort  we  see  in  a  Palm-stem,  a  rattan,  and  a  Corn-stalk  (Fig.  351)  ; 
the  other  we  are  familiar  with  in  Oak,  Maple,  and  all  our  common 
kinds  of  wood.     In  the  first,  the  wood  is  made  up  of  separate  threads, 
scattered  here  and  there  throughout  the  whole  diameter  of  the  stem. 
In  the  second  the  wood  is  all  collected  to  form  a  layer  (in  a  slice 
across  appearing  as  a  ring)  of  wood,  between  a  central  cellular  part 
which  has  none  in  it,  the  Pith,  and  an  outer  cellular  part,  the  Bark. 
This  last  is  the  plan  of  all  our  Northern  trees  and  shrubs,  and  of  the 
greater  part  of  our  herbs.     The  first  kind  is 

423.  The  Endogenous  Stem  ;  so  named  from  two  Greek  words  mean- 
ing "  inside-growing,"  because,  when  it  lasts  from  year  to  year,  the 

new  wood  which  is  added  is  interspersed  among 
the  older  threads  of  wood,  and  in  old  stems  the 
hardest  and  oldest  wood  is  near  the  surface,  and 
the  youngest  and  softest  towards  the  centre.  AH 
the  plants  represented  in  Fig.  47,  on  p.  19,  (ex- 
cept the  anomalous  Cycas,)  are  examples  of  En- 
dogenous stems.  And  all  such  belong  to  plants 
with  only  one  cotyledon  or  seed-leaf  to  the  em- 
bryo (32).  Botanists  therefore  call  them  Endoge- 
nous or  Monocotyledonous  Plants,  using  sometimes 
one  name,  and  sometimes  the  other.  Endogenous 
stems  have  no  separate  pith  in  the  centre,  no  distinct  bark,  and  no 
layer  or  ring  of  wood  between  these  two  ;  but  the  threads  of  wood 
are  scattered  throughout  the  whole,  without  any  particular  order. 
This  is  very  different  from 

424.  The  Exogenous  Stem,  the  one  we  have  most  to  do  with,  since 
all  our  Northern  trees  and  shrubs  are  constructed  on  this  plan.     It 
belongs  to  all  plants  which  have  two  cotyledons  to  the  embryo  (or 
more  than  two,  such  as  Pines,  33)  ;  so  that  we  call  these  either 
Exogenous  or  Dicotyledonous  Plants  (1C),  accordingly  as  we  take 
the  name  from  the  stem  or  from  the  embryo. 

425.  In  the  Exogenous  stem,  as  already  stated,  the  wood  is  all 
collected  into  one  zone,  surrounding-  a  pith  of  pure  cellular  tissue  in 
the  centre,  and  surrounded  by  a  distinct  and  separable   bark,  the 

FIG.  331.    Section  of  a  Corn-stalk  (an  endogenous  stem),  botli  crosswise  and  lengthwise. 


LESSON  25.] 


AND    EXOGENOUS    STEMS. 


151 


outer  part  of  which  is  also  cellular.  This  structure  is  very  familiar 
in  common  wood.  It  is  really  just  the  same  in  the  stem  of  an  herb, 
only  the  wood  is  much  less  in  quantity.  Compare,  for 
instance,  a  cross-section  of  the  stem  of  Flax  (Fig.  352) 
with  that  of  a  shoot  of  Maple  or  Horsechestnut  of 
the  same  age.  In  an  herb,  the  wood  at  the  beginning 
consists  of  separate  threads  or  little  wedges  of  wood ; 
352  but  these,  however  few  and  scattered  they  may  be,  are 

all  so  placed  in  the 
stem  as  to  mark  out 
a  zone  (or  in  the 
cross-section  a  ring) 
of  wood,  dividing  the 
pith  within  from  the 
bark  without. 

426.  The  accompa- 
nying figures  (which 
are  diagrams  rather 
than  exact  delinea- 
tions) may  serve  to 
illustrate  the  anat- 
omy of  a  woody 
exogenous  stem,  of 
one  year  old.  The 
parts  are  explained 
in  the  references  be- 
low. In  the  centre  is 
the  Pith.  Surround- 
ing this  is  the  layer 
of  Wood,  consisting  both  of  wood-cells  and  of  ducts  or  vessels.  From 
the  pith  to  the  bark  on  all  sides  run  a  set  of  narrow  plates  of  cellular 
tissue,  called  Medullary  Rays :  these  make  the  silver-grain  of  wood. 
On  the  cross-section  they  appear  merely  as  narrow  lines ;  but  in 
•wood  cut  lengthwise  parallel  to  them,  their  faces  show  as  glimmer- 

FIG.  352.    Cross-section  of  the  stem  of  Flax,  showing  its  bark,  wood,  and  pith. 

FIG.  353.    Piece  of  a  stem  of  Soft  Maple,  of  a  year  old,  cut  crosswise  and  lengthwise. 

F[G.  354.    A  portion  of  the  same,  magnified. 

FIG.  355.  A  small  piece  of  the  same,  taken  from  one  side,  reaching  from  the  bark  to  the 
pith,  and  highly  magnified  :  a,  a  small  bit  of  the  pith  ;  6,  spiral  ducts  of  what  is  railed  the 
medullary  sheath ;  c,  the  wood  j  d,  d,  dotted  ducts  in  the  wood  j  e,  e,  annular  ducts  ;  /,  the  liber 
or  inner  bark  ;  g,  the  green  bark  ;  A,  the  corky  layer  ;  f,  the  skin,  or  epidermis  j  /,  one  of  the 
medullary  rays,  or  plates  of  silver-grain,  seen  on  the  cross-section. 


152  ANATOMY    OF   THE  [LESSON  25. 

ing  plates,  giving  a  peculiar  appearance  to  Oak,  Maple,  and  other 
wood  with  large  medullary  rays. 

427.  The  Bark  covers  and  protects  the  wood.     At  first  it  is  all 
cellular,  like  the  pith  ;    but  soon  some  slender  woody  fibres,  called 
bast-cells  (Fig.  342),  generally  appear  in  it,  next  the  wood,  forming 

The  Liber,  or  Fibrous  Bark,  the  inner  bark  ;  to  which  belongs  the 
fine  fibrous  bast  or  bass  of  Basswood,  and  the  tough  and  slender  fibres 
of  flax  and  hemp,  which  are  spun  and  woven,  or  made  into  cordage. 
In  the  Birch  arid  Beech  the  inner  bark  has  few  if  any  bast-cells  in 
its  composition. 

The  Cellular  or  Outer  Bark  consists  of  cellular  tissue  only.  It  is 
distinguished  into  two  parts,  an  inner  and  an  outer,  viz. :  — 

The  Green  Bark,  or  Green  Layer,  which  consists  of  tender  cells, 
containing  the  same  green  matter  as  the  leaves,  and  serving  the 
same  purpose.  In  the  course  of  the  first  season,  in  woody  stems,  this 
becomes  covered  with 

The  Corky  Layer,  so  named  because  it  is  the  same  substance  as 
cork  ;  common  cork  being  the  thick  corky  layer  of  the  bark  of  the 
Cork-Oak,  of  Spain.  It  is  this  which  gives  to  the  stems  or  twigs  of 
shrubs  and  trees  the  aspect  and  the  color  peculiar  to  each ;  namely, 
light  gray  in  the  Ash,  purple  in  the  Red  Maple,  red  in  several  Dog- 
woods, &c.  Lastly, 

The  Epidermis,  or  skin  of  the  plant,  consisting  of  a  layer  of  thick- 
sided  empty  cells,  covers  the  whole.  j^/v^\ 

428.  Growth  of  the  Stem  year  after  year,    So  much  for  an  exogenous 

stem  only  one  year  old.  The  stems  of  herbs  perish  at  the  end  of  the 
season.  But  those  of  shrubs  and  trees  make  a  new  growth  every 
year.  It  is  from  their  mode  of  growth  in  diameter  that  they  take  the 
name  of  exogenous,  i.  e.  outside-growing.  The  second  year,  such  a 
stem  forms  a  second  layer  of  wood  outside  of  the  first ;  the  third  year, 
another  outside  of  that ;  and  so  on,  as  long  as  the  tree  lives.  So  that 
the  trunk  of  an  exogenous  tree,  when  cut  off  at  the  base,  exhibits  as 
many  concentric  rings  of  wood  as  it  is  years  old.  Over  twelve  hun- 
dred layers  have  actually  been  counted  on  the  stump  of  an  aged  tree, 
such  as  the  Giant  Cedar  or  Redwood  of  California;  and  there  are 
doubtless  some  trees  now  standing  in  various  parts  of  the  world  which 
were  already  in  existence  at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era. 

429.  As  to  the  bark,  the  green  layer  seldom  grows  much  after  the 
first  season.      Sometimes   the  corky  layer  grows  and  forms   new 
layers,  inside  of  the  old,  for  a  good  many  years,  as  in  the  Cork-Oak, 


LESSON  25.]  EXOGENOUS    STEM.  153 

the  Sweet  Gum-tree,  and  the  White  and  the  Paper  Birch.  But  it 
all  dies  after  a  while ;  and  the  continual  enlargement  of  the  wood 
within  finally  stretches  it  more  than  it  can  bear,  and  sooner  or  later 
cracks  and  rends  it,  while  the  weather  acts  powerfully  upon  its 
surface ;  so  the  older  bark  perishes  and  falls  away  piecemeal  year 
by  year. 

430.  But  the  inner  bark,  or  liber,  does  make  a  new  growth  an- 
nually, as  long  as  the  tree  lives,  inside  of  that  formed  the  year  before, 
and  next  the  surface  of  the  wood.     More  commonly  the  liber  occurs 
in  the  form  of  thin  layers,  which  may  be  distinctly  counted,  as  in 
Basswood :  but  this  is  not  always  the  case.     After  the  outer  bark 
is  destroyed,  the  older  and  dead  layers  of  the  inner  bark  are  also 
exposed  to  the  weather,  are  riven  or  split  into  fragments,  and  fall 
away  in  succession.     In  many  trees  the  bark  acquires  a  considerable 
thickness  on  old  trunks,  although  all  except  the  innermost  portion  is 
dead  ;   in  others  it  falls  off  more  rapidly ;   in  the  stems  of  Honey- 
suckles and  Grape-vines,  the  bark  all  separates  and  hangs  in  loose 
shreds  when  only  a  year  or  two  old. 

431.  Sap-WOOd,     In   the  wood,  on   the   contrary,  —  owing   to  its 
growing  on  the  outside  alone,  —  the  older  layers  are  quietly  buried 
under  the  newer  ones,  and  protected  by  them  from  all  disturbance. 
All  the  wood  of  the  young  sapling  may  be  alive,  and  all  its  cells 
or  woody  tubes  active  in  carrying  up  the  sap  from  the  roots  to  the 
leaves.     It  is  all  Sap-wood  or  Alburnum,  as  young  and  fresh  wood 
is  called.     But  the  older  layers,  removed  a  step  farther  every  year 
from  the  region  of  growth,  —  or  rather  the  zone  of  growth  every 
year  removed  a  step  farther  from  them,  —  soon  cease  to  bear  much, 
if  any,  part  in  the  circulation  of  the  tree,  and  probably  have  long 
before  ceased  to  be  alive.     Sooner  or  later,  according  to  the  kind  of 
tree,  they  are  turned  into 

432.  Heart-WOOd,  which  we  know  is  drier,  harder,  more  solid,  and 
much  more  durable  as  timber,  than  sap-wood.     It  is  generally  of  a 
different  color,  and  it  exhibits  in  different  species  the  hue  peculiar 
to  each,  such  as  reddish   in  Red-Cedar,  brown   in   Black- Walnut, 
black  in  Ebony,  &c.     The  change  of  sap-wood  into  heart-wood  re- 
sults from  the  thickening  of  the  walls  of  the  wood-cells  by  the  depo- 
sition of  hard  matter,  Kning  the  tubes  and  diminishing  their  calibre  ; 
and  by  the  deposition  of  a  vegetable  coloring-matter  peculiar  to  each 
species. 

433.  The  heart-wood,  being  no  longer  a  living  part,  may  decay 

S&F— 8 


154  ANATOMY    OF    THE    STEM  [LESSON  25. 

and  often  does  so,  -without  the  least  injury  to  the  tree,  except  by  im- 
pairing the  strength  of  the  trunk,  and  so  rendering  it  more  liable  to 
be  overthrown. 

434.  The  Living  Parts  Of  a  Tree,  of  the  exogenous  kind,  are  only 
these :   first,  the  rootlets  at  one  extremity  ;   second,  the  buds  and 
leaves  of  the  season  at  the  other ;  and  third,  a  zone  consisting  of 
the  newest  wood  and  the  newest  bark,  connecting  the  rootlets  with 
the  buds  or  leaves,  however  widely  separated  these  may  be,  —  in 
the  largest  trees  from  two  to  four  hundred  feet  apart.     And  these 
parts  of  the  tree  are  all  renewed  every  year.     No  wonder,  there- 
fore, that  trees  may  live  so  long,  since   they  annually  reproduce 
everything  that  is  essential  to  their  life  and  growth,  and  since  only 
a  very  small  part  of  their  bulk  is  alive  at  once.     The  tree  sur- 
vives, but  nothing  now  living  has  existed  long.     In  it,  as  elsewhere, 
life  is  a  transitory  thing,  ever  abandoning  the  old,  and  displaying 
itself  afresh  in  the  new. 

435.  Cambium-Layer,     The  new  growth  in  the  stem,  by  which  it 
increases  in  diameter  year  after  year,  is  confined  to  a  narrow  line 
between  the  wood  and  the  inner  bark.      Cambium  is  the  old  name 
for  the  mucilage  which  is  so  abundant  between  the  bark  and  the 
wood  in  spring.     It  was  supposed  to  be  poured  out  there,  and  that 
the  bark  really  separated  from  the  wood  at  this  time.     This  is  not 
the  case.     The  newest  bark  and  wood  are  still  united  by  a  delicate 
tissue  of  young  and  forming  cells,  —  called  the  Camliibm-layer, — 
loaded  with  a  rich  mucilaginous  sap,  and  so  tender  that  in  spring 
the  bark   may  be  raised   from   the  wood   by   the   slightest   force. 
Here,  nourished  by  this  rich  mucilage,  new  cells  are  rapidly  form- 
ing by  division  (387-390) ;  the  inner  ones  are  added  to  the  wood, 
and  the  outer  to  the  bark,  so  producing  the  annual  layers  of  the 
two,  which  are  ever  renewing  the  life  of  the  trunk. 

436.  At  the  same  time  new  rootlets,  growing  in  a  similar  way,  are 
extending  the  roots  beneath  ;  and  new  shoots,  charged  with  new  buds, 
annually  develop  fresh  crops  of  leaves  in   the  air  above.      Only, 
while  the  additions  to  the  wood  and  bark  remain  as  a  permanent 
portion  of  the  tree,  or  until  destroyed  by  decay,  the  foliage  is  tem- 
porary, the  crop  of  leaves  being  annually  thrown  off  after  they  have 
served  their  purpose. 

437.  Structure  Of  the  Leaf,     Leaves  also  consist  both  of  a  woody 
and  a  cellular  part  (135).     The  woody  part  is  the  framework  of  ribs 
and  veins,  which  have  already  been  described  in  full  (13G-147). 


LESSON  25.]  AND    LEAVES.  155 

They  serve  not  only  to  strengthen  the  leaf,  but  also  to  bring  in  the 
ascending  sap,  and  to  distribute  it  by  the  veinlets  throughout  every 
part.  The  cellular  portion  is  the  green  pulp,  and  is  nearly  the  same 
as  the  green  layer  of  the  bark.  So  that  the  leaf  may  properly 
enough  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  expansion  of  the  fibrous  and  green 
layers  of  the  bark.  It  has  of  course  no  corky  layer  ;  but  the  whole 
is  covered  by  a  transparent  skin  or  epidermis,  resembling  that  of 
the  stem. 

438.  The  green  pulp  consists  of  cells  of  various  forms,  usually 
loosely  arranged,  so  as  to  leave  many  irregular  spaces,  or  air-pas- 
sages, communicating  with  each  other  throughout  the  whole  interior 
of  the  leaf  (Fig.  356).     The  green   color  is  owing  to  a  peculiar 
green  matter  lying  loose  in  the  cells,  in   form  of  minute  grains, 
named   Chlorophyll  (i.  e.   the  green  of  ' 

leaves).  It  is  this  substance,  seen 
through  the  transparent  wralls  of  the 
cells  where  it  is  accumulated,  which 
gives  the  common  green  hue  to  vege- 
tation, and  especially  to  foliage. 

439.  The  green  pulp  in  most  leaves 
forms  two   principal  layers  ;    an   upper 
one,  facing  the  sky,  and  an  under  one, 
facing  the  ground.     The  upper  one  is 

always  deeper  green  in  color  than  the  lower.  This  is  partly  owing, 
perhaps,  to  a  greater  amount  of  chlorophyll  in  the  upper  cells,  but 
mainly  to  the  more  compact  arrangement  of  these  cells.  As  is  seen 
in  Fig.  356  and  357,  the  cells  of  the  upper  side  are  oblong  or  cylin- 
drical, and  stand  endwise  to  the  surface  of  the  leaf,  usually  close  to- 
gether, leaving  hardly  any  vacant  spaces.  Those  of  the  lower  part ' 
of  the  leaf  are  apt  to  be  irregular  in  shape,  most  of  them  with  their 
longer  diameter  parallel  to  the  face  of  the  leaf,  and  are  very  loosely 
arranged,  leaving  many  and  wide  air-chambers.  The  green  color 
underneath  is  therefore  diluted  and  paler. 

440.  In  many  plants   which   grow  where   they  are    subject   to 
drought,  and  which  hold  their  leaves  during  the  dry  season  (the 
Oleander  for  example),  the  greater  part  of  the  thickness  of  the  leaf 
consists  of  layers  of  long  cells,  placed  endwise  and  very  much  com- 

FIG.  356.  Section  through  the  thickness  of  a  leaf  of  the  Star  Anise  (Illicium),  of  Florida, 
magnified.  The  upper  and  the  lower  layers  of  thick-walled  and  empty  cells  represent  tho 
epidermis  or  skin.  All  those  between  are  cells  of  the  green  pulp,  containing  grains  of 
chlorophyll. 


156  ANATOMY    OF    THE    LEAVES.  [LESSON  25. 

pacted,  so  as  to  expose  as  little  surface  as  possible  to  the  direct  action 
of  the  hot  sun.  On  the  other  hand,  the  leaves  of  marsh  plants,  and 
of  others  not  intended  to  survive  a  drought,  have  their  cells  more 
loosely  arranged  throughout.  In  such  leaves  the  epidermis,  or  skin, 
is  made  of  only  one  layer  of  cells  ;  while  in  the  Oleander,  and  the 
like,  it  consists  of  three  or  four  layers  of  hard  and  thick-walled  cells. 
In  all  this,  therefore,  we  plainly  see  an  arrangement  for  tempering 
the  action  of  direct  sunshine,  and  for  restraining  a  too  copious  evap- 
oration, which  would  dry  up  and  destroy  the  tender  cells,  at  least 
when  moisture  is  not  abundantly  supplied  through  the  roots. 

441.  That  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf  alone  is  so  constructed  as  to 
bear  the  sunshine,  is  shown  by  what  happens  when  their  position  is 
reversed :  then  the  leaf  soon  twists  on  its  stalk,  so  as  to  turn  again 
its  under  surface  away  from  the  light ;  and  when  prevented  from 
doing  so,  it  perishes. 

442.  A  large  part  of  the  moisture  which  the  roots  of  a  growing 
plant  are  constantly  absorbing,  after  being  carried  up  through  the 
stem,  is  evaporated  from  the  leaves.     A  Sunflower-plant,  a  little 
over  three  feet  high,  and  with  between  five  and  six  thousand  square 
inches  of  surface  in  foliage,  &c.,  has  been  found  to  exhale  twenty  or 
thirty  ounces  (between  one  and  two  pints)  of  water  in  a  day.     Some 
part  of  this,  no  doubt,  flies  off  through  the  walls  of  the  epidermis  or 
skin,  at  least  in  sunshine  and  dry  weather ;  but  no  considerable  por- 
tion of  it.     The  very  object  of  this  skin  is  to  restrain  evaporation. 
The  greater  part  of  the  moisture  exhaled  escapes  from  the  leaf 
through  the 

443.  StomatCS  or  Breathing-pores.    These  are  small  openings  through 
the  epidermis  into  the  air-chambers,  establishing  a  direct  commu- 
nication between  the  whole  interior  of  the  leaf  and  the  external  air. 
Through  these  the  vapor  of  water  and   air  can  freely  escape,  or 
enter,  as  the  case  may  be.     The  aperture  is  guarded  by  a  pair  of 
thin-walled  cells,  —  resembling  those  of  the  green  pulp  within, — 
which  open  when  moist  so  as  to  allow  exhalation  to  go  on,  but 
promptly  close  when  dry,  so  as  to  arrest  it  before  the  interior  of  the 
leaf  is  injured  by  the  dryness. 

444.  Like  the  air-chambers,  the  breathing-pores  belong  mainly  to 
the  under  side  of  the  leaf.     In  the  White  Lily,  —  where  they  are 
unusually  large,  and  easily  seen  by  a  simple  microscope  of  mod- 
erate power,  —  there  are  about  60,000  to  the  square  inch  on  the 
epidermis  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaf,  and  only  about  3,000  in 


LESSON  2G.J 


THE    PLANT    IN    ACTION. 


157 


the  same  space  of  the  upper  surface.  More  commonly  there  are  few 
or  none  on  the  upper  side  ;  direct  sunshine  evidently  being  unfavor- 
able to  their  operation.  Their  immense  numbers  make  up  for  their 
minuteness.  They  are  said  to  vary  from  less  than  1,000  to  170,000 
to  the  square  inch  of  surface.  In  the  Apple-tree,  where  they  a\  if 
under  the  average  as  to  number,  there  are  about  24,000  to  th  • 
square  inch  of  the  lower  surface  ;  so  that  each  leaf  has  not  far  from 
100,000  of  these  openings  or  mouths. 


LESSON   XXVI. 


THE     PLANT     IN    ACTION,    DOING     THE    WORK     OF    VEGETATION. 

445.  BEING  now  acquainted  with  the  machinery  of  the  plant,  we 
naturally  proceed  to  inquire  what  the  use  of  it  is,  and  how  it  works. 

446.  It  has  already  been  stated,  in  the  first  of  these  Lessons  (7), 
that  the  great  work  of  plants  is  to  change  inorganic   into  organic 
matter  ;  that  is,  to  take  portions  of  earth  and  air,  —  of  mineral  mat- 
ter, —  upon  which  animals  cannot  live  at  all,  and  to  convert  them 

FIG.  357.    Portion  of  a  White-Lily  leaf,  cut  through  and  magnified,  showing  a  section  of 
the  thickness,  and  also  a  part  of  the  skin  of  the  lower  side,  with  some  brcathin^-nowa- 

14 


158  THE    PLANT    IN   ACTION.  [LESSON  26. 

into  something  upon  which  they  can  live,  namely,  into  food.  All 
the  food  of  all  animals  is  produced  by  plants.  Animals  live  upon 
vegetables ;  and  vegetables  live  upon  earth  and  air,  principally 
upon  the  air. 

447.  Plants  feed  upon  Earth  and  Air,     This  is  evident  enough  from 
the  way  in  which  they  live.     Many  plants  will  flourish  in  pure  sand 
or  powdered  chalk,  or  on  the  bare  face  of  a  rock  or  wall,  watered 
merely  with  rain-water.     And  almost  any  plant  may  be  made  to 
grow  from  the  seed  in  pure  sand,  and  increase  its  weight  many  times, 
even  if  it  will  not  come  to  perfection.    Many  naturally  live  suspended 
from  the  branches  of  trees  high  in  the  air,  and  nourished  by  it  alone, 
never  having  any  connection  with  the  soil  (81)  ;  and  some  which 
naturally  grow  on  the  ground,  like  the  Live-for-ever  of  the  gardens, 
when  pulled  up  by  the  roots  and  hung  in  the  air  will  often  flourish 
the  whole  summer  long. 

448.  It  is  true  that  fast-growing  plants,  or  those  which  produce 
considerable  vegetable  matter  in  one  season,  —  especially  in  such  a 
concentrated  form  as  to  be  useful  as  food  for  man  or  the  higher 
animals,  —  will   come  to  maturity  only  in   an   enriched  soil.     But 
what  is  a  rich  soil  ?     One  which  contains  decomposing  vegetable 
matter,  or  some  decomposing  animal  matter ;  that  is,  in  either  case, 
some  decomposing  organic  matter   formerly   produced  by  plants ; 
aided  by  this,  grain-bearing   and  other   important  vegetables  will 
grow  more  rapidly  and  vigorously,  and  make  a  greater  amount  of 
nourishing  matter,  than  they  could  if  left  to  do  the  whole  work  at 
once  from  the  beginning.     So  that  in  these  cases  also  all  the  organic 
matter  was  made  by  plants,  and  made  out  of  earth  and  air. 

449.  Their  Chemical  Composition  shows  what  Plants  are  made  of,    The 

soil  and  the  air  in  which  plants  live,  and  by  which  they  are  every- 
where surrounded,  supply  a  variety  of  materials,  some  likely  to  be 
useful  to  the  plant,  others  not.  To  know  what  elements  the  plant 
makes  use  of,  we  must  first  know  of  what  its  fabric  and  its  products 
are  composed. 

450.  We  may  distinguish  two  sorts  of  materials  in  plants,  one  of 
which  is  absolutely  essential,  and  is  the  same  in  all  of  them  ;  the 
other,  also  to  some  extent  essential,  but  very  variable  in  different 
plants,  or  in  the  same  plant  under  different  circumstances.      The 
former  is  the  organic,  the  latter  the  inorganic  or  earthy  materials. 

451.  The  Earthy  or  Inorganic  Constituents,    If  we  bum  thoroughly  a 
leaf,  a  piece  of  wood,  or  any  other  part  of  a  vegetable,  almost  all  of 


LKSSON  2G.]  ITS    CHEMICAL    COMPOSITION.  159 

it  is  dissipated  into  air.     But  a  little  ashes  remain  :  these  represent 
the  earthy  constituents  of  the  plant. 

452.  They  consist  of  some  potash  (or  soda  if  a  marine  plant  was 
used),  some  silex  (the  same  as  Hint),  and  probably  a  little  lime,  al- 
umine,  or  magnesia,  iron  or  manganese,  sulphur  or  phosphorus,  &c, 
Some  or  all  of  these  elements  may  be  detected  in  many  or  most 
plants.     But  they  make  no  part  of  their  real  fabric ;  and  they  form 
only  from  one  or  two  to  nine  or  ten  parts  out  of  a  hundred  of  any 
vegetable   substance.      The   ashes   vary    according    to    the   nature 
of  the  soil.     In  fact,  they  consist,  principally,  of  such  materials  as 
happened  to  be  dissolved,  in  small  quantity,  in  the  water  which  was 
taken  up  by  the  roots  ;  and  when  that  is  consumed  by  the  plant,  or 
flies  off  pure  (as  it  largely  does,  447)  by  exhalation,  the  earthy  mat- 
ter is  left  behind  in  the  cells,  — just  as  it  is  left  incrusting  the  sides 
of  a  teakettle  in  which  much  hard  water  has  been  boiled.     As  is 
very  natural,  therefore,  we  find   more   earthy  matter  (i.  e.  more 
ashes)  in  the  leaves  than  in  any  other  part  (sometimes  as  much  as 
seven  per  cent,  when  the  wood  contains  only  two  per  cent)  ;  because 
it  is  through  the  leaves  that  most  of  the  water  escapes  from  the  plant. 
These  earthy  constituents  are  often  useful  to  the  plant  (the  silex,  for 
instance,  increases  the  strength  of  the  Wheat-stalk),  or  are  useful  in 
the  plant's  products  as  furnishing  needful  elements  in  the  food  of  man 
and  other  animals ;  and  some  mu?t  be  held  to  be  necessary  to  vege- 
tation, since  this  is  never  known  to  go  on  without  them. 

453.  The  Organic  Constituents,     As  has  just  been  remarked,  when 
we  burn  in  the  open  air  a  piece  of  any  plant,  nearly  its  whole  bulk, 
and  from  88  to  more  than  99  parts  out  of  a  hundred  by  weight  of  its 
substance,  disappear,  being  turned  into  air  and  vapor.     These  are 
the  organic  constituents  which   have  thus    been  consumed,  —  the 
actual  materials  of  the  cells  and  the  whole  real  fabric  of  the  plant. 
And  we  may  state  that,  in  burning,  it  has  been  decomposed  into  ex- 
actly the  same  kinds  of  air,  and  the  vapor  of  water,  that  the  plant 
used  in  its  making.     The  burning  has  merely  undone  the  work  of 
vegetation,  and  given  back  the  materials  to  the  air  just  in  the  state 
in  which  the  plant  took  them. 

454.  It  will  not  be  difficult  to  understand  what  the  organic  con- 
stituents, that  is,  what  the  real  materials,  of  the  plant  are,  and  how 
the  plant  obtains  them.     The  substance  of  which  vegetable  tissue, 
viz.  the  wall  of  the  cells,  is  made,  is  by  chemists  named  Cellulose.    It 
is  just  the  same  thing  in  composition  in  wood  and  in  soft  cellular  tis- 


160  THE    PLANT    IN    ACTION.  [LESSON  26. 

sue,  —  in  the  tender  pot-herb  and  in  thj  oldest  tree.  It  is  composed 
of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  12  parts  of  the  former  to  10  of  each 
of  the  two  latter.  These,  accordingly,  are  necessary  materials  of 
vegetable  growth,  and  must  be  received  by  the  growing  plant. 

455.  The  Plant's  Food  must  contain  these  three  elements  in  some 
shape  or  other.     Let  us  look  for  them  in  the  materials  which  the 
plant  is  constantly  taking  from  the  soil  and  the  air. 

456.  Water  is  the  substance  of  which  it  takes  in  vastly  more  than 
of  anything  else :  we  well  know  how  necessary  it  is  to  vegetable  life. 
The  plant  imbibes  water  by  the  roots,  which  are  specially  construct- 
ed for  taking  it  in,  as  a  liquid  when  the  soil  is  wet,  and  probably 
also  in  the  form  of  vapor  when  the  soil  is  only  damp.     That  water 
in  the  form  of  vapor  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves  likewise,  when  the 
plant  needs  it,  is  evident  from  the  way  partly  wilted  leaves  revive 
and  freshen  when  sprinkled  or  placed  in  a  moist  atmosphere.     Now 
water  is  composed  of  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  two  of  the  three  elements 
of  cellulose  or  plant-fabric.    Moreover,  the  hydrogen  and  the  oxygen 
exist  in  water  in  exactly  the  same  proportions  that  they  do  in  cellu- 
lose :  so  it  is  clear  that  water  furnishes  these  two  elements. 

457.  We  inquire,  therefore,  after  the  third  element,  carbon.     This 
is  the  same  as  pure  charcoal.     Charcoal  is  the  carbon  of  a  vegetable 
left  behind  after  charring,  that  is,  heating  it  out  of  contact  of  the  air 
until  the  hydrogen  and  oxygen  are  driven  off.    The  charcoal  of  wood 
is  so  abundant  in  bulk  as  to  preserve  perfectly  the  shape  of  the  cells 
after  charring,  and  in  weight  it  amounts  to  about  half  that  of  the 
original  material.     Carbon  itself  is  a  solid,  and  not  at  all  dissolved 
by  water :  as  such,  therefore,  it  cannot  be  absorbed  into  the  plant, 
however  minute  the  particles  ;  only  liquid  and  air  can  pass  through 
the  walls  of  the  cells  (402,  410).     It  must  therefore  come  to  the 
plant  in  some  combination,  and  in  a  fluid  form.     The  only  substance 
within  the  plant's  rench  containing  carbon  in  the  proper  state  is 

458.  Carbonic  Acid.     This  is  a  gas,  and  one  of  the  components 
of  the  atmosphere,  everywhere  making  about  ^^  part  of  its  bulk, 
^-enough  for  the  food  of  plants,  but  not  enough  to  be  injurious  to 
animals.     For  when  mixed  in  any  considerable  proportion  with  the 
air  we  breathe,  carbonic  acid  is  very  poisonous.     The  air  produced 
by  burning  charcoal  is  carbonic  acid,  and  we  know  how  soon  burning 
charcoal  in  a  close  room  will  destroy  life. 

459.  The  air  around  us  consists,  besides  this  minute  proportion 
of  carbonic  acid,  of  two  other  gases,  mixed   together,  viz.  oxygen 


LESSON  26.]  ITS    FOOD.  1G1 

and  nitrogen.  The  nitrogen  gas  does  not  support  animal  life  :  it  only 
dilutes  the  oxygen,  which  does.  It  is  the  oxygen  gas  alone  which 
renders  the  air  fit  for  breathing. 

4GO.  Carbonic  acid  consists  of  carbon  combined  with  oxygen.  In 
breathing,  animals  are  constantly  forming  carbonic  acid  gas  by  unit- 
ing carbon  from  their  bodies  with  oxygen  of  the  air ;  they  inspire 
oxygen  into  their  lungs  ;  they  breath  it  out  as  carbonic  acid.  So 
^with  every  breath  animals  are  diminishing  the  oxygen  of  the  air, — 
so  necessary  to  animal  life,  —  and  are  increasing  its  carbonic  acid,  — 
so  hurtful  to  animal  life  ;  or  rather,  which  would  be  so  hurtful  if  it 
were  allowed  to  accumulate  in  the  air.  The  reason  why  it  does  not 
increase  in  the  air  beyond  this  minute  proportion  is  that  plants  feed 
upon  it.  They  draw  their  whole  stock  of  carbon  from  the  carbonic 
acid  of  the  air. 

461.  Plants  take  it  in  by  their  leaves.     Every  current,  or  breeze 
that  stirs  the  foliage,  brings  to  every  leaf  a  succession  of  fresh  atoms 
of  carbonic  acid,  which  it  absorbs  through  its  thousands  of  breathing- 
pores.     We  may  prove  this  very  easily,  by  putting  a  small  plant  or 
a  fresh  leafy  bough  into  a  glass  globe,  exposed  to  sunshine,  and  hav- 
ing two  openings,  causing  air  mixed  with  a  known   proportion  of 
carbonic  acid  gas  to  enter  by  one  opening,  slowly  traverse  the  foliage, 
and  pass  out  by  the  other  into  a  vessel  proper  to  receive  it :  now, 
examining  the  air  chemically,  it  will  be  found  to  have  less  carbonic 
acid  than  before.     A  portion  has  been  taken  up  by  the  foliage. 

462.  Plants  also  take  it  in  by  their  roots,  some  probably  as  a  gas, 
in  the  same  way  that  leaves  absorb  it,  and  much,  certainly,  dissolved 
in   the  water  which   the  rootlets  imbibe.     The  air  in  the  soil,  es- 
pecially in  a  rich  soil,  contains  many  times  as  much  carbonic  acid 
as  an  equal  bulk  of  the  atmosphere  above.     Decomposing  vegetable 
matter  or  manures,  in  the  soil,  are  constantly  evolving  carbonic  acid, 
and  a  large  part  of  it  remains  there,  in  the  pores  and  crevices,  among 
which  the  absorbing  rootlets  spread  and  ramify.    Besides,  as  this  gas 
is  dissolved  by  water  in  a  moderate  degree,  every  rain-drop  that  falls 
from  the  clouds  to  the  ground  brings  with  it  a  little  carbonic  acid, 
dissolving  or  washing  it  out  of  the  air  as  it  passes,  and  bringing  it 
down  to  the  roots  of  plants.     And  what  flows  off  intc  the  streams 
and  ponds  serves  for  the  food  of  water-plants. 

463.  So  water  and  carbonic  acid,  taken  in  by  the  leaves,  or  taken 
in  by  the  roots  and  carried  up  to  the  leaves  as  crude  sap,  are  the 
general  food  of  plants,  —  are  the  raw  materials  out  of  which  at  least 

14* 


162  THE    PLANT    IN    ACTION,  [LESSON  26. 

the  fabric  and  a  part  of  the  general  products  of  the  plant  are  made. 
Water  and  carbonic  acid  are  mineral  matters :  in  the  plant,  mainly 
in  the  foliage,  they  are  changed  into  organic  matters.  This  is 

464.  The  Plant's  proper  Work,  Assimilation,  viz.  the  conversion  by  the 

vegetable  of  foreign,  dead,  mineral  matter  into  its  own  living  sub- 
stance, or  into  organic  matter  capable  of  becoming  living  substance. 
To  do  this  is,  as  we  have  said,  the  peculiar  office  of  the  plant.  How 
and  where  is  it  done  ? 

465.  It  is  done  in  the  green  parts  of  plants  alone,  and  only  when 
these  are  acted  upon  ly  the  light  of  the  sun.     The  sun  in  some  way 
supplies  a  power  which  enables  the  living  plant  to  originate  these 
peculiar  chemical   combinations,  —  to  organize    matter   into  forms 
which  are  alone  capable  of  being  endowed  with  life.     The  proof  of 
this  proposition  is  simple  ;  and  it  shows  at  the  same  time,  in  the 
simplest  way,  what  the  plant  does  with  the  water  and  carbonic  acid 
it  consumes.     Namely,  1st,  it  is  only  in  sunshine  or  bright  daylight 
that  the  green  parts  of  plants  give  out  oxygen  gas,  —  then  they  do ; 
and  2d,  the  giving  out  of  this  oxygen  gas  is  just  what  is  required  to 
render  the  chemical  composition  of  water  and  carbonic  acid  the  same 
as  that  of  cellulose  (454),  that  is,  of  the  plant's  fabric.     This  shows 
why  plants  spread  out  so  large  a  surface  of  foliage. 

466.  In  plants  growing  or  placed  under  water  we  may  see  bubbles 
of  air  rising  from  the  foliage  ;  we  may  collect  enough  of  this  air  to 
test  it  by  a  candle's  burning  brighter  in  it ;  which  shows  it  to  be 
oxygen  gas.    Now  if  the  plant  is  making  cellulose  or  plant-substance, 
—  that  is,  is  making  the  very  materials  of  its  fabric  and  growth,  as 
must  generally  be  the  case,  —  all  this  oxygen  gas  given  off  by  the 
leaves  comes  from  the  decomposition  of  carbonic  acid  taken  in  by 
the  plant. 

467.  This  must  be  so,  because  cellulose  is  composed  of  10  parts  of 
oxygen  and  10  of  hydrogen  to  12  of  carbon  (454)  :  here  the  first 
two  are  just  in  the  same  proportions  as  in  water,  which  consists  of 
one  part  of  oxygen  and  one  of  hydrogen,  —  so  that  10  parts  of  water 
and  12  of  carbon  represent  one  of  cellulose  or  plant-fabric  ;  and  to 
make  it  out  of  water  and  carbonic  acid,  the  latter  (which  is  composed 
of  carbon  and  oxygen)  has  only  to  give  up  all  its  oxygen.     In  other 
words,  the  plant,  in  its  foliage  under  sunshine,  decomposes  carbonic 
acid  gas,  and  turns  the  carbon  together  with  water  into  cellulose,  at 
the  same  time  giving  the  oxygen  off  into  the  air. 

468.  And  we  can  readily  prove  that  it  is  so,  —  namely,  that  plants 


LESSON  26.]  PRODUCING    ORGANIC    MATTER.  1G3 

do  decompose  carbonic  acid  in  their  leaves  and  give  out  its  oxygen, 
—  by  the  experiment  mentioned  in  paragraph  4G1.  There  the 
leaves,  as  we  have  stated,  are  taking  in  carbonic  acid  gas.  We 
now  add,  that  they  are  giving  out  oxygen  gas  at  the  same  rate. 
The  air  as  it  conies  from  the  glass  globe  is  found  to  have  just  as 
much  more  oxygen  as  it  has  less  carbonic  acid  than  before  — just 
as  much  more  oxygen  as  would  be  required  to  turn  the  carbon  re- 
tained in  the  plant  back  into  carbonic  acid  again. 

469.  It  is  all  the  same  when  plants  —  instead  of  making  fabric  at 
once,  that  is,  growing  —  make  the  prepared  material,  and  store  it 
up  for  future  use.     The  principal  product  of  plants  for  this  purpose 
is  Starch,  which  consists  of  minute  grains  of  organic  matter,  lying 
loose  in  the  cells.     Plants  often  accumulate  this,  perhaps  in  the  root, 
as  in  the  Turnip,  Carrot,  and  Dahlia  (Fig.  57  -  60)  ;  or  in  subter- 
ranean stems  or  branches,  as  in  the  Potato  (Fig.  68),  and  many 
rootstocks  ;  or  in  the  bases  of  leaves,  as  in  the  Onion,  Lily  (Fig. 
73-75),  and  other  bulbs  ;  or  in  fleshy  leaves  above  ground,  as  those 
of  the  Ice-Plant,  House-leek,  and  Century-Plant  (Fig.  82)  ;  or  in 
the  whole  thickened  body,  as  in  many  Cactuses  (Fig.  76) ;  or  in 
the  seed  around  the  embryo,  as  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  38,  39)  and 
other  grain ;  or  even  in  the  embryo  itself,  as  in  the  Horsechestnut 
(Fig.  23,  24),  Bean  (Fig.  16),  Pea  (Fig.  19),  &c.     In  all  these 
forms  this  is  a  provision  for  future  growth,  either  of  the   plant 
itself  or  of  some  offset  from   it,  or  of  its  offspring,  as  it  springs 
from  the  seed.     Now  starch  is  to  cellulose  or  vegetable  fabric  just 
what  the  prepared  clay  is  to  the  potter's  vessel,  —  the  same  thing, 
only  requiring  to  be  shaped  and  consolidated.     It  has  exactly  the 
same  chemical  composition,  and  is  equally  made  of  carbon  and  the 
elements  of  water,  by  decomposing  the  same  amount  of  carbonic 
acid  and  giving  back  its  oxygen  to  the  air.     In  using  it  for  growth, 
the  plant  dissolves  it,  conveys  it  to  the  growing  parts,  and  consoli- 
dates it  into  fabric. 

470.  Sugar,  another  principal  vegetable  product,  also  has  essen- 
tially the  same  chemical  composition,  and  may  be  formed  out  of  the 
same  common  food  of  plants,  with  the  same  result.     The  different 
kinds  of  sugar  (that  of  the  cane,  &c.  and  of  grapes)  consist  of  the 
same  three  materials  as  starch  and  cellulose,  only  with  a  little  more 
water.     The  plant  generally  forms  the  sugar  out  of  starch,  changing 
one  into  the  other  with  great  ease  ;  starch  being  the  form  in  which 
prepared  material  is  stored  up,  and  sugar  that  in  which  it  is  ex- 


164  THE    PLANT    PURIFYING    THE    AIR,  [LESSON  26. 

pended  or  transferred  from  one  part  of  the  plant  to  another.  In  the 
Sugar-cane  and  Indian  Corn,  starch  is  deposited  in  the  seed  ;  in  ger- 
mination this  is  turned  into  sugar  for  the  plantlet  to  begin  its  growth 
with  ;  the  growing  plant  produces  more,  and  deposits  some  as  starch 
in  the  stalk  ;  just  before  blossoming,  this  is  changed  into  sugar  again, 
and  dissolved  in  the  sap,  to  form  and  feed  the  flowers  (which  cannot, 
like  the  leaves,  create  nourishment  for  themselves)  ;  and  what  is  left 
is  deposited  in  the  seed  as  starch  again,  with  which  to  begin  the 
same  operation  in  the  next  generation. 

471.  We  might  enumerate  other  vegetable  products  of  this  class 
(such  as  oil,  acids,  jelly,  the  pulp  of  fruits,  &c.),  and  show  how  they 
are  formed  out  of  the  carbonic  acid  and  water  which  the  plant  takes 
in.     But  those  already  mentioned  are  sufficient.     In  producing  any 
of  them,  carbonic  acid  taken  from  the  air  is  decomposed,  its  carbon 
retained,  and  its  oxygen  given  back  to  the  air.     That  is  to  say, 

472.  Plants  purify  Hie  Air  for  Animals,  by  taking  away  the  carbonic 
acid  injurious  to  them,  continually  poured  into  it  by  their  breathing, 
as  well  as  by  the  burning  of  fuel  and  by  decay,  and  restoring  in  its 
place  an  equal  bulk  of  life-sustaining  oxygen  (4GO).     And  by  the 
same  operation,  combining  this  carbon  with  the  elements  of  water, 
&c.,  and  elaborating   them  into  organic  matter,  —  especially  into 
starch,  sugar,  oil,  and  the  like,  —  ^ 

473.  Plants  produce  all  the  Food  and  Fabric  of  Animals,    The  herbiv- 
orous animals  feed  directly  upon  vegetables  ;   and  the  carnivorous 
feed  upon  the  herbivorous.     Neither  the  one  nor  the  other  originate 
any  organic  matter.     They  take  it  all  ready-made  from   plants,  — 
altering  the  form  and  qualities  more  or  less,  and  at  length  destroy- 
ing or  decomposing  it. 

474.  Starch,  sugar,  and  oil,  for  example,  form  a  large  part  of  the 
food  of  herbivorous  animals  and  of  man.     AVhen  digested,  they  enter 
into  the  blood ;  any  surplus  may  be  stored  up  for  a  time  in  the  form 
pfjat,  being  changed  a  little  in  its  nature  ;  while  the  rest  (and  finally 
'the  whole)  is  decomposed  into  carbonic  acid  and  water,  and  exhaled 
from  the  lungs  in  respiration  ;  —  in  other  words,  is  given  back  to  the 
air  by  the  animal  as  the  very  same  materials  which  the  plant  takes 
from  the  air  as  its  food  (4G3) ;  —  is  given  back  to  the  air  in  the  same 
form  that  it  would  have  been  if  the  vegetable  matter  had  been  left 
to  decay  where  it  grew,  or  if  it  had  been  set  on  fire  and  burned  ;  — 
and  with  the  same  result  too  as  to  the  heat,  the  heat  in  this  case 
producing  and  maintaining  the  proper  temperature  of  the  animal. 


, 


LESSON  26.]       AND    PRODUCING    THE    FOOD    OF    ANIMALS.  165 

475.  But  starch,  sugar,  and  the  like,  do  not  make  any  part  of  the 
flesh  or  fabric  of  animals.     And  that  for  the  obvious  reason,  that  they 
consist  of  only  the  three   elements  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,- 
whereas  the  flesh  of  animals  has  nitrogen  as  well  as  these  three  ele- 
ments in  its  composition.     The  materials  of  the  animal  body,  called 
Fibrine  in  the  flesh  or  muscles,  Gelatine  in  the  sinews  and  bones, 
Caseine  in  the  curd  of  milk,  &c.,  are  all  forms  of  one  and  the  same 
substance,  composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen.     As 
nitrogen  is  a  large  constituent  of  the  atmosphere,  and  animals  are 
taking  it  into  their  lungs  with  every  breath  they  draw,  we  might 
suppose  that  they  take  this  element  of  their  frame  directly  from  the 
air.     But  they  do  not.     Even  this  is  furnished  by  vegetables,  and 
animals  receive  it  ready-made  in  their  food.     And  this  brings  us  to 
consider  still  another  and  most  important  vegetable  product,  of  a 
different  class  from  the  rest  (omitted  till  now,  for  the  sake  of  greater 
simplicity) ;  namely,  what  is  called 

476.  Proteine.     This  name  has  been  given  to  it  by  chemists,  be- 
cause it  occurs  under  such  a  protean  variety  of  forms.     The  Gluten 
of  wheat  and  the  Legumine  of  beans  and  other  leguminous  plants 
may  be  taken  to  represent  it.     It  occurs  in  all  plants,  at  least  in 
young  and  growing  parts.     It  does  not  make  any  portion  of  their 
tissue,  but  is  contained  in  all  living  cells,  as  a  thin  jelly,  mingled 
with  the  sap  or  juice,  or  as  a  delicate  mucilaginous  lining.     In  fact, 
it  is  formed  earlier  than  the  cell-wall  itself,  and  the  latter  is  moulded 
on  it,  as  it  were  ;  so  it  is  also  called  Protoplasm.     It  disappears  from 
common  cells  as  they  grow  old,  being  transferred  onward  to  new  or 
forming  parts,  where  it  plays  a  very  active  part  in  growth.     Mixed 
with  starch,  &c.,  it  is  accumulated  in  considerable  quantity  in  wheat, 
beans,  and  other  grains  and  seeds,  especially  those  which  are  most 
nutritious  as  food.    It  is  the  proteine  which  makes  them  so  nutritious. 
Taken  by  animals  as  food,  it  forms  their  flesh  and  sinews,  and  the 
animal  part  of  their  bones,  without  much  change  ;  for  it  has  the  same 
composition,  —  is  just  the  same  thing,  indeed,  in  some  slightly  different 
forms.     To  produce  it,  the  plant  employs,  in  addition  to  the  carbonic 
acid  and  water  already  mentioned  as  its  general  food,  some  ammo- 
nia ;  which  is  a  compound  of  hydrogen  and  nitrogen.      Ammonia 
(which    is  the    same    thing    as    hartshorn)    is    constantly    escaping 
into  the  air   in  small   quantities  from   all    decomposing  vegetable 
and  animal  substances.     Besides,  it  is  produced  in  every  thunder- 
storm.    Every  flash  of  lightning  causes  some  to  be  made  (in  the 


166  PLANT-LIFE.  [LESSON  27. 

form  of  nitrate  of  ammonia)  out  of  the  nitrogen  of  the  air  and  the 
vapor  of  water.  The  reason  why  it  never  accumulates  in  the  air 
so  as  to  be  perceptible  is,  that  it  is  extremely  soluble  in  water,  as 
are  all  its  compounds.  -  So  it  is  washed  out  of  the  atmosphere  by  the 
rain  as  fast  as  it  is  made  or  rises  into  it,  and  is  brought  down  to  the 
roots  of  plants,  which,, take  it  in  freely.  When  assimilated  in  the 
leaves  alqpg  with  carbon  and  water,  proteine  is  formed,  the  very 
[substance  of  the  flesh  of  animals.  So  all  flesh  is  vegetable  matter 
in  its  origin. 

477.  Even  the  earthy  matter  of  the  bones,  and  the  iron  and  other 
mineral  matters  in  the  blood  of  animals,  are  derived  from  the  plants 
they  feed  upon,  with  hardly  an  exception.     These  are  furnished  by 
the  earthy  or  mineral  constituents  of  plants  (452),  and  are  merely 
accumulated  in  the  animal  frame. 

478.  Animals,  therefore,  depend  absolutely  upon  vegetables  for 
their  being.     The  great  object  for  which  the  All-wise  Creator  estab- 
lished the  vegetable  kingdom  evidently  is,  that  plants  might  stand  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth  between  the  mineral  and  the  animal  crea- 
tions, and  organize  portions  of  the  former  for  the  sustenance  of 
the  latter. 


LESSON   XXVII. 

PLANT-LIFE. 

479.  LIFE  is  known  to  us  only  by  its  effects.     We  cannot  tell 
what  it  is  ;  but  we  notice  some  things  which  it  does.     One  peculi- 
arity of  living  things,  which  has  been  illustrated  in  the  last  Lesson, 
is  their  power  of  transforming  matter  into  new  forms,  and  thereby 
making  products  never  produced  in  any  other  way.     Life  is  also 
manifested  by 

480.  Motion,  that  is,  by  self-caused  movements.     Living  things 
move ;    those  Hot  living  are  moved.     Animals,  living  as  they  do 
upon   organized    food,  —  which   is  not    found    everywhere,  —  must 
needs  have  the  power  of  going  after  it,  of  collecting  it,  or  at  least  of 
taking  it  in ;  which  requires  them  to  make  spontaneous  movements. 
But  plants,  with  their  wide-spread  surface  (34,  131 }  always  in  con- 


LESSON  27.]  CIRCULATION   IN    CELLS.  167 

tact  with  the  earth  and  air  on  which  they  feed,  —  the  latter  and  the 
most  important  of  these  everywhere  just  the  same,  —  have  no  need 
of  locomotion,  and  so  are  generally  fixed  fast  to  the  spot  where 
they  grow. 

481.  Yet  many  plants  move  their  parts  freely,  sometimes  when 
there  is  no  occasion  for  it  that  we  can  understand,  and  sometimes 
accomplishing  by  it  some  useful  end.     The  sudden  closing  of  the 
leaflets  of  the  Sensitive   Plant,  and  the  dropping  of  its  leafstalk, 
when  jarred,  also  the  sudden  starting  forwards  of  the  stamens  of  the 
Barberry  at  the  touch,  are  familiar  examples.     Such  cases  seem  at 
first  view  so  strange,  and  so  different  from  what  we  expect  of  a  plant, 
that  these  plants  are  generally  imagined  to  be  endowed  with  a  pe- 
culiar faculty,  denied  to  common  vegetables.     But  a  closer  exam- 
ination will  show  that  plants  generally  share  in  this  faculty;  that 
similar  movements  may  be  detected  in  them  all,  only  —  like  those 
of  the  hands  of  a  clock,  or  of  the  shadow  of  a  sun-dial  —  they  are 
too  slow  for  the  motion  to  be  directly  seen. 

482.  It  is  perfectly  evident,  also,  that  growth  requires  motion ; 
that  there  is  always  an  internal  activity  in  living  plants  as  well  as 
in  animals,  —  a  power  exerted  which  causes  their  fluids  to  move  or 
circulate,  and  carries  materials  from  one  part  to  another.     Some 
movements  are  mechanical ;  but  even  these  are  generally  directed 
or  controlled  by  the  plant.     Others  must  be  as  truly  self-caused  as 
those  of  animals  are.     Let  us  glance  at  some  of  the  principal  sorts, 
and  see  what  light  they  throw  upon  vegetable  life. 

483.  Circulation  ill  Cells,     From  what  we  know  of  the  anatomy  of 
plants,  it  is  clear  that  they  have  no  general  circulation  (like  that  of 
all  animals  except  the  lowest),  through  a  system  of  vessels  opening 
into  each  other  (402,  410).     But  in  plants  each  living  cell  carries 
on  a  circulation  of  its  own,  at  least  when  young  and  active.     This 
may  be  beautifully  seen  in  the  transparent  stems  of  Chara  and  many 
other  water-plants,  and  in  the  leaves  of  the  Fresh-water  Tape-Grass 
(Vallisneria),  under  a  good  microscope.     Here  the  sap  circulates, 
often  quite  briskly  in  appearance,  (but  the  motion  is  magnified  as 
well  as  the  objects,)  in  a  steady  stream,  just    beneath   the  wall, 
around  each  cell,  passing  up  one  side,  across  the  end,  down  the 
other,  and  so  round  to  complete  the  circuit,  carrying  with  it  small 
particles,  or  the  larger  green  grains,  which  make  the  current  more 
visible.     This  circulation  may  also  be  observed  in  hairs,  particularly 
those  on  flowers,  such  as  the  jointed  hairs  of  Spiderwort,  looking 


163  PLANT-LIFE.  [LESSOX  27. 

under  the  glass  like  strings  of  blue  beads,  each  bead  being  a  cell. 
But  here  a  microscope  magnifying  six  or  eight  hundred  times  in 
diameter  is  needed  to  see  the  current  distinctly. 

484.  The  movement  belongs  to  the  protoplasm  (476),  or  jelly-like 
matter  under  the  cell-wall.     As  this  substance  has  just  the  same 
composition  as  the  flesh  of  animals,  it  is  not  so  strange  that  it  should 
exhibit  such  animal-like  characters.     In  the  simplest  water-plants, 
of  the  Sea-weed  family,  the  body  which  answers  to  the  seed  is  at 
first  only  a  rounded  little  mass  of  protoplasm.     When  these  bodies 
escape  from  the  mother  plant,  they  often  swim  about  freely  in  the 
water  in  various  directions,  by  a  truly  spontaneous  motion,  when  they 
closely  resemble  animalcules,  and  are  often  mistaken  for  them.    After 
enjoying  this  active  life  for  several  hours,  they  come  to  rest,  form 
a  covering  of  cellulose,  and  therefore  become  true  vegetable  cells, 
fix   themselves   to    some    support,  germinate,  and    grow   into    the 
perfect  plant. 

485.  Absorption,  Conveyance  Of  the  Sap,  &C,     Although  contained  in 
cells  with  closed  walls,  nevertheless  the  fluids  taken  in  by  the  roots 
are  carried  up  through  the  stem  to  the  leaves  even  of  the  topmost 
bough  of  the  tallest  tree.     And  the  sap,  after  its  assimilation  by  the 
leaves,  is  carried  down  in  the  bark  or  the  cambium-layer,  and  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  plant,  or  else  is  conveyed  to  the  points  where 
growth  is  taking  place,  or  is  accumulated  in  roots,  stems,  or  wherever 
a  deposit  is  being  stored  up  for  future  use  (71,  104,  128,  469). 

486.  That  the  rise  of  the  sap  is  pretty  rapid  in  a  leafy  and  growing 
plant,  on  a  dry  summer's  day,  is  evident  from  the  amount  of  water  it 
is  continually  losing  by  exhalation  from  the  foliage  (447)  ;  —  a  loss 
which  must  all  the  while  be  supplied  from  the  roots,  or  else  the 
leaves  would  dry  up  and  die  ;  as  they  do  so  promptly  when  sepa- 
rated from  the  stem,  or  when  the  stem  is  cut  off  from  the  roots. 
Of  course  they  do  not  then  lose   moisture  any  faster  than   they 
did    before   the   separation  ;    only  the   supply   is   no   longer   kept 
up  from  below. 

487.  The  rise  of  the  sap  into  the  leaves  apparently  is  to  a  great 
degree  the  result  of  a  mode  of  diffusion  which  has  been  called  En- 
dosmose.     It  acts  in  this  way.     Whenever  two  fluids  of  different 
density  are  separated  by  a  membrane,  whether  of  dead  or  of  living 
substance,  or  are  separated  by  any  porous   partition,  a  flow  takes 
place  through  the  partition,  mainly  towards  the  heavier  fluid,  until 
that  is  brought  to  the  same  density  as  the  other.     A  familiar  iljus- 


LESSON  27.]  CONVEYANCE    OF    THE    SAP.  169 

tration  is  seen  when  we  place  powdered  sugar  upon  strawberries, 
and  slightly  moisten  them :  the  dissolving  sugar  makes  a  solution 
stronger  than  the  juice  in  the  cells  of  the  fruit ;  so  this  is  gradually 
drawn  out.  Also  when  pulpy  fruits  are  boiled  in  a  strong  sirup ;  as 
soon  as  the  sirup  becomes  denser  than  the  juice  in  the  fruit,  the 
latter  begins  to  flow  out  and  the  fruit  begins  to  shrivel.  But  when 
shrivelled  fruits  are  placed  in  weak  sirup,  or  in  water,  they  become 
plump,  because  the  flow  then  sets  inwards,  the  juice  in  the  cells  being 
denser  than  the  water  outside.  Now  the  cells  of  the  living  plant 
contain  organic  matter,  in  the  form  of  mucilage,  protoplasm,  some- 
times sugar,  &c. ;  and  this  particularly  abounds  in  young  and 
growing  parts,  such  as  the  tips  of  roots  (Fig.  56),  which,  as  is  well 
known,  are  the  principal  agents  in  absorbing  moisture  from  the 
ground.  The  contents  of  their  cells  being  therefore  always  much 
denser  than  the  moisture  outside  (which  is  water  containing  a  little 
carbonic  acid,  &c.,  and  a  very  minute  quantity  of  earthy  matter), 
this  moisture  is  constantly  drawn  into  the  root.  What  makes  it 
ascend  to  the  leaves  ? 

488.  To  answer  this  question,  we  must  look  to  the  leaves,  and 
consider  what  is  going  on  there.     For  (however  it  may  be  in  the 
spring  before  the  leaves  are  out),  in  a  leafy  plant  or  tree  the  sap  is 
not  forced  up  from  below,  but  is  drawn  up  from  above.    Water  large- 
ly evaporates  from  the  leaves  (447)  ;  it  flies  off  into  the  air  as  vapor, 
leaving  behind  all  the  earthy  and  the  organic  matters,  —  these  not 
being  volatile  ;  —  the  sap  in  the  cells  of  the  leaf  therefore  becomes 
denser,  and  so  draws  upon  the  more  watery  contents  of  the  cells  of 
the  stalk,  these  upon  those  of  the  stem  below,  and  so  on,  from  cell  to 
cell  down  to  the  root,  causing  a  flow  from  the  roots  to  the  leaves, 
which  begins  in  the  latter,  —  just  as  a  wind  begins  in  the  direction 
towards   which    it   blows.      Somewhat  similarly,  elaborated  sap  is 
drawn   into  buds  or  any  growing   parts,  where  it  is  consolidated 
into   fabric,  or  is  conveyed  into  tubers,  roots,  seeds,  and    the  like, 
in  which  it  is  condensed  into  starch  and  stored  up  for  future  use 
(74,  103,  &c.). 

489.  So  in  absorbing  moisture  by  the  roots,  and  in  conveying 
the  sap  or  the  juices  from  cell  to  cell  and  from  one  part  to  another, 
the  plant  appears  to  make  use  of  a  physical  or  inorganic  force ;  but 
it  manages  and  directs  this  as  the  purposes  of  the  vegetable  econ- 
omy demand.     Now,  when  the  proper  materials  are  brought  to  the 
growing  parts,  growth  takes  place  >  and  in  growth  the  plant  moves 

35 


170  PLANT-LIFE.  [LESSON  27. 

the  particles  of  matter,  arranges  them,  and  shapes  the  fabric  in  a 
manner  which  we  cannot  at  all  explain  by  any  mechanical  laws. 
The  organs  are  not  shaped  by  any  external  forces  ;  they  shape 
themselves,  and  take  such  forms  and  positions  as  the  nature  of 
each  part,  or  the  kind  of  plant,  requires. 

490.  Special  Movements,  Besides  growing,  and  quite  independent 
of  it,  plants  not  only  assume  particular  positions,  but  move  or  bend 
one  part  upon  another  to  do  so.  Almost  every  species  does  this,  as 
well  as  what  are  called  sensitive  plants.  In  springing  from  the  seed, 
the  radicle  or  stem  of  the  embryo,  if  not  in  the  proper  position 
already,  bends  itself  round  so  as  to  direct  its  root-end  downwards, 
and  the  stern-end  or  plumule  upwards.  It  does  the  same  when 
covered  so  deeply  by  the  soil  that  no  light  can  affect  it,  or  when 
growing  in  a  perfectly  dark  cellar.  But  after  reaching  the  light, 
the  stem  bends  towards  that,  as  every  one  knows ;  and  bends 
towards  the  stronger  light,  when  the  two  sides  are  unequally  ex- 
posed to  the  sun.  It  is  now  known  that  the  shoot  is  bent  by  the 
shortening  of  the  cells  on  the  more  illuminated  side  ;  for  if  we  split 
the  bending  shoot  in  two,  that  side  curves  over  still  more,  while  the 
opposite  side  inclines  to  fly  back.  But  how  the  light  causes  the 
cells  to  shorten  on  that  side,  we  can  no  more  explain,  than  we  can 
tell  how  the  will,  acting  through  the  nerves,  causes  the  contraction 
of  the  fibres  of  the  muscles  by  which  a  man  bends  his  arm.  We 
are  sure  that  the  bending  of  the  shoot  has  nothing  to  do  with 
growth,  because  it  takes  place  after  a  shoot  is  grown  ;  and  the  del- 
icate stem  of  a  young  seedling  will  bend  a  thousand  times  faster 
than  it  grows.  Also  because  it  is  yellow  light  that  most  favors 
growth  and  the  formation  of  vegetable  fabric,  while  the  blue  and 
violet  rays  produce  the  bending.  Leaves  also  move,  even  more 
freely  than  steins.  They  constantly  present  their  upper  face  to  the 
light ;  and  when  turned  upside  down,  they  twist  on  their  stalks,  or 
curve  round  to  recover  their  original  position.  The  free  ends  of 
twining  stems,  as  of  Hop,  or  Morning  Glory,  or  Bean,  which  appar- 
ently hang  over  to  one  side  from  their  weight,  are  in  fact  bent  over, 
and,  the  direction  of  the  bend  constantly  changing,  the  shoot  is 
steadily  sweeping  round  the  circle,  making  a  revolution  every  few 
hours,  or  even  more  rapidly  in  certain  cajes,  until  it  reaches  a 
neighboring  support,  when,  by  a  continuation  of  the  same  move- 
ment, it  twines  around  it.  Most  tendrils  revolve  in  the  same  way, 
sometimes  even  more  rapidly;  while  others  only  turn  from  the 


LESSON    27.]  MOVEMENTS.  171 

light ;  this  is  especially  the  case  with  those  that  cling  to  walls  or 
trunks  by  sucker-like  disks,  as  Virginia  Creeper,  p.  38,  fig.  62. 
When  an  active  tendril  comes  into  contact  with  a  stem  or  any  such 
extraneous  body,  it  incurves  at  the  point  of  contact,  and  so  lays  hold 
of  the  support :  the  same  contraction  or  tendency  to  curve  affecting 
the  whole  length  of  the  tendril,  it  soon  shortens  into  a  coil,  part  coil- 
ing one  way,  part  the  other,  thus  drawing  the  shoot  up  to  the  sup- 
porting body ;  or,  if  the  tendril  be  free,  it  winds  up  in  a  simple  coil. 
This  movement  of  tendrils  is  so  prompt  in  the  Star-Cucumber  (Sic- 
yos)  in  Echinocystis,  and  in  two  sorts  of  Passion-flower,  that  the 
end,  after  a  gentle  rubbing,  coils  up  by  a  movement  rapid  enough  to 
be  readily  seen.  In  plants  that  climb  by  their  leaf-stalks,  such  as 
Maurandia  and  Tropseolum,  the  movements  are  similar,  but  much 
too  slow  to  be  seen. 

491.  The  so-called  sleep  of  plants  is  a  change  of  position  as  night 
draws  on,  and  in   different   ways,  according  to  the  species,  —  the 
Locust  and  Wood-Sorrel   turning   down   their   leaflets,  the   Honey 
Locust  raising  them  upright,  the  Sensitive  Plant  turning  them  for- 
wards one  over  another ;  and  the  next  morning  they  resume  their 
diurnal  position.     One  fact,  among  others,  showing  that  the  changes 
are  not  caused  by  the  light,  but  by  some  power  in  the  plant  itself,  is 
this.     The  leaves  of  the  Sensitive  Plant  close  long  before  sunset ; 
but  they  expand  again  before  sunrise,  under  much  less  light  than 
they  had  when  they  closed.     In  several  plants  the  leaves  take  the 
nocturnal  position  when  brushed  or  jarred,  —  in  the  common  Sensi- 
tive Plant  very  suddenly,  in  other  sorts  less  quickly,  in  the  Honey 
Locust  a  little  too  slowly  for  us  to  see  the  motion.     The  way  in 
which  blossoms  open  and  close,  some  when  the  light  increases,  some 
when  it  diminishes,  illustrates  the  same  thing.     The  stamens  of  the 
Barberry,  when  touched  at  the  base  on  the  inner  side,  —  as  by  an 
insect  seeking  for  honey,  or  by  the  point  of  a  pin,  —  make  a  sudden 
jerk    forward,  and   in    the   process    commonly  throw   some    pollea 
upon  the  stigma,  which  stands  a  little  above  their  reach. 

492.  In  many  of  these  cases  we  plainly  perceive  that  a  useful  end 
is  subserved.     But  what  shall  we  say  of  the  Venus's  Fly-trap  of 
North  Carolina,  growing  where  it  might  be  sure  of  all  the  food  a 
plant  can  need,  yet  provided  with  an  apparatus  for  catching  insects, 
and  actually  capturing  them  expertly  by  a  sudden  motion,  in  the 
manner  already  described  (126,  Fig.  81)?     Or  of  the  leaflets  of  the 


172  CRYPTOCAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.    [LESSON    27. 

Desmodium  gyrans  of  the  East  Indies,  spontaneously  falling  and 
rising  by  turns  in  jerking  motions  nearly  the  whole  day  long  ?  We 
can  only  say,  that  plants  are  alive,  no  less  than  animals,  and  that  it 
is  a  characteristic  of  living  things  to  move. 


*#*  CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

493.  IN  all  the  foregoing  Lessons,  we  have  had  what  may  be 
called  plants  of  the  higher  classes  alone  in  view.     There  are  others, 
composing  the  lower  grades  of  vegetation,  to  which  some  allusion 
ought  to  be  made. 

494.  Of  this    sort  are    Ferns   or    Brakes,   Mosses,  Liverworts, 
Lichens,    Sea-weeds,   and    Fungi   or   Mushrooms.      They  are  all 
classed  together  under  the  name  of  Flowerless  Plants,  or    Crypto- 
gamous  Plants;  the  former  epithet  referring  to  the  fact  that  they  do 
not  bear  real  blossoms  (with  stamens  and  pistils)  nor  seeds  (with  an 
embryo  ready-formed  within).     Instead  of  seeds  they  have  spores, 
which  are  usually  simple  cells    (392).     The  name    Cryptogamous 
means,  of  hidden  fructification,  and  intimates  that  they  may  have 
something  answering  to  stamens  and  pistils,  although  not  the  same ; 
and  this  is  now  known  to  be  the  ca^e  with  most  of  them. 

495.  Flowerless  plants  are  so  very  various,  and  so  peculiar  in 
each  family,  that  a  volume  would  be  required  to  illustrate  them. 
Curious  and  attractive  as  they  are,  they  are  too  difficult  to  be  studied 
botanically  by  the  beginner,  except  the  Ferns,  Club-Mosses,  and 
Horse-tails.     For  the  study  of  these  we  refer  the  student  at  once  to 
the  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States,  and  to  the 
Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany.     The  structure  and  physiology 
of  these  plants,  as  well  as  of  the  Mosses,  Liverworts,  Lichens,  Sea- 
weeds, and  Fungi,  are  explained  in  the  Structural  Botany,  or  Botanical 
Text-Book,  and   in   other  similar  works.     When   the  student   has 
become  prepared  for  the  study,  nothing  can  be  more  interesting  than 
these  plants  of  the  lowest  orders. 


LESSON  28.]  SPECIES    AND   KINDS.  173 

LESSON  XXVIII. 

SPECIES    AND    KINDS. 

496.  UNTIL  now,  we  have  been  considering  plants  as  to  their 
structure  and  their  mode  of  life.     We  have,  as  it  were,  been  read- 
ing the  biography  of  an  individual  plant,  following  it  from  the  tiny 
seedling  up  to  the  mature  and  fruit-bearing  herb  or  tree,  and  learning 
how  it  grows  and  what  it  does.     The  botanist  also  considers  plants 
as  to  their  relationships. 

497.  Plants  and  animals,  as  is  well  known,  have  two  great  pecu- 
liarities :  1st,  they  form  themselves ;  and  2d,  they  multiply  them- 
selves.    They  reproduce  themselves  in  a  continued  succession  of 

498.  Individuals  (3).     Mineral  things  occur  as  masses,  which  are 
divisible  into  smaller  and  still  smaller  ones  without  alteration  of 
their  properties  (391).     But  organic  things  (vegetables  and  ani- 
mals) exist  as  individual  beings.     Each  owes  its  existence   to  a 
parent,  and  produces  similar  individuals  in  its  turn.     So  each  indi- 
vidual is  a  link  of  a  chain ;  and  to  this  chain  the  natural-historian 
applies  the  name  of 

499.  Species.     All  the  descendants  from  the  same  stock  therefore 
compose  one  species.     And  it  was  from  our  observing  that  the  sev- 
eral sorts  of  plants  or  animals  steadily  reproduce  themselves, —  or,  in 
other  words,  keep  up  a  succession  of  similar  individuals,  —  that  the 
idea  of  species  originated.     So  we  are  led  to  conclude  that  the  Cre- 
ator established  a  definite  number  of  species  at  the  beginning,  which 
have  continued  by  propagation,  each  after  its  kind. 

500.  There  are  few  species,  however,  in  which  man  has  actually 
observed  the  succession  for  many  generations.     It  could  seldom  be 
proved  that  all  the  White  Pine  trees  or  White  Oaks  of  any  forest 
came  from  the  same  stock.     But  observation  having  familiarized 
us  with  the  general  fact,  that  individuals  proceeding  from  the  same 
stock  are  essentially  alike,  we  infer  from  their  close  resemblance 
that  these  similar  individuals  belong  to  the  same  species.     That  is, 
we  infer  it  when  the  individuals  are  as  much  like  each  other  as  those 
are  which  we  know  to  have  sprung  from  the  same  stock. 

501.  We  do  not  infer  it  from  every  resemblance  ;  for  there  is  the 
resemblance  of  kind,  —  as  between  the  White  Oak  and  the  Red  Oak, 

15* 


1"4  SPECIES    AND    KINDS.  [LESSON  28. 

and  between  the  latter  and  the  Scarlet  Oak :  these,  we  take  for 
granted,  have  not  originated  from  one  and  the  same  stock,  but  from 
three  separate  stocks.  Nor  do  we  deny  it  on  account  of  every 
difference  ;  for  even  the  sheep  of  the  same  flock,  and  the  plants 
raised  from  peas  of  the  same  pod,  may  show  differences,  and  such 
differences  occasionally  get  to  be  very  striking.  When  they  are 
pretty  well  marked,  we  call  them 

Varieties.  The  White  Oak,  for  example,  presents  two  or  three 
varieties  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  although  they  may  be  all  alike 
upon  each  particular  tree.  The  question  often  arises,  practically, 
and  it  is  often  hard  to  answer,  whether  the  difference  in  a  particular 
case  is  that  of  a  variety,  or  is  specific.  If  the  former,  we  may 
commonly  prove  it  to  be  so  by  finding  such  intermediate  degrees 
of  difference  in  various  individuals  as  to  show  that  no  clear  line  of 
distinction  can  be  drawn  between  them ;  or  else  by  observing  the 
variety  to  vary  back  again,  if  not  in  the  same  individual,  yet  in  its 
offspring.  Our  sorts  of  Apples,  Pears,  Potatoes,  and  the  like,  show 
us  that  differences  which  are  permanent  in  the  individual,  and  con- 
tinue unchanged  through  a  long  series  of  generations  when  propa- 
gated by  division  (as  by  offsets,  cuttings,  grafts,  bulbs,  tubers,  &c.), 
are  not  likely  to  be  reproduced  by  seed.  Still  they  sometimes  are 
so  :  and  such  varieties  are  called 

Races.  These  are  strongly  marked  varieties,  capable  of  being 
propagated  by  seed.  Our  different  sorts  of  Wheat,  Indian  Corn, 
Peas,  Radishes,  &c.,  are  familiar  examples  :  and  the  races  of  men 
offer  an  analogous  instance. 

502.  It  should  be  noted,  that  all  varieties  have  a  tendency  to  be 
reproduced  by  seed,  just  as  all  the  peculiarities  of  the  parent  tend  to 
be  reproduced  in  the  offspring.  And  by  selecting  those  plants  which 
have  developed  or  inherited  any  desirable  peculiarity,  keeping  them 
from  mingling  with  their  less  promising  brethren,  and  selecting  again 
the  most  promising  plants  raised  from  their  seeds,  we  may  in  a  few 
generations  render  almost  -any  variety  transmissible  by  seed,  so  long 
as  we  take  good  care  of  it.  In  fact,  this  is  the  way  the  cultivated  or 
domesticated  races,  so  useful  to  man,  have  been  fixed  and  preserved. 
Races,  in  fact,  can  hardly,  if  at  all,  be  said  to  exist  independently  of 
man.  But  man  does  not  really  produce  them.  Such  peculiarities 
—  often  surprising  enough  —  now  and  then  originate,  we  know  not 
how  (the  plant  sports,  as  the  gardeners  say)  ;  they  are  only  pre- 
served, propagated,  and  generally  further  developed,  by  the  culti- 


LESSON    28.]  CLASSIFICATION.  175 

vator's  skilful  care.     If  left  alone,  they  are  likely  to  dwindle  and 
perish,  or  else  revert  to  the  original  form  of  the  species. 

503.  Botanists  variously  estimate  the  number  of  known  species 
of  plants  at  from  seventy  to  one  hundred  thousand.     About  3,850 
species  of  the  higher  classes  grow  wild  in  the  United  States  east  of 
the  Mississippi.     So  that  the  vegetable  kingdom  exhibits  a  very 
great  diversity.     Between  our  largest  and  highest-organized  trees, 
such  as  a  Magnolia  or  an  Oak,  and  the  simplest  of  plants,  reduced 
to  a  single  cell  or  sphere,  much  too  minute  to  be  visible  to  the 
naked  eye,  how  wide  the  difference  !     Yet  the  extremes  are  con- 
nected by  intermediate  grades  of  every  sort,  so  as  to  leave  no  wide 
gap  at  any  place  ;  and  not  only  so,  but  every  grade,  from  the  most 
complex  to  the  most  simple,  is  exhibited  under  a  wide  and  most 
beautiful  diversity  of  forms,  all  based  upon  the  one  plan  of  vegeta- 
tion which  we  have  been  studying,  and  so  connected  and  so  an- 
swering to  each  other  throughout  as  to  convince  the  thoughtful 
botanist  that  all  are  parts  of  one  system,  works  of  one  hand,  realiza- 
tions in  nature  of  the  conception  of  One  Mind.     We  perceive  this, 
also,  by  the  way  in  which  the  species  are  grouped  into 

504.  Kinds.     If  the  species,  when  arranged  according  to  their  re- 
semblances, were  found  to  differ  from  one  another  about  equally,  — 
that  is,  if  No.  1  differed  from  No.  2  just  as  much  as  No.  2  did  from 
No.  3,  and  No.  4  from  No.  5,  and  so  on  throughout,  —  then,  with  all 
the  diversity  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  there  is  now,  there  would  yet 
be  no  foundation  in  nature  for  grouping  species  into  kinds.     Species 
and  kinds  would  mean  just  the  same  thing.    We  should  classify  them, 
no  doubt,  for  convenience,  but  our  classification  would  be  arbitrary. 
The  fact  is,  however,  that  species  resemble  each  other  in  very  un- 
equal degrees.    Some  species  are  almost  exactly  alike  in  their  whole 

structure,  and  differ  only  in  the  shape  or  proportion  of  their  parts ; 
these,  we  say,  belong  to  one  Genus.  Some,  again,  show  a  more  gen- 
eral resemblance,  and  are  found  to  have  their  flowers  and  seeds  con- 
structed on  the  same  particular  plan,  but  with  important  differences 
in  the  details;  these  belong  to  the  same  Order  or  Family.  Then, 
taking  a  wider  survey,  we  perceive  that  they  all  group  themselves 
under  a  few  general  types  (or  patterns),  distinguishable  at  once  by 
their  flowers,  by  their  seeds  or  embryos,  by  the  character  of  the 
seedling  plant,  by  the  structure  of  their  stems  and  leaves,  and  by 
their  general  appearance  :  these  great  groups  we  call  Classes. 
Finally,  we  distinguish  the  whole  into  two  great  types  or  grades; 


176  SPECIES    AND    KINDS.  |_LESSON    28. 

the  higher  grade  of  Flowering  plants,  exhibiting  the  full  plan  of 
vegetation,  and  the  lower  grade  of  Flowerless  plants,  in  which 
vegetation  is  so  simplified  that  at  length  the  only  likeness  between 
them  and  our  common  trees  or  Flowering  plants  is  that  they  are 
both  vegetables.  From  species,  then,  we  rise  first  to 

505.  Genera  (plural  of  Genus).     The  Rose  kind  or  genus,  the  Oak 
genus,  the   Chestnut  genus,  &c.,  are  familiar  illustrations.     Each 
genus  is  a  group  of  nearly  related  species,  exhibiting  a  particular 
plan.     All  the  Oaks  belong  to  one  genus,  the  Chestnuts  to  another, 
the  Beech  to  a  third.     The  Apple,  Pear,  and  Crab  are  species  of  one 
genus,  the  Quince  represents  another,  the  various  species  of  Haw- 
thorn a  third.     In  the  animal  kingdom  the  common  cat,  the  wild  cat, 
the  panther,  the  tiger,  the  leopard,  and  the  lion  are  species  of  the  cat 
kind  or  genus  ;  while  the  dog,  the  jackal,  the  different  species  of  wolf, 
and  the  foxes,  compose  another  genus.    Some  genera  are  represented 
by  a  vast  number  of  species,  others  by  few,  very  many  by  only  one 
known  species.     For  the  genus  may  be  as  perfectly  represented  in 
one  species  as  in  several,  although,  if  this  were  the  case  throughout, 
genera  and  species  would  of  course  be  identical  (504).     The  Beech 
genus  and  the  Chestnut  genus  would  be  just  as  distinct  from  the  Oak 
genus  even  if  but  one  Beech  and  one  Chestnut  were  known ;  as  in- 
deed was  the  case  formerly. 

506.  Orders  OF  Families  (the  two  names  are  used  for  the  same  thing 
in  botany)  are  groups  of  genera  that  resemble  each  other ;  that  is, 
they  are  to  genera  what  genera  are  to  species.     As  familiar  illustra- 
tions, the  Oak,  Chestnut,  and  Beech  genera,  along  with  the  Hazel 
genus  and  the  Hornbeams,  all  belong  to  one  order,  viz.  the  Oak  Fam- 
ily ;  the  Birches  and  the  Alders  make  another  family ;  the  Poplars 
and  Willows,  another;  the  Walnuts  (with  the  Butternut)  and  the 
Hickories,  another.     The  Apple  genus,  the  Quince  and  the  Haw- 
thorns, along  with  the  Plums   and   Cherries  and  the  Peach,  the 
Raspberry,  with  the  Blackberry,  the  Strawberry,  the  Rose,  and  many 
other  genera,  belong  to  a  large  order,  the  Rose  Family. 

507.  Tribes  and  Suborders,     This  leads  us  to  remark,  that  even  the 
genera  of  the  same  order  may  show  very  unequal  degrees  of  resem- 
blance.   Some  may  be  very  closely  related  to  one  another,  and  at  the 
same  time  differ  strikingly  from  the  rest  in  certain  important  partic- 
ulars.    In  the  Rose  Family,  for  example,  there  is  the  Rose  genus 
itself,  with  the  Raspberry  genus,  the   Strawberry,  the   Cinquefoil, 
&e.  near  it,  but  by  no  means  so  much  like  it  as  they  are  like  each 


LESSON  28.]  ORDERS,    CLASSES,    ETC.  177 

other :  this  group,  therefore,  answers  to  what  is  called  a  Tribe  ;  and 
the  Rose  itself  stands  for  another  tribe.  But  we  further  observe 
that  the  Apple  genus,  the  Hawthorns,  the  Quince,  and  the  June- 
berry,  though  of  the  same  order,  and  nearly  related  among  them- 
selves, differ  yet  more  widely  from  the  Rose  and  its  nearest  relations; 
and  so,  on  the  other  hand,  do  the  Plum  and  Cherry,  the  Peach  and 
the  Almond.  So  this  great  Rose  Family,  or  Order,  is  composed  of 
three  groups,  of  a  more  marked  character  than  tribes,  —  groups 
which  might  naturally  be  taken  for  orders  ;  and  we  call  them  Sub- 
orders. But  students  will  understand  these  matters  best  after  a  few 
lessons  in  studying  plants  in  a  work  describing  the  kinds. 

508.  Classes,     These  are  great  assemblages  of  orders,  as  already 
explained  (51 5).     The  orders  of  Flowering  Plants  are  numerous, 
no  less  than  134  being  represented  in  the  Botany  of  the  Northern 
United    States  ;   but  they  all   group  themselves  under  two  great 
classes.     One  class   comprises  all  that  have  seeds   with  a  mono- 
cotyledonous  embryo  (32),  endogenous  stems  (423),  and  generally 
parallel-veined  leaves  (139)  ;   the  other,  those  with  dicotyledonous 
embryo,  exogenous  stems,  and  netted-veined  leaves  ;  and  the  whole 
aspect  of  the  two  is  so  different  that  they  are  known  at  a  glance. 

509.  Finally,  these  two  classes  together  compose  the  upper  Series 
or  grade  of  Flowering  or  Phcenogamous  Plants,  which  have  their 
counterpart  in  the  lower  Series  of  Flowerless  or  Cryptogamous  Plants, 
—  composed  of  three  classes,  and  about  a  dozen  orders. 

510.  The  universal  members  of  classification  are  CLASS,  ORDER, 
GENUS,  SPECIES,  always  standing  in  this  order.     When  there  are 
more,  they  take  their  places  as  in   the  following  schedule,  which 
comprises  all  that  are  generally  used  in  a  natural  classification, 
proceeding  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest,  viz. :  — 

Series, 

CLASS,    ~^>t 
Subclass, 

ORDER,  or  FAMILY,  ^v^  v*^-^ 

Suborder, 
Tribe, 

Subtribe, 
GENUS, 

Subgenus  or  Section, 
SPECIES, 

Variety,  ^j  :• 
S&F-9 


178  BOTANICAL    NAMES.  [LESSON  29. 

LESSON   XXIX. 

BOTANICAL  NAMES  AND  CHARACTERS. 

511.  PLANTS  are  classified,  —  i.  e.  are  marshalled  under  their  re- 
spective classes,  orders,  tribes,  genera,  and  species,  —  and  they  are 
'characterized,  —  that  is,  their  principal  characteristics  or  distinguish- 
ing marks  are  described  or  enumerated,  in  order  that, 

First,  their  resemblances  or  differences,  of  various  degrees,  may 
be  clearly  exhibited,  and  all  the  species  and  kinds  ranked  next  to 
those  they  are  most  related  to  ;  —  and 

Secondly,  that  students  may  readily  ascertain  the  botanical  names 
of  the  plants  they  meet  with,  and  learn  their  peculiarities,  properties, 
and  place  in  the  system. 

512.  It  is  in  the  latter  that  the  young  student  is  chiefly  interested. 
And  by  his  studies  in  this  regard  he  is  gradually  led  up  to  a  higher 
point  of  view,  from  which  he  may  take  an  intelligent  survey  of  the 
whole  general  system  of  plants.     But  the  best  way  for  the  student 
to  learn  the  classification  of  plants  (or  Botany  as  a  system),  is  to  use 
it,  in  finding  out  by  it  the  name  and  the  peculiarities  of  all  the  wild 
plants  he  meets  with. 

513.  Names.     The  botanical  name  of  a  plant,  that  by  whicli  a 
botanist  designates  it,  is  the  name  of  its  genus  followed  by  that  of 
the  species.     The  name  of  the  genus  or  kind  is  like  the  family  name 
or  surname  of  a  person,  as  Smith,  or  Jones.     That  of  the  species 
answers  to  the  baptismal  name,  as  John,  or  James.     Accordingly, 
the  White  Oak  is  called  botanically  Quercus  alba  ;  the  first  word,  or 
Quercus,  being  the  name  of  the  Oak  genus  ;  the  second,  alba,  that 
of  this  particular  species.     And   the  Red  Oak  is  named  Quercus 
rubra ;  the  Black -Jack  Oak,  Quercus  nigra ;  and  so  on.     The  bo- 
tanical names  are  all  in  Latin  (or  are  Latinized),  this  being  the 
common   language  of  science  everywhere ;   and  according  to  the 
usage  of  that  language,  and  of  most  others,  the  name  of  the  species 
comes  after  that  of  the  genus,  while  in  English  it  comes  before  it. 

514.  Generic  Names,     A  plant,  then,  is  named  by  two  words.     The 
generic  name,  or  that  of  the  genus,  is  one  word,  and  a  substantive. 
Commonly  it  is  the  old  classical  name,  when  the  genus  was  known 
to  the  Greeks  and  Romans  ;  as  Quercus  for  the  Oak,  Fagus  for  the 


LESSON  29.]  BOTANICAL    NAMES.  179 

Beech,  Coryhis,  the  Hazel,  and  the  like.  But  as  more  genera  be- 
came known,  botanists  had  new  names  to  make  or  borrow.  Many 
are  named  from  some  appearance  or  property  of  the  flowers,  leaves, 
or  other  parts  of  the  plant.  To  take  a  few  examples  from  the  early 
pages  of  the  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States,  — 
in  which  the  derivation  of  the  generic  names  is  explained.  The 
genus  Hepatica,  p.  6,  comes  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf  resembling 
that  of  the  liver.  Myosurus,  p.  10,  means  mouse-tail.  Delphin- 
ium, p.  12,  is  from  delphin,  a  dolphin,  and  alludes  to  the  shape  of 
the  flower,  which  was  thought  to  resemble  the  classical  figures  of  the 
dolphin.  Zanthorhiza,  p.  13,  is  from  two  Greek  words  meaning 
yellow-root,  the  common  name  of  the  plant.  Cimicifuga,  p.  14,  is 
formed  of  two  Latin  words,  meaning,  to  drive  away  bugs,  the  same 
as  its  common  name  of  Bugbane,  the  Siberian  species  being  used  to 
keep  away  such  vermin.  Sanguinaria,  p.  26,  is  named  from  the 
blood-like  color  of  its  juice. 

515.  Other  genera  are  dedicated  to  distinguished  botanists  or  pro- 
moters of  natural  science,  and  bear  their  names :  such  are  Magnolia, 
p.  15,  which  commemorates  the  early  French  botanist,  Magnol,  and 
Jejfersonia,  p.  20,  named  after  President  Jefferson,  who  sent  the  first 
exploring  expedition  over  the  Rocky  -Mountains.     Others  bear  the 
name  of  the  discoverer  of  the  plant  in  question  ;  as,  Sarracenia,  p. 
23,  dedicated  to  Dr.  Sarrazin  of  Quebec,  who  was  one  of  the  first 
to  send  our  common  Pitcher-plant  to  the  botanists  of  Europe  ;  and 
Claytonia,  p.  65,  first  made  known  by  the  early  Virginian  botanist 
Clayton. 

516.  Specific  Names,     The  name  of  the  species  is  also  a  single 
word,  appended  to  that  of  the  genus.     It  is  commonly  an  adjective, 
and  therefore  agrees  with  the  generic  name  in  case,  gender,  &c. 
Sometimes  it  relates  to  the  country  the  species  inhabits ;  as,  Clay- 
tonia    Virginica,   first    made    known    from   Virginia  ;    Sanguinaria 
Canadensis,  from   Canada,  &c.     More  commonly  it  denotes  some 
obvious  or  characteristic  trait  of  the  species;   as,  for  example,  in 
Sarracenia,  our  northern  species  is  named  purpurea,  from  the  pur- 
ple blossoms,  while  a  more  southern  one  is  named  flava,  because 
its  petals  are  yellow ;  the  species  of  Jeffersonia  is  called  diphylla, 
meaning  two-leaved,  because  its  leaf  is  divided  into  two  leaflets. 
Some  species  are  named  after  the  discoverer,  or  in  compliment  to  a 
botanist  who  has  made  them  known  ;  as,  Magnolia  Fraseri,  named 
after  the  botanist  Fraser,  one  of  the  first  to  find  this  species ;  Ra- 


180  BOTANICAL    NAMES    AND    CHARACTERS.     [LESSON  29. 

worthia  Michauxii,  p.  Go,  named  for  the  early  botanist  Michaux ; 
and  Polygala  Nuttallii,  in  compliment  to  Mr.  Nuttall,  who  described 
it  under  another  name.  Such  names  of  persons  are  of  course  writ- 
ten with  a  capital  initial  letter.  Occasionally  some  old  substantive 
name  is  used  for  the  species ;  as  Magnolia  Umbrella,  p.  49,  and  Ra- 
nunculus Flammula,  p.  41.  These  are  also  written  with  a  capital 
initial,  and  need  not  accord  with  the  generic  name  in  gender,  &c. 

517.  The  name  of  a  variety,  when  it  is  distinct  enough  to  require 
any,  is  made  on  the  same  plan  as  that  of  the  species,  and  is  written 
after  it;  as,  Ranunculus  Flammula,  variety  reptans,  p.  41  (5.  e.  the 
creeping  variety),  and  R.  abortivus,  variety  micranthus,  p.  42,  or 
the  small-flowered  variety  of  this  species. 

518.  Names  Of  Groups,     The  names  of  tribes,  orders,  and  the  like, 
are  in  the  plural  number,  and  are  commonly  formed  by  prolonging 
the  name  of  a  genus  of  the  group  taken  as  a  representative  of  it. 
For  example,  the  order  of  which  the  Buttercup  or  Crowfoot  genus, 
Ranunculus,  is  the  representative,  takes  from  it  the  name  of  Ranun- 
culacece   (Manual,  p.  34)  ;    meaning  Plantce  Ranunculacece  when 
written  out  in  full,  that  is,  Ranunculaceous   Plants.     This  order 
comprises  several  tribes ;  one  of  which,  to  which  Ranunculus  itself 
belongs,  takes  the  name  of  Ranunculea ;  another,  to  which   the 
genus   Clematis,  or  the  Virgin's-Bower,  belongs,  takes  accordingly 
the  name  of  Clematidece  ;  and  so  on.     So  the  term  Rosacece  (mean- 
ing Rosaceous  plants)  is  the  name  of  the  order  of  which  the  Rose 
(Rosa)  is  the  well-known  representative ;  and  Rosea  is  the  name  of 
the  particular  tribe  of  it  which  comprises  the  Rose. 

519.  A  few  orders  are  named  on  a  somewhat  different  plan.    The 
great  order  Leguminosa,  for  instance  (Manual,  p.  123),  is  not  named 
after  any  genus  in  it ;  but  the  fruit,  which  is  a  legume  (356),  gives 
the  name  of  Leguminous  Plants.    So,  likewise,  the  order  Umbelliferte 
(Manual,  p.  187)  means  Umbelliferous  or  Umbel-bearing  Plants; 
and  the  vast  order  Composite  (Manual,  p.  215)  is  so  named  because 
it  consists  of  plants  whose  blossoms  are  crowded  into  heads  of  the 
sort  which  were  called  "compound  flowers"  by  the  old  botanists 
(277). 

520.  Characters.     The  brief  description,  or  enumeration  in  scien- 
tific terms,  of  the  principal   distinctive   marks  of  a  species,  genus, 
order,  or  other  group,  as  given   in  botanical  works,  is    called    its 
Character.     Thus,  in  the  Manual,  already  referred  to,  at  the  begin- 


LESSON    30.]  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  181 

ning,  the  character  of  the  first  great  series  is  given ;  then  that  of 
the  first  class,  of  the  first  subclass,  and  of  the  first  division  under  it. 
Then,  after  the  name  of  the  order,  follows  its  character  (the  ordinal 
character)  :  under  the  name  of  each  genus  (as,  1.  Clematis,  p.  35) 
is  added  the  generic  character,  or  description  of  what  essentially 
distinguishes  it ;  and  finally,  following  the  name  of  each  specie?,  is 
the  specific  character,  a  succinct  enumeration  of  the  points  in  which 
it  mainly  differs  from  other  species  of  the  same  genus.  See,  for 
illustration,  Clematis  Viorna,  p.  36,  where  the  sentence  immediately 
following  the  name  is  intended  to  characterize  that  species  from  all 
others  like  it. 

521.  Under  this  genus,  and  generally  where  we  have  several  spe- 
cies of  a  genus,  the  species  are  arranged  under  sections,  and  these 
often  under  subsections,  for  the  student's  convenience  in  analysis,  — 
the  character  or  description  of  a  section  applying  to  all  the  species 
under  it,  and  therefore  not  having  to  be  repeated  under  each  species. 
Under  Clematis,  also,  are  two  sections  with  names,  or  sub-genera, 
which  indicates  that  they  might  almost  be  regarded  as  two  distinct 
genera.  But  these  details  are  best  understood  by  practice,  in  the 
actual  studying  of  plants  to  ascertain  their  name  and  place.  And  to 
this  the  student  is  now  ready  to  proceed. 


LESSON    XXX. 

HOTV    TO    STUDY    PLANTS. 

522.  HAVING  explained,  in  the  two  preceding  Lessons,  the  gen- 
eral  principles  of  Classification,  and  of  Botanical  Names,  we  may 
now  show,  by  a  few  examples,  how  the   student  is   to  proceed  in 
applying  them,  and  how  the  name  and  the  place  in  the  system  of  an 
unknown  plant  are  to  be  ascertained. 

523.  We  suppose  the  student  to  be  provided  with  a  hand  magni- 
fying-ylass,  and,  if  possible,  with  a  simple  microscope,  i.  e.  with  a 
magnify  ing-glass,  of  two  or  more  different  powers,  mounted  on  a 
support,  over  a  stage,  holding  a  glass  plate,  on  which  small  flowers 
or  their  parts  may  be  laid,  while  they  are  dissected  under  the  mi- 
croscope with  the  points  of  needles  (mounted  in  handles),  or  divided 

16 


182  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  [LESSON    30. 

by  a  sharp  knife.  Such  a  microscope  is  not  necessary,  except  for 
very  small  flowers;  but  it  is  a  great  convenience  at  all  times,  and 
is  indispensable  in  studying  the  more  difficult  orders  of  plants. 

o24.  We  suppose  the  student  now  to  have  a  work  in  which  the 
plants  of  the  country  or  district  are  scientifically  arranged  and 
described :  if  in  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  Dr.  Chapman's  Flora 
of  the  Southern  Stales  ;  if  north  of  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  Gray's 
Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  United  States,  fifth  edition  ;  or,  as  cov- 
ering the  whole  ground  as  to  common  plants,  and  including  also  all 
the  common  cultivated  plants,  Gray's  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden 
Botany,  which  is  particularly  arranged  as  the  companion  of  the 
present  work  ;  that  containing  brief  botanical  descriptions  of  the 
plants,  and  this  the  explanation  of  their  general  structure,  and  of 
the  technical  terms  employed  in  describing  them.  To  express 
clearly  the  distinctions  which  botanists  observe,  and  which  furnish 
the  best  marks  to  know  a  plant  by,  requires  a  good  many  technical 
terms,  or  words  used  with  a  precise  meaning.  These,  as  they  are 
met  with,  the  student  should  look  out  in  the  Glossary  at  the  end  of 
this  volume.  The  terms  in  common  use  are  not  so  numerous  as 
they  would  at  first  appear  to  be.  With  practice  they  will  soon  be- 
come so  familiar  as  to  give  very  little  trouble.  And  the  application 
of  botanical  descriptive  language  to  the  plants  themselves,  indicating 
all  their  varieties  of  form  and  structure,  is  an  excellent  discipline 
for  the  mind,  equal,  if  not  in  some  respects  superior,  to  that  of  learn- 
ing a  classical  language. 

525.  The  following  illustrations  and  explanations  of  the  way  to  use 
the  descriptive  work  are,  first,  for  The  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Bot- 
any, that  being  the  one  which  will  be  generally  used  by  beginners  and 
classes.     This  and  the  Lessons,  bound  together  in  a  single  compact 
volume,  will  serve  the  whole  purpose  of  all  but  advanced  students, 
teachers,  and  working  botanists.     Thus  equipped,  we  proceed  to 

526.  The  Analysis  of  a  Plant,     A   Buttercup   will  serve    as   well 
as  any.    Some  species  or  other  may  be  found  in  blossom  throughout 
nearly  the   whole  spring  and  summer ;    and,   except  at  the   very 
beginning  of  the  season,  the  fruit,  more  or  less  developed,  may  be 
gathered  with  the  blossom.     To  a  full  knowledge  of  a  plant  the 
fruit  is  essential,  although  the  name  may  almost  always  be  ascer- 
tained without  it.     This  common  yellow  flower  being  under  exam- 
ination, we  are  to  refer  the  plant  to  its  proper  class  and  order  or 


LESSON    30.] 


HOW    TO    STUDY   PLANTS. 


183 


family.  The  families  are  so  numerous,  and  so  generally  distinguish- 
able only  by  a  combination  of  a  considerable  number  of  marks  that 
the  student  must  find  his  way  to  them  by  means  of  a  contrivance 
called  an  Analytical  Key.  This  Key  begins  on  p.  12. 

527.  It  takes  note  of  the  most  comprehensive  possible  division  of 
plants,  namely  those  "producing  true  flowers  and  seeds,"  and  those 
"not  producing  flowers,  propagated  by  spores."     To  the  first  of 
these,  the  great  series  of  PH^ENOGAMOUS  or  FLOWERING  PLANTS, 
the  plant  under  examination  obviously  belongs. 

528.  This  series  divides  into  those  "  with  wood  in  a  circle,  or  in 
concentric  annual  circles  or  layers  around  a  central  pith,  netted-veined 
leaves,  and  parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  fives  or  fours,"  —  to  which 
might  be  added  the  dicotyledonous  embryo,  but  that  in  the  present 
case  is  beyond  the  young  student's  powers,  even  if  the  fruit  were  at 
hand;  —  and  into  those  "  with  wood  in  separate  threads  scattered 
through  the  diameter  of  the  stem,  not  in  a  circle,"  also  the  u  leaves 
mostly  parallel-veined,  and   parts  of  the  flower  almost  always  in 
threes,  never  in  fives."     Although  the  hollowness  of  the  stem  of  the 
present  plant  may  obscure  its  internal  structure,  a  practised  hand, 
by  throwing  the  light  through  a  thin  cross  section  of  the  stem  under 
the  glass,  would  make  it  evident  that  its  woody  bundles  were  all  in 
a  circle  near  the  circumference,  yet  this  could  hardly  be  expected 
of  an  unassisted  and  inexperienced  beginner.     But  the  two  other 
and  very  obvious  marks,  the  netted-veined  leaves,  and  the  number 
five  in  both  cnlyx  and  corolla,  certify  at  once  that  the  plant  belongs 
to  the  first  cla<s,  EXOGENOUS  or  DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 

529.  We  should  now  look  at  the  flower  more  particularly,  so 
as  to  make  out  its  general 

plan  of  structure,  which  we 

shall  need  to  know  all  about 

as  we  go  on.     We  observe 

that   it   has   a   calyx   of    5 

sepals,  though  these  are  apt 

to  fall  soon  after  the  blossom 

opens ;  that  the  5  petals  are 

borne  on  the  receptacle  (or  common  axis  of  the  flower)  just  above 

the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them ;   that  there  are  next  borne,  a 


FIG.  358.     A  flower  of  a  Buttercup  (Ranunculus  bulbosus)  cut  through  from  top  to  bottom, 
and  enlarged. 


184  sow  TO  STUDY  PLANTS.  [LESSON  SO. 

little  higher  up  on  the  receptacle,  an  indefinite  number  of  stamens ; 
and,  lastly,  covering  the  summit  or  centre  of  the  receptacle,  an  in- 
definite number  of  pistils. 
A  good  view  of  the  whole 
is  to  be  had  by  cutting  the 
flower  directly  through  the 
middle,  from  top  to  bottom 
(Fig.  358).  If  this  be  done 
with  a  sharp  knife,  some  of  the  pistils  will  be  neatly  divided,  or  may 
be  so  by  a  second  slicing.  Each  pistil,  we  see,  is  a  closed  ovary, 
containing  a  single  ovule  (Fig.  359)  ascending  from  near  the  base 
of  the  cell,  and  is  tipped  with  a  very  short  broad  style,  which  has 
the  stigma  running  down  the  whole  length  of  its  inner  edge.  The 
ovary  is  little  changed  as  it  ripens  into  the  sort  of  fruit  termed  an 
akene  (Fig.  360)  ;  the  ovule  becoming  the  seed  and  fitting  the  cell 
(Fig.  361).  Reverting  to  the  key,  on  p.  13,  we  find  that  the  class 
to  which  our  plant  belongs  has  two  subclasses,  one  "  with  pistil  of 
the  ordinary  sort,  the  ovules  in  a  closed  ovary  ";  the  other  "  without 
proper  pistil,  the  ovules  naked  on  a  scale,"  &c.  The  latter  is 
nearly  restricted  to  the  Pine  Family.  The  examination  already  had 
makes  it  quite  clear  that  our  plant  belongs  to  the  first  subclass, 
ANGIOSPERMOUS  Exogenous  or  Dicotyledonous  Plants. 

530.  We  have  here  no  less  than  110  orders  under  this  subclass. 
To  aid  the  unpractised  student  in  finding  his  way  among  them,  they 
are  ranked  under   three  artificial  divisions ;    the  Polypetcdous,  the 
Monopetalous,  and  the  Apetalous.     The  plant  in   hand  being  fur- 
nished, in  the  words  of  the  key,  "  with  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the 
latter  of  wholly  separate  petals,"  is  to  be  sought  under  I.  POLY- 
PETALOUS  DIVISION;  for  the  analysis  of  which,  see  p.  14. 

531.  Fully  half  the  families  of  the  class  rank  under  this  division. 
The  first  step  in  the  key  is  to  the  sections  A  and  B  ;  to  the  first  of 
which,  having  "stamens  more  than  10,  and  more  than  twice  the 
number  of  the  sepals  or  divisions  of  the  calyx,"  our  plant  must  pertain. 

532.  Under  this  we  proceed  by  a  series  of  successive  steps,  their 
gradations  marked  by  their  position  on  the  page,  leading  down  to 
the  name  of  the  order  or  family,  to  which  is  appended  the  number 

FIG.  359.  A  pistil  taken  from  a  Buttercup  (Ranunculus  bulbosus),  and  more  magnified  ; 
its  ovary  cut  through  lengthwise,  showing  the  ovule.  300.  One  of  its  pistils  when  ripened 
Into  a  fruit  (achenium  or  akene).  361.  The  same,  cut  through,  to  shotv  the  seed  in  it. 


LESSON    30.  J  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  185 

of  the  page  where  that  family  and  the  plants  under  it  are  described. 
The  propositions  of  the  same  grade,  two  or  more,  from  which  de- 
termination is  to  be  made,  not  only  stand  one  directly  under  the 
other,  but  begin  with  the  same  word  or»  phrase,  or  with  some 
counterpart,  —  in  the  present  case  again  with  "  Stamens,"  and  with 
four  propositions,  with  one  and  only  one  of  which  the  flower  in 
hand  should  agree.  It  agrees  with  the  last  of  the  four :  "  Stamens 
not  monadelphous." 

533.  The  propositions  under  this,  to  which  we  are  now  directed, 
are  six,  beginning  with  the  word  "  Pistils  "  or  "  Pistil."     The  one 
which  applies  to  the  flower  in  hand  is,  clearly,  the  fourth :  "  Pistils 
numerous  or  more  than  one,  separate,  on  the  receptacle." 

534.  The  terms  of  the  analysis  directly  subordinate  to  this  are 
only  two :    we    have  to  choose   between  "  Stamens  borne  on   the 
calyx,"  and  "  Stamens  borne  on  the  receptacle."     The  latter  is  true 
of  our  flower.     The  terms  subordinate  to  this  are  four,  beginning 
with  the  word  "  Leaves."     The  fourth  alone  accords  :  "  Leaves  not 
peltate ;    herbs,"  —  and    this   line   leads   out    to   the    CROWFOOT 
FAMILY,  and  refers  to  p.  33. 

535.  Turning  to  that  page,  a  perusal  of  the  brief  account  of  the 
marks  of  the  RANUNCULACE^E  (the  technical  Latin  name)  or  CROWI- 
FOOT  FAMILY,  assures  us  that  the  Key  has  led  us  safely  and  readily 
to  a  correct  result.     Knowing  the  order  or  family,  we  have  next  to 
ascertain  the  genus.     Here  are  twenty  genera  to  choose  from ;  but 
their  characters   are  analyzed   under  sections  and  successive  sub- 
sections (§,  *  ,  -f~,  ++,  &c.)  so  as  to  facilitate  the  way  to  the  desired 
result.     Of  the  two  primary  sections,  we  must  reject  §  1,  as  it  agrees 
only  in  respect  to  the  pistils,  and  differs  wholly  in  the  characters 
furnished  by  the  sepals,  the  petals,  and  the  leaves.     With  "  §  2. 
Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud:  not  climbing  nor  woody,"  it  agrees.     It 
also  agrees  with  the  sub-section  immediately  following,  viz. :  "  *  Pis- 
tils and  akenes,  several  or  many  in  a  head,  one-seeded"     The  sub- 
division following :  "  +-  Petals  none:  sepals  petal-like"  is  inapplicable  ; 
but  its  counterpart,  "  -i—  -i—  Petals  and  sepals  both  conspicuous,  Jive  or 
more:  akenes,  naked,  short-pointed,"  suits,  and  restricts  our  choice  to 
the  three  genera,  Adonis,  Myosurus,  and   Ranunculus     The  deter- 
mination is  soon  made,  upon  noting  the  naked  sepals,  Vhe  petals  with 
the  little  scale  on  the  upper  face  of  the  short  claw,  and  the  akenes 
in  a  head:  so  the  genus  is,  7.  RANUNCULUS. 

16* 


186  HOW    TO    STUDY   PLANTS.  [LESSON    30. 

536.  The  arrangement  of  the  species  of  Ranunculus  is  to  be 
found,  under   the  proper  number,  7,  on  p.  37  and  the  following. 
The  first  section  contains  aquatic  species ;  ours  is  terrestrial,  and  in 
all  other  particulars  answers  to  §  2.     The  smooth  ovary  and  akene, 
and  the  perennial  root  refer  it  to  the  subsection  following,  marked 
by  the  single  star.     The  shape  of  the  leaves  excludes  it  from  the 
« +-  Spearwort   Crowfoots,"  the   large  and  showy  petals  from  the 
«  +_  4-  Small-flowered  Crowfoots ;  while  all  the  marks  agree  with 
+-  H-  H~   BUTTERCUPS  or  COMMON  CROWFOOTS.      There  is   still 
a  subdivision,  one  set  marked,  "  ++  Natives  of  the  country,  low  or 
spreading"  the  other  "  -*-i-  -n-  Introduced  weeds  from  Europe,  com- 
mon in  fields,  8?c. :  stem  erect :    leaves  much  cut,"  —  which  is   the 
case.     We  have  then  only  to  choose  between  the  two  field  Crow- 
foots, and  we  have  supposed  the  pupil  to  have  in  hand  the  lower, 
early-flowered  one,  common  at  the  east,  which  has  a  solid  bulb  or  corm 
at  the  base  of  the  stem,  and  displays  its  golden  flowers  in  spring  or 
earliest  summer,  and  which  accordingly  answers  to  the  description 
of  RANUNCULUS  BULBOSUS,  the  BULBOUS  BUTTERCUP. 

537.  Later  in  the  season  it  might  have  been  J2.  acris,  the  Tall 
Buttercup,  or  much  earlier  R.  fascicularis,  or  R.  repens.     Having 
ascertained  the  genus  from  any  one  species,  the  student  would  not 
fail  to  recognize  it  again  in  any  other,  at  a  glance. 

538.  If  now,  with  the  same   plant  in  hand,  the  Manual  (Fifth 
edition)  be  the  book  used,  the  process  of  analysis  will  be  so  similar, 
that  a  brief  indication  of  the  steps  may  suffice.     Here  the  corres- 
ponding Analytical  Key,  commencing  on  p.  21,  leads  similarly  to 
the  first  Series,  Class,  Subclass,  and  Division  ;  —  to  A,  with  nume- 
rous stamens;    1,  with  calyx  entirely  free  and  separate  from  the 
pistil  or  pistils,  thence  to  the  fourth  line  beginning  with  the  word 
Pistils;  thence  to  the  third  of  the  three  subordinate  propositions, 
viz.  to  "  Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle  " ;  to  the  second  of  the 
succeeding  couplet,  or  "  Filaments  longer  than  the  anther";  to  the 
second  of  the  next  couplet,  "  Flowers  perfect,"  &c.,  and  to  the  first 
of  the  final  couplet,  "  Leaves  not  peltate  ;  petals  deciduous,"  —  which 
ends  in  "  RANUNCULACE^E,  34."     This  is  the  technical  name  of  the 
family,  and  the  page  where  it  is  described. 

539.  Turning  to  that  page  we  read  the  general  description  of  that 
order,  particularly  the  portion  at  the  beginning   printed  in  italics, 
which  comprises  the  more  important  points.     The  "  Synopsis  of  the 


LESSON    31.]  HOW   TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  187 

Genera  "  which  follows  is  similar  to,  but  more  technical  than  that  of 
the  other,  more  elementary  book ;  and  the  names  of  the  tribes  or 
natural  groups  of  genera  (507)  are  inserted.  The  steps  of  analysis 
bring  the  student  to  the  Tribe  III.  RANUNCULE^;,  and  under  it  to 
the  genus  RANUNCULUS.  The  number  prefixed  to  the  name  enables 
the  student  to  turn  forward  and  find  the  genus,  p.  40.  The  name, 
scientific  and  popular,  is  here  followed  by  a  full  generic  character 
(520).  The  primary  sections  here  have  names :  the  plant  under 
examination  belongs  to  "  §  2.  RANUNCULUS  proper " ;  and  thence 
is  to  be  traced,  through  the  subdivisions  *,  •*-  -K-  -»—  •*— ,  -n-  ++,  to 
the  ultimate  subdivision  b.,  under  which,  through  a  comparison  of 
characters,  the  student  reaches  the  species  R.  BULBOSUS,  L. 

540.  The  L.  at  the  end  of  the  name  is  the  recognized  abbrevia- 
tion of  the  name  of  Linnaeus,  the  botanist  who  gave  it.  Then  come 
the  common  or  English  names ;  then  the  specific  character  ;  after  this, 
the  station  where  the  plant  grows,  and  the  region  in  which  it  occurs. 
This  is  followed  by  the  time  of  blossoming  (from  May  to  July); 
and  then  by  some  general  descriptive  remarks.  The  expression 
"  Nat.  from  Eu."  means  that  the  species  is  a  naturalized  emigrant 
from  Europe,  and  is  not  original  to  this  country.  But  all  these 
details  are  duly  explained  in  the  Preface  to  the  Manual,  which  the 
student  who  uses  that  work  will  need  to  study. 


LESSON   XXXI. 

HOW   TO    STUDY   PLANTS!     FURTHER    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

541.  BEGINNERS  should  not  be  discouraged  by  the  slow  progress 
they  must  needs  make  in  the  first  trials.     By  perseverance  the  vari- 
ous difficulties  will  soon  be  overcome,  and  each  successful  analysis 
will  facilitate  the  next.     Not  only  will  a  second  species  of  the  same 
genus  be  known  at  a  glance,  but  commonly  a  second  genus  of  the 
same  order  will  be  recognized  as  a  relative  at  sight,  by  the  family 
likeness.     Or  if  the  family  likeness  is  not  detected  at  the  first  view, 
it  will  be  seen  as  the  characters  of  the  plant  are  studied  out. 

542.  To  help  on  the  student  by  a  second  example,  we  will  take 
the  common  cultivated  Flax.     Turning  to  the  lyey,  as  before,  en 


188 


HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS. 


[LESSON  31. 


p.  12,  the  student  is  led  to  ask,  first,  is  the  plant  PHJENOGAMOUS  or 
FLOWERING  ?  Of  course  it  is  ;  the  blossom,  with  its 
stamens  and  pistils,  answers  that  question.  Next,  to 
which  of  the  two  classes  of  Flowering  Plants  does  it 
belong  ?  If  we  judge  by  the  stem,  we  ask  whether  it 
is  exogenous  or  endogenous  (422-424).  A  section  of 
the  stem,  considerably  magnified,  given  on  page  151, 
we  may  here  repeat  (Fig.  362)  ;  it  plainly  shows  a 
ring  of  wood  between  a  central  pith  and  a  bark.  It  is  therefore 
exogenous.  Moreover,  the  leaves  are  netted-veined,  though  the 
veins  are  not  conspicuous.  We  might  even  judge  from  the  embryo ; 
for  there  is  little  difficulty  in  dissecting  a  flax-seed,  and  in  finding 
that  almost  the  whole  interior  is  occupied  by  an  embryo  with  two 
cotyledons,  much  like  that  of  an  apple-seed  (Fig.  11,  12),  and  this 
class,  as  one  of  its  name  denotes,  is  dicotyledonous.  If  we  view  the 
parts  of  the  blossom,  we  perceive  they  are  five  throughout  (Fig.  363, 
365),  a  number  which  occurs  in  that  class  only.  All  these  marks, 
or  as  many  of  them  as  the  student  is  able  to  verify,  show  that  the 
plant  belongs  to  Class  I.  EXOGENOUS  or  DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 

543.  To  which  subclass,  is  the  next  inquiry.      The  single  but 
several-celled  ovary  in  the  centre  of  the  flower,  enclosing  the  ovules, 
assures  us  that  it  belongs  to  the  ANGIOSPERMOUS  subclass,  p.  13. 

544.  To  get  a  good  idea  of  the  general  plan  of  the  flower,  before 


proceeding  farther,  cut  it  through  the  middle  lengthwise,  as  in  Fig. 
364,  and  also  take  a  slice  across  a  flower-bud,  which  will  bring  to  view 
an  arrangement  somewhat  like  that  of  Fig.  365.  Evidently  the 
blossom  is  regularly  constructed  upon  the  number  five.  It  has  a 
calyx  of  five  sepals,  a  corolla  of  five  petals,  five  stamens,  and  five 

FIG.  3(52.    Section  of  the  stem  of  Flax,  magnified.     3*33.  Summit  of  a  branch  of  the  common 
1'lax,  witlx  two  flowers.    334.  A  flower  divided  lengthwise  and  enlarged. 


LESSON   31.]  HOW   TO    STUDY   PLANTS.  lS9 

styles,  with  their  ovaries  all  combined  into  one  compound  ovary. 
We  note,  also,  that  the  several  parts  of  the  blos- 
som are  all  free  and  unconnected,  —  the  leaves 
of  the  calyx,  the  petals,  and  the  stamens  all  ris- 
ing separately  one  after  another  from  the  recep- 
tacle underneath  the  ovary ;  but  the  filaments, 
on  clo.-e  inspection,  may  show  a  slight  union 
among  themselves,  at  the  base. 

545.  So  our  plant,  having  5  separate  petals,  is  of  the  POLYPETA- 
LOUS  division  of  the  first  class,  for  the  analysis  of  which  see  page  14. 

546.  But  it  does  not  belong  to  the  primary  division  A,  which  has 
more  than  10  stamens.     The  student  passes  on,  therefore,  to  the 
counterpart  division  B,  on  page  16,  to  which  the  few  stamens,  here 
only  five,  refer  it. 

547.  Of  the  three  subdivisions,  with  numerals  prefixed,  only  the 
second  answers ;  for  the  calyx  is  free  from  the  ovary,  and  there  is 
only  one  ovary,  although  the  styles  are  five. 

548.  The  divisions  subordinate  to  this  form  a  couplet ;  and  our 
plant  agrees  with  the  second  member  of  it,  having  "  Stamens  of  the 
same  number  as  the  petals  "  [5]  and  "  alternate  with  them."     The 
division  under  this  is  a  triplet,  of  which  we  take  the  third  member ; 
for  the  "  Leaves  are  not  punctate  with  pellucid  dots."     Under  this, 
in  turn,  is  a  triplet  beginning  with  the  word  Ovary,  and  the  five,  if 
not   ten   cells,   determine    our  choice  of  the  third  member  of  it, 
"  Ovary  compound."     Under  this  we  have  no  less  than  nine  choices, 
dependent  upon  the  structure  of  the  ovary,  the  number  of  ovules 
and  seeds,  &c.     But  the  5-celled  ovary  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in 
each  cell,  separated  by  a  false  partition  projecting  from  the  back 
(Fig.  365),  so  that  the   pod  becomes  in  fact  10-celled,  with  a  sol- 
itary seed  in  each  cell,  is  described  only  in  the  ninth  and  last  of 
the  set,  p.  18.     Under  this,  again,  we  have  to  choose  among  five 
propositions  relating  to  the  seeds.     Here  the  fifth  —  **  Seeds  and 
ovules   only  one  or   two   in  each  cell"  —  alone    meets    the   case. 
Under  this,  finally,  we   have   to  choose  from  six  lines,  beginning 
with  the  words  Tree,  Shrubs,  or  Herbs.     The  fifth  alone  agrees, 
and  leads  to  the  FLAX  FAMILY,  p.  77. 

549.  There  is  only  one  genus  of  it  in  this  country,  namely,  the 
FLAX  genus  itself,  or  LINUM.     To  determine  the  species,  look  first 

FIG.  305.    Cross-section  of  an  unexpanded  flower  of  the  same,  a  sort  of  diagram. 


1DO  HOW   TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  [LESSON    31. 

at  the  three  sections,  marked  with  stars.  The  second  answers  to 
our  plant ;  and  the  annual  root,  pointed  sepals,  and  blue  petals  deter- 
mine it  to  be  the  COMMON  FLAX,  LINUM  USITATISSIMUM. 

550.  By  the  Manual,  the  same  plant  would  be  similarly  traced, 
along  a  somewhat  different  order  of  steps,  down  to  the  genus  on 
p.  104,  and  to  the  species,  which  being  a  foreign  cultivated  one,  and 
only  by  chance  spontaneous,  is  merely  mentioned  at  the  close. 

551.  After  several  analyses  of  this  kind,  the  student  will  be  able 
to  pass  rapidly  over  most  of  these  steps  ;  should  ordinarily  recog- 
nize the  class  and  the  division  at  a  glance.    Suppose  a  common  Mal- 
low to  be  the  next  subject.     Having  flowers  and  seeds,  it  is  Phseno- 
gamous.     The  netted-veined  leaves,  the  structure  of  the  stem,  and 
the  leaves  of  the  flower  in  fives,  refer  it  to  Class  I.     The  pistils,  of 
the  ordinary  sort,  refer  it  to  Subclass  I.    The  five  petals  refer  it  to 
the  Polypetalous  division.     Turning  to  the  Key  in  the  Field,  Forest, 
and  Garden  Botany,  and  to  the  analysis  of  that  division,  commencing 
on  p.  14,  the  numerous  stamens  fix  it  upon  A,   under  which   the 
very  first  line,  "  Stamens  monadelphous,   united   with   the   base  of 
the  corolla ;  anthers  kidney-shaped,  one-celled,"  exactly  expresses 
the  structure  of  these  organs  in  our  plant,  which  is  thus  determined 
to  be  of  the  MALLOW  FAMILY,  —  for  which  see  page  70. 

552.  After  reading  the  character  of  the  family,  and  noting  its 
agreement  in  all  respects,  we  fix  upon  §  1,  in  which  the  anthers  are 
all  borne  at  the  top,  and  not  down  the  side  of  the  tube  of  filaments. 
We  pass  the  subdivision  with  a  single  star,  and  choose  the  alternative, 
with  two  stars,  on  account  of  the  ring  of  ovaries,  &c. ;  fix  upon  the 
division  •«— ,  on  account  of  the  stigmas  running  down  one  side  of  the 
slender  style,  instead  of  forming  a  little  head  or  blunt  tip  at  their 
apex ;    and  then  have   to  choose  among  five  genera.     The  three 
separate  bracts  outside  of  the  calyx,  the  obcordate  petals,  and  the 
fruit  determine  the  plant  to  be  a  MALVA.     Then,  referring  to  p.  71 
for  the  species,  the  small  whitish  flowers  point  to  the  first  division, 
and  a  comparison  of  the  characters   of  the  two  species  under  it, 
assures  us  that  the  plant  in  hand  is  MALVA  ROTUNDIFOLIA. 

553.  For  the  sake  of  an  example  in  the  Monopetalous  Division, 
we  take  a  sort  of  Morning-Glory  which  is  often  met  with  climbing 
over  shrubs  along  the  moist  banks  of  streams.     Its  netted-veined 
leaves,  the  sepals  and  the  stamens  being  five,  —  also  the  structure  of 
the  stem,  if  we  choose  to  examine  it,  and  the  embryo  with  two  leafy 


IFS,«OXT    81.1  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  191 

cotyledons  (as  in  Fig.  26),  readily  inspected  if  we  have  seeds, — 
show  it  belongs  to  Class  I.  Its  pistil  refers  it  of  course  to  Subclass  I. 
The  corolla  being  a  short  funnel-shaped  tube,  theoretically  regarded 
as  formed  of  five  petals  united  up  to  the  very  summit  or  border,  ren- 
ders the  flower  a  good  illustration  of  the  MONOPETALOUS  DIVISION, 
the  analysis  of  which  begins  on  p.  20,  in  the  work  we  are  using. 

554.  The  calyx  free  from  the  ovary  excludes  it  from  the  section 
A,  and  refers  it  to  section  B.     This  is  subdivided,  in  the  first  place, 
by  the  number  of  the  stamens,  and  their  position  as  respects  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla.     Now,  as  the  petals  of  the  corolla  in  this  flower 
are  united  up  to  the  very  border,  the  student  may  at  first  be  puzzled 
to  tell  how  many  lobes  it  should  have,  or,  in  other  words,  how  many 
petals  enter  into  its  composition.     But  the  five  leaves  of  the  calyx 
would  lead  one  to  expect  a  corolla  of  five  parts  also.    And,  although 
there  are  here  really  no  lobes  or  notches  to  be  seen,  yet  the  five 
plaits  of  the  corolla  answer  to  the  notches,  and  show  it  to  consist  of 
five  petals   perfectly  united.     Since  the  stamens  are  of  the  same 
number  as  the  plaits  of  the  corolla,  and  are  placed  before  them  (as 
may  be  best  seen   by  splitting  down  the  corolla  on  one  side  and 
spreading  it  out  flat),  it  follows  that  they  alternate  with  the  lobes  or 
petals  ;  therefore  our  plant  falls  under  the  third  subdivision  :  "  Sta- 
mens as  many  as  the  lobes  or  parts  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with 
them."     This  subdivides  by  the  pistils.     Our  plant,  having  a  pistil 
with  two  stigmas  and  two  cells  to  the  ovary,  must  be  referred  to  the 
fifth  and  last  category :  "  Pistil  one,  with  a  single  compound  ovary," 
&c.     We  are  then  directed  to  the  stamens,  which  here  are  u  plainly 
borne  on  the  corolla "  ;  next  to  the  leaves,  which  are  on  the  stem 
(not  all  at  the  root),  also  alternate,  without  stipules ;  the  stamens 
5,  and  the  ovary  2-celled,  —  all  of  which  accords  with  the  seventh 
of  the  succeeding  propositions,  and  with  no  other.     The  middle  one 
alone  under  this  agrees  as  to  the  ovary  and  seeds,  and  all  is  confirmed 
by  the  twining  stem.     It  is  the  CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY,  p.  262. 

555.  The  proper  Convolvulus  Family  has  green  foliage,  as  has 
our  plant.     Its  style  is  single  and  entire,  as  in  §  1.     Its  calyx  has  a 
pair  of  large  leafy  bracts,  as  in  the  subdivision  with  two  stars.     So 
we  reach  the  genus  CALYSTEGIA,  or  BRACTED  BINDWEED. 

556.  Under  this  genus  two  species  are  described  :  the  twining  stem, 
and  the  other  particulars  of  our  plant,  direct  us  to  the  first  C.  SEPIUM, 
which  in  England  is  named  HEDGE  BINDWEED,  and  here  is  one 
of  the  various  Convolvulaceous  plants  known  as  MORNING-GLORY. 


102 


HOW    TO    STUDY    PL  ATsfTS. 


[LT-.SSON 


LESSON  XXXII. 

HOW    TO    STUDY   PLANTS  :     FURTHER    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

557.  THE  foregoing  illustrations  have  all  been  of  the  first  or  Ex- 
ogenous class.     We  will  take  one  from  the  other  class,  and  investi- 
gate it  by  the  Manual. 

558.  It  shall  be  a  rather  common  plant  of  our  woods  in  spring, 
the   Three-leaved  Nightshade,  or   Birthroot.     With   specimens   in 
hand,  and  the  Manual  open  at  the  Analytical  Key,  p.  21,  seeing 
that  the  plant  is  of  the  Pha3nogamous  series,  we  proceed  to  deter- 
mine the  class.     The  netted-veined  leaves  would  seem  to  refer  the 
plant   to   the   first  class;  while  the  blossom  (Fig.  366,  367),  con- 
structed on  the  number  three,  naturally  directs  us  to  the  second 

class,  in  which  this  number  almost 
universally  prevails.  Here  the  stu- 
dent will  be  somewhat  puzzled.  If 
the  seeds  were  ripe,  they  might  be 
examined,  to  see  whether  the  embryo 
has  one  cotyledon  only,  or  a  pair. 
But  the  seeds  are  not  to  be  had  in 
spring,  and  if  they  were,  the  embryo 
would  not  readily  be  made  out.  We 
must  judge,  therefore,  by  the  structure 
of  the  stem.  Is  it  exogenous  or  endogenous  ?  If  we  cut  the  stem 
through,  or  take  off  a  thin  slice  crosswise  and  lengthwise,  we  shall 
perceive  that  the  woody  matter  in  it  consists  of 
a  number  of  threads,  interspersed  throughout 
the  soft  cellular  part  without  regularity,  and  not 
collected  into  a  ring  or  layer.  In  fact,  it  is  just 
like  the  Corn-stalk  (Fig.  351),  except  that  the 
woody  threads  are  fewer.  It  is  therefore  endo- 
genous (422);  and  this  decides  the  question  in 
favor  of  Class  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  or  EN- 
DOGENOUS PLANTS  (page  30),  notwithstanding  the  branching  veins 
;oi'  the  leaves.  For  neither  this  character,  nor  the  number  of  parts  in 


FIG.  330.  Flower  of  Trillium  crcctum,  viewed  from  above.    367.    Diagram  of  the  same,  a 
cross-section  of  the  unopened  blossom,  showing  the  number  and  arrangement  of  parts. 


LESSON    32.]  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  193 

the  blossom,  holds  good  universally,  while   the  plan   of  the  stem 
does. 

559.  The  single  flower  of  our  plant  with  distinct  calyx  and  corolla 
takes  us  over  the   Spadiceous  to  the  PETALOIDEOUS  DIVISION  : 
the  Petaloideous  Division    of   Endogens    there    begins    on   p.  28. 
These  parts  being  free  from  and  beneath  the  ovary,  refer  us  to  the 
third  subdivision,  viz  :  "3.  Perianth  wholly  free  from  the  ovary" 

559a.  The  pistil  is  next  to  be  considered :  it  accords  with  the  third 
of  the  triplet:  '"Pistil  one,  compound  (cells  or  placentas  3)  ;  anthers 
2-celled."  Under  this  follows  a  triplet,  of  which  the  initial  word  is 
"Perianth":  our  choice  falls  upon  the  first,  as  there  is  nothing 
"  glumaceous  "  about  this  flower. 

560.  The  succeeding  triplet  relates  to  the  stamens;  here  6,  so 
we  take  the  first  alternative.     The  next  refers  to  mode  and  place  of 
growth:  our  plant  is  "Terrestrial,  and  not  rush-like."     The  next 
again  to  the  perianth  :  the  second  number  of  the  triplet :  "  Perianth 
of  3  foliaceous  and  green  sepals,  and  3  colored  withering-persistent 
petals  "  (as  would  be  seen  after  flowering-time),  brings  us  to  a  par- 
ticular group  in  the  great  Lily  family,  or  LILIACE^E,  p.  520. 

561.  Reading  over  the  family  character,  and  collating  the  five 
tribes  comprised,  we  perceive  that  our  plant  belongs  to  the  group, 
quite  peculiar  among   Liliaceous   plants,  here  ranked  as   Tribe  I. 
TRILLIDEJE,  the  Trillium  tribe.     And  the  next  step,  leading  to  a 
choice  between  two  genera,  determines  the  genus  to  be  TRILLIUM. 

562.  Turning  to  this,  on  p.  522,  and  reading  the  full  description 
of  it,  we  proceed  to  the  easy  task  of  ascertaining  the  species.     The 
"  flower  is  raised  on  a  peduncle,"  as  in  §  2.     This  peduncle  is  slender 
and  nearly  erect,  and  all  the  other  particulars  accord  with  the  sub- 
division marked  by  a  single  star.     And,  finally,  the  ovate,  acutish, 
widely-spreading,  dark  dull-purple  petals  mark  the  species  as  the 
PURPLE  BIRTHROOT,  TRILLIUM  ERECTUM,  L. 

563.  By  the  Field,  Forest,  and   Garden  Botany,  the  analysis  is 
similar,  only  more  simple.      The   details  need  not   be  particularly 
recapitulated. 

564.  The  student  residing  west  of  New  England  will   also  be 
likely  to  find  another  species,  with  similar  foliage,  but  with  larger, 
pure  white,  and  obovate  petals,  turning  rose-color  when  about  to 
fade.      This  will  at  once   be  identified  as   T.  grandiflorum.     And 
towards  the  north,  in  cold  and  damp  woods  or  swamps,  a  smaller 

17 


194  HOW    TO    STUDY    PLANTS.  [LESSON    32. 

species  will  be  met  with,  having  dull-green  and  petioled  leaves 
rounded  at  the  base,  and  rather  narrow,  wavy,  white  petals,  marked 
with  pink  or  purple  stripes  at  the  base :  this  the  student  will  refer 
to  T.  erythrocarpum.  But  the  species  principally  found  in  the  east- 
ern parts  of  the  country  has  a  short  peduncle  recurved  under  the 
leaves,  so  as  nearly  to  conceal  the  much  less  handsome,  dull  white 
flower:  this,  it  will  be  seen,  is  T.  cernuum,  the  Nodding  Trillium 
or  Wake  Robin. 

565.  Whenever  the  student  has  fairly  studied  out  one  species  of 
a  genus,  he  will  be  likely  to  know  the  others  when  he  sees  them. 
And  when  plants  of  another  genus  of  the  same  order  are  met  with, 
the  order  may  generally  be  recognized  at  a  glance,  from  the  family 
resemblance.     For  instance,  having  first  become  acquainted  with  the 
Convolvulus  family  in  the  genus  Calystegia  (555),  we  recognize  it 
at  once  in  the  common  Morning- Glory,  and  in  the  Cypress-Vine, 
and  even  in  the  Dodder,  although  these  belong  to  as  many  different 
genera.     Having  examined  the  common  Mallow  (552),  we  immedi- 
ately recognize  the  Mallow  family  (Malvacece)  in  the  Marsh-Mallow, 
sparingly  naturalized  along  the  coast,  in  the  Glade  Mallow,  and  the 
Indian  Mallow,  in  the  Hibiscus  or  Rose-Mallow,  and  so  of  the  rest : 
for  the  relationship  is  manifest  in  their  general  appearance,  and  in 
the  whole  structure  of  the  flowers,  if  not  of  the  foliage  also. 

566.  So  the  study  of  one  plant  leads  naturally  and  easily  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  whole  order  or  family  of  plants  it  belongs  to :  — 
which  is  a   great   advantage,  and   a   vast   saving   of  labor.     For, 
although  we  have  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  orders  of  Flowering 
Plants  represented  in  our  Botany  of  the  Northern  States  by  about 
2,540  species,  yet  half  of  these  species  belong  to  nine  or  ten  of  these 
orders ;  and  more  than  four  fifths  of  the  species  belong  to  forty  of 
the  orders.     One  or  two  hundred  species,  therefore,  well  examined, 
might  give  a  good  general  idea  of  our  whole  botany.     And  students 
who  will  patiently  and  thoroughly  study  out  twenty  or  thirty  well- 
chosen  examples  will  afterwards  experience  little  difficulty  in  determin- 
ing any  of  our  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns,  and  will  find  the  pleasure 
of  the  pursuit  largely  to  increase  with  their  increasing  knowledge. 

567.  And  the  interest  will  be  greatly  enhanced  as  the  student, 
rising  to  higher  and  wider  views,  begins  to  discern  the  System  of 
Botany,  or,  in  other  words,  comprehends  more  and  more  of  the  Plan 
of  the  Creator  in  the  Vegetable  Kingdom. 


LESSON  33.]  NATURAL    SYSTEM.  195 


LESSON   XXXIII. 

BOTANICAL    SYSTEMS. 

568.  Natural  System,      The  System  of  Botany  consists  of  the  orders 
or  families,  duly  arranged  under  their  classes,  and  having  the  tribes, 
the  genera,  and  the  species  arranged  in  them  according  to  their  re- 
lationships.    This,  when  properly  carried  out,  is  the  Natural  System  ; 
because  it  is  intended  to  express,  as  well  as  we  are  able,  the  various 
degrees  of  relationship  among  plants,  as  presented  in  nature;  —  to 
rank  those  species,  those  genera,  &c.  next  to  each  other  in  the  classi- 
fication which  are  really  most  alike  in  all  respects,  or,  in  other  words, 
which  are  constructed  most  nearly  on  the  same  particular  plan. 

569.  Now  this  word  plan  of  course  supposes  a  planner,  —  an  in- 
telligent mind  working  according  to  a  system  :    it  is  this  system, 
therefore,  which  the   botanist  is  endeavoring  as  far  as  he  can  to 
exhibit  in  a  classification.     In  it  we  humbly  attempt  to  learn  some- 
thing of  the  plan  of  the  Creator  in  this  department  of  Nature. 

570.  So  there  can  be  only  one  natural  system  of  Botany,  if  by  the 
term  we  mean  the  plan  according  to  which  the  vegetable  creation 
was  called  into  being,  with  all  its  grades  and  diversities  among  the 
species,  as  well  of  past  as  of  the  present  time.     But  there  may  be 
many  natural  systems,  if  we  mean  the  attempts  of  men  to  interpret 
and  express  the  plan  of  the  vegetable  creation,  —  systems  which  will 
vary  with  our  advancing  knowledge,  and  with  the  judgment  and 
skill  of  different  botanists,  —  and  which  must  all  be  very  imperfect. 
They  will  all  bear  the  impress  of  individual  minds,  and  be  shaped 
by  the  current  philosophy  of  the  age.     But  the  endeavor  always  is 
to  make  the  classification  a  reflection  of  Nature,  as  far  as  any  system 
can  be  which  has  to  be  expressed  in  a  series  of  definite  propositions, 
and  have  its  divisions  and  subdivisions  following  each  other  in  some 
single  fixed  order.* 


*  The  best  classification  must  foil  to  give  more  than  an  imperfect  and  con- 
siderably distorted  reflection,  not  merely  of  the  plan  of  creation,  but  even  of  our 
knowledge  of  it.  It  is  often  obliged  to  make  arbitrary  divisions  where  Nature 
shows  only  transitions,  and  to  consider  genera,  &c.  as  equal  units,  or  groups  of 
equally  related  species,  while  in  fact  they  may  be  very  unequal,  —  to  assume,  on 


196  BOTANICAL    SYSTEMS.  [LESSON  33. 

571.  The  Natural  System,  as  we  receive  it,  and  as  to  that  portion 
of  it  which  is  represented  in  the  botany  of  our  country,  is  laid  before 
the  student  in  the  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States. 
The  orders,  however,  still  require  to  be  grouped,  according  to  their 
natural  relationships,  into  a  considerable  number  of  great  groups 
(or  attiances)  ;  but  this  cannot  yet  be  done  throughout  in  any  easy 
way.     So  we  have  merely  arranged  them  somewhat  after  a  custom- 
ary order,  and  have  given,  in  the  Artificial  Key,  a  contrivance  for 
enabling  the  student  easily  to  find  the  natural  order  of  any  plant. 
This  is  a  sort  of 

572.  Artificial  Classification.     The  object  of  an  artificial  classifica- 
tion is  merely  to  furnish  a  convenient  method  of  finding  out  the  name 
and  place  of  a  plant.     It  makes  no  attempt  at  arranging  plants  ac- 
cording to  their  relationships,  but  serves  as  a  kind  of  dictionary.     It 
distributes  plants  according  to  some  one  peculiarity  or  set  of  pecu- 
liarities (just  as  a  dictionary  distributes  words  according  to  their 
first  letters),  disregarding  all  other  considerations. 

573.  At  present  we  need  an  artificial  classification  in   Botany 
only  as  a  Key  to  the  Natural  Orders,  —  as  an  aid  in  referring  an 
unknown  plant  to  its  proper  family  ;  and  for  this  it  is  very  needful  to 
the  student.    Formerly,  when  the  orders  themselves  were  not  clearly 
made  out,  an  artificial  classification  was  required  to  lead  the  student 
down  to  the  genus.     Two  such  classifications  were  long  in  vogue. 
First,  that  of  Tournefort,  founded  mainly  on  the  leaves  of  the  flower, 
the  calyx  and  corolla :  this  was  the  prevalent  system  throughout  the 
first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century ;  but  it  has  long  since  gone  by. 
It  was  succeeded  by  the  well-knoAvn  artificial  system  of  Linnaeus, 
which  has  been  used  until  lately ;  and  which  it  is  still  worth  while 
to  give  some  account  of. 

574.  The  Artificial  System  Of  Linna'US  was  founded  on  the  stamens 
and  pistils.     It  consists  of  twenty-four  classes,  and  of  a  variable 
number  of  orders,  which  were  to  take  the  place  temporarily  of  the 
natural  classes  and  orders  ;  the  genera  being  the  same  under  all 
classifications. 


paper  at  least,  a  strictly  definite  limitation  of  genera,  of  tribes,  and  of  orders, 
although  observation  shows  so  much  blending  here  and  there  of  natural  groups, 
sufficiently  distinct  on  the  whole,  as  to  warrant  us  in  assuming  the  likelihood 
that  the  Creator's  plan  is  one  of  gradation,  not  nf  definite  limitation,  even  perhaps 
to  the  species  themselves. 


LESSON  33.]          ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM    OF    LINXJEUS. 


197 


575.  The  twenty-four  classes  of  Linnseus  were  founded  upon 
something  about  the  stamens.  The  following  is  an  analysis  of 
them.  The  first  great  division  is  into  two  great  series,  the  Phce- 
nogamous  and  the  Cryptogamous,  the  same  as  in  the  Natural  System. 
The  first  of  these  is  divided  into  those  flowers  which  have  the  sta- 
mens in  the  same  flower  with  the  pistils,  and  those  which  have  not ; 
and  these  again  are  subdivided,  as  is  shown  in  the  following  tabular 
view. 

Series  I.  PII^ENOGAMIA ;  plants  with  stamens  and  pistils,  i.  e.  with  real 

flowers. 

1.  Stamens  in  the  same  flower  as  the  pistils  : 
*  Not  united  with  them, 
-«-  Nor  with  one  another. 

•w  Of  equal  length  if  either  6  or  4  in  number. 
One  to  each  flower, 
Two 

Three     "          " 
Four      " 
Five      "          " 
Six 

Seven    " 
Eight     "          " 
Nine      " 
Ten       "          " 

Eleven  to  nineteen  to  each  flower, 
Twenty  or  more  inserted  on  the  calyx, 

"        on  the  receptacle,  13. 
•*-«•  -M-  Of  unequal  length  and  either  4  or  6. 
Four,  2  long  and  2  shorter, 
Six,  4  long  and  2  shorter, 
•«-  •*-   United  with  each  other, 
By  their  filaments, 
Into  one  set  or  tube, 
Into  two  sets, 
Into  three  or  more  sets, 
By  their  anthers  into  a  ring, 
*  #  United  with  the  pistil, 
2.  Stamens  and  pistils  in  separate  flowers, 
Of  the  same  individuals, 
Of  different  individuals, 
Some  flowers  perfect,  others  staminate  or 
pistillate  either  in  the  same  or  in  different 
individuals, 


s  1. 

MONANBRIA. 

2. 

DlANDRIA. 

3. 

TRIANDRIA. 

4. 

TBTRANDRIA. 

5. 

PENTANDRIA. 

6. 

HEXANDRIA. 

7. 

HEPTANDRIA. 

8. 

OCTANDRIA. 

9. 

ENNEANDRIA. 

10. 

DECANDRIA. 

11. 

DODECANDRIA. 

12. 

ICOSANDRIA. 

13. 

POLYANDRIA. 

14. 

DlDYNAMIA. 

15. 

TETR  ADYNAMIA 

16. 

MONADELPHIA. 

17. 

DlADELPHIA. 

18. 

POLYADELPHIA 

19. 

SYNGENESIA. 

20. 

GYNANDRIA. 

21. 

MONO2CIA. 

22. 

DICECIA. 

Series  II.     CRYPTOGAMIA.     No  stamens  and 
pistils,  therefore  no  proper  flowers, 
17* 


23. 


24. 


POLYGAMIA. 

CRYPTOGAMIA. 


198  ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM    OF    LINNAEUS.  [LESSON  33. 

576.  The  names  of  these  classes  are  all  compounded  of  Greek 
words.     The  first  eleven  consist  of  the  Greek  numerals,  in  succes- 
sion, from  1  to  11,  combined  with  andria,  which  here  denotes  sta- 
mens ;  —  e.  g.  Monandria^  with  one  stamen  ;  and  so  on.     The  llth 
has  the  numeral  for  twelve  stamens,  although  it  includes  all  which 
have  from  eleven  to  nineteen  stamens,  numbers  which  rarely  occur. 
The  12th  means  "with  twenty  stamens,"  but  takes  in  any  higher 
number,  although  only  when  the  stamens  are  borne  on  the  calyx. 
The  13th  means  "  with  many  stamens,"   but  it  takes  only  those 
with  the  stamens  borne  on  the  receptacle.     The  14th  means  "two 
stamens  powerful,"  the  shorter  pair  being  supposed  to  be  weaker ; 
the  15th,  "four  powerful,"  for  the  same  reason.     The  names  of  the 
next  three  classes  are  compounded  of  adelphia,  brotherhood,  and 
the  Greek  words  for  one.  two,  and  many  (Monadelphia,  Diadelphia, 
and  Poly  adelphia).     The  19th  means  "united  in  one  household." 
The  20th  is  compounded  of  the  words  for  stamens  and  pistils  united. 
The  21st  and  22d  are  composed  of  the  word  meaning  house  and  the 
numerals  one,  or  single,  and  two :  Moncecia,  in  one  house,  Dicecia, 
in  two  houses.     The  23d  is  fancifully  formed  of  the  words  meaning 
plurality  and  marriage,  from  which  the  English  word  polygamy  is 
derived.     The  24th  is  from  two  words  meaning  concealed  nuptials, 
and  is  opposed  to  all  the  rest,  which  are  called  Phcenogamous,  be- 
cause their  stamens  and  pistils,  or  parts  of  fructification,  are  evident. 

577.  Having  established  the  classes  of  his  system  on  the  stamens, 
Linnaeus  proceeded  to  divide  them  into  orders  by  marks  taken  from 
the  pistils,  for  those  of  the  first  thirteen  classes.     These  orders  de- 
pend on  the  number  of  the  pistils,  or  rather  on  the  number  of  styles, 
or  of  stigmas  when  there  are  no  styles,  and  they  are  named,  like  the 
classes,  by  Greek  numerals,  prefixed  to  gynia,  which  means  pistil 
Thus,  flowers  of  these  thirteen  classes  with 

One  style  or  sessile  stigma  belong  to  Order  1.  MONOGYNIA. 

Two  styles  or  sessile  stigmas,  to  2.  Di GYNIA. 

Three            "                    "  3.  TBIGYKIA. 

Four             "                   "  4.  TETRAGYNIA. 

Five              "                   "  5.  PENTAGYNIA. 

Six                "                    "  6.  HEXAGYNIA. 

Seven            "                   "  7.  HEPTAGYNIA. 

Eight            "                   "  8.  OCTOGYNIA. 

Nine              "                   "  9.  ENNEAGYNIA. 

Ten               "                   "  10.  DECAGYNIA. 

Eleven  or  twelve               "  11.  DODECAGYNIA. 

More  than  twelve               «  13.  POLYGYNIA. 


LESSON  34.]  HOW   TO    COLLECT    SPECIMENS.  199 

578.  The  orders  of  the  remaining  classes  are  founded  on  various 
considerations,  some  on  the  nature  of  the  fruit,  others  on  the  number 
and  position  of  the  stamens.  But  there  is  no  need  to  enumerate 
them  here,  nor  farther  to  illustrate  the  Linnaean  Artificial  Classifi- 
cation. For  as  a  system  it  has  gone  entirely  out  of  use  ;  and  as  a 
Key  to  the  Natural  Orders  it  is  not  so  convenient,  nor  by  any  means 
so  certain,  as  a  proper  Artificial  Key,  prepared  for  the  purpose,  such 
as  we  have  been  using  in  the  preceding  Lessons. 


LESSON   XXXIV. 

HOW    TO    COLLECT    SPECIMENS    AND    MAKE    AN    HERBARIUM. 

579.  For  Collecting  Specimens  the  needful  things  are  a  large  knife, 
strong  enough  to  be  used  for  digging  up  bulbs,  small  rootstocks, 
and  the  like,  as  well  as  for  cutting  woody  branches ;  and  a  botanical 
box,  or  a  portfolio,  for  holding  specimens  which  are  to  be  carried  to 
any  distance. 

580.  It  is  well  to  have  both.     The  botanical  box  is  most  useful 
for  holding  specimens  which  are  to  be  examined  fresh.     It  is  made 
of  tin,  in  shape  like  a  candle-box,  only  flatter,  or  the  smaller  sizes 
like  an    English   sandwich-case ;   the  lid   opening   for   nearly  the 
whole  length  of  one  side  of  the  box.     Any  portable  tin  box  of  con- 
venient size,  and  capable  of  holding  specimens  a  foot  or  fifteen  inches 
long,  will  answer  the  purpose.     The  box  should  shut  close,  so  that 
the  specimens  may  not  wilt :  then  it  will  keep  leafy  branches  and 
most  flowers  perfectly  fresh  for  a  day  or  two,  especially  if  slightly 
moistened. 

581.  The  portfolio  should  be  a  pretty  strong  one,  from  a  foot  to 
twenty  inches  long,  and  from  nine  to  eleven  inches  wide,  and  fasten- 
ing with  tape,  or  (which  is  better)  by  a  leathern  strap  and  buckle  at 
the  side.     It  should  contain  a  quantity  of  sheets  of  thin  and  smooth, 
unsized  paper ;  the  poorest  printing-paper  and  grocers'  tea-paper 
are  very  good  for  the  purpose.     The  specimens  as  soon  as  gathered 
are  to  be  separately  laid  in  a  folded  sheet,  and  kept  under  moderate 
pressure  in  the  closed  portfolio. 


200  HOW    TO    PRESERVE    SPECIMENS,  [LESSON  34., 

582.  Botanical  specimens  should  be  either  in  flower  or  in  fruit. 
In  the  case  of  herbs,  the  same  specimen  will  often  exhibit  the  two ; 
and  both  should  by  all  means  be  secured  whenever  it  is  possible. 
Of  small  herbs,  especially  annuals,  the  whole   plant,  root  and  all, 
should  be  taken  for  a  specimen.     Of  larger  ones  branches  will  suf- 
fice, with  some  of  the  leaves  from  near  the  root.     Enough  of  the 
root  or  subterranean  part  of  the  plant  should  be  collected  to  show 
whether  the  plant  is  an  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial.     Thick  roots, 
bulbs,  tubers,  or  branches  of  specimens  intended  to  be  preserved, 
should  be  thinned  with  a  knife,  or  cut  into  slices  lengthwise. 

583.  For  drying  Specimens  a  good  supply  of  soft  and  unsized  paper 
—  the  more  bibulous  the  better  —  is  wanted  ;  and  some  convenient 
means  of  applying  pressure.    All  that  is  requisite  to  make  good  dried 
botanical  specimens  is,  to  dry  them  as  rapidly  as  possible  between 
many  thicknesses  of  paper  to  absorb  their  moisture,  under  as  much 
pressure  as  can  be  given  without  crushing  the  more  delicate  parts. 
This  pressure  may  be  given  by  a  botanical  press,  of  which  various 
forms  have  been  contrived  ;  or  by  weights  placed  upon  a  board,  — 
from  forty  to  eighty  or  a  hundred  pounds,  according  to  the  quantity 
of  specimens  drying  at  the  time.     For  use  while  travelling,  a  good 
portable  press  may  be  made  of  thick  binders'  boards  for  the  sides, 
holding  the  drying  paper,  and  the  pressure  may  be  applied  by  a 
cord,  or,  much  better,  by  strong  straps  with  buckles. 

584.  For  drying  paper,  the  softer  and  smoother  sorts  of  cheap 
wrapping-paper  answer  very  well.     This  paper  may  be  made  up 
into  driers,  each  of  a  dozen  sheets  or  less,  according  to  the  thickness, 
lightly  stitched  together.     Specimens  to  be  dried  should  be  put  into 
the  press  as  soon  as  possible  after  gathering.     If  collected  in  a  port- 
folio, the  more  delicate  plants  should  not  be  disturbed,  but  the  sheets 
that  hold  them  should  one  by  one  be  transferred  from  the  portfolio 
to  the  press.     Specimens  brought  home  in  the  botanical  box  must 
be  laid  in  a  folded  sheet  of  the  same  thin,  smooth,  and  soft  paper 
used  in  the  portfolio ;  and  these  sheets  are  to  hold  the  plants  until 
they  are  dry.     They  are  to  be  at  once  laid  in  between  the  driers, 
and  the  whole  put  under  pressure.     Every  day  (or  at  first  even 
twice  a  day  would  be  well)  the  specimens,  left  undisturbed  in  their 
sheets,  are  to  be  shifted  into  well-dried  fresh  driers,  and  the  pressure 
renewed,  while  the  moist  sheets  are  spread  out  to  dry,  that  they  may 
take  their  turn  again  at  the  next  shifting.     This  course  must  be 
continued  until  the  specimens  are  no  longer  moist  to  the  touch, — 


LESSON  34.]  AND    FORM    AN    HERBARIUM.  201 

which  for  most  plants  requires  about  a  week  ;  then  they  may  be 
transferred  to  the  sheets  of  paper  in  which  they  are  to  be  preserved. 
If  a  great  abundance  of  drying-paper  is  used,  it  is  not  necessary 
to  change  the  sheets  every  day,  after  the  first  day  or  two. 

585.  Herbarium,     The  botanist's  collection  of  dried   specimens, 
ticketed  with  their  names,  place,  and  time  of  collection,  and  sys- 
tematically arranged  under  their  genera,  orders,  &c.,  forms  a  Hor- 
tus  Siccus  or  Herbarium.     It  comprises   not  only  the   specimens 
which  the  proprietor  has  himself  collected,  but  those  which  he  ac- 
quires through  friendly  exchanges  with  distant  botanists,  or  in  other 
ways.     The  specimens  of  an  herbarium  may  be  kept  in  folded  sheets 
of  neat,  and  rather  thick,  white  paper ;  or  they  may  be  fastened  on 
half-sheets  of  such  paper,  either  by  slips  of  gummed  paper,  or  by 
glue  applied  to  the  specimens  themselves.     Each  sheet  should  be 
appropriated  to  one  species  ;   two  or  more  different  plants  should 
never  be  attached  to  the  same  she'et.     The  generic  and  specific 
name  of  the  plant  should  be  added  to  the  lower  right-hand  corner, 
either  written  on  the  sheet,  or  on  a  ticket  pasted  down  at  that  corner; 
and  the  time  of  collection,  the  locality,  the  color  of  the  flowers,  and 
any  other  information  which  the  specimens  themselves  do  not  afford, 
should  be  duly  recorded  upon  the  sheet  or  the  ticket.     The  sheets 
of  the  herbarium  should  all  be  of  exactly  the  same  dimensions.     The 
herbarium  of  Linnaeus  is  on  paper  of  the  common  foolscap  size,  about 
eleven  inches  long  and  seven  wide.     But  this  is  too  small  for  an 
herbarium  of  any  magnitude.      Sixteen  and  a  half  inches  by  ten 
and  a  half,  or  eleven  and  a  half  inches,  is  an  approved  size. 

586.  The  sheets  containing  the  species  of  each  genus  are  to  be 
placed  in  genus-covers,  made  of  a  full  sheet  of  thick,  colored  paper 
(such  as  the  strongest  Manilla-hemp  paper),  which  fold  to  the  same 
dimensions  as  the  species-sheet ;  and  the  name  of  the  genus  is  to  be 
written  on  one  of  the  lower  corners.     These  are  to  be  arranged 
under  the  orders  to  which  they  belong,  and  the  whole  kept  in  closed 
cases  or  cabinets,  either  laid  flat  in  compartments,  like  large  "pigeon- 
holes," or  else  placed  in  thick  portfolios,  arranged  like  folio  volumes, 
and  having  the  names  of  the  orders  lettered  on  the  back. 


S&F— 10 


GLOSSARY 


OK 


DICTIONARY   OF    TERMS   USED   IN   DESCRIB- 
ING  PLANTS, 

COMBINED   WITH   AN   INDEX. 


A,  at  the  beginning  of  words  of  Greek  derivation,  commonly  signifies  a  negative, 
or  the  absence  of  something ;  as  apetalous,  without  petals ;  aphyllous,  leaf- 
less, &c.  If  the  word  begins  with  a  vowel,  the  prefix  is  an ;  as  a»anther- 
ous,  destitute  of  anther. 

Abnormal :  contrary  to  the  usual  or  the  natural  structure. 

Aboriginal:  original  in  the  strictest  sense;  same  as  indigenous. 

Abortive:  imperfectly  formed,  or  rudimentary,  as  one  of  the  stamens  in  fig.  195 
and  three  of  them  in  fig.  196,  p.  95. 

Abortion :  the  imperfect  formation,  or  non-formation,  of  some  part. 

Abrupt :  suddenly  terminating ;  as,  for  instance, 

Abruptly  pinnate:  pinnate  without  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  end ;  fig.  128,  p.  65. 

Acaulescent  (acaulis) :  apparently  stemless  ;  the  proper  stem,  bearing  the  leaves 
and  flowers,  being  very  short  or  subterranean,  as  in  Bloodroot,  and  most 
Violets;  p.  36. 

Accessory:  something  additional;  as  Accessory  buds,  p.  26. 

Accrescent :  growing  larger  after  flowering,  as  the  calyx  of  Physalis. 

Accumbent:  lying  against  a  thing.  The  cotyledons  are  accumbent  when  they 
lie  with  their  edges  against  the  radicle. 

Acerose:  needle-shaped,  as  the  leaves  of  Fines;  fig.  140,  p.  72. 

Acetdbuliform :  saucer-shaped. 

Achenium  (plural  achenia)  :  a  one-seeded,  seed-like  fruit;  fig.  286,  p.  129. 

Achlamydeous  (flower)  :  without  floral  envelopes;  as  Lizard's-tail,  p.  90.  fig.  l&U. 

Acicular:  needle-shaped  ;  more  slender  than  acerose. 

Acindciform :  scymitar-shaped,  like  some  bean-pods. 

Acines :  the  separate  grains  of  a  frait,  such  as  the  raspberry ;  fig.  289. 

Acorn:  the  nut  of  the  Oak  ;  fig.  299,  p.  130. 

Acotijledonous.'  destitute  of  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves. 

Acrdgenous:  growing  from  the  apex,  as  the  stems  of  Ferns  and  Mosses. 

Acrogens,  or  Acrogenous  Plants:  the  higher  Cryptogamous  plants,  such  as 
Ferns,  &c.,  p.  172. 


204  GLOSSARY. 

Aculeate:  armed  with  prickles,  i.  c.  aculei;  as  the  Rose  and  Brier. 

Aculeolate :  armed  with  small  prickles,  or  slightly  prickly. 

Acuminate:  taper-pointed,  as  the  leaf  in  fig.  97  and  fig.  103. 

Acute:  merely  sharp-pointed,  or  ending  in  a  point  less  than  a  right  angle. 

Adelphous  (stamens) :  joined  in  a  fraternity  (adelphia)  :  see  monadelphous  and 
diadelphous. 

Adherent:  sticking  to,  or,  more  commonly,  growing  fast  to  another  body ;  p.  104. 

Adnate:  growing  fast  to ;  it  means  born  adherent.  The  anther  is  adnate  when 
fixed  by  its  whole  length  to  the  filament  or  its  prolongation,  as  in  Tulip- 
tree,  fig.  233. 

Adpressed,  or  oppressed:  brought  into  contact,  but  not  united. 

Adscendent,  ascendent,  or  ascending :  rising  gradually  upwards.. 

Adsnrgent,  orassurgent:  same  as  ascending. 

Adventitious:  out  of  the  proper  or  usual  place;  e.  g.  Adventitious  buds,  p.  26,  27. 

Adventive :  applied  to  foreign  plants  accidentally  or  sparingly  spontaneous  in  a 
country,  but  hardly  to  be  called  naturalized. 

^Equilateral :  equal-sided  ;  opposed  to  oblique. 

^Estivation :  the  arrangement  of  parts  in  a  flower-bud,  p.  108. 

Air-cells  or  Air-passages :  spaces  in  the  tissue  of  leaves  and  some  stems,  p.  143. 

Air-Plants,  p.  34. 

Ake'nium,  or  akene.     See  aclienium. 

Ala  (plural  alee) :  a  wing;  the  sidtVpetals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla,  p.  105, 
fig.  218,  w. 

Alabdstrum :  a  flower-bud. 

Alar:  situated  in  the  forks  of  a  stem. 

Alale:  winged,  as  the  seeds  of  Trumpet-Creeper  (fig.  316)  the  fruit  of  the  Maple, 
Elm  (fig.  301),  &c.  * 

Albescent :  whitish,  or  turning  white. 

Absorption,  p.  168. 

Albumen  of  the  seed :  nourishing  matter  stored  up  with  the  embryo,  but  not 
within  it;  p.  15,  136. 

Albumen,  a  vegetable  product;  a  form  of  proteine,  p.  165. 

Albuminous  (seeds)  :  furnished  with  albumen,  as  the  seeds  of  Indian  corn  (fig.  38, 
39),  of  Buckwheat  (fig.  326),  &c. 

Alburnum:  young  wood,  sap-wood,  p   153. 

Alpine :  belonging  to  high  mountains  above  the  limit  of  forests. 

Alternate  (leaves) :  one  after  another,  p.  24,  71.  Petals  are  alternate  with  the 
'  sepals,  or  stamens  with  the  petals,  when  they  stand  over  the  intervals  be- 
tween them,  p.  93. 

Alveolate :  honeycomb-like,  as  the  receptacle  of  the  Cotton-Thistle. 

Arnent:  a  catkin,  p.  81.     Amentaceous:  catkin-like,  or  catkin-bearing. 

Amorphous :  shapeless ;  without  any  definite  form. 

Amphindstrium  (plural  amphigastria)  :  a  peculiar  stipule-like  leaf  of  certain 
Liverworts. 

Amphitropous  or  AmpJntropaJ  ovules  or  seeds,  p.  123,  fig.  272. 

Ampl&tant:  embracing.     Awplexicaul  (leaves) :  clasping  the  stem  by  the  base. 

Ampulldceous :  swelling  out  like  a  bottle  or  bladder. 

Amylaceous :  composed  of  starch,  or  starch-like. 


GLOSSARY.  205 

Andnfherous :  without  anthers.     Andnthons :  destitute  of  flowers  ;  flowcrless. 

Anastomosing :  forming  a  net-work  (anastomosis),  as  the  veins  of  leaves. 

Andtropous  or  Andtropal  ovules  or  seeds  ;  p.  123,  fig.  273. 

Anc.ipital  (anceps)  :  two-edged,  as  the  stem  of  Blue-eyed  Grass. 

Andrcecium  :  a  name  for  the  stamens  taken  together. 

Androy i/nous :  having  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  cluster 

or  inflorescence,  as  many  species  of  Carex. 
Androphore :  a  column  of  united  stamens,  as  in  a  -Mallow  ;  or  the  support  on 

which  stamens  are  raised. 

Anfrdctuose :  bent  hither  and  thither,  as  the  anthers  of  the  Squash,  &c. 
Anyiospe'rm(E,  Anyioxpe'nnous  Plants :  with  their  seeds  formed  in  an  ovary  or  peri- 
carp, p.  183. 

Angular  divergence  of  leaves,  p.  72. 
Annual  (plant)  :  flowering  and  fruiting  the  year  it  is  raised  from  the  seed,  and 

then  dying,  p.  21. 

Annular:  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  or  forming  a  circle. 
Annulate :  marked  by  rings  ;  or  furnished  with  an 
Annulus,  or  ring,  like  that  of  the  spore-case  of  most  Ferns   (Manual  Bot.  N. 

States,  plate  9,  fig.  2)  r  in  Mosses  it  is  a  ring  of  cells  placed  between  the 

mouth  of  the  spore-case  and  the  lid,  in  many  species. 
Anterior,  in  the  blossom,  is  the  part  next  the  bract,  i.  e.  external  : — while  the 

posterior  side  is  that  next  the  axis  of  inflorescence.     Thus,  in  the  Pea,  &c. 

the  keel  is  anterior,  and  the  standard  posterior. 

Anther:  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen,  which  contains  the  pollen  ;  p.  86,  113. 
Antheridium  (plural  antheridia) :    the  organ  in  Mosses,   &c.  which  answers  to 

the  anther  of  Flowering  plants. 
Antlieriferous :  anther-bearing. 

Anthe'sis :  the  period  or  the  act  of  the  expansion  of  a  flower. 
Anthocdrpous  (fruits)  :  same  as  multiple  fruits  ;  p.  133. 
Anticous :  same  as  anterior. 
Antrorse :  directed  upwards  or  forwards. 
Ape'talous:  destitute  of  petals;  p.  90,  fig.  179. 
Aphyllous  :  destitute  of  leaves,  at  least  of  foliage. 
Apical :  belonging  to  the  apex  or  point. 
Apiculate :  pointletted  ;  tipped  with  a  short  and  abrupt  point. 
Apocarpous  (pistils) :  when  the  several  pistils  of  the  same  flower  are  separate, 

as  in  a  Buttercup,  Sedum  (fig.  168),  &c. 

Apophysis :  any  irregular  swelling  ;  the  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the  spore- 
case  of  the  Umbrella-Moss  (Manual,  plate  4),  &c. 
Appendage  •  any  superadded  part. 
Appendicidate :  provided  with  appendages. 
Appressed:  where   branches   are   close  pressed  to  the  stem,  or  leaves'  to  the 

branch,  &c. 
Apterous :  wingless. 
Aquatic :  living  or  growing  in  water ;  applied  to  plants  whether  growing  under 

water,  or  with  all  but  the  base  raised  out  of  it. 

Arachnoid:  cobwebby  ;  clothed  with,  or  consisting  of,  soft  downy  fibres. 
Arboreous,  Arborescent :  tree-like,  in  size  or  form  ;  p.  36. 
18 


206  GLOSSARY. 

Arctugtfnium  (plural  archegonia)  :  the  organ  in  Mosses,  &c.,  which  is  analogous 
to  the  pistil  of  Flowering  Plants. 

Arcuate:  bent  or  curved  like  a  bow. 

Are'olate :  marked  out  into  little  spaces  or  areolce. 

Aril/ate  (seeds)  •  furnished  with  an 

Aril  or  Arillus :  a  fleshy  growth  forming  a  false  coat  or  appendage  to  a  seed; 
p.  135,  fig.  318. 

Aristate:  awned,  i.  e.  furnished  with  an  arista,  like  the  beard  of  Barley,  &c. 

'Aristulate:  diminutive  of  the  last;  short-owned. 

Arrow-shaped  or  Arrow-headed:  same  as  sagittate;  p.  59,  fig.  95. 

Articulated:  jointed  ;  furnished  with  joints  or  articulations,  where  it  separates  01 
inclines  to  do  so.  Articulated  leaves,  p.  64. 

Artificial  Classification,  p.  196. 

Ascending  (stems,  &c.),  p.  37  ,  (seeds  or  ovules),  p.  122. 

Aspergilliform  :  shaped  like  the  brush  used  to  sprinkle  holy  water ;  as  the  stigma* 
of  many  Grasses. 

Assimilation,  p.  162. 

Assurgent:  same  as  ascending,  p.  37. 

Atropous  or  Atropal  (ovules) :  same  as  orthotropous. 

Aunculate:  furnished  with  auricles  or  ear-like  appendages,  p.  59. 

Awl-shaped:  sharp-pointed  from  a  broader  base,  p.  68. 

Awn :  the  bristle  or  beard  of  Barley,  Oats,  £c. ;  or  any  similar  bristle-like  ap- 
pendage. 

Awned:  furnished  with  an  awn  or  long  bristle-shaped  tip. 

Axil :  the  angle  on  the  upper  side  between  a  leaf  and  the  stem,  p.  20. 

Axile:  belonging  to  the  axis,  or  occupying  the  axis;  p.  119,  &c. 

Axillary  (buds,  £c.)  :  occurring  in  an  axil,  p.  21,  77,  &c. 

Axis :  the  central  line  of  any  body ;  the  organ  round  which  others  are  attached ; 
the  root  and  stem.  Ascending  Axis,  p.  9.  Descending  Axis,  p.  9. 

Baccate:  berry-like,  of  a  pulpy  nature  like  a  berry  (in  Latin  lacca) ;  p.  127. 

Barbate :  bearded  ;  bearing  tufts,  spots,  or  lines  of  hairs. 

Barbed :  furnished  with  a  barb  or  double  hook ;  as  the  apex  of  the  bristle  on  the 
fruit  of  Echinospermum  (Stickseed),  £c. 

Bdrbdlate:  said  of  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  of  some  Composite  (species  of 
Liatris,  &c  ),  when  beset  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  longer  than  when  denticulate, 
but  shorter  than  when  plumose. 

Barbeihdate :  diminutive  of  barbellate. 

Bark :  the  covering  of  a  stem  outside  of  the  wood,  p.  150,  152. 

Basal :  belonging  or  attached  to  the 

Base:  that  extremity  of  any  organ  by  which  it  is  attached  to  its  support. 

Bast,  Bast-fibres,  p.  147. 

Beaked:  ending  in  a  prolonged  narrow  tip. 

Bearded :  see  barbate.  Beard  is  sometimes  used  popularly  for  awn,  more  com- 
monly for  long  or  stiff  hairs  of  any  sort. 

Bell-shaped:  of  the  shape  of  a  bell,  as  the  corolla  of  Harebell,  fig.  207,  p.  102. 

Berry  :  a  fruit  pulpy  or  juicy  throughout,  as  a  grape;  p.  127. 

Bi-  (or  Bis),  in  compound  words  :  twice;  as 


GLOSSARY.  207 

Biarticulate :  twice  jointed,  or  two-jointed  ;  separating  into  two  pieces. 

Biauriculate :  having  two  ears,  as  the  leaf  in  fig.  96. 

Bicallose :  having  two  callosities  or  harder  spots. 

Bicdrinate:  two-keeled,  as  the  upper  palea  of  Grasses. 

Bicipital  (Biceps)  :  two-headed  ;  dividing  into  two  parts  at  the  top  or  bottom. 

Biconjuyate :  twice  paired,  as  when  a  petiole  forks  twice. 

Bide'ntate:  having  two  teeth  (not  twice  or  doubly  dentate). 

Biennial :  of  two  years'   continuance ;  springing  from  the  seed  one  season, 

flowering  and  dying  the  next ;  p.  21. 
Bi furious :  two-ranked  ;  arranged  in  two  rows. 

Bifid :  two-cleft  to  about  the  middle,  as  the  petals  of  Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 
Biftliolate :  a  compound  leaf  of  two  leaflets ;  p.  66. 
Bifurcate:  twice  forked  ;  or,  more  commonly,  forked  into  two  branches. 
Bijugate:  bearing  two  pairs  (of  leaflets,  &c.}. 
Bilabiate:  two-lipped,  as  the  corolla  of  sage,  &c ,  p.  105,  fig.  209. 
Bildmellate:  of  two  plates  (lamella),  as  the  stigma  of  Mimulus. 
Bildbed :  the  same  as  two-lobed. 
Bilocular :  two-celled ;  as  most  anthers,  the  pod  of  Foxglove,  most  Saxifrages 

(fig.  254),  &c. 

Binaie :  in  couples,  two  together. 
Bipartite :  the  Latin  form  of  two-parted  ;  p.  62. 
Bi pinnate  (leaf)  :  twice  pinnate ;  p.  66,  fig.  130. 
Bipinndtijid :   twice  pinnatifid,  p.  64;  that  is,  pinnatifid  with  the  lobes  again 

pinnatifid. 

Biplicate :  twice  folded  together. 

Biserial,  or  Bise'riate :  occupying  two  rows,  one  within  the  other. 
Biserrate :  doubly  serrate,  as  when  the  teeth  of  a  leaf,  £c.  are  themselves  serrate. 
Biternate:  twice  ternate  ;  i.  e.  principal  divisions  3,  each  bearing  3  leaflets,  &c. 
Bladderi/ :  thin  and  inflated,  like  the  calyx  of  Silene  inflata. 
Blade  of  a  leaf:  its  expanded  portion  ;  p  54. 

Boat-shaped:  concave  within  and  keeled  without,  in  shape  like  a  small  boat. 
Brdchiate:  with  opposite  branches  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  as  in  tha 

Maple  and  Lilac. 
Bract  (Latin,  bractea).    Bracts,  in  general,  are  the  leaves  of  an  inflorescence, 

more  or  less  different  from  ordinary  leaves.     Specially,  the  bract  is  the 

small  leaf  or  scale  from  the  axil  of  which  a  flower  or  its  pedicel  proceeds; 

p.  78 ;  and  a 

Bractlet  (bracteola)  is  a  bract  seated  on  the  pedicel  or  flower-stalk;  p.  78,  fig.  156. 
Branch,  p.  20,  36. 

Bristles :  stiff,  sharp  hairs,  or  any  very  slender  bodies  of  similar  appearance. 
Bristly :  beset  with  bristles. 
Brush-shaped:  see  aspergilliform. 

Bryology:  that  part  of  Botany  which  relates  to  Mosses. 
Bud:  a  branch  in  its  earliest  or  undeveloped  state  ;  p.  20. 
Bud-scales,  p.  22,  50. 

Bulb :  a  leaf-bud  with  fleshy  scales,  usually  subterranean  ;  p.  45,  fig.  73, 
Bulbiferous:  bearing  or  producing  bulbs. 
Bulboss  or  bulbous  :  bulb-like  in  shape,  &c. 


208  GLOSSARY. 

Bulblets:  small  bulbs,  borne  above  ground,  as  on  the  stems  of  the  bulb-bearing 
Lily  and  on  the  fronds  of  Cistopteris  bulbifera  and  some  other  Ferns ;  p.  46. 
Bulb-scales,  p.  50. 
Bullate:  appearing  as  if  blistered  or  bladdery  (from  bulla,  a  bubble). 

Caducous:  dropping  off  very  early,  compared  with  other  parts;  as  the  calyx  in 

the  Poppy  Family,  falling  when  the  flower  opens. 

Ctespitose,  or  Ccspitose:  growing  in  turf-like  patches  or  tufts,  like  most  sedges,  &c. 
Cdlcarate:  furnished  with  a  spur  (calcar),  as  the  flower  of  Larkspur,  fig.  183, 

and  Violet,  tig.  181. 

Cakeolate  or  Cdlceiform :  slipper-shaped,  like  one  petal  of  the  Lady's  Slipper. 
Cd/lose :  hardened  ;  or  furnished  with  callosities  or  thickened  spots. 
Cd/ycine :  belonging  to  the  calyx. 
Calyculate :  furnished  with  an  outer  accessory  calyx  (calyculus)  or  set  of  bracts 

looking  like  a  calyx,  as  in  true  Pinks. 

Calyptra :  the  hood  or  veil  of  the  capsule  of  a  Moss  :  Manual,  p.  607,  &c. 
Calyptriform :  shaped  like  a  calyptra  or  candle-extinguisher. 
Calyx:  the  outer  set  of  the  floral  envelopes  or  leaves  of  the  flower;  p.  85. 
Cambium  and  Cambium -layer,  p.  154. 
Campdnulate :  bell-shaped;  p.  102,  fig.  207. 
Campyldtropous,  or  Campyldtropal ;  curved  ovules  and  seeds  of  a  particular  sort ; 

p.  123,  fig.  271. 
Cainpi/lospe'nnous :  applied  to  fruits  of  Umbelliferaj  when  the  seed  is  curved  in 

at  the  edges,  forming  a  groove  down  the  inner  face  ;  as  in  Sweet  Cicely. 
Canaliculate:  channelled,  or  with  a  deep  longitudinal  groove. 
Cancel/ate:  latticed,  resembling  lattice-work. 
Canescent:  grayish-white;  hoary,  usually  because  the  surface  is  covered  with 

fine  white  hairs.     Incanoiis  is  whiter  still. 

Capilldceoiis,  Capillary :  hair-like  in  shape  ;  as  fine  as  hair  or  slender  bristles. 
Capitate :  having  a  globular  apex,  like  the  head  on  a  pin  ;  as  the  stigma  of 

Cherry,  fig.  213;  or  forming  a  head,  like  the  flower-cluster  of  Button-bush, 

fig.  161. 

Capitellate:  diminutive  of  capitate  ;  as  the  stigmas  of  fig.  255. 
Capitulum   (a  little  head)  :    a   close  rounded  dense  cluster  or  head  of  sessile 

flowers;  p.  80,  fig.  161. 

Capreolate:  bearing  tendrils  (from  capreolus,  a  tendril). 
Capsule:  a  pod;  any  dry  dehiscent  seed-vessel;  p.  131,  fig.  305,  306. 
Cdpsular :  relating  to,  or  like  a  capsule. 
Canna :  a  keel ;  the  two  anterior  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  flower,  which  are 

combined  to  form  a  body  shaped  somewhat  like  the  keel  (or  rather  the 

prow)  of  a  vessel;  p.  105,  fig.  218,  k. 

Cdrinate:  keeled  ;  furnished  with  a  sharp  ridge  or  projection  on  the  lower  side. 
Caridpsis,  or  Carytipsis:  the  one-seeded  fruit  or  grain  of  Grasses,  &c.,  p.  351. 
Cdrncous :  flesh-colored  ;  pale  red. 
Cdrnose :  fleshy  in  texture. 
Carpel,  or  Carpidium :  a  simple  pistil,  or  one  of  the  parts  or  leaves  of  which  a 

compound  pistil  is  composed;  p.  117. 
Cdrpellary:  pertaining  to  a  carpel. 


GLOSSARY.  209 

Carpology :  that  department  of  Botany  which  relates  to  fruits. 

Carpophore:  the  stalk  or  support  of  a  fruit  or  pistil  within  the  flower;  as  in 

fig.  276-278. 

Cartilaginous,  or  Cartilagfneous :  firm  and  tough,  like  cartilage,  in  texture. 
Caruncle :  an  excrescence  at  the  scar  of  some  seeds ;  as  those  of  Pol  jgala. 
Carunculate :  furnished  with  a  caruncle. 

Caryopht/lldceous :  pink -like :  applied  to  a  corolla  of  5  long-clawed  petals ;  fig.  200. 
Catkin:  a  scaly  deciduous  spike  of  flowers,  an  ament;  p.  81. 
Caudate :  tailed,  or  tail-pointed. 

Caudex:  a  sort  of  trunk,  such  as  that  of  Palms  ;  an  upright  rootstock ;  p.  37. 
Caulescent :  having  an  obvious  stem  ;  p.  36. 
Caulicle :  a  little  stem,  or  rudimentary  stem ;  p.  6. 
Catiline:  of  or  belonging  to  a  stem  (caulis,  in  Latin),  p.  36. 
Cell  (diminutive  Cellule) :  the  cavity  of  an  anther,  ovary,  &c.,  p.  1 13, 119 ;  one  of 

the  elements  or  vesicles  of  which  plants  arc  composed  ;  p.  140,  142. 
Cellular  tiss ue  of  plants  ;  p.  142.     Cellular  Baric,  p.  152. 
Cellulose,  p.  159. 
Centrifugal  (inflorescence)  :  produced  or  expanding  in  succession  from  the  centre 

outwards ;  p.  82.     The  radicle  is  centrifugal,  when  it  points  away  from  the 

centre  of  the  fruit. 

Centripetal:  the  opposite  of  centrifugal ;  p.  79,  83. 
Cereal:  belonging  to  corn,  or  corn-plants. 
Ce'rnuous :  nodding ;  the  summit  more  or  less  inclining. 
Chaff:  small  membranous  scales  or  bracts  on  the  receptacle  of  Compositaj ;  the 

glumes,  &c.  of  Grasses. 

Chaffy :  furnished  with  chaff,  or  of  the  texture  of  chaff. 
Chaldza  :  that  part  of  the  ovule  where  all  the  parts  grow  together;  p.  122. 
Channelled:  hollowed  out  like  a  gutter;  same  as  canaliculate, 
diameter :  a  phrase  expressing  the  essential  marks  of  a  species,  genus,  &c. 

which  distinguish  it  from  all  others  ;   p.  180. 
Chartdceous :  of  the  texture  of  paper  or  parchment. 
Chlorophyll :  the  green  grains  in  the  cells  of  the  leaf,  and  of  other  parts  exposed 

to  the  light,  which  give  to  herbage  its  green  color;  p.  155. 

Chrtfmule :  coloring  matter  in  plants,  especially  when  not  green,  or  when  liquid. 
Cicatrix :  the  scar  left  by  the  fall  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ. 
Ciliate :  beset  on  the  margin  with  a  fringe  of  cilia,  i.  e.  of  hairs  or  bristles,  lika 

the  eyelashes  fringing  the  eyelids,  whence  the  name. 
Cinereous,  or  Cinerdceous :  ash-grayish  ;  of  the  color  of  ashes. 
Circinate :  rolled  inwards  from  the  top,  like  a  crosier,  as  the*  shoots  of  Ferns ; 

p.  76,  fig.  154;  the  flower-clusters  of  Heliotrope,  &c. 
Ctrcumscissile,  or  Circumcissile :  divided  by  a  circular  line  round  the  sides,  as 

the  pods  of  Purslane,  Plantain,  &c. ;  p.  133,  fig.  298,  311. 
Circumscription  :  the  general  outline  of  a  thing. 
Ctrr/tiferous,  or  Clrrhose:  furnished  with  a  tendril  (Latin,  cirrhm)  ;  as  the  Grape, 

vine.     Clrrhose  also  means  resembling  or  coiling  like  tendrils,  as  the  leaf- 
stalks of  Virgin's-bower  ;  p.  37. 
Class,  p  175,  177. 
Classification,  p.  1 73. 

18* 


210  GLOSSARY. 

Cldthrate  :  latticed  ;  same  as  cancellate. 

Cldvate :  club-shaped  ;  slender  below  and  thickened  upwards. 

Claw:  the  narrow  or  stalk-like  base  of  some  petals,  as  of  Pinks ;  p.  102,  fig.  200. 

Climbing :  rising  by  clinging  to  other  objects;  p.  37. 

Club-shaped :  see  cktvate. 

Clustered :  leaves,  flowers,  £c.  aggregated  or  collected  into  a  bunch 

C/ypeate :  buckler-shaped. 

Codflunate :  same  as  connate ;  i.  e.  united. 

Coalescent :  growing  together. 

Codrctate  :  contracted  or  brought  close  together. 

Coated  Bulbs,  p.  46. 

Cobwebby :  same  as  arachnoid ;  bearing  hairs  like  cobwebs  or  gossamer. 

Coccus  (plural  cocci) :  anciently  a  berry;  now  mostly  used  to  denote  the  carpels 

of  a  dry  fruit  which  are  separable  from  each  other,  as  of  Euphorbia. 
Cochledriform  :   spoon-shaped. 
Cdchlcate :  coiled  or  shaped  like  a  snail-shell. 

Ccclospe'rmous :  applied  to  those  fruits  of  Umbellifcra  which  have  the  seed  hol- 
lowed on  the  inner  face,  by  the  curving  inwards  of  the  top  and  bottom  ;  as  in 

Coriander. 

Coherent,  in  Botany,  is  usually  the  same  as  connate;  p.  104. 
Collective  fruits,  p.  133. 

Collum  or  Collar :  the  neck  or  line  of  junction  between  the  stem  and  the  root. 
Columella :  the  axis  to  which  the  carpels  of  a  compound  pistil  are  often  attached, 

as  in  Geranium  (fig.  278),  or  which  is  left  when  a  pod  opens,  as  in  Azalea 

and  Rhododendron. 
Column :  the  united  stamens,  as  in  Mallow,  or  the  stamens  and  pistils  united  into 

one  body,  as  in  the  Orchis  family,  fig.  226. 
Columnar :  shaped  like  a  column  or  pillar. 

Coma :  a  tuft  of  any  sort  (literally,  a  head  of  hair) ;  p.  135,  fig.  317. 
Co'mose :  tufted  ;  bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs,  as  the  seeds  of  Milkweed  ;  fig.  317. 
Commissure  :  the  line  of  junction  of  two  carpels,  as  in  the  fruit  of  Umbclliferse, 

such  as  Parsnip,  Caraway,  &c. 
Common:  used  as  "general,"  in  contradistinction  to  "partial";  e.  g.  "common 

involucre,"  p.  81. 
Cdmplanate :  flattened. 

Compound  leaf,  p.  64.     Compound  pistil,  p.  118.     Compound  umbel,  £c.,  p.  81. 
Complete  (flower),  p.  89. 
Complicate :  folded  upon  itself. 
Compressed :  flattened  on  two  opposite  sides. 
Condiiplicate  :  folded  upon  itself  lengthwise,  as  are  the  leaves  of  Magnolia  in  the 

bud,  p.  76. 

Cone:  the  fruit  of  the  Pine  family  ;  p.  133,  fig.  314. 
Confluent :  blended  together  ;  or  the  same  as  coherent. 
Conformed:  similar  to  another  thing  it  is  associated  with  or  compared  to;  or 

closely  fitted  to  it,  as  the  skin  to  the  kernel  of  a  seed. 
Congested,  Conglomerate  :  crowded  together. 
Conjugate  :  coupled ;  in  single  pairs. 
Connate:  united  or  grown  together  from  the  first. 


GLOSSARY.  211 

Connective,  Conncctfvum :  the  part  of  the  anther  connecting  its  two  cells  ;  p.  113. 

Connivent :  converging,  or  brought  close  together. 

Consolidated  forms  of  vegetation,  p.  47. 

Continuous :  the  reverse  of  interrupted  or  articulated. 

Contorted:  twisted  together.     Contorted  aestivation  :  same  as  convolute;  p.  109. 

ContortupHcate :  twisted  back  upon  itself. 

Contracted:  either  narrowed  or  shortened. 

Contrary :  turned  in  an  opposite  direction  to  another  organ  or  part  with  which 

it  is  compared. 
Convolute :  rolled  up  lengthwise,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Plum  in  vernation  ;  p.  76, 

fig.  151.     In  aestivation,  same  as  contorted;  p.  109. 
Cordate :  heart-shaped  ;  p.  58,  fig.  90,  99. 
Coriaceous :  resembling  leather  in  texture. 
Corky:  of  the  texture  of  cork.     Corky  layer  of  bark,  p.  152. 
Corm,  Cormus :  a  solid  bulb,  like  that  of  Crocus ;  p.  44,  fig.  71,  72. 
Cdrneous :  of  the  consistence  or  appearance  of  horn,  as  the  albumen  of  tho 

seed  of  the  Date,  Coffee,  &c. 
Cornfculate :  furnished  with  a  small  horn  or  spur. 
Cornute:  horned  ;  bearing  a  horn-like  projection  or  appendage. 
Cordlla  :  the  leaves  of  the  flower  within  the  calyx  ;  p.  86. 
Corofldceous,  Coralline :  like  or  belonging  to  a  corolla. 

Corona  :  a  coronet  or  crown  ;  an  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  claw  of  some 
petals,  as  Silene  and  Soapwort,  fig.  200,  or  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  of 
Hound's-Tongue,  &c. 

Cordnate  :  crowned ;  furnished  with  a  crown. 
Cdrtical :  belonging  to  the  bark  (cortex). 

Cdrymb :  a  sort  of  flat  or  convex  flower-cluster ;  p.  79,  fig.  158. 
Corymbdse :  approaching  the  form  of  a   corymb,   or  branched   in    that    way ; 

arranged  in  corymbs. 

Costa  :  a  rib ;  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  &c.     Costate :  ribbed. 
Cotyledons  :  the  first  leaves  of  the  embryo  ;  p.  6,  137. 
Crater ijbrm  :  goblet-shaped  ;  broadly  cup-shaped. 

Creeping  (stems)  :  growing  flat  on  or  beneath  the  ground  and  rooting;  p.  37. 
Cremocarp :  a  half-fruit,  or  one  of  the  two  carpels  of  Umbelliferae. 
Crenate,  or  Crenelled :  the  edge  scalloped  into  rounded  teeth;  p.  62,  fig.  114. 
Crested,  or  Cristate :  bearing  any  elevated  appendage  like  a  crest. 
Cribrose  :  pierced  like  a  sieve  with  small  apertures. 
Crinite  :  bearded  with  long  hairs,  &c. 
Crown :  see  corona. 

Crowning :  borne  on  the  apex  of  anything. 

Cruciate,  or  Cruciform :  cross-shaped,  as  the  four  spreading  petals  of  the  Mus- 
tard (fig.  187),  and  all  the  flowers  of  that  family. 
Crustaceans :  hard,  and  brittle  in  texture  ;  crust-like. 
Cryptdyamous,  or  Cryptogamic :  relating  to  Cryptogamia;  p.  172,  197. 
Cucullate:  hooded,  or  hood-shaped,  rolled  up  like  a  cornet  of  paper,  or  a  hood 

(cucullus),  as  the  spathe  of  Indian  Turnip,  fig.  162. 
Culm  :  a  straw ;  the  stem  of  Grasses  and  Sedges. 
Ouneate,  Cuneiform :  wedge-shaped  ;  p.  58,  fig.  94. 


212  GLOSSARY. 

Cup-shaped:  same  as  cyathiform,  or  near  it. 

Cupule :  a  little  cup  ;  the  cup  to  the  aconi  of  the  Oak,  p.  130,  fig.  299. 

Cupulate :  provided  with  a  cupule. 

Cuspidate  :  tipped  with  a  sharp  and  stiff  point. 

Cut :  same  as  incised,  or  applied  generally  to  any  sharp  and  deep  division. 

Cuticle  :  the  skin  of  plants,  or  more  strictly  its  external  pellicle. 

Cydthiform  :  in  the  shape  of  a  cup,  or  particularly  of  a  wine-glass. 

Cijcle:  one  complete  turn  of  a  spire,  or  a  circle ;  p.  73. 

Cyclical,  rolled  up  circularly,  or  coiled  into  a  complete  circle, 

Cycldsis :  the  circulation  in  closed  cells,  p.  167. 

Cylindraceous :  approaching  to  the 

Cylindrical  form ;  as  that  of  stems,  &c.,  which  are  round,  and  gradually  if  at  all 

tapering. 

Cymhi'form,  or  Cymbiform  :  same  as  boat-shaped. 
Cyme:  a  cluster  of  centrifugal  inflorescence,  p  82,  fig.  165,  167. 
Cymose :  furnished  with  cymes,  or  like  a  cyme. 

Deca-  (in  composition  of  words  of  Greek  derivation)  :  ten  ;  as 
Decdf/ynous  :  with  10  pistils  or  styles.     Decandrous  :  with  10  stamens. 
Deciduous :  falling  off,  or  subject  to  fall ,  said  of  leaves  which  fall  in  autumn, 

and  of  a  calyx  and  corolla  which  fall  before  the  fruit  forms. 
Declined:  turned  to  one  side,  or  downwards,  as  the  stamens  of  Azalea  nudi flora. 
Decompound :  several  times  compounded  or  divided  ;  p  67,  fig.  138. 
Decumbent:  reclined  on  the  ground,  the  summit  tending  to  rise;  p.  37. 
Decurrent  (leaves) :  prolonged  on  the  stem  beneath  the  insertion,  as  in  Thistles. 
Decussate:  arranged  in  pairs  which  successively  cross  each  other;  fig.  147. 
Definite:  when  of  a  uniform  number,  and  not  above  twelve  or  so. 
Deflexed :  bent  downwards. 

Deflorate :  past  the  flowering  state,  as  an  anther  after  it  has  discharged  its  pollen. 
Dehiscence:  the  mode  in  which  an  anther  or  a  pod  regularly  bursts  or  splits 

open;  p.  132. 

Dehiscent :  opening  by  regular  dehiscence. 

Deliquescent:  branching  off  so  that  the  stem  is  lost  in  the  branches,  p.  25. 
Deltoid:  of  a  triangular  shape,  like  the  Greek  capital  A. 
Demersed :  growing  below  the  surface  of  water. 
Dendroid,  Dendritic:  tree-like  in  form  or  appearance. 
Dentate:  toothed  (from  the  Latin  dens,  a  tooth),  p.  61,  fig.  113. 
Denticulate :  furnished  with  denticulations,  or  very  small  teeth :  diminutive  of 

the  last. 

Depauperate  (impoverished  or  starved) :  below  the  natural  size. 
Depressed :  flattened,  or  as  if  pressed  down  from  above  ;  flattened  vertically. 
Descending :  tending  gradually  downwards. 
Determinate  Inflorescence,  p.  81,  83. 
Dextrorse  :  turned  to  the  right  hand. 
Di-  (in  Greek  compounds) :  two,  as 

Didddphous  (stamens) :  united  by  their  filaments  in  two  sets;  p.  Ill,  fig.  227. 
Didndrous :  having  two  stamens,  p.  112. 
Diagnosis,  a  short  distinguishing  character,  or  descriptive  phrase. 


GLOSSARY.  213 

Diaphanous  :  transparent  or  translucent. 

Dichlamydcous  (flower)  :  having  both  calyx  and  corolla. 

Dicho'tomons :  two-forked. 

Diclinous:  having  the  stamens  in  one  flower,  the  pistils   in  another;   p.  89, 

fig.  176,  177. 

Dicdccous  (fruit) :  splitting  into  two  cocci,  or  closed  carpels. 
Dicotyledonous  (embryo)  :  having  a  pair  of  cotyledons  ;  p.  16,  137. 
Dicotyledonous  Plants,  p.  150,  182. 
Didi/mous :  twin. 
Didynamous  (stamens) ;  having  four  stamens  in  two  pairs,  one  pair  shorter  than 

the  other,  as  in  fig.  194,  195. 
Diffuse :  spreading  widely  and  irregularly. 
Digitate  (fingered)  :  where  the  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  are  all  borne  on  the 

apex  of  the  petiole  ;  p.  65,  fig.  129. 
Diyynous  (flower) :  having  two  pistils  or  styles,  p.  116. 
Dimerous  :  made  up  of  two  parts,  or  its  organs  in  twos. 
Dimidiate :  halved ;  as  where  a  leaf  or  leaflet  has  only  one  side  developed,  or  a 

stamen  has  only  one  lobe  or  cell ;  fig.  239. 
Dimorphous  :  of  two  forms. 
Duecious,  or  Dioicous :  where  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  separate  flowers  on 

different  plants  ;  p.  89. 

Dipe'talous :  of  two  petals.     Diphylhus :  two-leaved.     Dipterous :  two-winged. 
Disc/form  or  Disk-shaped :  flat  and  circular,  like  a  disk  or  quoit. 
Disk :  the  face  of  any  flat  body  ;  the  central  part  of  a  head  of  flowers,  like  the 

Sunflower,   or   Coreopsis  (fig.  224),  as  opposed  to  the  ray  or  margin;  a 

fleshy  expansion  of  the  receptacle  of  a  flower  ;  p.  125. 
Dissected :  cut  deeply  into  many  lobes  or  divisions. 
Dissepiments:  the  partitions  of  an  ovary  or  a  fruit;  p.  119. 
Distichous  :  two-ranked  ;  p.  73. 
Distinct:  uncombined  with  each  other ;  p.  102. 
Divaricate  :  straddling ;  very  widely  divergent. 

Divided  (leaves,  &c.)  :  cut  into  divisions  extending  about  to  the  base  or  the  mid- 
rib ;  p.  62,  fig.  125. 

Dodeca-  (in  Greek  compounds)  :  twelve;  as 
Dodecdf/i/nous :  with  twelve  pistils  or  styles. 
Dodecandrous :  with  twelve  stamens. 
Dolabrifortn :   axe-shaped. 

Dcrsal:  pertaining  to  the  back  (dorsum)  of  an  organ. 
Dorsal  Suture,  p.  117. 
Dotted  Ducts,  p.  148. 

Double  Flowers,  so  called  :  where  the  petals  are  multiplied  unduly ;  p.  85,  98. 
Downy  :  clothed  with  a  coat  of  soft  and  short  hairs. 
Drupe:  a  stone-fruit;  p.  128,  fig.  285. 
Drupaceous :  like  or  pertaining  to  a  drupe. 
Ducts:  the  so-called  vessels  of  plants ;  p.  146,  148. 
Dumose :  bushy,  or  relating  to  bushes.  , 

Duramen:  the  heart-wood,  p.  153. 
Dicarf ' :  remarkably  low  in  stature. 


214  GLOSSARY. 

E-,  or  Ex-,  at  the  beginning  of  compound  words,  means  destitute  of ;  as  ecostate, 
without  a  rib  or  midrib ;  exalbuminous,  without  albumen,  &c. 

Eared:  see  auriculate;  p.  59,  fig.  96. 

Ebrdcteate;  destitute  of  bracts. 

Echinate :  armed  with  prickles  (like  a  hedgehog).    Echinulate :  a  diminutive  of  it. 

Edtntate :  toothless. 

Effete, :  past  bearing,  &c. ;  said  of  anthers  which  have  discharged  their  pollen. 

Eglandulose :  destitute  of  glands. 

Eldters:  threads  mixed  with  the  spores  of  Liverworts.     (Manual,  p.  682.) 

Ellipsoidal ;  approaching  an  elliptical  figure. 

Elliptical :  oval  or  oblong,  with  the  ends  regularly  rounded ;  p.  58,  fig.  88. 

Emdrginate :  notched  at  the  summit ;  p.  60,  fig.  108. 

Embryo :  the  rudimentary  undeveloped  plantlet  in  a  seed ;  p.  6,  fig.  9,  12,  26, 
31  -37,  £c.,  and  p.  136.  Embryo-sac,  p.  139. 

Emersed :  raised  out  of  water. 

Endecdgynous :  with  eleven  pistils  or  styles.    Endecdndrous  :  with  eleven  stamens- 

Endocarp :  the  inner  layer  of  a  pericarp  or  fruit ;  p.  128. 

Endochrome  :  the  coloring  matter  of  Algae  and  the  like. 

Endogenous  Stems,  p.  150.     Endogenous  Plants,  p.  150. 

Endosmose :  p.  168. 

Endosperm  :  another  name  for  the  albumen  of  a  seed. 

Endostome :  the  orifice  in  the  inner  coat  of  an  ovule. 

Ennea- :  nine.     Ennedtjynous :  with  nine  petals  or  styles. 

Ennedndrous :  with  nine  stamens. 

Ensiform  :  sword-shaped  ;  as  the  leaves  of  Iris,  fig.  134- 

Entire:  the  margins  not  at  all  toothed,  notched,  or  divided,  but  even  ;  p.  61. 

Ephemeral :  lasting  for  a  day  or  less,  as  the  corolla  of  Purslane,  &c. 

Epi-,  in  composition :  upon  ;  as 

JZpicarp  :  the  outermost  layer  of  a  fruit ;  p.  128. 

Epidermal:  relating  to  the  Epidermis,  or  the  skin  of  a  plant;  p.  152,  155. 

Epiaceous :  growing  on  the  earth,  or  close  to  the  ground. 

Epfgynons:  upon  the  ovary  ;  p.  105,  111. 

Epipetalons:  borne  on  the  petals  or  the  corolla. 

Epiphyllous  :  borne  on  a  leaf. 

Epiphyte :  a  plant  growing  on  another  plant,  but  not  nourished  by  it ;  p.  34. 

Epiphytic  or  Epiphytal :  relating  to  Epiphytes ;  p.  34. 

Episperm :  the  skin  or  coat  of  a  seed,  especially  the  outer  coat. 

E(jual:  same  as  regular ;  or  of  the  same  number  or  length,  as  the  case  may  be, 
of  the  body  it  is  compared  with. 

Equally  pinnate  :  same  as  abruptly  pinnate  ;  p.  65. 

E'lmtant  (riding  straddle)  ;  p.  68,  fig.  133,  134. 

Erose:  eroded,  as  if  gnawed. 

Er6strate:  not  beaked. 

Essential  Organs  of  the  flower,  p   85. 

Estivation :  see  aestivation. 

Etiolated:  blanched  by  excluding  the  light,  as  the  stalks  of  Celery. 

Evergreen :  holding  the  leaves  over  winter  and  until  new  ones  appear,  or  longer. 

Exalbuminous  (seed)  :  destitute  of  albumen  ;  p.  136. 


GLOSSARY.  215 

Exctfrrent :  running  out,  as  when  a  midrib  projects  beyond  the  apex  of  a  leaf, 

or  a  trunk  is  continued  to  the  very  top  of  a  tree. 
Exhalation,  p.  156,  169. 

Exogenous  Stems,  p.  150.     Exogenous  Plants,  p.  182. 
Exostome:  the  orifice  in  the  outer  coat  of  the  ovule;  p.  122. 
Explanate  :  spread  or  flattened  out. 

Exserted:  protruding  out  of,  as  the  stamens  out  of  the  corolla  of  fig.  201. 
Exstipulate :  destitute  of  stipules. 
Extra-axillary :  said  of  a  branch  or  bud  a  little  out  of  the  axil ;  as  the  upper 

accessory  buds  of  the  Butternut,  p.  27,  fig.  52. 
Extrdrse:  turned  outwards;  the  anther  is  extiorse  when  fastened  to  the  filament 

on  the  side  next  the  pistil,  and  opening  on  the  outer  side,  as  in  Iris  ;  p.  113. 

Falcate :  scythe-shaped  ;  a  flat  body  curved,  its  edges  parallel. 

Family :  p.  176. 

Farinaceous :  mealy  in  texture.     Farinose  :  covered  with  a  mealy  powder. 

Fdsciate :  banded  ;  also  applied  to  monstrous  stems  which  grow  flat. 

Fascicle:  a  close  cluster  ;  p.  83. 

Fascicled,  Fasciculated:  growing  in  a  bundle  or  tuft,  as  the  leaves  of  Pine 
and  Larch  (fig  139,  140),  the  roots  of  Pseony  and  Dahlia,  fig.  60. 

Fastigiate :  close,  parallel,  and  upright,  as  the  branches  of  Lombardy  Poplar. 

Faux  (plural,  fauces)  :  the  throat  of  a  calyx,  corolla,  &c. 

Faveolate,  Fdvose :  honeycombed;  same  as  alveolate. 

Feather-veined :  where  the  veins  of  a  leaf  spring  from  along  the  sides  of  a  mid- 
rib ;  p.  57,  fig.  86  -  94. 

Female  (flowers)  :  with  pistils  and  no  stamens. 

Fen&trate :  pierced  with  one  or  more  large  holes,  like  windows. 

Ferrugineous,  or  Ferruginous :  resembling  iron-rust ;  red-grayish. 

Fertile:  fruit-bearing,  or  capable  of  producing  fruit;  also  said  of  anthers  when 
they  produce  good  pollen. 

Fertilization  :  the  process  by  which  pollen  causes  the  embrvo  to  be  formed. 

Fibre,  p.  145.     Fibrous :  containing  much  fibre,  or  composed  of  fibres. 

Fibril-lose :  formed  of  small  fibres. 

Fibrine,  p.  165. 

Fiddle-shaped :  obovatc  with  a  deep  recess  on  each  side. 

Filament:  the  stalk  of  a  stamen;  p.  86,  fig.  170,  a;  also  any  slender  thread- 
shaped  appendage. 

Filamc'ntose,  or  Filamentous :  bearing  or  formed  of  slender  threads. 

Filiform  :  thread-shaped  ;  long,  slender,  and  cylindrical. 

Fimbriate:  fringed;  furnished  with  fringes  (fimbrice). 

Fistular  or  Fistulose:  hollow  and  cylindrical,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Onion. 

Flabelliform  or  Flabe'llate :  fan-shaped ;  broad,  rounded  at  the  summit,  and  nar- 
rowed at  the  base. 

Flagellate,  or  F/age'/lifonn  {  long,  narrow,  and  flexible,  like  the  thong  of  a  whip ; 
or  like  the  runners  (flagelhe)  of  the  Strawberry. 

Flavescent :  yellowish,  or  turning  yellow. 

Flcs/iy  :  composed  of  firm  pulp  or  flesh. 

Fleshy  Plants,  p.  47. 


216 


GLOSSARY. 


F/e'xuose,  or  Fle'xuous:  bending  gently  in  opposite  directions,  in  a  zigzag  way. 

Floating:  swimming  on  the  surface  of  water. 

Fldccose:  composed,  or  bearing  tufts,  of  woolly  or  long  and  soft  hairs. 

Flora   (the   goddess   of  flowers):  the  plants  of  a   country   or  district,  taken 

together,  or  a  work  systematically  describing  them ;  p.  3. 
Floral:  relating  to  the  blossom. 
Floral  Envelopes :  the  leaves  of  the  flower ;  p.  85,  99. 
floret :  a  diminutive  flower ;  one  of  the  flowers  of  a  head  (or  of  the  so-called 

compound  flower)  of  Composite,  p.  106. 

Flower :  the  whole  organs  of  reproduction  of  Phsenogamous  plants ;  p.  84. 
Flower-bud:  an  unopened  flower. 

Flowing  Plants,  p.  177.     Flowerless  Plants,  p.  172,  177. 
Folidceous :  belonging  to,  or  of  the  texture  or  nature  of,  a  leaf  (folium). 
Fdliose :  leafy ;  abounding  in  leaves. 
Fdliolate:  relating  to  or  bearing  leaflets  (foliola). 

Follicle:  a  simple  pod,  opening  down  the  inner  suture  ;  p.  131,  fig.  302. 
Follicular :  resembling  or  belonging  to  a  follicle. 
Food  of  Plants,  p.  160. 

Foramen:  a  hole  or  orifice,  as  that  of  the  ovule  ;  p.  122. 
Fornix:  little  arched  scales  in  the  throat  of  some  corollas,  as  of  Comfrey. 
Fornicate:  over-arched,  or  arching  over. 
Fdveate :  deeply  pitted.     Foveotate :  diminutive  offoveate. 
Free:  not  united  with  any  other  parts  of  a  different  sort ;  p.  103. 
Fringed :  the  margin  beset  with  slender  appendages,  bristles,  £c. 
Frond :  what  answers  to  leaves  in  Ferns ;  the  stem  and  leaves  fused  into  one 

body,  as  in  Duckweed  and  many  Liverworts,  &c. 
Frondescence  :  the  bursting  into  leaf. 

Frdndose :  frond-bearing  ;  like  a  frond  :  or  sometimes  used  for  leafy. 
Fructification:  the  state  of  fruiting.     Organs  of,  p.  76. 
Fruit:  the  matured  ovary  and  all  it  contains  or  is  connected  with;  p.  126. 
Frute'scent:  somewhat  shrubby  ;  becoming  a  shrub  (frutex). 
Fruticulose :  like  a  small  shrub.     Fniticose :  shrubby ;  p.  36. 
Fugacious  :  soon  falling  oft"  or  perishing. 
Fulvous :  tawny ;  dull  yellow  with  gray. 
Funiculus:  the  stalk  of  a  seed  or  ovule;  p.  122. 
Funnel-form,   or   Funnel-shaped:   expanding   gradually  upwards,  like  a  funnel 

or  tunnel ;  p.  102. 
Furcate :  forked. 

Furfurdceous :  covered  with  bran-like  fine  scurf. 
Furrowed:  marked  by  longitudinal  channels  or  grooves. 
Fuscous:  deep  gray-brown. 
Fusiform :  spindle-shaped ;  p.  32. 

Gdleate:  shaped  like  a  helmet  (r/alea) ;  as  the  upper  sepal  of  the  Monkshood, 

fig.  185,  and  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  of  Dead-Nettie,  fig.  209. 
Gamope'talous :  of  united  petals  ;  same  as  monopdafous,  and  a  better  word  ;  p.  102. 
Gamophyllons :  formed  of  united  leaves.     Gamose'palous :  formed  of  united  sepals. 
Gelatine,  p.  165. 


GLOSSARY.  217 

Geminate:  twin  ;  in  pairs;  as  the  flowers  of  Linnrca. 

Gemma  :  a  bud. 

Gemmation :  the  state  of  budding,  or  the  arrangement  of  parts  in  the  bud. 

Ge'mmule  :  a  small  bud  ;  the  buds  of  Mosses  ;  the  plumule,  p.  6. 

Geniculate:  bent  abruptly,  like  a  knee  (yenu),  as  many  stems. 

Genus:  a  kind  ;  a  rank  above  species;  p.  175,  176. 

Generic  Names,  p.  178.      Generic  Character,  p.  181. 

Geographical  Botany:  the  study  of  plants  in  their  geographical  relations,  p.  3. 

Germ:  a  growing  point;  a  young  bud;  sometimes  the  same  as  embryo;  p.  136. 

Germen:  the,old  name  for  ovary. 

Germination:  the  development  of  a  plantlet  from  the  seed;  p.  5,  137. 

Gibbous:  more  tumid  at  one  place  or  OH  one  side  than  the  other. 

Glabrate:  becoming  glabrous  with  age,  or  almost  glabrous. 

Glabrous :  smooth,  i.  e.  having  no  hairs,  bristles,  or  other  pubesccnc-w. 

G/adiate:  sword-shaped;  as  the  leaves  of  Iris,  fig.  134. 

Glands :  small  cellular  organs  which  secrete  oily  or  aromatic  or  other  products : 
they  are  sometimes  sunk  in  the  leaves  or  rind,  as  in  the  Orange,  Prickly 
Ash,  &c. ;  sometimes  on  the  surface  as  small  projections ;  sometimes  raised 
on  hairs  or  bristles  (glandular  hairs,  $*c.),  as  in  the  Sweetbrier  and  Sun- 
dew. The  name  is  also  given  to  any  small  swellings,  £c.,  whether  they 
secrete  anything  or  not. 

Glandular,  Glandulose :  furnished  with  glands,  or  gland-like. 

Glaus  ( Gland) :  the  acorn  or  mast  of  Oak  and  similar  fruits. 

Gloucescent :  slightly  glaucous,  or  bluish-gray. 

Glaucous  :  covered  with  a  bloom,  viz.  with  a  fine  white  powder  that  rubs  off,  like 
that  on  a  fresh  plum,  or  a  cabbage-leaf. 

Globose:  spherical  in  form,  or  nearly  so.      Gldbular :  nearly  globose. 

Gloc/ndiate  (hairs  or  bristles):  barbed;  tipped  with  barbs,  or  with  a  double 
hooked  point. 

Gldmerate :  closely  aggregated  into  a  dense  cluster. 

Gldmerule:  a  dense  head-like  cluster;  p.  83. 

Glossolo/jy :  the  department  of  Botany  in  which  technical  terms  are  explained. 

Glumaceous :  glume-like,  or  glume-bearing. 

Glume:  Glumes  are  the  husks  or  floral  coverings  of  Grasses,  or,  particularly, 
the  outer  husks  or  bracts  of  each  spikclet.  (Manual,  p.  535.) 

Glumelles:  the  inner  husks,  or  palere,  of  Grasses. 

Gluten:  a  vegetable  product  containing  nitrogen;  p.  165. 

Granular:  composed  of  grains.     Granule:  a  small  grain. 

Growth,  p.  138. 

Gr unions  or  Grumose :  formed  of  coarse  clustered  grains. 

Guttate :  spotted,  as  if  by  drops  of  something  colored. 

Gymnocdrpous :  naked-fruited. 

Gymnospermous :  naked-seeded;  p.  121. 

Gymnospe'nna',  or  Gymnospermous  Plants,  p.  184  ;  Manual,  p.  xxiii. 

Gyndndrous :  with  stamens  borne  on,  i.  e.  united  with,  the  pistil;  p.  Ill,  fig.  226. 

GyiKKcium  :  a  name  for  the  pistils  of  a  flower  taken  altogether. 

Gynolxise :  a  particular  receptacle  or  support  of  the  pistils,  or  of  the  carpels  of 
a  compound  ovary,  as  in  Geranium,  fig.  277,  278. 
19 


218  GLOSSARY. 

Gynophore:  a  stalk  raising  a  pistil  above  the  stamens,  as  in  the  Cleome  Family, 

p.  276. 

Gyrate :  coiled  in  a  circle  :  same  as  circulate. 
Gyrose:  strongly  bent  to  and  fro. 

Habit :  the  general  aspect  of  a  plant,  or  its  mode  of  growth. 

Habitat :  the  situation  in  which  a  plant  grows  in  a  wild  state. 

Hairs :  hair-like  projections  or  appendages  of  the  surface  of  plants. 

Hairy :  beset  with  hairs,  especially  longish  ones. 

Halberd-shaped,  or  Halberd-headed:  see  hastate. 

Halved:  when  appearing  as  if  one  half  of  the  body  were  cut  away. 

Hamate  or  Hamose :  hooked  ;  the  end  of  a  slender  body  bent  round. 

Hdmulose :  bearing  a  small  hook  ;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 

Hastate  or  Hastile :  shaped  like  a  halberd ;  furnished  with  a  spreading  lobe  on 

each  side  at  the  base  ;  p.  59,  fig.  97. 

Heart-shaped:  of  the  shape  of  a  heart  as  commonly  painted ;  p.  58,  fig.  90. 
Heart-wood:  the  older  or  matured  wood  of  exogenous  trees  ;  p.  153. 
Helicoid :  coiled  like  a  helix  or  snail-shell. 

Helmet:  the  upper  sepal  of  Monkshood  in  this  shape,  fig.  185,  &c. 
Hemi-  (in  compounds  from  the  Greek) :  half;  e.  g.  Hemispherical,  £c. 
He'micarp:  half-fruit,  or  one  carpel  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant. 
Hemitropous  or  Hemttropal  (ovule  or  seed) :  nearly  same  as  ampkitropous,  p.  123. 
Hcpta-  (in  words  of  Greek  origin) :  seven;  as, 
Heptdgynous :  with  seven  pistils  or  styles. 

Heptdmeroiis :  its  parts  in  sevens.     Ileptdndrous :  having  seven  stamens. 
Herb,  p.  20. 

Herbaceous:  of  the  texture  of  common  herbage;  not  woody;  p.  36. 
Herbarium:  the  botanist's  arranged  collection  of  dried  plants;  p.  201. 
Hermaphrodite  (flower) :  having  both  stamens  and  pistils  in  the  same  blossom  •, 

same  as  perfect;  p.  89. 

Heterocdrpous :  bearing  fruit  of  two  sorts  or  shapes,  as  in  Amphicarpaea. 
Heterdgamous :  bearing  two  or  more  sorts  of  flowers  as  to  their  stamens  and 

pistils ;  as  in  Aster,  Daisy,  and  Coreopsis. 
Heteromtirphous :  of  two  or  more  shapes. 

Hetertflropous,  or  Heterdtropal  (ovule) :  the  same  as  amphitropous ;  p.  123. 
Hexa*  (in  Greek  compounds)  :  six;  as 

Hexagonal:  six-angled.     Hexdgynous :  with  six  pistils  or  styles. 
Hexdmerous :  its  parts  in  sixes.     Hexdndrous :  with  six  stamens. 
Hexdpterous :  six-winged. 
Hilar:  belonging  to  the  hilum. 

Hilum:  the  scar  of  the  seed  ;  its  place  of  attachment ;  p.  122,  135. 
Hippocrfyiform :  horseshoe-shaped. 
Hirsute:  hairy  with  stimsh  or  beard-like  hairs. 

Hisjrid:  bristly;  beset  with  stiff  hairs.     Hispiduhus  is  a  diminutive  of  it. 
Hoary  :  grayish-white  ;  see  canescent,  &c. 

flomdgamous :  a  head  or  cluster  with  flowers  all  of  one  kind,  as  in  Eupatorium. 
Homoge'neous :  uniform  in  nature  ;  all  of  one  kind. 

Homomdllons  (leaves,  £c.) :  originating  all  round  a  stem,  but  all  bent  or  curved 
.    round  to  one  side. 


GLOSSARY.  219 

IlomomdrpJious :  all  of  one  shape. 

Homotropous  or  Homdtropal  (embryo) :  curved  with  the  seed;  curved  one  way- 

Hood:  same  as  helmet  or galea.    Hooded:  hood-shaped;  see  cucullate. 

Hooked:  same  as  hamate. 

Horn:  a  spur  or  some  similar  appendage.     Horny:  of  the  texture  of  horn. 

Hortus  Siccus:  an  herbarium,  or  collection  of  dried  plants;  p.  201. 

Ilumifuse :  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

Hyaline, :  transparent,  or  partly  so. 

Hybrid:  a  cross-breed  between  two  allied  species. 

Hypocrateriform:  salver-shaped;  p.  101,  fig.  202,  208. 

SypoycKta :  produced  under  ground. 

Ilypdjynous:  inserted  under  the  pistil;  p.  103,  fig.  212. 

Jcosdndrous :  having  12  or  more  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

imbricate,  Imbricated,  Imbricative :  overlapping  one  another,  like  tiles  or  shingles 
on  a  roof,  as  the  scales  of  the  involucre  of  Zinnia,  &c.,  or  the  bud-scales  of 
Horsechesnut  (fig.  48)  and  Hickory  (fig.  49).  In  aestivation,  where  some 
leaves  of  the  calyx  or  corolla  are  overlapped  on  both  sides  by  others ;  p.  109. 

Immarginate :  destitute  of  a  rim  or  border. 

Immersed:  growing  wholly  under  water. 

Impari-pinnate :  pinnate  with  a  single  leaflet  at  the  apex  ;  p.  65,  fig.  126. 

Imperfect  flowers:  wanting  either  stamens  or  pistils;  p.  89. 

Inequilateral:  unequal-sided,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Begonia. 

Incanous:  hoary  with  white  pubescence. 

Incised:  cut  rather  deeply  and  irregularly  ;  p.  62. 

Included:  enclosed  ;  when  the  part  in  question  does  not  project  beyond  another. 

Incomplete  Flower :  wanting  calyx  or  corolla ;  p.  90. 

Incrassatcd:  thickened. 

Incumbent :  leaning  or  resting  upon :  the  cotyledons  are  incumbent  when  the 
back  of  one  of  them  lies  against  the  radicle ;  the  anthers  are  incumbent 
when  turned  or  looking  inwards,  p.  113. 

Incurved:  gradually  curving  inwards. 

Indefinite:  not  uniform  in  number,  or  too  numerous  to  mention  (over  12). 

Indefinite  or  Indeterminate  Inflorescence:  p.  77. 

Indeldscent :  not  splitting  open  ;  i.  e.  not  dehiscent ;  p.  127. 

Indigenous:  native  to  the  country. 

Individuals:  p.  173. 

Induplicate :  with  the  edges  turned  inwards;  p.  109. 

Indusium:  the  shield  or  covering  of  a  fruit-dot  of  a  Fern.     (Manual,  p  588.) 

Inferior:  growing  below  some  other  organ;  p.  104,  121. 

Inflated:  turgid  and  bladdery. 

Inflexed:  bent  inwards. 

Inflorescence:  the  arrangement  of  flowers  on  the  stem;  p.  76. 

Infra-axillary :  situated  beneath  the  axil. 

liifundibulifonn  or  Infundibular:  funnel-shaped;  p.  102,  fig.  199. 

Innate  (anther) :  attached  by  its  base  to  the  very  apex  of  the  filament;  p.  113. 

Innovation :  an  incomplete  young  shoot,  especially  in  Mosses. 

Inorganic  Constituents,  p.  160. 


220  GLOSSARY. 

Insertion :  the  place  or  the  mode  of  attachment  of  an  organ  to  its  support ;  p.  72. 

Intercellular  Passages  or  Spaces,  p.  143,  fig.  341. 

Internode :  the  part  of  a  stem  between  two  nodes  ;  p.  42. 

Interruptedly  pinnate:  pinnate  with  small  leaflets  intermixed  with  larger  ones, 

as  in  Water  Avens. 

Intrafoliaceous  (stipules,  &c.)  :  placed  between  the  leaf  or  petiole  and  the  stem. 
Introrse:  turned  or  facing  inwards,  i.  e.  towards  the  axis  of  the  flower;  p.  113. 
Inverse  or  Inverted:  where  the  apex  is  in  the  direction  opposite  to  that  of  the 

organ  it  is  compared  with. 
Involucel :  a  partial  or  small  involucre;  p.  81. 
Involucellate:  furnished  with  an  involucel. 
Incolucrate :  furnished  with  an  involucre. 

Involucre:  a  whorl  or  set  of  bracts  around  a  flower,  umbel,  or  head ;  p.  79. 
Involute,  in  vernation,  p.  7G  :  rolled  inwards  from  the  edges. 
Irregular  Flowers,  p.  91. 

Jointed:  separate  or  separable  at  one  or  more  places  into  pieces ;  p.  64,  &c. 

Keel:  a  projecting  ridge  on  a  surface,  like  the  keel  of  a  boat;  the  two  anterior 

petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla;  p.  105,  fig.  217,  218,  k. 
Keeled:  furnished  with  a  keel  or  sharp  longitudinal  ridge. 
Kernel  of  the  ovule  and  seed,  p.  122,  136. 
Kidney-shaped:  resembling  the  outline  of  a  kidney;  p.  59,  fig.  100. 

Labellum:  the  odd  petal  in  the  Orchis  Family. 

Labiate:  same  as  bilabiate  or  two-lipped  ;  p.  105. 

Laciniate:  slashed;  cut  into  deep  narrow  lobes  (called  ladniw}. 

Lactescent:  producing  milky  juice,  as  does  the  Milkweed,  &c. 

Ldcunose :  full  of  holes  or  gaps. 

Lcevigate:  smooth  as  if  polished. 

Lamellar  or  Lamellate :  consisting  of  flat  plates  (lamella;}. 

Lamina :  a  plate  or  blade  :  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  &c.,  p   54. 

Lanate :  woolly ;  clothed  with  long  and  soft  entangled  hairs. 

Lanceolate:  lance-shaped  ;  p.  58,  fig.  86. 

Lanuginous :  cottony  or  woolly. 

Latent  buds :  concealed  or  undeveloped  buds ;  p.  26,  27. 

Lateral:  belonging  to  the  side. 

Latex:  the  milky  juice,  &c.  of  plants. 

Lax :  loose  in  texture,  or  sparse ;  the  opposite  of  crowded. 

Leaf,  p.  49.     Leaf-lmds,  p.  20,  27. 

Leaflet:  one  of  the  divisions  or  blades  of  a  compound  leaf;  p.  64. 

Leaf-like:  same  asfoliaceous. 

Leatheri/:  of  about  the  consistence  of  leather ;  coriaceous. 

Legume:  a  simple  pod,  dehiscent  into  two  pieces,  like  that  of  the  Pea,  p.  131, 

fig.  303;  the  fruit  of  the  Pea  Family  (Leyuminosce),  of  whatever  shape. 
Legumine,  p.  165. 

Leguminous:  belonging  to  legumes,  or  to  the  Leguminous  Family. 
Lenticular:  lens-shaped;  i.  e.  flattish  and  convex  on  both  sides. 


GLOSSARY.  221 

Le'pidote :  leprous  ;  covered  with  scurfy  scales. 

Liber:  the  inner,  fibrous  bark  of  Exogenous  plants;  p.  152. 

Ligneous,  or  Lignose :  woody  in  texture. 

Ligulate:  furnished  with  a  ligule  ;  p.  106. ' 

Ligule:  the  strap-shaped  corolla  iu   many  Composite,  p.   106,  fig.   220;  the 

little  membranous  appendage  at  the  summit  of  the  leaf-sheaths  of  most 

Grasses. 

Limb:  the  blade  ot  a  leaf,  petal,  &c. ;  p.  54,  102. 
Linear :  narrow  and  flat,  the  margins  parallel ;  p.  58,  fig.  85. 
Lineate :  marked  with  parallel  lines.     Lineolate :  marked  with  minute  lines. 
Lingulate,  Linguiform :  tongue-shaped. 
Lip:  the  principal  lobes  of  a  bilabiate  corolla  or  calyx,  p.  105  ;  the  odd  and 

peculiar  petal  in  the  Orchis  Family. 

Lobe:  any  projection  or  division  (especially  a  rounded  one)  of  a  leaf,  &c. 
Locellus  (plural  locelli) :  a  small  cell,  or  compartment  of  a  cell,  of  an  ovary  or 

anther. 

Ldcular :  relating  to  the  cell  or  compartment  (loculus)  of  an  ovary,  &c. 
Loculicidal  (dehisccnce) :  splitting  down  through  the  middle  of  the  back  of  each 

cell ;  p.  132,  fig  305. 

Locusta :  a  name  for  the  spikelet  of  Grasses. 

Lome.nl :  a  pod  which  separates  transversely  into  joints;  p.  131,  fig.  304. 
Lomentdceous :  pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  lomcnt. 
Ltirate :  thong-shaped. 

Lunate:  crescent-shaped.     Lnnulate:  diminutive  of  lunate. 
Lyrate :  lyre-shaped ;  a  pinnatifid  leaf  of  an  obovate  or  spatulate  outline,  the 

end-lobe  large  and  roundish,  and  the  lower  lobes  small,  as  in  Winter- 
Cress  and  Radish,  fig.  59. 

Mace:  the  aril  of  the  Nutmeg;  p.  135. 

Maculate :  spotted  or  blotched. 

Male  (flowers) :  having  stamens  but  no  pistil. 

Mdmmose:  breast-shaped. 

Marcescent :  withering  without  falling  off. 

Marginal:  belonging  to  the  edge  or  margin. 

Marginate :  margined,  with  an  edge  different  from  the  rest. 

Masked:  see  personate. 

Median :  belonging  to  the  middle. 

Medullary:  belonging  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  pith  (medulla) ;  pithy. 

Medullary  Rays:  the  silver-grain  of  wood;  p.  151. 

Medullary  Sheath:  a  set  of  ducts  just  around  the  pith ;  p.  151. 

Membranaceous  or  Me'mbranous :  of  the  texture  of  membrane ;  thin  and  more  or 

less  translucent. 
Meniscoid :  crescent-shaped. 

Mericarp :  one  carpel  of  the  fruit  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant. 
Merismatic:  separating  into  parts  by  the  formation  of  partitions  within. 
Me'socarp:  the  middle  part  of  a  pericarp,  when  that  is  distinguishable  into  three 

layers  ;  p.  1 28. 

Mesophlceum :  the  middle  or  green  bark. 
19* 


222  GLOSSART. 

Mfcropyle:  the  closed  orifice  of  the  seed  ;  p.  135. 

Midrib:  the  middle  or  main  rib  of  a  leaf;  p.  55. 

Milk-Vessels:  p.  148. 

Miniate :  vermilion-colored. 

Mitriform :  mitre-shaped ;  in  the  form  of  a  peaked  cap. 

Monadeiphous :  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set ;  p.  111. 

Mondndrous  (flower) :  having  only  one  stamen  ;  p.  112. 

Moniliform :  necklace-shaped ;  a  cylindrical  body  contracted  at  intervals. 

Monochlamydeous :  having  only  one  floral  envelope,  i.  e.  calyx  but  no  corolla,  as 

Anemone,  fig.  179,  and  Castor-oil  Plant,  fig.  178. 
Monocotyledonous  (embryo) :  with  only  one  cotyledon;  p.  16,  137. 
Monocotyledonous  Plants,  p.  150,  192. 

Monoecious,  or  Monoicous  (flower)  :  having  stamens  or  pistils  only ;  p.  90. 
Monogynous  (flower)  :  having  only  one  pistil,  or  one  style;  p.  116. 
Monopetalous  (flower) :  with  the  corolla  of  one  piece;  p.  101. 
Monophyllous :  one-leaved,  or  of  one  piece  ;  p.  102. 
Monose'palous :  a  calyx  of  one  piece;  i.  e.  with  the  sepals  united  into  one  body; 

p.  101. 

Monospermous :  one-seeded. 

Monstrosity :  an  unnatural  deviation  from  the  usual  structure  or  form. 
Morphology :  the  department  of  botany  which  treats  of  the  forms  which  an  organ 

(say  a  leaf)  mqy  assume;  p.  28. 

Mucronate:  tipped  with  an  abrupt  short  point  (mucro) ;  p.  60,  fig.  111. 
Mucrtinulate :  tipped  with  a  minute  abrupt  point ;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 
Multi-,  in  composition  :  many  ;  as 

Multangular:  many-angled.     Multicipital :  many -headed,  &c. 
Multifarious:  in  many  rows  or  ranks.     Miiltifid:  many-cleft;  p.  62. 
MultiUcular:  many-celled.     Multiserial:  in  many  rows. 
Multiple  Fruits,  p.  133. 
Muricate:  beset  with  short  and  hard  points. 
Muriform :  wall-like ;  resembling  courses  of  bricks  in  a  wall. 
Muscology:  the  part  of  descriptive  botany  which  treats  of  Mosses  (i.  e.  Musci}. 
Muticous:  pointless;  beardless;  unarmed. 
Mycelium  :  the  spawn  of  Fungi ;  i.  e.  the  filaments  from  which  Mushrooms,  &c. 

originate. 

Ndpiform:  turnip-shaped;  p.  31,  fig.  57. 

Natural  System:  p.  195. 

Naturalized:  introduced  from  a  foreign  country,  but  growing  perfectly  wild  and 

propagating  freely  by  seed. 

Navicular:  boat-shaped,  like  the  glumes  of  most  Grasses. 
Necklace-shaped:  looking  like  a  string  of  beads  ;  see  moniliform. 
Nectar :  the  honey,  &c.  secreted  by  glands,  or  by  any  part  of  the  corolla. 
Nectariferous :  honey-bearing ;  or  having  a  nectary. 
Nectary :  the  old  name  for  petals  and  other  parts  of  the  flower  when  of  unusual 

shape,  especially  when  honey-bearing.     So  the  hollow  spur-shaped  petals  of 

Columbine  were  called  nectaries;  also  the  curious  long-clawed  petals  of 

Monkshood,  fig.  186,  &c. 


GLOSSARY.  223 

Needle-shaped:  long,  slender,  and  rigid,  like  the  leaves  of  Pines;  p.  68,  fig.  140. 
Nerve:  a  name  for  the  ribs  or  veins  of  leaves,  when  simple  and  parallel ;  p.  56. 
Nerved:  furnished  with  nerves,  or  simple  and  parallel  ribs  or  veins  ;  p.  56,  fig.  84. 
Netted-veined :  furnished  with  branching  veins  forming  network;  p.  56,  fig.  83. 
Nodding  (in  Latin  form,  Nutant)  :  bending  so  that  the  summit  hangs  downward. 
Node:  a  knot ;  the  "joints  "  of  a  stem,  or  the  part  whence  a  leaf  or  a  pair  of 

leaves  springs  ;  p.  40. 

Nodose:  knotty  or  knobby.     Nodulose:  furnished  with  little  knobs  or  knots. 
Normal:  according  to  rule  ;  the  pattern  or  natural  way  according  to  some  law. 
Notate :  marked  with  spots  or  lines  of  a  different  color. 
Nucamentaccous :  relating  to  or  resembling  a  small  nut. 
Nuciform :  nut-shaped  or  nut-like.     Nucule  :  a  small  nut. 
Nucleus:  the  kernel  of  an  ovule  (p.  122)  or  seed  (p.  136)  of  a  cell;  p.  140. 
Nut :   a  hard,  mostly  one-seeded  indehiscent  fruit ;  as  a  chestnut,  butternut, 

acorn  ;  p.  130,  fig.  299. 
Nutlet :  a  little  nut ;  or  the  stone  of  a  drupe. 

Ob-  (meaning  over  against) :  when  prefixed  to  words,  signifies  inversion ;  as, 

Obcompressed :  flattened  the  opposite  of  the  usual  way. 

Obcordate:  heart-shaped  with  the  broad  and  notched  end  at  the  apex  instead  of 

the  base  ;  p.  60,  fig.  109. 

Obldnceolate :  lance-shaped  with  the  tapering  point  downwards  ;  p.  58,  fig.  91. 
Oblique :  applied  to  leaves,  &c.  means  unequal-sided. 
Oblong:  from  two  to  four  times  as  long  as  broad,  and  more  or  less  elliptical 

in  outline ;  p.  58,  fig.  87. 

Obdvate:  inversely  ovate,  the  broad  end  upward  ;  p.  58,  fig.  93. 
Obtuse:  blunt,  or  round  at  the  end  ;  p.  60,  fig.  105. 
Obverse:  same  as  inverse. 
Obvolute.(in  the  bud) :  when  the  margins  of  one  leaf  alternately  overlap  those  of 

the  opposite  one. 
Ochreate:  furnished  with  ochrece  (boots),  or  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths;  as 

in  Polygonum,  p.  69,  fig.  137. 
Ochroleucous :  yellowish-white;  dull  cream-color. 
Octo-,  eight,  enters  into  the  composition  of 
Octdgynous :  with  eight  pistils  or  styles. 

Octdmerous :  its  parts  in  eights.     Octdndrous :  with  eight  stamens,  &c. 
Offset :  short  branches  next  the  ground  which  take  root ;  p.  38. 
One-ribbed,  One-nerved,  £c.  :  furnished  with  only  a  single  rib,  &c.,  &c. 
Opaque,  applied  to  a  surface,  means  dull,  not  shining. 

Ope'rculate:  furnished  with  a  lid  or  cover  (operculum),  as  the  capsules  of  Mosses. 
Opposite :  said  of  leaves  and  branches  when  on  opposite  sides  of  the  stem  from 

each  other  (i.  e.  in  pairs) ;  p.  23,  71.     Stamens  are  opposite  the  petals,  &c. 

when  they  stand  before  them. 

Orbicular,  Orbiculate:  circular  in  outline  or  nearly  so;  p.  58. 
Organ :  any  member  of  the  plant,  as  a  leaf,  a  stamen,  &c. ;  p.  1. 
Organs  of  Vegetation,  p.  7  ;  of  Reproduction,  p.  77. 
Organized,  Organic:  p.  1,  158,  159,  162. 
Organic  Constituents,  p.  160.     Organic  Structure,  p.  142. 


224  GLOSSARY. 

Orthdtropous  or  Orthdtropal  (ovule  or  seed)  :  p.  122,  135,  fig.  270,  274. 
Osseous :  of  a  bony  texture. 
Oval :  broadly  elliptical ;  p.  88. 

Ovary :  that  part  of  the  pistil  containing  the  ovules  or  future  seeds  ;  p.  86,  116. 
Ovate :  shaped  like  an  egg  with  the  broader  end  downwards,  or,  in  plane  sur- 
faces, such  as  leaves,  like  the  section  of  an  egg  lengthwise  ;  p.  58,  fig.  89. 
Ovoid :  ovate  or  oval  in  a  solid  form. 
Ovule:  the  body  which  is  destined  to  become  a  seed ;  p.  86,  116,  122. 

Palea  (plural  paleaz)  :  chaff;  the  inner  husks  of  Grasses  ;  the  chaff  or  bracts  on 
the  receptacle  of  many  Compositse,  as  Coreopsis,  fig.  220,  and  Sunflower. 

Paleaceous :  furnished  with  chaff,  or  chaffy  in  texture. 

Palmate :  when  leaflets  or  the  divisions  of  a  leaf  all  spread  from  the  apex  of  the 
petiole,  like  the  hand  with  the  outspread  fingers  ;  p.  167,  fig.  129,  &c. 

Palmately  (veined,  lobed,  &c.)  :  in  a  palmate  manner;  p.  57,  63,  65. 

Pandunform:  fiddle-shaped  (which  see). 

Panicle :  an  open  cluster ;  like  a  raceme,  but  more  or  less  compound ;  p.  81, 
fig.  163. 

Panicled,  Paniculate :  arranged  in  panicles,  or  like  a  panicle. 

Papery :  of  about  the  consistence  of  letter-paper. 

Papilionaceous :  butterfly-shaped ;  applied  to  such  a  corolla  as  that  of  the  Pea 
and  the  Locust-tree;  p.  105,  fig.  217. 

Papilla  (plural  papillce) :  little  nipple-shaped  protuberances. 

Papillate,  Papillose:  covered  with  papillae. 

Pappus :  thistle-down.  The  down  crowning  the  achcnium  of  the  Thistle,  and 
other  Composite,  represents  the  calyx  ;  so  the  scales,  teeth,  chaff,  as  well 
as  bristles,  or  whatever  takes  the  place  of  the  calyx  in  this  family,  are  called 
the  pappus;  fig.  292-296,  p.  130. 

Parallel-veined,  or  nerved  (leaves)  :  p.  55,  56. 

Pardphyses:  jointed  filaments  mixed  with  the  antheridia  of  Mosses.  (Manual, 
p.  607.) 

Parenchyma :  soft  cellular  tissue  of  plants,  like  the  green  pulp  of  leaves. 

Parietal  (placentae,  &c.) :  attached  to  the  walls  (parietes)  of  the  ovary  or  pen- 
carp ;  p.  119,  120. 

Parted:  separated  or  cleft  into  parts  almost  to  the  base;  p.  62. 

Partial  involucre,  same  as  an  involucel :  partial  petiole,  a  division  of  a  main  leaf- 
stalk or  the  stalk  of  a  leaflet :  partial  peduncle,  a  branch  of  a  peduncle  :  par- 
tial umbel,  an  umbellet,  p.  81. 
patent :  spreading ;  open.     Patulous :  moderately  spreading. 

Pauci-,  in  composition :  few  ;  as  pauci/lorous,  few-flowered,  &c. 

Pear-shaped:  solid  obovate,  the  shape  of  a  pear. 

Pe'ctinate :  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  narrow  and  close  divisions,  like 
the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

Pedate :  like  a  bird's  foot ;  palmate  or  palmately  cleft,  with  the  side  divisions 
again  cleft,  as  in  Viola  pedata,  &c. 

Pedately  cleft,  lobed,  &c.  :  cut  in  a  pedatc  way. 

Pe'dicel :  the  stalk  of  each  particular  flower  of  a  cluster;  p.  78,  fig.  156. 

Pedicellate,  Pe'dicelled:  furnished  with  a  pedicel. 


GLOSSARY.  225 

Peduncle :  a  flower-stalk,  whether  of  a  single  flower  or  of  a  flower-cluster ;  p.  78. 

Pe'dnncied,  Pedunculate :  furnished  with  a  peduncle. 

Peltate :  shield-shaped :  said  of  a  leaf,  whatever  its  shape,  when  the  petiole  is 

attached  to  the  lower  side,  somewhere  within  the  margin  ;  p.  59,  fig.  102, 178. 
Pendent :  hanging.     Pendulous :  somewhat  hanging  or  drooping. 
Penicillate :  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  fine  hairs,  like  a  painter's  pencil ;  as  the  stig- 
mas of  some  Grasses. 

Penta-  (in  words  of  Greek  composition)  :  five  ;  as 
Penfdgynous  :  with  five  pistils  or  styles  ;  p.  116. 
Pentdmerous :  with  its  parts  in  fives,  or  on  the  plan  of  five. 
Pentdndroits  :  having  five  stamens  ;  p.  112.     Pentdstichous :  in  five  ranks. 
Pepo;  a  fruit  like  the  Melon  and  Cucumber;  p.  128. 
Perennial:  lasting  from  year  to  year;  p.  21. 
Perfect  (flower) :  having  both  stamens  and  pistils  ;  p.  89. 
Pet-foliate:  passing  through  the  leaf,  in  appearance  ;  p.  67,  fig.  131,  132. 
Pe'rforate :  pierced  with  holes,  or  with  transparent  dots  resembling  holes,  as  an 

Orange-leaf. 
Pe'rianth :  the  leaves  of  the  flower  generally,  especially  when  we  cannot  readily 

distinguish  them  into  calyx  and  corolla ;  p.  85. 
Pericarp:  the  ripened  ovary  ;  the  walls  of  the  fruit ,  p.  127. 
Pericdrpic :  belonging  to  the  pericarp. 

Pe'fichrcth :  the  cluster  of  peculiar  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  fruit-stalk  of  Mosses. 
PerichcEtial :   belonging  to  the  perich£eth. 
Perigdnium,  Per/gone:  same  as  perianth. 
Perirjynium  :  bodies  around  the  pistil ;  applied  to  the  closed  cup  or  bottle-shaped 

body  which  encloses  the  ovary  of  Sedges,  and  to  the  bristles,  little  scales, 

£c.  of  the  flowers  of  some  other  Cyperacea?. 

Periijynous :  the  petals  and  stamens  borne  on  the  calyx  ;  p.  104,  111. 
Peripherie :  around  the  outside,  or  periphery,  of  any  organ. 
Pe'risperm:  a  name  for  the  albumen  of  a  seed  (p.  136). 
Pfristome :  the  fringe  of  teeth,  £c.  around  the  orifice  of  the  capsule  of  Mosses. 

(Manual,  p.  607.) 
Persistent :  remaining  beyond  the  period  when  such  parts  commonly  fall,  as  the 

leaves  of  evergreens,  and  the  calyx,  &c.  of  such  flowers  as  remain  during 

the  growth  of  the  fruit. 
Personate:  masked  ;  a  bilabiate  corolla  with  a  projection,  or  palate,  in  the  throat, 

as  of  the  Snapdragon  ;  p.  106,  fig.  210,  211. 
Petal :  a  leaf  of  the  corolla ;  p.  85. 
Petaloid:  petal-like;  resembling  or  colored  like  petals. 
Petiole  :  a  footstalk  of  a  leaf;  a  leaf-stalk,  p.  54. 
Petioled,  Petiolate :  furnished  with  a  petiole. 

Petidulate :  said  of  a  leaflet  when  raised  on  its  own  partial  leafstalk. 
Phcendgamous,  or  Phanerogamous :  plants  bearing  flowers  and  producing  seeds; 

same  as  Flowering  Plants  ;  p.  177,  182. 
•  Phyllodium  (plural  phyllodia)  :  a  leaf  where  the  blade  is  a  dilated  petiole,  as  in 

New  Holland  Acacias  ;  p.  69. 

Phyllotdxis,  or  Phyllotaxy  :  the  arrangement  of  leaves  on  the  stem  ;  p.  71. 
Physiological  Botany,  Physiology,  p.  3. 
S&F— 11 


226  GLOSSARY. 

Phyton  :  a  name  used  to  designate  the  pieces  which  by  their  repetition  make  up 

a  plant,  theoretically,  viz.  a  joint  of  stem  with  its  leaf  or  pair  of  leaves. 
Piliferous:  bearing  a  slender  bristle  or  hair  (p'dum),  or  beset  with  hairs. 
Pilose :  hairy  ;  clothed  with  soft  slender  hairs. 
Pinna  :  a  primary  branch  of  the  petiole  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnate  leaf,  as  fig, 

130,  p.  66. 

Pinnule :  a  secondary  branch  of  the  petiole  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnate  leaf;  p.  66. 
Pinnate  (leaf)  :  when  the  leaflets  are  arranged  along  the  sides  of  a  common  pe- 
4          tiole  ;  p.  65,  fig.  126  -  128. 
P innately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  divided,  &c.,  p.  63. 
Pinndtifid:  same  as  pinnately  cleft;  p.  63,  fig.  119. 
Pistil:  the  seed-bearing  organ  of  the  flower  ;  p.  86,  116. 
Pistillidium :  the  body  which  in  Mosses,  Liverworts,  &c.  answers  to  the  pistil. 
Pitchers,  p.  51,  fig.  79,  80. 

Pith:  the  cellular  centre  of  an  exogenous  stem  ;  p.  150,  151. 
Pitted :  having  small  depressions  or  pits  on  the  surface,  as  many  seeds. 
Placenta :  the  surface  or  part  of  the  ovary  to  which  the  ovules  are  attached  ; 

p.  118. 

Plaited  (in  the  bud) ;  p.  76,  fig.  150;  p.  110,  fig.  225. 
Plane:  flat,  outspread. 
.   Plicate :  same  as  plaited. 
Plumose:  feathery;  when  any  slender  body  (such  as  a  bristle  of  a  pappus)  is 

beset  with  hairs  along  its  sides,  like  the  plumes  or  the  beard  on  a  feather. 
Plumule :  the  little  bud  or  first  shoot  of  a  germinating  plantlct  above  the  cotyle-. 

dons  ;  p.  6,  fig.  5  ;  p.  137. 
Pluri-,  in  composition  :  many  or  several ;  as 
Plurifoliolate :  with  several  leaflets  ;  p.  66. 

Pod:  specially  a  legume,  p.  131 ;  also  applied  to  any  sort  of  capsule. 
Ptfdosperm :  the  stalk  of  a  seed. 

Pointless:  destitute  of  any  pointed  tip,  siich  as  a  mucro,  awn,  acumination,  &c. 
Pollen  :  the  fertilizing  powder  of  the  anther  ;  p.  86,  114. 
Pollen-mass :  applied  to  the  pollen  when  the  grains  all  cohere  into  a  mass,  as  in 

Milkweed  and  Orchis. 
Poly-  (in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin)  :  same  as  multi-  in  those  of  Latin 

origin,  viz.  many ;  as 
Polyadelphous :  having  the  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  several  bun. 

dies;  p.  112. 

Polydndrous :  with  numerous  (more  than  20)  stamens  (inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle) ;  p.  112. 
Polycotyle'donous :  having  many  (more  than  two)  cotyledons,  as  Pines;   p.  17, 

137,  fig.  45,  46. 
Polygamous :  having  some  perfect  and  some  separated  flowers,  on  the  same  or  on 

different  individuals,  as  the  Red  Maple. 
Polygonal :  many-angled. 

Polygynous :  with  many  pistils  or  styles  ;  p.  116. 
Polymerous :  formed  of  many  parts  of  each  set. 
Polymorphous :  of  several  or  varying  forms. 
Polype'talous ;  when  the  petals  are  distinct  or  separate  (whether  few  or  many) ; 

p.  103. 


GLOSSARY.  227 

Polyplujllous :  many-leaved  ;  formed  of  several  distinct  pieces,  as  the  calyx  of 

Sedum,  fig.  168,  Flax,  fig.  174,  &c. 

Potyse'palous :  same  as  the  last  when  applied  to  the  calyx  ;  p.  103. 
Pol t/spcrmous :  many-seeded. 

Pome:  the  apple,  pear,  and  similar  fleshy  fruits  ;  p.  128. 
Porous :  full  of  holes  or  pores. 

Pouch  :  the  silicle  or  short  pod,  as  of  Shepherd's  Purse  ;  p.  133. 
Prtefloration  :  same  as  (Estivation ;  p.  108. 
Pr(vfoliation:  same  as  vernation;  p.  75. 
Pnemdrse:  ending  abruptly,  as  if  bitten  off. 

Prickles  :  sharp  elevations  of  the  bark,  coming  off  with  it,  as  of  the  Hose ;  p.  39. 
Prickly :  bearing  prickles,  or  sharp  projections  like  them. 
Primine :  the  outer  coat  of  the  covering  of  the  ovule  ;  p.  124. 
Primordial :  earliest  formed  ;  primordial  leaves  are  the  first  after  the  cotyledons. 
Prismatic :  prism-shaped ;  having  three  or  more  angles  bounding  flat  or  hollowed 

sides. 

Process :  any  projection  from  the  surface  or  edge  of  a  body. 
Procumbent :  trailing  on  the  ground ;  p.  37. 
Produced :  extended  or  projecting,  as  the  upper  sepal  of  a  Larkspur  is  produced 

above  into  a  spur  ;  p.  91,  fig.  183. 
Proliferous  (literally,  bearing  offspring)  •   where  a  new  branch  rises  from  an 

older  one,  or  one  head  or  cluster  of  flowers  out  of  another,  as  in  Filago 

Germanica,  &c. 

Prostrate  :  lying  flat  on  the  ground. 

Proteine:  a  vegetable  product  containing  nitrogen  ;  p.  1G5. 
Protoplasm  :  the  soft  nitrogenous  lining  or  contents  of  cells  ;  p.  165. 
Pruinosf,  Pruinate:  frosted  ;  covered  with  a  powder  like  hoar-frost. 
Pube'rulent :  covered  with  fine  and  short,  almost  imperceptible  down. 
Pubescent :  hairy  or  downy,  especially  with  fine  and  soft  hairs  or  pubescence. 
Pulverulent,  or  Pulveraceous :  dusted ;  covered  with  fine  powder,  or  what  looks 

like  such. 

Puldnate ':  cushioned,  or  shaped  like  a  cushion. 
Punctate :  dotted,  either  with  minute  holes  or  what  look  as  such  (as  the  leaves  of 

St.  John's-wort  and  the  Orange),  or  with  minute  projecting  dots. 
Pungent :  very  hard,  and  sharp-pointed  ;  prickly-pointed. 
Putqmen:  the  stone  of  a  drupe,  or  the  shell  of  a  nut ;  p.  128. 
Pyramidal:  shaped  like  a  pyramid. 

Pijrene,  Pyre'na :  a  seed-like  nutlet  or  stone  of  a  small  drupe. 
Pyxis,  Pyxidium :  a  pod  opening  round  horizontally  by  a  lid ;  p.  133,  fig.  298,  311. 

Quadri-,  in  words  of  Latin  origin  :  four ;  as 

Quadrangular :  four-angled.     Quad  rifo!  late :  four-leaved. 

Quddrifid:  four-cleft;  p   62. 

Qitaternate  :  in  fours.     Qmnate :  in  fives. 

Quincuncial :  in  a  quincunx  ;  when  the  parts  in  aestivation  are  five,  two  of  them 

outside,  two  inside,  and  one  half  out  and  half  in,  as  shown  in  the  calyx, 

fig.  224. 
Quintuple :  five-fold. 


228  GLOSSARY. 

Race:  a  marked  variety  which  may  be  perpetuated  from  seed  ;  p.  174. 
Raceme:  a  flower-cluster,  with  one-flowered  pedicels  arranged  along  the  sides  of 

a  general  peduncle  ;  p.  78,  fig.  156. 
Racemose :  bearing  racemes,  or  raceme-like. 
Rac/iis :  see  rhachis. 
Radial:  belonging  to  the  ray. 

Radiate,  or  Radiant:  furnished  with  ray-flowers  ;  p.  107. 
Radical:  belonging  to  the  root,  or  apparently  coming  from  the  root. 
Rddicant :  rooting,  taking  root  on  or  above  the  ground,  like  the  stems  of  Trum- 
pet-Creeper and  Poison-Ivy. 
Rudicels :  little  roots  or  rootlets. 
Radicle :  the  stem-part  of  the  embryo,  the  lower  end  of  which  forms  the  root ;  p. 

6,  fig.  4,  &c. ;  p.  137. 

Rameal:  belonging  to  a  branch.     Ramose:  full  of  branches  (rami). 
Rdmulose:  full  of  branchlets  (ramuli). 
RapJie :  see  rhaphe. 
Ray :  the  marginal  flowers  of  a  head  (as  of  Coreopsis,  p.  107,'fig.  219)  or  cluster 

(as  of  Hydz'angea,  fig.  167),  when  different  from  the  rest,  especially  when 

ligulate,  and  diverging  (like  rays  or  sunbeams) ;  the  branches  of  an  umbel, 

which  diverge  from  a  centre ;  p.  79. 
Receptacle:  the  axis  or  support  of  a  flower;  p.  86,  124;  the  common  axis  or 

support  of  a  head  of  flowers ;  fig.  230. 
Reclined :  turned  or  curved  downwards ;  nearly  recumbent. 
Recurved:  curved  outwards  or  backwards. 

Reduplicate  (in  aestivation)  :  valvate  with  the  margins  turned  outwards,  p.  109. 
Reflexed :  bent  outwards  or  backwards. 
Refracted:  bent  suddenly,  so  as  to  appear  broken  at  the  bend. 
Regular:  all  the  parts  similar;  p.  89. 
Re'niform:  kidney-shaped  ;  p.  58,  fig.  100. 
Repdnd :  wavy-margined;  p.  62,  fig.  115, 
Re'pent:  creeping,  i.  c.  prostrate  and  rooting  underneath. 
Re'p/um :  the  persistent  frame  of  some  pods  (as  of  Prickly  Poppy  and  Cress), 

after  the  valves  fall  away. 

Reproduction,  organs  of:  all  that  pertains  to  the  flower  and  fruit;  p.  76. 
Resupinate:  inverted,  or  appearing  as  if  upside  down,  or  reversed. 
Reticulated :  the  veins  forming  network,  as  in  fig.  50,  83. 
Retroftexed :  bent  backwards  ;  same  as  reflexed. 
Refuse :  blunted ;  the  apex  not  only  obtuse,  but  somewhat  indented ;   p.  60, 

fig.  107. 

Re'volute :  rolled  backwards,  as  the  margins  of  many  leaves  ;  p.  76. 
Rhachis  (the  backbone)  :  the  axis  of  a  spike,  or  other  body;  p.  78. 
RJiaphe :  the  continuation  of  the  seed-stalk  along  the  side  of  an  anatropous  ovule 

(p.  123)  or  seed  ;  fig.  273,  r,  319  and  320,  b. 

Rhdphides :  crystals,  especially  needle-shaped  ones,  in  the  tissues  of  plants. 
Rhizdma:  a  rootstock  ;  p.  40,  fig.  64-67. 

Rhombic  :  in  the  shape  of  a  rhomb.     Rhomboidal :  approaching  that  shape. 
Rib :  the  principal  piece,  or  one  of  the  principal  pieces,  of  the  framework  of  a 

leaf,  p.  55  ;  or  any  similar  elevated  line  along  a  body. 


GLOSSARY.  229 

,  Ring :  an  clastic  band  on  the  spore-cases  of  Ferns.     (Manual,  p.  587,  plate  9, 

fig.  2,3.) 

Ringcnt :  grinning;  gaping  open;  p.  102,  fig.  209. 
Root,  p.  28. 
Root-hairs,  p.  31,  149. 

Rootlets  :  small  roots,  or  root-branches  ;  p.  29. 

Rootstock :  root-like  trunks  or  portions  of  stems  on  or  under  ground  ;  p.  40. 
Rosaceous :  arranged  like  the  petals  of  a  rose. 
Rostellate:  bearing  a  small  beak  (rostellum). 
Rostrate:  bearing  a  beak  (rostrum]  or  a  prolonged  appendage. 
Rdtulate :  in  a  regular  cluster  of  spreading  leaves,  resembling  a  full  or  double 

rose,  as  the  leaves  of  Houseleek,  &c. 
Rdtate:  wheel-shaped  :  p.  101,  fig.  204,  205. 
Rotund:  rounded  or  roundish  in  outline. 

Rudimentary  :  imperfectly  developed,  or  in  an  early  state  of  development. 
Riii/ose  :  wrinkled,  roughened  with  wrinkles. 
Ruminated  (albumen)  :  penetrated  with  irregular  channels  or  portions  filled  with 

softer  matter,  as  a  nutmeg. 
Runcinate ;  coarsely  saw-toothed  or  cut,  the  pointed  teeth  turned  towards  the 

base  of  the  leaf,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Dandelion. 
Runner :  a  slender  and  prostrate  branch,  rooting  at  the  end,  or  at  the  joints,  as 

of  a  Strawberry,  p.  38. 

Sac :  any  closed  membrane,  or  a  deep  purse-shaped  cavity. 

Sagittate:  arrowhead-shaped;  p.  59,  fig.  95. 

Sal  cer -shaped,  or  Salver-form :  with  a  border  spreading  at  right  angles  to  a  slen- 
der tube,  as  the  corolla  of  Phlox,  p.  101,  fig.  208,  202. 

Samara  :  a  wing-fruit,  or  key,  as  of  Maple,  p.  5,  fig.  1,  Ash,  p.  131,  fig.  300,  and 
Elm,  fig.  301. 

Sdmaroid :  like  a  samara  or  key-fruit. 

Sap:  the  juices  of  plants  generally.  Ascending  or  crude  sap;  p.  161,  168. 
Elaborated  sap,  that  which  has  been  digested  or  assimilated  by  the  plant ; 
p.  162,  169. 

Sdrcocarp :  the  fleshy  part  of  a  stone-fruit,  p.  128. 

Sarmentdceous :  bearing  long  and  flexible  twigs  (sarments),  either  spreading  or 
procumbent. 

Saw-toothed  :  see  serrate. 

Scabrous :  rough  or  harsh  to  the  touch. 

Scalar  iform :  with  cross-bands,  resembling  the  steps  of  a  ladder. 

Scutes :  of  buds,  p.  22,  50  ;  of  bulbs,  £c.,  p.  40,  46,  50. 

Scaly  :  furnished  with  scales,  or  scale-like  in  texture ;  p.  46,  &c. 

Scandenl:  climbing;  p.  37. 

Scape':  a  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground,  or  near  it,  as  of  the  stemless  Violets, 
the  Bloodroot,  £c. 

Scdpiform  :  scape-like. 

Scar  of  the  seed,  p.  135.     Leaf-scars,  p.  21. 

Scdrious  or  Scariose  :  thin,  dry,  and  membranous. 

Sctfbiform  .•  resembling  sawdust. 
20 


230  GLOSSARY. 

Scdrpioid  or  Scorpioidal :  curved  or  circinate  at  the  end,  like  the  tail  of  a  scor- 
pion, as  the  inflorescence  of  Heliotrope. 

Scroliciilate :  pitted;  excavated  into  shallow  pits. 

Scurf,  Scurfiness :  minute  scales  on  the  surface  of  many  leaves,  as  of  Goosefoot, 
Buffalo-berry,  &c. 

Scutate :  buckler-shaped. 

Scute'llate,  or  Scutelliform  :  saucer-shaped  or  platter-shaped. 

Se'cund :  one-sided  ;  i.  e.  where  flowers,  leaves,  &c.  are  all  turned  to  one  side. 

Secundine :  the  inner  coat  of  the  ovule  ;  p.  124. 

Seed,  p.  134.     Seed-coats, 'p.  134.     Seed-vessel,  p.  127. 

Segment :  a  subdivision  or  lobe  of  any  cleft  body. 

Segregate  :  separated  from  each  other. 

Semi-  (in  compound  words  of  Latin  origin)  :  half;  as 

Semi-adherent,  as  the  calyx  or  ovary  of  Purslane,  fig.  214.  Semicordate :  half- 
heart-shaped.  Semilunar:  like  a  half-moon.  Semiovate  :  half-ovate,  &c. 

Seminal :  relating  to  the  seed.     Seminiferous ;  seed-bearing. 

Semperuifent :  evergreen. 

Sepal :  a  leaf  or  division  of  the  calyx  ;  p.  85. 

Se'jxtloid :  sepal-like.     Sepaline  :  relating  to  the  sepals. 

Separated  Flowers :  those  having  stamens  or  pistils  only ;  p.  89. 

Septate:  divided  by  partitions  (septa). 

Septenate  :  with  parts  in  sevens. 

Septlcidal:  where  a  pod  in  dehiscence  splits  through  the  partitions,  dividing 
each  into  two  layers';  p.  132,  fig.  306. 

Septiferous :  bearing  the  partition. 

Septifragal :  where  the  valves  of  a  pod  in  dehiscence  break  away  from  the  par- 
titions ;  p.  132. 

Septum  (plural  septa)  :  a  partition,  as  of  a  pod,  &c. 

Serial,  or  Seriate :  in  rows  ;  as  bi serial,  in  two  rows,  £c. 

Sericeous:  silky  ;  clothed  with  satiny  pubescence. 

Serdtinous :  happening  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate,  or  Serrated :  the  margin  cut  into  teeth  (serratures)  pointing  forwards  ; 
p.  61,  fig.  112. 

Se'mdate:  same  as  the  last,  but  with  fine  teeth. 

Sessile :  sitting  ;  without  any  stalk,  as  a  leaf  destitute  of  petiole,  or  an  anther 
destitute  of  filament. 

Seta :  a  bristle,  or  a  slender  body  or  appendage  resembling  a  bristle. 

Setaceous  :  bristle-like.     Se'tiform  :  bristle-shaped. 

Sefigerous:  bearing  bristles.     Setose:  beset  with  bristles  or  bristly  hairs. 

Sex:  six;  in  composition.     Sexangular :  six-angled,  £c. 

Sheath  :  the  base  of  such  leaves  as  those  of  Grasses,  which  are 

Sheathing :  wrapped  round  the  stem. 

Shield-shaped:  same  as  scutate,  or  as  peltate,  p  59. 

Shrub,  p.  21. 

Sfymoid :  curved  in  two  directions,  like  the  letter  S,  or  the  Greek  sigma. 

Siffculose:  bearing  a  silicic,  or  a  fruit  resembling  it. 

Sf/icle:  a  pouch,  or  short  pod  of  the  Cress  Family  ;  p.  133. 

Siltque:  a  longer  pod  of  the  Cress  Family  ;  p.  133,  fig.  310. 


GLOSSARY.  231 

Siliqnose  :  bearing  siliqucs  or  pods  which  resemble  siliques. 

Silky :  glossy  with  a  coat  of  fine  and  soft,  close-pressed,  straight  hairs. 

Silver-grain  of  wood ,  p.  151. 

Sihery :  shining  white  or  bluish-gray,  usually  from  a  silky  pubescence. 

Simple :  of  one  piece  ;  opposed  to  compound. 

Sinistrorse :  turned  to  the  left. 

Sinuate :  strongly  wavy ;  with  the  margin  alternately  bowed  inwards  and  out- 
wards; p.  62,  fig.  116. 

Sinus :  a  recess  or  bay ;  the  re-entering  angle  or  space  between  two  lobes  or  pro- 
jections. 

Sleep  of  Plants  (so  called),  p.  170. 

Soboliferous :  bearing  shoots  from  near  the  ground. 

Solitary :  single  ;  not  associated  with  others. 

Sorus  (plural  son) :  the  proper  name  of  a  fruit-dot  t>f  Ferns. 

Spadix:  a  fleshy  spike  of  flowers  ;  p.  80,  fig.  162. 

Spnthaceous :  resembling  or  furnished  with  a 

Spathe:  a  bract  which  inwraps  an  inflorescence;  p.  80,  fig.  162. 

Spdtulate,  or  Spathulate:  shaped  like  a  spatula;  p.  58,  fig.  92. 

Special  Movements,  p.  170. 

Species,  p.  173. 

Specific  Character,  p.  181.     Specific  Names,  p.  179. 

Spicate :  belonging  to  or  disposed  in  a  spike. 

Spiciform :  in  shape  resembling  a  spike. 

Spike:  an  inflorescence  like  a  raceme,  only  the  flowers  are  sessile  ;  p.  80,  fig.  160. 

Spikclet :  a  small  or  a  secondary  spike ;  the  inflorescence  of  Grasses. 

Spine:  a  thorn  ;  p.  39. 

Spindle-shaped-  tapering  to  each  end,  like  a  radish  ;  p.  31,  fig.  59. 

Spinescent :  tipped  by  or  degenerating  into  a  thorn. 

Spinose,  or  Spinifcrous:  thorny. 

Spiral  arrangement  of  leaves,  p.  72.     Spiral  vessels  or  ducts,  p.  148. 

Sporangia,  or  Spdrocarps :  spore-cases  of  Ferns,  Mosses,  &c. 

Spore :  a  body  resulting  from  the  fructification  of  Cryptogamous  plants,  in  them 
taking  the  place  of  a  seed. 

Spdrule:  same  as  a  spore,  or  a  small  spore. 

Spur:  any  projecting  appendage  of  the  flower,  looking  like  a  spur,  as  that  of 
Larkspur,  fig.  183. 

Stfoantate,  Srjuamose,  or  Squamaceous :  furnished  with  scales  (squamw}. 

Squame'llate  or  Squdmulose:  furnished  with  little  scales  (squamellce  or  squamulce). 

Squdmiform:  shaped  like  a  scale. 

Squarrose:  where  scales,  leaves,  or  any  appendages,  are  spreading  widely  from 
the  axis  on  which  they  are  thickly  set. 

Squdrnilose :  diminutive  of  sqnairose ;  slightly  squarrose. 

Stalk;  the  stem,  petiole,  peduncle,  &c.,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Stamen,  p.  86,  111. 

Staminate :  furnished  with  stamens  ;  p.  89.     Stamineal :  relating  to  the  stamens. 

Staminddiiun :  an  abortive  stamen,  or  other  body  resembling  a  sterile  stamen. 

Standard:  the  upper  petal  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla;  p.  105,  fig.  217,  218,  s, 

Starch:  a  well-known  vegetable  product;  p.  163. 


232  GLOSSARY. 

Station :  the  particular  place,  or  kind  of  situation,  in  which  a  plant  naturally 

occurs. 
Stellate,  Stellular:  starry  or  star-like;  where  several  similar  parts  spread  out 

from  a  common  centre,  like  a  star. 
Stem,  p.  36,  &c. 

Stemless :  destitute  or  apparently  destitute  of  stem. 
Sterile:  ban-en  or  imperfect;  p.  89. 

St{gma:  the  part  of  the  pistil  which  receives  the  pollen;  p.  87. 
Sligmdtic,  or  Stiymatose :  belonging  to  the  stigma. 
Stipe  (Latin  stipes)  •  the  stalk  of  a  pistil,  &c.,  when  it  has  any ;  the  stem  of  a 

Mushroom. 

Stipel:  a  stipule  of  a  leaflet,  as  of  the  Bean,  £c. 
Stipellate:  furnished  with  stipcls,  as  the  Bean  and  some  other  Leguminous 

plants.  i 

Stipitate:  furnished  witli  a  stipe,  as  the  pistil  of  Cleomc,  fig.  276. 
Stipulate :  furnished  with  stipules. 

Stipules:  the  appendages  one  each  side  of  the  base  of  certain  leaves ;  p.  69. 
Stolons:  trailing  or  reclined  and  rooting  shoots ;  p.  37. 
Stoloiiiferous :  producing  stolons. 

Stomate  (Latin  stoma,  plural  stomata) :  the  breathing-pores  of  leaves,  &c. ;  p.  l.r>6. 
Strap-shaped:  long,  flat,  and  narrow;  p.  106. 
Striate,  or  Striated:   marked   with   slender  longitudinal  grooves   or  channels 

(Latin  sir  ice). 

Strict :  close  and  narrow  ;  straight  and  narrow. 

Str/yiHose,  Striyose :  beset  with  stout  and  apprcssed,  scale-like  or  rigid  bristles. 
Strobildceous :  relating  to,  or  resembling  a 
Strdbile :  a  multiple  fruit  in  the  form  of  a  cone  or  head,  as  that  of  the  Hop  and 

of  the  Pine;  fig.  314,  p.  133. 

Strdphiole :  same  as  caruncle.     Strophiolate :  furnished  with  a  strophiolc. 
Struma :  a  wen  ;  a  swelling  or  protuberance  of  any  organ. 
Style:  a  part  of  the  pistil  which  bears  the  stigma  ;  p.  86. 
Stylopodium :  an  epigynous  disk,  or  an  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the  style, 

found  in  Umbelliferous  and  some  other  plants. 

Sub-,  as  a  prefix  :  about,  nearly,  somewhat ;  as  subcordatc,  slightly  cordate  :  sub- 
serrate,  slightly  serrate  :  subaxillary,  just  beneath  the  a.xil,  &c.,  &c. 
Suberose:  corky  or  cork-like  in  texture. 
Subclass,  p.  177,  183.    Suborder,  p.  176.     Subtribe,  p.  177. 
Subulate:  awl-shaped;  tapering  from  a  broadish  or  thickish  base  to  a  sharp 

point ;  p.  68. 
Succulent :  juicy  or  pulpy. 

Suckers:  shoots  from  subterranean  branches;  p.  37. 
Suffrut&cent :  slightly  shrubby  or  woody  at  the  base  only  ;  p.  36. 
Sugar,  p.  163. 

Sulcate :  grooved  longitudinally  with  deep  furrows. 
Supernumerary  Buds:  p.  26. 

Supc'rvolute :  plaited  and  convolute  in  bud  ;  p.  110,  fig.  225. 
Supra-axillary :  borne  above  the  axil,  ns  some  buds  ;  p.  26,  fig.  52. 
Siipra-decomjjound :  many  times  compounded  or  divided. 


GLOSSARY.  233 

Surcufase :  producing  suckers,  or  shoots  resembling  them. 

Suspended:  hanging  down.     Suspended  ovules  or  seeds  hang  from  the  very 

summit  of  the  cell  which  contains  them ;  p.  122,  fig.  269. 
Sutural:  belonging  or  relating  to  a  suture. 

Suture:  the  line  of  junction  of  contiguous  parts  grown  together;  p.  117. 
Stvord-shaped :  vertical  leaves  with  acute  parallel  edges,  tapering  above  to  a 

point;  as  those  of  Iris,  fig.  133. 

Symmetrical  Flower:  similar  in  the  number  of  parts  of  each  set;  p.  89. 
Syndntheroiis,  or  Syngenesious:  where  stamens  are  united  by  their  anthers ;  p.  1 1 2, 

fig.  229. 

Syncdrpous  (fruit  or  pistil) :  composed  of  several  carpels  consolidated  into  one. 
System,  p.  195. 
Systematic  Botany:  the  study  of  plants  after  their  kinds;  p.  3. 

Taper-pointed:  same  as  acuminate;  p.  60,  fig.  103. 

Tap-root :  a  root  with  a  stout  tapering  body ;  p.  32. 

Tawny:  dull  yellowish,  with  a  tinge  of  brown. 

Taxdnomy :  the  part  of  Botany  which  treats  of  classification. 

Teijmm :  a  name  for  the  inner  seed-coat. 

Tendril:  a  thread-shaped  body  used  for  climbing,  p.  38:  it  is  either  a  branch, 
as  in  Virginia  Creeper,  fig.  62 ;  or  a  part  of  a  leaf,  as  in  Pea  and  Vetch, 
fig.  127. 

Terete :  long  and  round ;  same  as  cylindrical,  only  it  may  taper. 

Terminal :  borne  at,  or  belonging  to,  the  extremity  or  summit. 

Terminology :  the  part  of  the  science  which  treats  of  technical  terms ;  same  as 
glossology. 

Te'rnate:  in  threes;  p.  66.     Ternately :  in  a  tcrnate  way. 

Testa:  the  outer  (and  usually  the  harder)  coat  or  shell  of  the  seed;  p.  134. 

Tetra-  (in  words  of  Greek  composition) :  four;  as, 

Tetracdccous :  of  four  cocci  or  carpels. 

Tetradynamous :  where  a  flower  has  six  stamens,  two  of  them  shorter  than  the 
other  four,  as  in  Mustard,  p.  92,  112,  fig.  188. 

Tetragonal :  four-angled.     Tetrdgynons :  with  four  pistils  or  styles;  p.  116. 

Tetrdmerous :  with  its  parts  or  sets  in  fours. 

Tetrdndrous:  with  four  stamens;  p.  112. 

Theca :  a  case ;  the  cells  or  lobes  of  the  anther. 

Thorn :  see  spine ;  p.  39. 

Thread-shaped:  slender  and  round,  or  roundish  like  a  thread  ;  as  the  filament  of 
stamens  generally. 

Throat :  the  opening  or  gorge  of  a  monopetalous  corolla,  &c.,  where  the  border 
and  the  tube  join,  and  a  little  below. 

Thyrse  or  Thyrsus:  a  compact  and  pyramidal  panicle;  p.  81. 

Tomentose  :  clothed  with  matted  woolly  hairs  (tomentum). 

Tongue-shaped:  long,  flat,  but  thickish,  and  blunt. 

Toothed:  furnished  with  teeth  or  short  projections  of  any  sort  on  the  margin  ; 
used  especially  when  these  are  sharp,  like  saw-teeth,  and  do  not  point  for- 
wards ;  p.  61,  fig.  113. 

Top-shaped:  shaped  like  a  top,  or  a  cone  with  its  apex  downwards. 
20* 


234  GLOSSARY. 

Tdrose,  Tdrulose :  knobby ;  where  a  cylindrical  body  is  swollen  at  intervals. 

Torus:  the  receptacle  of  the  flower;  p.  86,  124. 

Tree,  p.  21. 

Tri-,  in  composition  :  three ;  as 

Triadelphous :  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  three  bundles;  p.  112. 

Tridndrous :  where  the  flower  has  three  stamens  ;  p.  112. 

Tribe,  p.  176. 

Trichdtomous  :  three-forked.     Tricdccous :  of  three  cocci  or  roundish  carpels. 

Tricolor;  having  three  colors.     Tricdstate:  having  three  ribs. 

Tricuspidate :  three-pointed.     Tride'ntate:  three-toothed. 

Triennial :  lasting  for  three  years. 

Trifdrious :  in  three  vertical  rows  ;  looking  three  ways. 

Trtfid:  three-cleft;  p.  62. 

Trifoliate :  three-leaved.     Trifdliolate :  of  three  leaflets  ;  p.  66. 

Trifurcate:  three-forked.     Trigonous:  three-angled,  or  triangular. 

Tritjynous:  with  three  pistils  or  styles  ;  p.  116.    Trijugate:  in  three  pairs  (jugi)- 

Tri/dbed,  or  Trilobate :  three-lobcd ;  p.  62. 

Trildcular:  three-celled,  as  the  pistils  or  pods  in  fig.  225-227. 

Trimerous:  with  its  parts  in  threes,  as  Trillium,  fig.  189. 

Trinervate :  three-nerved,  or  with  three  slender  ribs. 

Tricecious :  where  there  are  three  sorts  of  flowers  on  the  same  or  different  indi- 
viduals ;  as  in  Red  Maple. 

Tripartite :  separable  into  three  pieces.     Tripartite :  three-parted ;  p.  62. 

Tripe'talous :  having  three  petals  ;  as  in  fig.  189. 

Triphylhus :  three-leaved  ;  composed  of  three  pieces. 

Tripmnate:  thrice  pinnate;  p.  66.     Tripinndtifid :  thrice  pinnately  cleft;  p.  64. 

Triple-ribbed,  Triple-nerved,  &c. :  where  a  midrib  branches  into  three  near  tho 
base  of  the  leaf,  as  in  Sunflower. 

Triquetrous :  sharply  three-angled  ;  and  especially  with  the  sides  concave,  like  a 
bayonet. 

Triseriul,  or  Triseriate :  in  three  rows,  under  each  other. 

Tristicltous :  in  thi-ee  longitudinal  or  perpendicular  ranks. 

Tristiymdtic,  or  Tristigmatose :  having  three  stigmas. 

Trisulcate ;  three-grooved. 

Trite'rnate:  three  times  ternate  ;  p.  67. 

Trivial  Name :  the  specific  name. 

Trochlear :  pulley-shaped. 

Trumpet-shaped:  tubular,  enlarged  at  or  towards  the  summit,  as  the  corolla  of 
Trumpet-Creeper. 

Truncate :  as  if  cut  off  at  the  top  ;  p.  60,  fig.  106. 

Tube,  p.  102. 

Trunk :  the  main  stem  or  general  body  of  a  stem  or  tree. 

Tuber:  a  thickened  portion  of  a  subterranean  stem  or  branch,  provided  with  eyes 
(buds)  on  the  sides ;  as  a  potato,  p.  43,  fig.  68. 

Tubercle :  a  small  excrescence. 

Tubercled,  or  Tuberculate :  bearing  excrescences  or  pimples. 

Tuberous :  resembling  a  tuber.     Tuberiferous :  bearing  tubers. 

Tubular:  hollow  and  of  an  elongated  form  ;  hollowed  like  a  pipe. 


GLOSSARY.  235 

Tumid:  swollen  ;  somewhat  inflated. 

Tunicate ;  coated  ;  invested  with  layers,  as  an  onion  ;  p.  4G. 

Turbinate:  top-shaped.     Turgid:  thick  as  if  swollen. 

Turio  (plural  tuhmes) :  young  shoots  or  suckers  springing  out  of  the  ground;  as 

Asparagus-shoots. 

Turnip-shaped:  broader  than  high,  narrowed  below;  p.  32,  fig.  57. 

Ticin  :  in  pairs  (see  geminate],  as  the  flowers  of  Linnsea 
Twining :  ascending  by  coiling  round  a  support,  like  the  Hop  ;  p.  37. 
Typical :  well  expressing  the  characteristics  of  a  species,  genus,  £c, 

Umbel:  the  umbrella-like  form  of  inflorescence  ;  p.  79,  fig.  159. 

Umbellate :  in.  umbels.     Umbelliferous :  bearing  umbels. 

Umbellet :  a  secondary  or  partial  umbel ;  p.  81. 

Umbilicate :  depressed  in  the  centre,  like  the  ends  of  an  apple. 

Umbonate:  bossed  ;  furnished  with  a  low,  rounded  projection  like  a  boss  (umbo}' 

Uinbrdculiform  ;  umbrella-shaped,  like  a  Mushroom,  or  the  top  of  the  style  of 

Sarracenia. 

Unarmed :  destitute  of  spines,  prickles,  and  the  like. 
Uncinate :  hook-shaped  ;  hooked  over  at  the  end. 
Under-shrub :  partially  shrubby,  or  a  very  low  shrub. 
Undulate :  wavy,  or  wavy -margined  ;  p.  62. 

Unequally  pinnate :  pinnate  with  an  odd  number  of  leaflets;  p.  65. 
Unguiculate:  furnished  with  a  claw  (unguis] ;  p.  102,  i.  e.  a  narrow  base,  as  the 

petals  of  a  Rose,  where  the  claw  is  very  short,  and  those  of  Pinks  (fig.  200), 

where  the  claw  is  very  long. 
Uni-,  in  compound  words  :  one  ;  as 
Unifltirons :  one-flowered.     Unifo'liate :  one-leaved. 
Unifoliolate :  of  one  leaflet;  p.  66.     Unijugate:  of  one  pair. 
Unildbiate:  one-lipped.      Unilateral :  one-sided. 

Unilocular:  one-celled,  as  the  pistil  in  fig.  261,  and  the  anther  in  fig.  238,  239. 
Uniovulate:  having  only  one  ovule,  as  in  fig.  213,  and  fig.  267-269. 
Unise"rial :  in  one  horizontal  row. 

Unisexual :  having  stamens  or  pistils  only,  as  in  Moonseed,  fig.  176,  177,  &c. 
Univalved:  a  pod  of  only  one  piece  after  dehiscence,  as  fig.  253. 
Urceolate :  urn-shaped. 

Utricle :  a  small,  thin-walled,  one-seeded  fruit,  as  of  Goosefoot ;  p.  130,  fig.  350. 
Utricular :  like  a  small  bladder. 

Vdginate:   sheathed,  surrounded  by  a  sheath  (vagina}. 

Valve :  one  of  the  pieces  (or  doors)  into  which  a  dehiscent  pod,  or  any  similar 

body,  splits;  p.  131,  114. 

Valcate,  Valvular :  opening  by  valves.     Valvate  in  aestivation,  p.  109. 
Variety,  p.  174,  177. 

Vascular:  containing  vessels,  or  consisting  of  vessels,  such  as  ducts ;  p.  146,  148. 
Vaulted:  arched;  same  SLS  fornicate. 
Vegetable  Physiology,  p.  3. 

Veil :  the  calyptra  of  Mosses.     (Manual,  p.  607  ) 
Veins :  the  small  ribs  or  branches  of  the  framework  of  leaves,  &c. ;  p.  55. 


236  GLOSSARY. 

Veined,  Veiny :  furnished  with  evident  veins.     Veinless:  destitute  of  veins. 

Veinlets :  the  smaller  ramifications  of  veins. 

Velate:  furnished  with  a  veil. 

Velutinous  :  velvety  to  the  touch. 

Venation  :  the  veining  of  leaves,  &c. ;  p.  55. 

Venose :  veiny  ;  furnished  with  conspicuous  veins. 

Ventral:  belonging  to  that  side  of  a  simple  pistil,  or  other  organ,  which  looks 

towards  the  axis  or  centre  of  the  flower ;  the  opposite  of  dorsal ;  as  the 
Ventral  Suture,  p.  117. 

Ve'ntricose :  inflated  or  swelled  out  on  one  side. 
Ve'mdose :  furnished  with  veinlets. 
Vermicular :  shaped  like  worms. 

Vernation :  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  in  the  bud ;  p.  75. 
Ve'rnicose :  the  surface  appearing  as  if  varnished. 
Verrucose :  warty  ;  beset  with  little  projections  like  warts. 
Versatile:  attached  by  one  point,  so  that  it  may  swing  to  and  fro,  as  the  anthers 

of  the  Lily  and  Evening  Primrose ;  p.  113,  fig.  234. 
Vertex :  same  as  the  apex. 

Vertical :  upright ;  perpendicular  to  the  horizon,  lengthwise. 
Verticil:  a  whorl ;  p   71.     Verticillate :  whorled;  p.  71,  75,  fig.  148. 
Vesicle :  a  little  bladder.     Embryonal  Vesicle,  p.  139.     Vesicular:  bladdery. 
Vessels :  ducts,  &c. ;  p.  146,  148. 
Ve'xillary,  Vexillar:  relating  to  the 

Vextllwm:  the  standard  of  a  papilionaceous  flower;  p.  105,  fig.  218,  *. 
Villose:  shaggy  with  long  and  soft  hairs  (villosity .) 

Vimineous:  producing  slender  twigs,  such  as  those  used  for  wicker-work. 
Vine:  any  trailing  or  climbing  stem ;  as  a  Grape-vine. 
Vire'scent,   Viridescent:  greenish;  turning  green. 
Virgate :  wand-shaped,  as  a  long,  straight,  and  slender  twig. 
Viscous,  Viscid:  having  a  glutinous  surface. 
Vitta  (plural  vittce) :  the  oil-tubes  of  the  fruit  of  Umbelliferse. 
Vdluble:  twining,  as  the  stem  of  Hops  and  Beans ;  p.  37. 

Wavy :  the  surface  or  margin  alternately  convex  and  concave  ;  p.  62. 

Waxy :  resembling  beeswax  in  texture  or  appearance. 

Wedge-shaped:  broad  above,  and  tapering  by  straight  lines  to  a  narrow  base, 

p.  58,  fig.  94. 

Wheel-shaped:  see  rotate;  p.  102,  fig.  204,  205. 
Whorl,   Whorled:  when  leaves,  &c.  are  arranged  in  a  circle  round  the  stem, 

p.  71,  75,  fig.  148. 

Wing:  any  membranous  expansion.     Wings  of  papilionaceous  flowers,  p.  105. 
Winged:  furnished  with  a  wing;  as  the  fruit  of  Ash  and  Elm,  fig.  300,  301. 
Wood,  p.  145.     Woody:  of  the  texture  or  consisting  of  wood. 
Woody  Fibre,  or  Wood-Cells,  p.  146. 
Woolly:  clothed  with  long  and  entangled  soft  hairs ;  as  the  leaves  of  Mullein. 

THE    END. 


FIELD,    FOREST,    AND    GARDEN 


BOTANY 


Jfultr,    4f0r*st,    mxfr 


BOTANY, 

* 

A    SIMPLE    INTRODUCTION    TO    THE 

COMMON  PLANTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

EAST  OF   THE  MISSISSIPPI, 

BOTH  WILD   AND   CULTIVATED. 


BY  ASA  GEAY, 

FISHER  PROFESSOR  OF   NATURAL  HISTORY   IN   HARVARD   UNIVERSITY. 


NEW   YOEK: 
IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,   TAYLOR,  .&  COMPANY, 

138  &  140  GRAND  STREET. 
CHICAGO:   133  &  135  STATE  STREET. 

1872. 


Entered  according  to  act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1868,  by 

ASA     GRAY, 
in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusetts, 


PREFACE. 


THIS  book  is  intended  to  furnish  botanical  classes  and 
generally  with  an  easier  introduction  to  the  plants  of  this  country 
than  is  the  Manual,  and  one  which  includes  the  common  cultivated 
as  well  as  the  native  species.  It  is  made  more  concise  and  simple, 
1.  by  the  use  of  somewhat  less  technical  language ;  2.  by  the  omis- 
sion, as  far  as  possible,  of  the  more  recondite  and,  for  the  present 
purpose,  less  essential  characteTs ;  and  also  of  most  of  the  obscure, 
insignificant,  or  rare  plants  which  students  will  not  be  apt  to  meet 
with  or  to  examine,  or  which  are  quite  too  difficult  for  beginners ; 
such  as  the  Sedges,  most  Grasses,  and  the  crowd  of  Golden  Rods, 
Asters,  Sunflowers,  and  the  like,  which  require  very  critical  study. 
On  the  other  hand,  this  small  volume  is  more  comprehensive  than 
the  Manual,  since  it  comprises  the  common  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees 
of  the  Southern  as  well  as  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  and  all 
which  are  commonly  cultivated  or  planted,  for  ornament  or  use,  in 
fields,  gardens,  pleasure-grounds,  or  in  house-culture,  including  even 
the  conservatory  plants  ordinarily  met  with. 

It  is  very  desirable  that  students  should  be  able  to  use  exotic  as 
well  as  indigenous  plants  in  analysis  ;  and  a  scientific  acquaintance 
with  the  plants  and  flowers  most  common  around  us  in  garden,  field, 
and  green-house,  and  which  so  largely  contribute  to  our  we'll-being 
and  enjoyment,  would  seem  to  be  no  less  important  than  in  the  case 
of  our  native  plants.  If  it  is  worth  while  so  largely  to  assemble 
around  us  ornamental  and  useful  trees,  plants,  and  flowers,  it  is  cer- 
tainly well  to  know  what  they  are  and  what  they  are  like.  To  stu- 
dents in  agricultural  schools  and  colleges  this  kind  of  knowledge 
will  be  especially  important. 

One  of  the  main  objects  of  this  book  is  to  provide  cultivators, 
gardeners,  and  amateurs,  and  all  who  are  fond  of  plants  and  flowers, 
with  a  simple  guide  to  a  knowledge  of  their  botanical  names  and 


10  PREFACE. 

structure.  There  is,  I  believe,  no  sufficient  work  of  this  kind  in 
the  English  language,  adapted  to  our  needs,  and  available  even  to 
our  botanists  and  botanical  teachers,  —  for  whom  the  only  recourse  is 
to  a  botanical  library  beyond  the  reach  and  means  of  most  of  these, 
and  certainly  quite  beyond  the  reach  of  those  whose  needs  I  have 
here  endeavored  to  supply,  so  far  as  I  could,  in  this  small  volume. 
The  great  difficulties  of  the  undertaking  have  been  to  keep  the  book 
within  the  proper  compass,  by  a  rigid  exclusion  of  all  extraneous 
and  unnecessary  matter,  and  to  determine  what  plants,  both  native 
and  exotic,  are  common  enough  to  demand  a  place  in  it,  or  so 
uncommon  that  they  may  be  omitted.  It  is  very  unlikely  that  I  can 
have  chosen  wisely  in  all  cases  and  for  all  parts  of  the  country, 
and  in  view  of  the  different  requirements  of  botanical  students  on 
the  one  hand  and  of  practical  cultivators  on  the  other,  —  the  latter 
commonly  caring  more  for  made  varieties,  races,  and  crosses,  than 
for  species,  which  are  the  main  objects  of  botanical  study.  But  I 
have  here  brought  together,  within  less  than  350  pages,  brief  and 
plain  botanical  descriptions  or  notices  of  2,650  species,  belonging  to 
947  genera ;  and  have  constructed  keys  to  the  natural  families, 
and  analyses  of  their  contents,  which  I  hope  may  enable  students,  who 
have  well  studied  the  First  Lessons,  to  find  out  the  name,  main  char- 
acters, and  place  of  any  of  them  which  they  will  patiently  examine 
in  blossom  and,  when  practicable,  in  fruit  also.  If  the  book  an- 
swers its  purpose  reasonably  well,  its  shortcomings  as  regards  culti- 
vated plants  may  be  made  up  hereafter.  As  to  the  native  plants 
omitted,  they  are  to  be  found,  and  may  best  be  studied,  in  the  Man- 
ual of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States,  and  in  Chapman's 
Flora  of  the  Southern  United  States. 

This  book  is  designed  to  be  the  companion  of  the  First  Lessons  in 
Botany,  which  serves  as  grammar  and  dictionary;  and  the  two  may 
be  bound  together  into  one  compact  volume,  forming  a  comprehen- 
sive School  Botany. 

For  the  account  of  the  Ferns  and  the  allied  families  of  Cryptoga- 
mous  Plants  I  have  to  record  my  indebtedness  to  Professor  D.  C. 
Eaton  of  Yale  College.  These  beautiful  plants  are  now  much  cul- 
tivated by  amateurs ;  and  the  means  here  so  fully  provided  for 
studying  them  will  doubtless  be  appreciated. 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  HERBARIUM, 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  August  29,  1868. 


PREFACE.  11 

the  sheets  for  the  present  impression,  many  small  errors 
of  the  press,  most  of  them  relating  to  accentuation,  have  now  been  cor- 
rected. 

January,  1870. 


SIGNS  AND  ABBREVIATIONS. 

THE  SIGNS  AND  ABBREVIATIONS  employed  in  this  work   are  few. 

The  signs  are : 

©  for  an  annual  plant. 

(D    "   a  biennial  plant. 
11    il   a  perennial  plant. 

The  signs  for  degrees,  minutes,  and  seconds  are  used  for  feet,  inches, 
and  lines,  the  latter  twelve  to  the  inch. 

Thus  1°  means  a  foot  in  length  or  height,  &c. ;  2',  two  inches ;  3",  three 
lines,  or  a  quarter  of  an  inch.    The  latter  sign  is  seldom  used  in  this  work. 
The  dash  between  two  figures,  as  "5-10,"  means  from  five  to  ten,  &c. 
"  Fl."  stands  for  flowers  or  flowering. 
"  Cult."  "     for  cultivated. 
"  Nat."   "       for  naturalized. 
«N.,  E.,  S.,  W."  for  North,  East,  South,  and  West. 
The  geographical  abbreviations,   such  as  "  Eu."  for  Europe,  and  the 
common  abbreviations  for  the  names  of  the  States,  need  no  particular 
explanation. 


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M 


SERIES  I. 

FLOWERING  OR  PILENOGAMOUS  PLANTS: 

THOSE  which  fructify  by  means  of  stamens  and  pistils, 
and  produce  true  seeds. 

CLASS  I.  DICOTYLEDONOUS  OR  EXOGENOUS 
PLANTS :  Distinguished  by  having  the  wood  or  woody 
matter  of  the  stem  all  in  a  circle  between  pith  and  bark, 
and  in  yearly  layers  when  the  stem  is  more  than  one  year 
old :  also  the  embryo  with  a  pair  of  cotyledons  or  seed 
leaves  (or  several  in  Pines,  &c.).  Generally  known  at  once 
by  having  netted-veined  leaves.  Parts  of  the  flower  seldom 
in  threes,  most  commonly  in  fives  or  fours.  See  Lessons, 
p.  183.  This  class  includes  all  our  ordinary  trees  and 
shrubs,  and  the  greater  part  of  our  herbs. 

SUBCLASS  I.  ANGIOSPERMOUS  :  including  all  of  the 
class  which  have  their  seeds  in  a  pericarp,  or  their  ovules  in 
a  closed  ovary,  i.  e.  all  except  the  Pine  and  Cycas  families. 

I.  POLYPP:TALOUS  DIVISION.  Includes  the  families  which 
have,  at  least  in  some  species,  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter 
with  their  petals  separate,  i.  e.  not  at  all  united  into  one  body.  Yet 
some  plants  of  almost  all  these  families  have  apetalous  flowers. 

1.    RANUNCULACE^I,   CROWFOOT  FAMILY. 

Not  perfectly  distinguished  by  any  one  or  two  particular  marks, 
but  may  be  known,  on  the  whole,  by  having  an  acrid  watery  juice 
(not  milky  or  colored),  numerous  stamens,  and  usually  more  than 
one  pistil,  all  the  parts  of  the  flower  separate  from  each  other,  and 
inserted  on  the  receptacle.  The  bulk  of  the  seed  is  albumen,  the 
embryo  being  very  small.  The  plants  are  herbs,  or  a  few  barely 
shrubby.  Many  are  cultivated  for  ornament.  The  following  are 
the  common  genera,  with  their  chief  distinctions. 

$  1.  Sepals  valvate^  or  with  their  edges  turned  inward  in  the  bud.  Petals  none  or 
minute.  Pistils  many,  \-seeded,  becoming  akenes.  Leave*  opposite :  the 
plants  awstly  climbing  by  their  leaf-stalks. 

1.  CLEMATIS.      Sepals  commonly  4,  sometimes  several,  petal-like.     Akenes 
tipped  with  the  persistent  style  or  a  part  of  it. 

3 


34  CROWFOOT    FAMILY. 

§  2.   Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Not  climbing,  nor  woody  except  in  8  and  one  of  20. 

*  Pistils  and  akenes  several  or  many  in  a  head,  1-seeded. 

-t-  Petals  none :  sepals  petal-like. 

2.  HEPATICA.    Involucre  close  to  the  flower,  exactly  imitating  a  3-leaved  calyx. 

Sepals  6  or  more,  oblong,  resembling  petals.  Pistils  12-20.  Stemless  low 
perennials,  with  rounded  3-lobed  leaves  and  1-flowered  scapes. 

3.  ANEMONE.     Involucre  of  2  or  more  opposite  or  whorled  green  leaves  much 

below  the  flower.  Sepals  4-20.  Pistils  very  many  in  a  close  head  (or  fewer 
in  one  species),  forming  pointed  or  tailed  akenes. 

4.  THALICTRUM.    Involucre  none,  and  stem-leaves  all  alternate,  except  in  one 

species  intermediate  between  this  genus  and  Anemone.  Sepals  4  or  more. 
Pistils  4-15,  forming  several-angled  or  grooved  akenes.  Perennials,  with 
small  flowers  in  panicles  or  umbels,  most  of  them  dio3cious,  and  w-ith 
ternately  compound  or  decompound  leaves. 

-»-  +-  Petals  and  sepals  both  conspicuous,  5  or  more.    Akenes  naked,  short-pointed. 
6.   ADONIS.     Petals  and  sepals  naked,  no  pit  or  appendage  at  the  base.    Akenes 
in  a  head  or  short  spike. 

6.  M  YOSURUS.     Sepals  with  a  spur  at  the  base  underneath.     Petals  on  a  slender 

claw,  which  is  hollow  at  its  apex.     Akenes  in  a  long  tail-shaped  spike. 

7.  RANUNCULUS.    Sepals  naked.    Petals  with  a  little  pit  or  a  scale  011  the  short 

claw.     Akenes  in  a  head. 

#  *   Pistils  several,  2-ovuled,  becoming  1-2-seededpods  or  berries. 

8.  ZANTHORH1ZA.      Sepals  5,    deciduous    after  flowering.      Petals    5,  small, 

2-lobed,  on  a  claw.  Stamens  5  - 10.  Little  pods  1-seeded.  Undershrub, 
with  yellow  wood  and  roots. 

9.  HYDRASTIS.     Sepals  3,  falling  when  the  flower  opens.     Petals  none.     Fruit 

berry-like.     Low  perennial. 

*  *  *    Pistils  several,  few,  or  one,  forming  several-seeded  pods  or  rarely  berries. 
*-  Sepals  (4  or  5)  falling  when  the  flower  opens,  petal-like.     Petals  minute,  and  with 
claws,  or  none.     Stamens  numerous,  white.    Leaves  ternately  decompound. 

10.  ACTJEA.     Pistil  only  one,  becoming  a  berry.     Flowers  in  a  short  and  thick 

raceme  or  cluster. 

11.  CIMICIFUGA.     Pistils  1-8,  becoming  pods  in  fruit.     Flowers  in  long  racemes. 
.»-  t-  Sepals  not  falling  when  the  flower  opens,  in  15  and  20  persistent  even  till  the 

fruit  matures,  in  all  me,  others  petal-like  and  deciduous. 
•*-»•  Petals  none  at  all:  flowers  regular. 

12.  CALTHA.     Sepals  5-9.   Pods  several.   Leaves  simple  and  undivided,  rounded. 
•*-(•  -M-  Petals  5  or  more  inconspicuous  nectar-bearing  bodies,  very  much  smaller  than 

the  sejtals :  flower  regular. 

13.  TROLLIUS.     Sepals   5 -many.     Petals  with   a  little  hollow  near  the  base. 

Pods  sessile.     Leaves  palmately  parted  and  lobed. 

14.  COPTIS.     Sepals  5-7.     Petals  club-shaped  and  tubular  at  the  top.    Pods 

raised  on  slender  stalks !     Leaves  with  3  leaflets. 

15.  HELLEBORUS.     Sepals  5,  persistent,  enlarging  and  turning  green  after  flow- 

ering!    Petals  hollow  and  2-lipped.     Leaves  palmately  or  pedately  divided. 

16.  NIGELLA.     Sepals  5.     Petals  2-lobed.    Pods  3-5  or  more  united  below  into 

one !     Annuals,  with  finely  dissected  leaves. 
4H-  •»-••  4-v   Petals  large  hollow  spurs  projecting  between  the  sepals  :  flower  regular. 

17.  AQUILEGIA.     Sepals  5.     Pistils  about  5,  with   slender  styles,  and  forming 

narrow  pods.     Perennials,  with  ternately  compound  or  decompound  leaves. 
4^.  .M.  -w  *+  Petals  2  or  4,  much  smaller  than  the  5  unequal  sepals  :  i.  e.  the  flower 
irregular  and  unsymmetrical     Leaves  palmatehj  lobed  or  parted.     Pods  1-5. 

18.  DELPHINIUM.    Upper  sepal  spurred;  the  spur  enclosing  the   spurs  of  the 

upper  pair  of  petals:  lower  pair  of  petals  spurless  or  wanting. 

19.  ACONITUM.     Upper  sepals  in  the  form  of  a  hood  or  helmet,  covering  the  two 

very  long-clawed  and  peculiar  little  petals. 

-w  4H-  4-»-  •*-*•  -i-f  Petals  large  and  flat,  of  ordinary  shape.     Sepals  herbaceous  and 
persistent  I     Flowers  large,  regular. 

20.  PJEONIA.     A  fleshy  disk  surrounds  the  base  of  the  2  or  more  pistils,  which 

form  leathery  pod's  in  fruit.  Seeds  large,  rather  fleshy-coated.  Perennials, 
with  compound  or  decompound  leaves :  one  species  shrubby. 


CROWFOOT    FAMILY.  35 

1.  CLEMATIS,  VIRGIN'S-BOWER.    (Ancient  Greek  name.)    U    Orna- 
mental climbers,  the  stalks  of  their  leaves  or  leaflets  clasping  the  support, 
and  with  somewhat  woody  stems,  or  a  few  are  erect  herbs. 

§  1.    Flowers  (in  spring)  vert/  large  and  widely  open  (3'  — 6'  across),  with  usually 
many  small  petals  or  petal-like  altered  stamens :  leaflets  in  threes. 

C.  fldrida,  GREAT-FL.  C.  Cult,  from  Japan,  not  hardy  N. ;  the  flower 
.3'  -  4'  across,  its  6  or  more  sepals  broad-ovate  and  overlapping  each  other,  white, 
purplish,  or  with  a  purple  centre  of  transformed  stamens  (var.  SIEBOLDII); 
leaves  often  twice  compound. 

C.  patens,  (also  called  C.  CCERTJLEA,  GRANDIFL&RA,  and  various  names 
for  varieties.)  Cult,  from  Japan,  hardy.  Flower  5' -7'  across,  with  6-9  or 
more  oblong  or  lance-shaped  sepals,  blue,  purple,  &c. ;  leaflets  simply  in  threes. 

C.  vertieillaris  (or  ATRAGENE  AMERICANA),  with  flowers  about  3'  across, 
of  4  bluish-purple  sepals,  is  rather  scarce  in  rocky  woods  or  ravines  N.  and  in 
mountainous  parts. 

§  2.   Flowers  (in  summer)  pretty  large,  of  only  4  sepals,  and  no  petals  whatever, 

not  white,  solitary  on  the  naked  peduncle  as  in  §  1. 

#  Leaves  (except  the  uppermost)  pinnate  or  of  3  or  wore  leaflets :  climbers. 
C.  Viticella,  VINE-BOWER  C.     Cult,  from  En. ;   a  hardy  climber,  with 
flower  2' -3'  across;  the  widely  spreading  sepals  obovate,  thin,  either  purple  or 
blue  ;  akenes  with  short  naked  points. 

C.  graveolens.  HEAVY-SCENTED  C.  Cult,  from  Thibet,  recently  intro- 
duced, very  hardy  ;  with  open  yellow  flowers  l£'  across,  long  and  feathery  tails 
to  the  nkenes,  and  sharp-pointed  leaflets. 

C.  Viorna,  LEATHER-FLOWERED  C.  Wild  from  Penn.  and  Ohio  S.,  in 
moist  soil ;  flower  of  very  thick  leathery  sepals,  purple  or  purplish,  1'  long  or 
more,  erect,  and  with  the  narrow  tips  only  spreading  or  recurved ;  akenes  with 
very  feathery"  tails. 

#  *  Leaves  simple,  entire,  sessile:  low  erect  herbs:  tails  feathery. 

C.  integrif61ia,  ENTIRE-LEAVED  C.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  sparingly.  Stem 
simple  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong;  flower  blue,  1'  long. 

C.  qchroletica,  PALE  C.  Wild  from  Staten  Island  S.,  but  scarce,  has 
ovate  silky  leaves  and  a  dull  silky  flower. 

§  3.   Flowers  (in  summer)  small,  white,  panicled,  succeeded  by  feathery-tailed  akenes. 

C.  r^Cta,  UPRIGHT  VIRGIN'S-BOWER.  Cult,  from  Eu.  Nearly  erect  herb, 
3Q_40  hjo-h,  with  large  panicles  of  white  flowers,  in  early  summer;  leaves  pin- 
nate ;  leaflets  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  pointed,  entire. 

C.  Flammula,  SWEET-SCENTED  V.  Cult,  from  Eu.  Climbing  freely, 
with  copious  sweet-scented  flowers  at  midsummer;  leaflets  3-5  or  more,  of 
various  shapes,  often  lobed  or  cut. 

C.  Virginiana,  COMMON  WILD  V.  Climbing  high,  with  dioecious  flow- 
ers late  in  summer  ;  leaflets  3,  cut-toothed  or  lobed. 

2.  HEPATICA,   LIVER-LEAF,   HEPATICA.     (Shape  of  the  3-lobed 
leaves  likened  to  that  of  the  liver.)    Among  the  earliest  spring  flowers.  1J.    The 
involucre  is  so  close  to  the  flower  and  of  such  size  and  shape  that  it  is  most 
likely  to  be  mistaken  for  a  calyx,  and  the  colored  sepals  for  petals. 

H.  triloba,  ROUND-LOBED  H.  Leaves  with  3  broad  and  rounded  lobes, 
appearing  later  than  the  flowers,  and  lasting  over  the  winter ;  stalks  hairy ; 
flowers  blue,  purple,  or  almost  white.  Woods,  common  E.  Full  double- 
flowered  varieties,  blue  and  purple,  are  cult,  from  Eu. 

H.  acutiloba,  SHARP-LOBED  H.  Wild  from  Vermont  W. ;  has  pointed 
lobes  to  the  leaves,  sometimes  5  of  them,  and  paler  flowers. 

3.  ANEMONE,  ANEMONY,  WIND-FLOWER.     (Fancifully  so  named 
by  the  Greeks,  because  growing  in  windy  places,  or  blossoming  at  the  windy 
season,  it  is  doubtful  which.)    1J.     Erect  herbs,  with  all  the  stem-leaves  above 
and  opposite  or  whorled,  forming  the  involucre  or  involucels.      Peduncles 
1 -flowered. 


36  CROWFOOT    FAMILY. 

§  1.  Long  hairy  styles  form  feathery  tails  to  the  akenes,  like  those  of  Virgin's- 
Bower:  fl.  large,  purple,  in  early  spring.  The  genus  PULSATILLA  of  some 
authors. 

A.  Pulsatilla,  PASQUE-FLOWER,  of  Europe.  Cult,  in  some  flower-gar- 
dens ;  has  the  root-leaves  finely  thrice-pinnately  divided  or  cut ;  otherwise  much 
like  the  next. 

A.  patens,  var.  Nuttalliana,  WILD  P.  On  the  plains  N.  W. ;  the 
handsome  purple  or  purplish  flower  (2'  or  more  across  when  open)  rising  from 
the  ground  on  a  low  soft-hairy  stem  (3' -6'  high),  with  an  involucre  of  many 
very  narrow  divisions  ;  the  leaves  from  the  root  appearing  later,  and  twice  or 
thrice-ternately  divided  and  cut. 

§  2.    Short  styles  not  making  long  tails,  but  only  naked  or  hairy  tips. 
*  Garden  ANEMONiES,yro?n  S.  Eu.,  with  tuberous  roots  and  very  large  flowers. 

A.  COronaria,  with  leaves  cut  into  many  fine  lobes,  and  6  or  more  broad 
oval  sepals,  also 

A.  nort&QSis,  with  leaves  less  cut  into  broader  wedge-shaped  divisions  and 
lobes,  and  many  longer  and  narrow  sepals,  —  are  the  originals  of  the  showy, 
mostly  double  or  semi-double,  great-flowered  GARDEN  ANEMONIES,  of  all  col- 
ors, red  in  the  wild  state,  —  not  fully  hardy,  treated  like  bulbs. 

*=  *   Wild  species,  smaller-flowered. 

•*-  Pistils  very  many,  forming  a  dense  woolly  head  in  fruit:  leaves  of  the  involucre 
long-petioled,  compound :  flowers  of  5  small  greenish- white  sepals,  silky  beneath  : 
stem  2° -3°  high. 

A.  cylindrica,  LONG-FRUITED  A.  Involucre  several-leaved  surrounding 
several  long  naked  peduncles;  fl.  late  in  spring  (in  dry  soil  N.  &  W.),  followed 
by  a  cylindrical  head  of  fruit. 

A.  Virginiana,  VIRGINIAN  A.  Involucre  3-leaved ;  peduncles  formed  in 
succession  all  summer,  the  middle  or  first  one  naked,  the  others  bearing  2  leaves 
(involuccl)  at  the  middle,  from  which  proceed  two  more  peduncles,  and  so  on  : 
head  of  fruit  oval  or  oblong.  Common  in  woods  and  meadows. 

•»-  H-  Pistils  fewer,  not  woolly  in  fruit :  flower  1'  or  more  broad. 

A.  Pennsylvanica,  PENNSYLVANIAN  A.  Stem  1°  high,  bearing  an  invo- 
lucre  of  3  wedge-shaped  3-cleft  and  cut  sessile  leaves,  and  a  naked  peduncle,  then 
2  or  3  peduncles  with  a  pair  of  smaller  leaves  at  their  middle,  and  so  on ;  fl.  white, 
in  summer.  (Lessons,  fig.  179.)  Alluvial  ground,  N.  &  W. 

A.  nemor6sa,  WOOD  A.  Stem  4'-10'  high,  bearing  an  involucre  of  3 
long-petioled  leaves  of  3  or  5  leaflets,  and  a  single  short-ped  uncled  flower  ;  sepals 
white,  or  purple  outside.  Woodlands,  early  spring. 

4.  THALICTRUM,  MEADOW-RUE.  (Old  name,  of  obscure  deriva- 
tion.) The  following  are  the  common  wild  species,  in  woodlands  and  low 
grounds. 

§  1.    Flowers  pet  feet,  few,  in  an  umbel:  resembling  an  Anemone:  sepals  5-10. 

T.  anemonqides,  RUE-ANEMONE.  A  very  smooth  and  delicate  little 
plant,  growing  with  Wood  Anemone,  which  it  resembles  in  having  no  stem- 
leaves  except  those  that  form  an  involucre  around  the  umbel  of  white  (rarely 
pinkish)  flowers,  appearing  in  early  spring ;  leaflets  roundish,  3-lobcd  at  the 
end,  long-stalked ;  ovaries  many-grooved,  and  with  a  flat-topped  sessile  stigma  : 
otherwise  it  would  rank  as  an  Anemone. 

§  2.  Flowers  mostly  dioecious  and  not  handsome,  small,  in  loose  compound  panicles ; 
the  4  or  5  sepals  falling  early :  stigmas  slender ;  akenes  several -grooved  and 
angled :  leaves  ternately  decomjiound  (Lessons,  fig.  138),  all  alternate ;  the  upper- 
most not  forming  an  involucre, 

T.  dioicum,  EAHLY  MEADOW-RUE.  Herb  glaucous,  l°-2°high;  flow- 
ers greenish,  in  early  spring  ;  the  yellowish  linear  anthers  of  the  sterile  plant 
hanging  on  long  capillary  filaments  :  leaves  all  on  general  petioles.  Rocky 
woods. 

T.  purpurascens,  PURPLISH  M.    Later,  often  a  little  downy,  2° -4° 


CROWFOOT    FAMILY.  37 

high ;  stem-leaves  not  raised  on  a  general  petiole  ;  flowers  greenish  and  pur- 
plish ;  anthers  short-linear,  drooping  on  capillary  and  upwardly  rather  thickened 
filaments. 

T.  Cornuti,  TALL  M.  Herb  4°  -  8°  high  ;  stem-leaves  not  raised  on  a 
general  petiole ;  flowers  white,  in  summer ;  anthers  oblong,  not  drooping ;  the 
white  filaments  thickened  upwards.  Low  or  wet  ground. 

5.  ADONIS.     (The  red-flowered  species  fabled  to  spring  from  the  blood 
of  Adonis,  killed  by  a  wild  boar.)      Stems  leafy  ;    leaves  finely  much  cut 
into  very  narrow  divisions.     Cult,  from  Europe  for  ornament. 

A.  autumnalis,  PHEASANT'S-EYE  A.  ®  Stems  near  1°  high,  it  or  the 
branches  terminated  by  a  small  flower,  of  5-8  scarlet  or  crimson  petals,  com- 
monly dark  at  their  base.  Has  run  wild  in  Tennessee. 

A.  vernalis,  SPRING  A.  It  Stems  about  6'  high,  bearing  a  large  showy 
flower,  of  10-20  lanceolate  light-yellow  petals,  in  early  spring. 

6.  MYOSURUS,  MOUSETAIL  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek).  ©    . 
M.  minimus.     An  insignificant  little  plant,  wild  or  run  wild  along  streams 

from  Illinois  S.,  with  a  tuft  of  narrow  entire  root-leaves,  and  scapes  1'  -3'  high, 
bearing  an  obscure  yellow  flower,  followed  by  tail-like  spike  of  fruit  of  l'-2' 
long,  in  spring  and  summer. 

7.  RANUNCULUS,   CROWFOOT,  BUTTERCUP.     (Latin  name  for 
a  little  frog,  and  for  the  Water  Crowfoots,  living  with  the  frogs.)     A  large 
genus  of  wild  plants,  except  the  double-ttowered  varieties  of  three  species  cult, 
in  gardens  for  ornament.     (Lessons,  p.  183,  fig.  358-361.) 

§  1.   Aquatic ;  the  leaves  all  or  mostly  under  water,  and  rejieatedly  dissected  into 
many  capillary  divisions :  flowering  all  summer. 

R.  aquatilis,  WHITE  WATER-CROWFOOT.  Capillary  leaves  collapsing 
into  a  tuft  when  drawn  out  of  the  water  ;  petals  small,  white,  or  only  yellow  at 
the  base,  where  they  bear  a  spot  or  little  pit,  but  no  scale  :  akenes  wrinkled 
crosswise. 

R.  divaricatus,  STIFF  W.  Like  the  last,  but  less  common ;  the  leaves 
stiff  and  rigid  enough  to  keep  their  shape  (spreading  in  a  circular  outline)  when 
drawn  out  of  water. 

R.  multifMus,  YELLOW  W.  Leaves  under  water  much  as  those  of  the 
White  Water  Crowfoots  or  rather  larger  ;  but  the  bright  yellow  petals  as  large 
as  those  of  Common  Buttercups,  and,  like  them,  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base. 
(Formerly  named  R.  PURSHII,  &c.) 

§  2.    Terrestrial,  many  in  wet  places,  but  naturally  growing  with  the  foliage  out  of 
water :  petals  with  the  little  scale  at  the  base,  yellow  in  all  the  wild  species. 

*  Akenes  not  pricJcly  nor  bristly  nor  stnate  on  the  sides.    1|. 
-»-  SrEARWORT  CROWFOOTS  ;  growing  in  very  wet  places,  with  mostly  entire  and 

narrow  leaves  :  Jl.  all  summer. 

R.  alismsef61ius.  Stems  ascending,  1°  -  2°  high ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  the 
lowest  oblong  ;  flower  fully  £'  in  diameter ;  akenes  beaked  with  a  straight  and 
slender  style. 

R.  Flammula.  Smaller  than  the  last,  and  akenes  short-pointed;  rare 
N.,  but  very  common  along  borders  of  ponds  and  rivers  is  the 

Var.  reptans,  or  CREEPING  S.,  with  slender  stems  creeping  a  few  inches  in 
length ;  leaves  linear  or  spatulate,  seldom  1'  long  ;  flower  only  4'  broad. 

«-  t-  SMALL-FLOWERED  CROWFOOTS  ;  in  wet  or  moist  places,  with  upper 
leaves  3-parted  or  divided,  and  very  small  Jlowers,  the  petals  shorter  or  not  longer 
than  the  calyx :  Jl.  spring  and  summer. 

R.  abortivus,  SMALL-FLOWERED  C.  Very  smooth  and  slender,  6'  -  2° 
high  ;  root-leaves  rounded,  crenate  ;  akenes  in  a  globular  head.  Shady  places, 
along  watercourses. 

R.  SCeleratus,  CURSED  C.  So  called  because  the  juice  is  very  acrid  and 
blistering ;  stouter  than  the  last  and  thicker-leaved,  equally  smooth,  even  the 


00  CROWFOOT    FAMILY. 

root-leaves  lobed  or  cut;  akenes  in  an  oblong  or  cylindrical  head.     In  water 
or  very  wet  places. 

R.  recurvatus,  HOOK-STYLED  C.  Hairy,  l°-2°  high  ;  leaves  all  3-cleft 
and  long-petioled,  with  broad  wedge-shaped  2-3-lobed  divisions;  akenes  in  a 
globular  head,  with  long  recurved  styles.  Woods. 

R.  Pennsylvanicus,  BRISTLY  C.  Bristly  hairy,  coarse  and  stout,  2°  - 
3°  high ;  leaves  all  3-divided  ;  the  divisions  stalked,  again  3-cleft,  sharply  cut 
and  toothed  ;  akenes  in  an  oblong  head,  tipped  with  a  short  straight  style. 
Along  streams. 

•»-•»--)-  BUTTERCUPS  OR  COMMON    CROWFOOTS,  with  bright  yelloiv  corolla, 
about  1'  in  diameter,  much  larger  than  the  cal.i/x  ;  leares  all  once  and  often  twice 
3  -  ^-divided  or  cleft,  usually  hairy  ;  head  of  akenes  globular. 
++  Natives  of  the  country,  low  or  spreading. 

R.  fascicularis,  EARLY  B.  Low,  about  6'  high,  without  runners,  on 
rocky  hills  in  early  spring ;  root-leaves  much  divided,  somewhat  pinnate  ;  petals 
rather  narrow  and  distant ;  akenes  scarcely  edged,  slender-beaked. 
'  R.  ripens,  CREEPING  B.  Everywhere  common  in  very  wet  or  moist 
places,  flowering  in  spring  and  summer ;  immensely  variable ;  stem  soon  as- 
cending, sending  out  some  prostrate  stems  or  runners  in  summer;  leaves  more 
coarsely  divided  and  cleft  than  those  of  the  last ;  petals  obovate  ;  akenes  sharp- 
edged  and  stout-beaked. 

-•-*•  -tf  Introduced  weeds  from  Europe,  common  in  fields,  frc.,  especially  E. :  stem 
erect:   leaves  much  cut. 

R.  bulbdsus,  BULBOUS  B.  Stem  about  1°  high  from  a  solid  bulbous 
base  nearly  as  large  as  a  hickory  nut ;  calyx  reflexed  when  the  very  bright  yel- 
low and  showy  large  corolla  expands,  in  late  spring. 

Rr-acris,  TALL  B.  Stem  2° -3°  high,  no  bulbous  base;  calyx  only 
spreading  when  the  lighter  yellow  corolla  expands,  in  summer.  Commoner 
than  the  last,  except  E.  A  full  double-flowered  variety  is  cult  in  gardens, 
forming  golden-yellow  balls  or  buttons. 

H-  -i-  i-  H-  GARDEN  RANUNCULUSES.      Besides  the  double  variety  of  the  last, 
the  choice  Double  Ranunculuses  of  the  florist  come  from  the  two  following. 

R.  Asiaticus,  of  the  Levant ;  with  3-parted  leaves  and  flowers  nearly  2' 
broad,  resembling  Anemonies,  yellow,  or  of  various  colors.  Not  hardy  N. 

R.  aconitifSlius,  of  Eu.,  taller,  smooth,  with  5-parted  leaves,  and  smaller 
white  flowers,  the  full  double  called  FAIR  MAIDS  OF  FRANCE. 
*    *  Akenes  striate  or  ribbed  down  the  sides.     (T) 

R.  Cymbalaria,  SEA-SIDE  CROWFOOT.  A  little  plant,  of  sandy  shores 
of  the  sea  and  Great  Lakes,  &c.,  smooth,  with  naked  flowering  stems  2'  -  6'  high, 
and  long  runners  ;  leaves  rounded  and  kidney -shaped,  coarsely  cren  ate;  flowers 
small,  in  summer. 

8.  ZANTHORHIZA,   SHRUB   YELLOW-ROOT.     (Name  composed 
of  the  two  Greek  words  for  yellow  and  root.)     Only  one  species, 

Z.  apiif61ia.  A  shrubby  plant,  l°-2t5  high,  with  deep  yellow  wood  and 
roots  (used  by  the  Indians  for  dyeing),  pinnate  leaves  of  about  5  cut-toothed  or 
lobed  leaflets,  and  drooping  compound  racemes  of  small  dark  or  dull-purple 
flowers,  in  early  spring,  followed  by  little  1 -seeded  pods:  grows  in  damp,  shady 
places  along  the  Alleghanies. 

9.  HYDRASTIS,   ORANGE-ROOT,  YELLOW  PUCCOON.     (Name 
from  the  Greek,  probably  meaning  that  the  root  or  juice  of  the  plant  is  dras- 
tic.)    li    A  single  species, 

H.  Canadensis.  Low,  sending  up  in  early  spring  a  rounded  5  -  7-lobed 
root-leaf,  and  a  stem  near  1°  high,  bearing  one  or  two  alternate  smaller  leaves 
above,  just  below  the  single  small  flower.  Tbe  3  greenish  sepals  fall  from  the 
bud,  leaving  the  many  white  stamens  and  little  head  of  pistils  ;  the  latter  grow 
pulpy  and  produce  a  crimson  fruit  resembling  a  raspberry.  Rich  woods,  from 
New  York,  W.  &  S. 


CROWFOOT    FAMILY.  39 

10.  ACTJEA,  BANEBERRY.  (The  old  Greek  name  of  the  Elder,  from 
some  likeness  in  the  leaves.)      1|.  Fl.  in  spring,  ripening  the  berries  late  in 
summer  :  growing  in  rieh  woods.  Leaflets  of  the  thrice-ternate  leaves  ovate, 
sharply  cleft,  and  cut-toothed. 

A.  spicata,  var.  rtlbra,  RED  BANEBERRY.  Flowers  in  a  very  short 
ovate  raceme  or  cluster,  on  slender  pedicels ;  berries  red. 

A.  alba,  WHITE  BANEBERRY.  Taller  than  the  other,  smoother,  and 
flowering  a  week  or  two  later,  with  an  oblong  raceme ;  pedicels  in  fruit  very 
thick,  turning  red,  the  berries  white. 

11.  CIMICIFTJGA,  BUGBANE.     (Latin  name,  meaning  to  drive  away 
-  bugs.)      1|.     Like  Baneberry,  but  tall,  with  very  long  racemes  (l°-3°),  and 

dry  pods  instead  of  berries  ;  fl.  in  summer. 

C.  racembsa,  TALL  B.  or  BLACK  SNAKEROOT.  Stem  with  the  long 
raceme  4°  -  8°  high ;  pistil  mostly  single,  with  a  flat-topped  stigma ;  short  pod 
holding  2  rows  of  horizontally  flattened  seeds.  Rich  woods. 

C.  Americana,  AMERICAN  B.  More  slender,  only  2° -4°  high;  pis- 
tils 5,  with  slender  style  and  minute  stigma  ;  pods  raised  from  the  receptacle 
on  slender  stalks,  flattish,  containing  few  scaly-coated  seeds.  Allcghanies  from 
Penn.  S. ;  fl.  late  summer. 

12.  CALTHA,  MARSH-MARIGOLD.     (Old  name,  from  a  word  mean- 
ing goblet,  of  no  obvious  application.)      1J.     One  common  species,  — 

C.  palustris,  MARSH-MARIGOLD,  wrongly  called  COWSLIPS  in  the 
country.  Stem  l°-2°  high,  bearing  one  or  more  rounded  or  somewhat  kid- 
ney-shaped entire  or  crenate  leaves,  and  a  few  flowers  with  showy  yellow  calyx, 
about  1^' across;  followed  by  a  cluster  of  many-seeded  pods.  Marshes,  in 
spring  ;  young  plant  boiled  for  "  greens." 

13.  TROLLITJS,    GLOBE-FLOWER.      (Name  of  obscure  meaning.) 
Flower  large,  like  that  of  Caltha,  but  sepals  not  spreading  except  in  our 
wild  species;  a  row  of  small  nectary-like  petals  around  the  stamens,  and  tha 
leaves  deeply  palmately  cleft  or  parted,      ij.     Fl.  spring. 

T.  laxus,  WILD  G.  Sepals  only  5  or  6,  spreading  wide  open,  yellowish 
or  dull  greenish-white ;  petals  very*  small,  seeming  like  abortive  'stamens. 
Swamps,  N.  &^  W. 

T.  Europseus,  TRUE  or  EUROPEAN  G.  Sepals  bright  yellow  (10-20) 
broad  and  converging  into  a  kind  of  globe,  the  flower  appearing  as  if  semi- 
double.  Cult,  from  Eu. 

T.  Asiaticus,  ASIATIC  G.  Like  the  last,  but  flower  rather  more  open 
and  deep  orange  yellow.  Cult,  from  Siberia. 

14.  COPTIS,  GOLDTHREAD.      (From  Greek  word   to  cut,  from    the 
divided  leaves.)      1J.     The  only  common  species  is,  — 

C.  trif61ia,  THREE-LEAVED  G.  A  delicate  little  plant,  in  bogs  and  damp 
cold  woods  N.,  sending  up  early  in  spring  single  white  flowers  (smaller  than 
those  of  Wood  Anemony)  on  slender  scapes,  followed  by  slender-stalked  leaves 
of  three  wedge-shaped  leaflets ;  these  become  bright-shining  in  summer,  and  last 
over  winter.  The  roots  or  underground  shoots  are  of  long  and  slender  yellow 
fibres,  used  as  a  popular  medicine. 

15.  HELLEBORUS,  HELLEBORE.      (Old  Greek  name,  alludes  to  the 
poisonous  properties.)      y.     European  plants,  with  pedate  leaves  and  pretty 
large  flowers,  in  early  spring. 

H.  viridis,  GREEN  H.,  has  stems  near  1°  high,  bearing  1  or  2  leaves  and 
2  or  3  pale  yellowish-green  flowers  :  run  wild  in  a  few  places  E. 

H.  niger,  BLACK  H.,  the  flower  called  CHRISTMAS  ROSE  (because  flow- 
ering in  warmer  parts  of  England  in  winter),  has  single  large  flowers  (2' -3' 
across,  white,  turning  pinkish,  then  green),  on  scapes  shorter  than  the  shining 
evergreen  leaves,  in  earliest  spring.  Rare  in  gardens. 


40  CROWFOOT    FAMILY. 

16.  NIGiELLA,  FENNEL-FLOWER.    (Name  from  the  black  seeds.)    (I) 
Garden  plants  from  Eu.  and  Orient ;  with  leafy  stems,  the  leaves  finely  di- 
vided, like  Fennel ;  known  by  having  the  5  ovaries  united  below  into  one 
5-styled  pod.     Seeds  large,  blackish,  spicy ;  have  been  used  as  a  substitute 
for  spice  or  pepper. 

N.  Damascena,  COMMON  F.  or  RAGGED-LADY.  Flower  bluish,  rather 
large,  surrounded  and  overtopped  by  a  finely-divided  leafy  involucre,  like  the 
other  leaves  ;  succeeded  by  a  smooth  inflated  5-celled  pod,  in  which  the  lining 
of  the  cells  separates  from  the  outer  part. 

N.  sativa,  NUTMEG-FLOWER.  Cult,  in  some  old  gardens ;  has  coarser 
leaves,  and  smaller  rough  pods. 

17.  AQTTILEGIA,  COLUMBINE.     (From  aquila,  an  eagle,  the  spurs  of 
the   petals   fancied   to   resemble   talons.)     1J.     Well-known,    large-flowered 
ornamental  plants  :  flowers  in  spring  and  early  summer,  usually  nodding,  so 
that  the  spurs  ascend. 

*  North  American  species,  with  long  straight  spurs  to  the  corolla. 

A.  Canad6nsis,  WILD  C.  Flowers  about  2'  long,  scarlet  and  orange, 
or  light  yellow  inside,  the  petals  with  a  very  short  lip  or  blade,  and  stamens 
projecting.  Common  on  rocks. 

A.  Skinneri,  MEXICAN  C.,  is  taller,  later,  and  considerably  larger-flow- 
ered than  the  last,  the  narrower  acute  sepals  usually  tinged  greenish ;  otherwise 
very  similar.  Cult. 

A.  caerulea,  LONG-SPURRED  C.,  native  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  lately 
introduced  to  gardens,  and  worthy  of  special  attention ;    has  blue  and  white 
flowers,  the  ovate  sepals  often  l£',  the  very  slender  spurs  2'  long,  the  blade  of 
the  petals  (white)  half  the  length  of  the  (mostly  blue)  sepals,  spreading. 
*  *  Old  World  species,  ivith  hooked  or  incurved  spurs  to  the  corolla. 

A.  vulgaris,  COMMON  GARDEN  C.  Cult,  in  all  gardens,  l°-3°  high, 
many-flowered ;  spurs  rather  longer  than  the  blade  or  rest  of  the  petal ;  pods 
pubescent.  Flowers  varying  from  blue  to  purple,  white,  &c.,  greatly  changed 
by  culture,  often  full  double,  with  spur  within  spur,  sometimes  all  changed 
into  a  rosette  of  plane  petals  or  sepals. 

A.  glandu!6sa,  GLANDULAR  C.  A  more  choice  species,  6'-l°  high, 
with  fewer  very  showy  deep  blue  flowers,  the  blade  of  the  petals  white  or  white- 
tipped  and  twice  the  length  of  the  short  spurs  ;  pods  and  summit  of  the  plant 
glandular-pubescent. 

A.  Sibirica,  SIBERIAN  C.  Equally  choice  with  the  last,  and  like  it  ; 
but  the  spurs  longer  than  the  mostly  white-tipped  short  blade,  as  well  as  tho 
pods,  &c.  smooth. 

18.  DELPHINIUM,  LARKSPUR.     (From  the  Latin  name  of  the  dol- 
phin, alluding  to  the  shape  of  the  flower.)     The  familiar  and  well-marked 
flower  of  this  genus  is  illustrated  in  Lessons,  p.  91,  94,  fig.  183,  184,  192. 

*  Garden  annuals  from  Eu.,  with  only  the  2  upper  petals,  united  info  one  body,  one 
pistil,  and  leaves  finely  and  much  divided:  fl.  summer  and  fall. 

D.  Cons61ida,  FIELD  L.  Escaped  sparingly  into  roadsides  and  fields  ; 
flowers  scattered  on  the  spreading  branches,  blue,  varying  to  pink  or  white; 
pod  smooth. 

D.  Ajacis,  ROCKET  L.  More  showy,  in  gardens,  and  with  similar  flowers 
crowded  in  a  long  close  raceme,  and  downy  pods  ;  spur  shorter  :  some  marks  on 
the  front  of  the  united  petals  were  fancied  to  read  AIAI  —  Ajax. 

#  *  Perennials,  with  4  separate  petals  and  2-5,  mostly  3  pistils. 

D.  grandifl.6rum,  GREAT-FL.  L.  of  the  gardens,  from  Siberia  and  China, 
is  l°-2°  high,  with  leaves  cut  into  narrower  linear  divisions  ;  blue  flowers,  H' 
or  more  across,  with  ample  oval  sepals,  and  the  2  lower  petals  rounded  and 
entire.  Various  in  color,  also  double-flowered  ;  summer. 

D.  ch.eUanth.um,  of  which  T).  FORMOSUM,  SHOWY  L.,  is  one  of  the 
various  garden  forms,  also  Siberian,  is  commonly  still  larger-flowered,  deep 


CROWFOOT    FAMILY.  41 

blue,  with  lower  petals  also  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  the  mostly  downy  leaves  have 
fewer  and  lanceolate  or  wedge-lanceolate  divisions ;  is  now  much  mixed  and 
crossed  with  others  :  summer. 

D.  azureum,  AZURE  L.  Wild  S.  &  W.,  often  downy,  l°-3°  high,  with 
narrow  linear  divisions  to  the  leaves,  and  a  spike-like  raceme  of  rather  small, 
azure,  pale-blue,  or  sometimes  white  flowers,  in  spring  ;  sepals  and  2-cleft  lower 
petals  ol)long.  Var.  with  full-double  flowers  in  gardens  :  summer. 

D.  tricorne,  DWARF  WILD  L.  Open  woods  from  Penn.  W.  &  S.  : 
about  1°  high  from  a  branched  tuberous  root;  has  broader  linear  lobes  to  the 
leaves,  and  a  loose  raceme  of  few  or  several  rather  large  showy  flowers,  deep 
blue  or  sometimes  white,  in  spring  ;  sepals  and  cleft  lower  petals  oblong  ;  pods 
strongly  diverging. 

D.  exaltatum,  TALL  WILD  L.,  is  the  wild  species  (from  Penn.  W.  &  S.) 
most  resembling  the  next,  3° -5°  high,  but  the  less  handsome  flowers  and 
panicled  racemes  hoary  or  downy  :  fl.  summer. 

D.  elatum,  BEE  LARKSPUR.  Cult,  from  Eu.  :  3°  -  6°  high,  with  broad 
leaves  5  -  7-cleft  beyond  the  middle,  and  the  divisions  cut  into  sharp  lobes  or 
teeth  ;  many  flowers  (iri  summer)  in  a  long  wand-like  raceme,  blue  or  purplish  ; 
the  2-cleft  lower  petals  prominently  yellowish-bearded  in  the  common  garden 
form.  There  are  many  varieties  and  mixtures  with  other  species,  some  doubie- 
flowcred. 

19.  ACONITTJM,  ACONITE,  WOLFSBANE,  MONKSHOOD.    (An- 
cient name.)      1J.     Hoot  thick,  tuberous  or  turnip-shaped,  a  virulent  poison 
and  medicine.     Leaves  palmatcly  divided  or  cleft  and  cut-Iobed.     Flowers 
showy  :  the  large  upper  sepal  from  its  shape  is  called  the  casque  or  helmet. 
Under  it  are  two  long-stalked  queer  little  bodies  which  answer  for  petals. 
See  Lessons,  p.  92,  fig.  185,  186,  193.     The  following  are  all  cult,  from  Eu. 
for  ornament,  except  the  first :  fl.  summer. 

A.  uncinatum,  WILD  A.  or  MONKSHOOD.  Stem  slender,  3° -5°,  erect, 
but  bending  over  above,  as  if  inclined  to  climb;  leaves  cleft  or  parted  in  to 
3-5  ovate  or  wedge-lanceolate  cut-toothed  lobes  ;  flowers  loosely  panicled,  blue  ; 
the  roundish  helmet  nearly  as  broad  as  high,  its  pointed  visor  turned  down. 
Low  grounds,  from  Penn.  S.  &  W. 

A.  variegatum,  VARIEGATED  A.  Erect ;  leaves  divided  to  the  base 
into  rather  broad-lobed  and  cut  divisions  ;  flowers  in  a  loose  panicle  or  raceme, 
blue  and  often  variegated  with  white  or  whitish  ;  the  helmet  considerably  higher 
than  wide,  its  top  curved  forward,  its  pointed  visor  ascending  or  horizontal. 

A.  Napellus,  TRUE  MONKSHOOD  or  OFFICINAL  ACONITE.  Erect, 
from  a  turnip-shaped  root ;  leaves  divided  to  the  base  and  then  2-3  times  cleft 
into  linear  lobes  ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  close  raceme,  blue  (also  a  white  variety) ; 
helmet  ^roacl  and  low. 

A.  Anthora,  a  low  species,  with  very  finely  divided  leaves,  and  crowded 
yellow  flowers,  the  broad  helmet  rather  high,  occurs  in  some  old  gardens. 

20.  P^IONIA,  PJEONY.    (Ancient  name,  after  a  Greek  physician,  Pceon.) 
1J.     Well-known  large-flowered  ornamental  plants,  cult,  from  the  Old  World. 
Leaves  ternately  decompound.     Roots  thickened  below. 

*  Herbs,  with  single-flowered  stems,  in  spring,  and  downy  pods. 

P.  officinalis,  COMMON  P.  Very  smooth,  and  with  large  coarsely  di- 
vided green  leaves  ;  the  great  flowers  red,  white,  &c.,  single  or  very  double. 

P.  peregrina,  of  Eu.,  in  the  gardens  called  P.  PARODOXA,  has  leaves 
glaucous  and  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  and  smaller  flowers  than  the  last, 
rose-red,  &c.,  generally  full  double,  and  petals  cut  and  fringed. 

P.  tenuif61ia,  SLENDER-LEAVED  P.  of  Siberia,  is  low,  with  early  crimson- 
red  flowers,  and  narrow  linear  divisions  to  the  leaves. 

*  *  Herbs,  ivith  sivcral-jlowered  stems,  in  summer,  and  smooth  pods. 

P.  albifl6ra,  WIIITE-FL.  or  FRAGRANT  P.,  or  CHINESE  P.     Very  smooth 
about  .'5°  high,  with  bright  green  foliage,  and  white  or  rose-colored,  often  sweet- 
scented,  rather  small  flowers,  single,  also  double,  and  with  purple  varieties. 
S&F— 13 


42  MAGNOLIA    FAMILY. 

*  *  *  ShniUn/  :  fl.  in  spring  and  early  summer. 

P.  Moutan,  TREK  P/-KONY,  of  China.  Stems  2° -3°  high;  leaves  palo 
and  glaucous,  ample-  flowers  very  large  (6'  or  more  across),  white  with  purple 
base,  or  rose-color,  single  or  double  ;  the  disk,  which  iit  other  species  is  a  mere 
ring,  in  this  forms  a  thin-fleshy  sac  or  covering,  enclosing  the  5  or  more  ovaries, 
but" bursting,  and  falling  away  as  the  pods  grow. 

2.  MAGNOLIACE^E,  MAGNOLIA  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  aromatic  bitter  bark,  simple  mostly  entire 
alternate  leaves,  and  solitary  flowers ;  the  sepals  and  petals  on  the 
receptacle  and  usually  in  threes,  but  together  occupying  more  than 
I  wo  ranks,  and  imbricated  in  the  bud;  pistils  and  mostly  the  sta- 
mens numerous,  the  latter  with  adnate  anthers  (Lessons,  p.  113,  fig. 
233) ;  and  seeds  only  1  or  2  in  each  carpel ;  the  embryo  small  in 
albumen. 

I.  Stipules  to  the  leaves  forming  the  bud-scales,  and  falling  early. 
Flowers  perfect,  large.     Stamens  and  pistils  many  on  a  long  recep- 
tacle or  axis,  the  carpels  imbricated  over  eacb  other  and  cohering 
into  a  ma^s,  forming  a  sort  of  cone  in  fruit.     These  are  the  charac- 
ters of  the  true  Magnolia  Family,  of  which  we  have  two  genera. 

1.  LIRIODKNDRON.     Sepals  3,  reflexed.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  of  6  broad  green- 

ish-orange petals.  Stamens  almost  equalling  the  petals,  with  slender  fila- 
ments, and  long  anthers  opening  outwards.  Carpels  thin  and  scale-form, 
closely  packed  over  each  other,  dry  in  fruit,  and  after  ripening  separating 
nnd  falling  away  from  the  slender  axis  ;  the  wing-like  portion  answering  to 
style;  the  small  seed-bearing  cell  at  the  base  and  indehiscent.  Leaf-buds 
flat  :  stipules  free  from  the  petiole. 

2.  MAGNOLIA.     Sepals  3.     Petals  G  or  9.     Stamens  short,  with  hardly  any  fil- 

aments :  anthers  opening  inwards.  Carpels  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit  and 
forming  a  red  or  rose-colored  cone,  each  when  ripe  (in  autumn)  splitting 
down  the  back  and  discharging  1  or  2  coral-red  berry-like  seeds,  which  hang 
on  extensile  cobwebby  threads.  Stipules  united  with  the  base  of  the  petiole, 
falling  as  the  leaves  unfold. 

II.  Stipules  none.     Here  are  two  Southern  plants  which  bave 
been  made  the  representatives  of  as  many  small  orders. 

3.  ILLICIUM.     Flowers  perfect.     Petals  9 -30.     Stamens  many,  separate.     Pis- 

tils several  in  one  row,  forming  a  ring  of  almost  woody  little  pods. 

4.  SCHIZANDRA.     Flowers  monoecious.     Petals  mostly  6.     Stamens  5,  united 

into  a  disk  or  button-shaped  body,  which  bears  10  anthers  on  the  edges  of 
the  5  lobes.  Pistils  many  in  a  head,  which  lengthens  into  a  spike  of  scattered 
red  berries. 

1.  LIRIODENDRON,  TULIP-TREE  (which  is  the  meaning  of  the 
botanical  name  in  Greek).     Only  one  species, 

TLJ.  Tulipifera.  A  tall,  very  handsome  tree,  in  rich  soil,  commonest  W., 
where  it,  or  the  light  and  soft  lumber  (much  used  in  cabinet-work),  is  called 
WHITE-WOOD,  and  even  POPLAR;  planted  for  ornament;  fl.  late  in  spring, 
yellow  with  greenish  and  orange.  Leaves  with  2  short  side-lobes,  and  the  end 
as  if  cut  off. 

2.  MAGNOLIA.     (Named  for  the  botanist  MagnoL]      Some  species  are 
called  UMBRELLA-TREES,  from  the  way  the  leaves  are  placed  on  the  end  of 
the  shoots ;  others,  CUCUMBER-TREES,  from  the  appearance  of  the  young  fruit. 

*  Native  trees  of  this  country,  often  planted  for  ornament. 

M.  grandiflbra,  GREAT-FLOWERED  MAGNOLIA  of  S.,  half-hardy  in  the 
Middle  States.  The  only  perfectly  evergreen  species  ;  splendid  tree  with 


CUSTARD-APPLE    FAMILY.  43 

coriaceous  oblong  or  obovate  leaves,  shining  above,  mostly  rusty  beneath  ;  the 
flowers  very  fragrant,  white,  very  much  larger  than  the  next,  in  spring. 

M.  glatica,  SMALL  M.  or  SWEET  BAY.  Wild  in  swamps  N.  to  New  Jersey 
and  Mass. ;  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  the  oblong  obtuse  leaves  white  or 
glaucous  beneath,  and  globular  white  and  fragrant  flowers  (2' -3'  wide),  in 
summer.  The  leaves  are  thiekish  and  almost  evergreen,  quite  so  far  south. 

M.  acuminata,  CUCUMBER  M.  or  CUCUMBER-TREE.  Wild  from  N.  Y. 
W.  &  S. ;  a  stately  tree,  with  the  leaves  thin,  green,  oblong,  acute  or  pointed 
at  both  ends,  and  somewhat  downy  beneath,  and  pale  yellowish-green  flowers 
(3'  broad),  late  in  spring. 

M.  cordata,  YELLOW  CUCUMBER  M.,  of  Georgia,  hardy  even  in  New 
England;  like  the  last,  but  a  small  tree  with  the  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  seldom 
cordate  ;  and  the  flowers  lemon-yellow. 

M.  macrophylla,  GREAT-LEAVED  M.,  of  Carolina,  nearly  hardy  N.  to 
Mass.  A  small  tree,  with  leaves  very  large  (2° -3°  long),  obovate-oblong  with 
a  cordate  base,  downy  and  white  beneath,  and  an  immense  opcn-bcllshapcd 
white  flower  (8' -12' wide  when  outspread),  somewhat  fragrant,  in  early  sum- 
mer ;  petals  ovate,  with  a  purple  spot  at  the  base. 

M.  Umbrella,  UMBRELLA  M.  (also  called  M.  TRIPETALA).  Wild  in  Pcnn. 
and  southward.  A  low  tree,  with  the  leaves  on  the  end  of  the  flowering 
branches  crowded  in  an  umbrella-like  circle,  smooth  and  green  both  sides,  obo- 
vate-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  l°-2°  long,  surrounding  a  large  white 
flower,  in  spring;  the  p<gpfti  2i'  — 3' long,  obovatc-lanccolate  and  acute,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base ;  the  ovadfllBMftone  of  fruit  showy  in  autumn,  rose-red, 
4'  -  5'  long. 

M.  Fraseri,  EAK-LE.WED  TTM:;I:!:LLA  M.  (also  called  M.  AUKICUL\TA). 
Wild  from  Virginia  S.,  "he  last,  and  like  it;  but  a  taller  tree,  with  the 

leaves  seldom  1°  long  ajuA  ayrick-d  on  each  side  at  the  base,  the  white  obovatc- 
spatulate  petals  moro  JUirrowejJ  U-iow  into  a  claw  ;  cone  of  fruit  smaller. 
#  #|  Cfencse  and  Japanese  species. 

M.  COnspicua,  YULAN  of  the  Chinese,  half-hardy  in  N.  States.  A  small 
tree,  with  very  large  white  flowers  appearing  before  any  of  the  leaves,  which 
arc  obovate,  pointedj.iirielrdowny  when  young. 

M.  Soulangeana  is  a  hybrid  of  this  with  the  next,  more  hardy  and  the 
petals  tinged  \v\tU  purple. 

M.  purpurea-,  f^JftPLE  M.  of  Japan,  hardy  N.  A  shrub,  the  showy 
flowers  (pink-purple  otiWide,  white  within)  beginning  to  appear  before  the  leaves, 
which  are  obovate  or  oval,  and  bright  dark  green. 

3.  ILLIJQITJTSr,  STAR-ANISE.     (From  a  Latin  word,  meaning  to  entice.) 
Shruhs,  aromatic,  especially  the  bark  and  pods,  with  evergi'een  oblong  leaves. 
I.  aiii&&fu&l'»  of  China,  which  yields  an  oil  of  anise,  has  small  yellowish 

flow,  ire  greenhouses. 

I  •^Hj^HHrom,  WILD  ANISE-TREE,  of  Florida,  &c. ;  has  larger  dark 
pui'l^H^^^Vt  20  -  30  narrow  petals,  in  spring. 

4.  SCTFIIKANDRA.     (Name  from  two  Greek  words,  means  cut-stamens.) 
J.  fcocoinca,  a  twining  shrub  of  S.  States,  scarcely  at  all  aromatic,  with 

r  oblong  leaves,  and  small  crimson-purple  flowers,  in  spring. 

.NONAGES,  CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY. 

or  shrubs,  with  3  sepals  and  6  petals  in  two  sets,  each  set 
in  the  bud,  and  many  short  stamens  on  the  receptacle,  sur- 
several   pistils,  which   ripen   into   pulpy  fruit  containing 
and  flat  bony  seeds.      P^mbryo  small;    the  albumen  which 
the  bulk  of  the  kernel  appears  as  if  cut  up  into  small  pieces, 
jliage  and  properties  resembling  Magnolia   Family,   but  seldom 
lunatic,  and  no  stipules.     All  tropical,  except  the  single  genus 


44  BARBERRY    FAMILY. 

1.  ASIMINA,  TAPAW  of  U.  S.  (Creole  name.)  Petals  grecni.  h  or 
yellowish,  becoming  dark  dull  purple  as  they  enlarge  ;  the  3  inner  small. 
Pistils  few  in  the  centre  of  the  globular  head  of  anthers,  making  one  or 
more  large,  oblong,  pulpy  fruits,  sweet  and  eatable  when  over-ripe  in  autumn. 
Flowers  in  early  spring  preceding  the  leaves. 
A.  triloba,  COMMON  PAPAW  (wholly  different  from  the  true  Papaw  of  \V. 

Ind.'),  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  wild  "W.  &  S.  and  sometimes  planted,  with  olx>- 

vate-lanceolate  leaves,  and  banana-shaped  fruit  3'  -  4'  long. 

A.  parvifl6ra  is  a  small-flowered,  and  A.  grandiflbra  a  large-flowered 

species  of  S.  E.  States,  both  small-fruited,  and  A.  pygmssa  is  a  dwarf  one 

with  nearly  evergreen  leaves  far  South. 

4.   MENISPERMACE^I,  MOONSEED  FAMILY. 

"Woody  or  partly  woody  twiners,  with  small  dioecious  flowers; 
their  sepals  and  petals  much  alike,  and  one  before  the  other  (usu- 
ally 6  petals  before  as  many  sepals)  ;  as  many  or  2  —  o  times  as 
many  stamens ;  and  2-6  pistils,  ripening  into  1 -seeded  little  stone- 
fruits  or  drupes  ;  the  stone  curved,  commonly  into  a  wrinkled  or 
ridged  ring ;  the  embryo  curved  with  the^atonc.  Leaves  palmate 
or  peltate  :  no  stipules.  Anthers  commoulyuA-lobed. 

1.  COCCULUS.     Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  each  G. 

2.  MENISPERMUM.     Sepals  and  petals  G  or  8.    Stamens  in  sterile  flowers  12  -  20. 

1.  COCCULUS.     (Name  means  a  little  berry.)    Only  one  species  in  IT.  S. 
C.  Carolinus,  CAROLINA  C.     Somewhat  uo\vny  Heaves  ovate  or  heart- 
shaped,  -entire  or  sinuate-lobed  ;    flowers  greenish,  in  summer ;   fruits  red,  as 
large  as  peas.     From  Virginia  S.  &  W.  ,£ 

2.  MENISPBRMUM,    MOONSKED.      (Xamo  from  the  shape  of  the 
stone  of  the  fruit.)     Only  one  species, 

M.  Canadense,  CANADIAN:  MOONSKKD.  Almost  smnntn  :  leaves  peltate 
near  the  edge;  flowers  white,  in  late  summer;  fruits  bLi<-k;  ln<.kin:r  like  small 
grapes. 

5.   BERBERIDACE^,  BARBERRY  FAMILY. 

Known  generally  by  the  perfect  flowers,  having  a  petal  before 
each  sepal,  and  a  stamen  before  each  petal,  with  anther  opening 
by  a  pair  of  valves  like  trapdoors,  hinged  at  the  top  (l>>sons, 
p.  114,  fig.  236),  and  a  single  simple  pistil.  But  No.  C  has  nu- 
merous stamens,  5  and  G  have  more  petals  than  sepals,  and  the 
anthers  of  2  and  6  open  lengthwise,  in  the  ordinary  way.  Tlajre 
are  commonly  bracts  or  outer  sepals  behind  the  true  ones.  All  blos- 
som in  spring,  or  the  true  Barberries  in  early  summer. 
*  Shrubs  or  shrubby  :  stamens  6  :  berry  few-seedtd. 

1.  BERBERIS.     Flowers  yellow,  in  racemes  :  petals  with  two  deep-coloured  spots 

at  the  base.    Leaves  simple,  or  simply  pinnate.    Wood  and  inner  bark yellow. 
Leaves  with  sharp  bristly  or  spiny  teeth. 

2.  NANDINA.     Flowers  white,  in  pamcles  :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.    Leave* 

twice  or  thrice  pinnate. 

*  #  Perennial  herbs. 

M-  With  one  to  three  twice  or  thrice  ternately  compound  leaves. 

8.   EPIMEDIUM.     Stamens  4.     Petals  4  hollow  spurs  or  hoods.     Pod  seve^H 
seeded.     Leaflets  with  bristly  teeth. 


BARBERRY   FAMILY.  45 

4.  CAULOPHYLLUM.     Stamens  6.     Petals  6  broad  and  thickish  bodies  much 

shorter  than  the  sepals.  Ovary  bursting  or  disappearing  early,  leaving  the 
two  ovules  to  develop  into  naked  berry -like,  or  rather  drupe-like,  spherical 
seeds  on  thick  stalks. 

•»-  -*-  With  simply  2  -  Q-jjarted  leavts,  and  solitary  while  flowers  :  sepals  falling  when 
the  blossom  opens.     Seeds  numerous,  parietal.     Pistils  rarely  inure  than  one  ! 

5.  JEFFERSONlA.    Flower  on  a  scape,  rather  preceding  the  2-parted  root-leaves. 

Petals  (oblong)  and  stamens  mostly  8.  Fruit  an  ovate  pod,  opening  by  a 
cross-line  hall-way  round,  the  top  forming  a  conical  lid.  Seeds  with  an 
aril  on  one  side. 

6.  PODOPHYLLUM.     Flower  in  the  fork  between  the  two  peltate  5  -  9-parted 

leaves  :  root-leaf  single  and  peltate  in  the  middle,  umbrella-like.  Petals 
G  -  9,  large  and  broad.  Stamens  usually  12-18.  Fruit  an  oval,  large  and 
sweet,  eatable  berry  ;  the  seeds  imbedded  in  the  pulp  of  the  large  parietal 
placenta. 

1.  BERBEEIS,  BARBERRY.     (Old  Arabic  name.)     The  two  sorts  or 
sections  have  sometimes  been  regarded  as  distinct  genera. 

§  1.  TRUE  BARBERRY  ;  ivith  simple  leaves,  clustered  in  the  axil  of  compound  spines. 

B.  Vlllgaris,  COMMON  B.  of  Eu.  Planted,  and  run  wild  in  thickets  and 
by  roadsides ;  has  drooping  many-llowered  racemes,  and  oblong  red  and  sour 
borries  ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  fringed  with  closely-set  bristly  teeth,  with  a  joint 
in  the  very  short  petiole  (like  that  in  an  orange-leal'),  clustered  in  the  axils  of 
triple  or  miltiple  spines,  which  answer  to  leaves  of  the  shoot  of  the  previous 
season  (see  Lessons,  p.  51,  lig.  78). 

B.  Canadensis,  WILD  B.  In  the  Alleghanics  from  Virginia  S.,  and  rarely 
cult.,  a  low  bush,  with  few-flowered  racemes,  oval  red  berries,  and  less  bristly 
or  toothed  leaves. 

§  2.  MAHONIA  ;  with  pinnate  and  evergreen  leaves,  spiny-toothed  leaflets,  and 
clustered  racemes  of  early  spring  Jlowers :  berries  blue  or  black  ivith  a 
bloom.  Planted  for  ornament. 

B.  Aquifolium,  HOLLY  B.  or  MAHOXIA,  from  Oregon,  £c.,  rises  to 
3°  -4°  high  ;  leaflets  5  -  9,  shining,  finely  reticulated. 

B.  repens,  CHEEPING  or  Low  M.,  from  Rocky  Mountains,  is  more  hardy, 
rises  only  1°  or  less,  and  has  rounder,  usually  fewer,  pale  or  glaucous  leaflets.' 

B.  nervosa,  also  called  GLUM\CEA,  from  the  husk-like  long  and  pointed 
bud-scales  at  the  end  of  the  stems,  which  rise  only  a  few  inches  above  the  ground  ; 
leaflets  11-21,  along  the  strongly-jointed  stalk,  lance-ovate,  several-ribbed  from 
the  base.  Also  from  Oregon. 

B.  Japonica,  JAPAN  M.,  tall,  rising  fully  6°  high,  the  rigid  leaflets  with 
only  3  or  4  strong  spiny  teeth  on  each  side,  is  coming  into  ornamental  grounds. 

2.  NANDINA.     (The  native  Japanese  name.)     A  single  species,  viz. 

N.  domestica.  Cult,  in  cool  greenhouse,  &c.,  from  Japan  :  very  com- 
pound large  leaves  :  the  berries  more  ornamental  than  the  blossoms. 

3.  EPIMEDIUM,  BARREN-WORT.     (Old  Greek  name,  of  uncertain 
meaning.)     Low  herbs,  with  neat  foliage  :  cult,  for  ornament. 

E.  Alpinum,  of  European  Alps,  has  a  panicle  of  odd-looking  small  flowers  ; 
the  yellow  petals  not  larger  than  the  reddish  sepals. 

E.  macranthum,  LARGE-FLOWERED  E.  of  Japan,  with  similar  foliage, 
has  large  white  flowers  with  very,  long-spurred  petals. 

4.  CAULOPHYLLUM,  COHOSII.     The  only  species  of  the  genus  is 

C.  thalictroides,  BLUE  COIIOSH.     Wild  in  woods,  with  usually  only  one 
stem-leaf  and  that  close  to  the  top  of  the  naked  stem  (whence  the  name  of  the 
genus,  meaning  stem-leaf),  and  thrice  ternate,  but,  having  no  common  petiole,  it 
looks  like  three  leaves  ;  and  there  is  a  larger  and  more  compound  radical  leaf, 
with  a  long  petiole.     The  leaves  are  glaucous  and  resemble  those  of  Tltalii-trniu 
(as  the  specific  name  indicates),  but  the  leaflets  are  larger.     Seeds  verv  hard, 
with  a  thin  blue  pulp. 


4G  WATER-LILY    FAMILY. 

6.   JEFPERS6NIA,  TWIN-LEAF.     (Named  for  Thomas  Jefferson.) 

J.  diphylla,  sometimes  called  KHEUMAT  ISM-ROOT.  Wild  in  rich  woods, 
W.  &  S.,  sometimes  cult. ;  the  pretty  white  flower  and  the  leaves  both  long- 
stalked,  from  the  ground,  appearing  in  early  spring. 

6.   PODOPHYLLUM,  MAY-APPLE,  or  MANDRAKE.    (Name  means 
foot-leaf,  the  5  -  7 -parted  leaf  likened  to  a  webbed-foot.) 

P.  pelt£tum.  Wild  in  rich  soil :  the  long  running  rootstocks  (which  are 
poisonous  and  medicinal)  send  up  in  spring  some  stout  stalks  terminated  by  a 
large,  7  -9-lobed,  regular,  umbrella-shaped  leaf  (i.  e.  peltate  in  the  middle),  and 
some  which  bear  two  one-sided  leaves  (peltate  near  their  inner  edge),  with  a  large 
white  flower  nodding  in  the  fork.  The  sweet  pulpy  fruit  as  large  as  a  pullet's 
egg,  ripe  in  summer  :  rarely  2  or  more  to  one  flower. 

6. '^NYMPELffiSACRaS,  WATER-LILY  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  the  leaves  which  float  on  the 
surface  of  the  water  or  rise  above  it  mostly  peltate  or  roundish- 
heart-shaped,  their  margins  inrolled  in  the  bud,  long-petioled  ;  axil- 
lary 1 -flowered  peduncles  ;  sepals  and  petals  hardly  ever  5,  the 
latter  usually  numerous  and  imbricated  in  many  rows.  The  genera 
differ  so  widely  in  their  botanical  characters  that  they  must  be 
described  separately.  One  of  them  is  the  famous  Amazon  Water- 
Lily,  VICTORIA  REGIA,  with  floating  leaves  3  feet  or  more  in  diam- 
eter, and  the  magnificent  flowers  almost  in  proportion;  while  the 
dull  flowers  of  Water-shield  are  only  half  an  inch  long. 

1.  BRASENIA.     Sepals  and  petals  each  3  or  4,  narrow,  and  much  alike,  dull  pur- 

ple. Stamens  12-18  :  filaments  slender.  Pistils  4  -18,  forming  iudehisceut 
1  -  3-seeded  pods.  All  the  parts  separate  and  persistent.  Ovules  commonly 
on  the  dorsal  suture !  Embryo,  &c.  as  in  Water-Lily. 

2.  NELUMBIUM.     Sepals  and  petals  many  and  passing  gradually  into  each  other, 

deciduous.  Stamens  very  many,  on  the  receptacle,  the  upper  part  of  which 
is  enlarged  into  a  top-shaped  body,  bearing  a  dozen  or  more  ovaries,  eacli 
tipped  with  a  flat  stigma  and  separately  immersed  in  as  many  hollows.  (Les- 
sons, p.  126,  fig.  284.)  In  fruit  these  form  1-seeded  nuts,  resembling  small 
acorns.  The  whole  kernel  of  the  seed  is  embryo,  a  pair  of  flesh}'  and  farina- 
ceous cotyledons  enclosing  a  plumule  of  2  or  3  rudimentary  green  leaves. 

3.  N  YAIPKLEA.     Sepals  4,  green  outside.     Petals  numerous,  many  times  4,  pass- 

ing somewhat  gradually  into  the  numerous  stamens  (Lessons,  p.  99,  fig.  198): 
both  organs  grow  attached  to  the  globular  many-celled  ovary,  the  former 
to  its  sides  which  they  cover,  the  latter  borne 'on  its  depressed  summit. 
Around  a  little  knob  at  the  top  of  the  ovary  the  numerous  stigmas  radiate  as 
in  a  poppy-head,  ending  in  long  and  narrow  incurved  lobes.  Fruit  like  the 
ovary  enlarged,  still  covered  by  the  decaying  persistent  bases  of  the  petals  : 
numerous  seeds  cover  the  partitions.  Ripe  seeds  each  in  an  arillus  or  bag 
open  at  the  top.  (Lessons,  p.  135,  fig.  318.)  Embryo,  like  that  of  Nelumbium 
on  a  very  small  scale,  but  enclosed  in  a  bag,  and  at  the  end  of  the  kernel,  the 
rest  of  which  is  mealy  albumen. 

4.  NUPHAR.     Sepals  usually  6  or  5,  partly  green  outside.     Petals  many  small 

and  thickish  bodies  inserted  under  the  ovary  along  with  the  very  numerous 
short  stamens.  Ovary  naked,  truncate  at  the  top,  which  is  many-rayed  by 
stigmas,  fleshy  in  fruit:  the  internal  structure  as  in  Nymphsea,  only  there  is 
no  arillus  to  the  seeds. 

1.  BBASENIA,  WATER-SHIELD.    (Name  unexplained.)    One  species, 

B.  pelt&ta.  In  still,  rather  deep  water  :  stems  rising  to  the  surface,  slen- 
der, coated  with  clear  jelly,  bearing  floating  oval  centrally-peltate  leaves  (21  -3' 
long),  and  purplish  small* flowers,  produced  all  summer. 

2.  NELUMBIUM,  NELUMBO.     (Ccyloncsc  name.)     Rootstocks  inter- 
rupted and  tuberous,  sending  up,  usually  out  of  water,  very  long  petioles  and 


PITCHKR-PLANT    FAMILY.  47 

peduncles,  bearing  very  large  (l°-2°  wide)  and  more  or  less  dish-shaped  or 

cup-shaped  centrally-peltate  entire  leaves,  and  great  flowers  (5' -10'  broad), 

in  summer.     Seeds,  also  the  tubers,  eatable. 

N.  lufceum,  YELLOW  N.  or  WATER  CHINQUEPIN.  Common  W.  &  S.  : 
introduced,  by  Indians  perhaps,  at  Sodus  Bay,  N.  Y.,  Lyme,  Conn.,  and  below 
Philadelphia.  Flower  pale  dull  yellow  :  anther  hook-tipped. 

N.  specibsum,  SHOWY  N.,  LOTUS  or  SACRED  BEAN  of  India,  with 
pinkish  flowers  and  blunter  anthers  :  cult,  in  choice  conservatories. 

3.  NYMPH^SA,    WATER-LILY,    POND-LILY.     (Dedicated  to  the 
Water-Nymphs.)     Long  prostrate  rootstocks,  often  as  thick  as  one's  arm, 
send  up  floating  leaves  (rounded  and  with  a  narrow  cleft  nearly  or  quite  to 
the  petiole)  and  large  handsome  flowers,  produced  all  summer :  these  close  in 
the  afternoon  :  the  fruit  ripens  under  water. 

N.  Odorata,  SWEET-SCENTED  WHITE  W.  Common  in  still  or  slow 
water,  especially  E.  Flower  richly  sweet-scented,  white,  or  sometimes  pinkish, 
rarely  pink-red,  variable  in  size,  as  are  the  leaves ;  seeds  oblong. 

1ST.  tuberbsa,  TUBER-BEARING  W.  Common  through  the  Great  Lakes, 
and  W.  &  S.  Flower  nearly  scentless  (its  faint  odor  like  that  of  apples), 
pure  white,  usually  larger  (4' -9'  in  diameter),  as  are  also  the  leaves  (8' -15' 
wide) ;  petals  broader  and  blunter ;  seeds  almost  globular ;  rootstock  bearing 
copious  tubers  like  "  artichokes,"  attached  by  a  narrow  neck  and  spontaneously 
separating. 

N.  CSDrulea,  BLUE  W.,  of  Egypt,  &c.,  cult,  in  aquaria  ;  a  tender  species, 
with  eremite-toothed  leaves,  and  blue  or  bluish  sweet-scented  flowers,  the  petals 
fewer  and  acute. 

4.  J^tlPHAR,  YELLOW  POND-LILY,  or  SPATTER-DOCK.     (Old 
Greek  name. )     Rootstock,  &c.  as  in  Nymphaja :    leaves  often  rising  out  of 
water :  flowers  by  no  means  showy,  yellow,  sometimes  purplish-tinged,  pro- 
duced all  summer  :  fruit  ripening  above  water. 

"N.  advena  is  the  common  species,  everywhere ;  has  6  unequal  sepals  or 
sometimes  more  ;  petals,  or  what  answer  to  them,  truncate,  shorter  than  the 
stamens  and  resembling  them  ;  the  thickish  leaves  rounded  or  ovate-oblong. 

N.  luteum,  rare  N. ;  has  smaller  flowers,  with  5  sepals,  petals  dilated 
upwards  and  more  conspicuous,  and  a  globular  fruit  with  a  narrow  neck  : 
the  var.  pumilum,  a  small  variety,  has  flowers  only  1',  and  leaves  l'-5'  in 
diameter  ;  rather  common  N. 

N.  sagittifblia,  ARROW-LEAVED  N.,  from  North  Carolina  S. ;  has  sagit- 
tate leaves  (1°  by  2'),  and  6  sepals.  This  and  the  last  produce  their  earlier 
leaves  under  water  and  very  thin. 

7.  SARRACENIACE^l,  PITCHER-PLANT  FAMILY. 

Consists  of  one  South  American  plant,  of  the  curious  DARLING- 
TONIA  CALIFORNICA  in  the  mountains  of  California,  and  of  the 
following  :  — 

1.  SARRACENIA.  (Named  for  Dr.  Sarrasin  of  Quebec.)  SIDESADDLE- 
FLOWER,  a  most  unmeaning  popular  name.  Leaves  all  radical  from  a  per- 
ennial root,  and  in  the  form  of  hollow  tubes  or  pitchers,  winged  down  the 
inner  side,  open  at  the  top,  where  there  is  a  sort  of  arching  blade  or  hood. 
The  whole  foliage  yellowish  green  or  purplish.  Scape  tall,  naked,  bearing  a 
single  large  nodding  flower,  in  early  summer.  Sepals  5,  with  3  bractlets  at 
the  base,  colored,  persistent.  Petals  5,  fiddle-shaped,  incurved  over  the  pel- 
tate and  umbrella-shaped  5-anglcd  petal-like  great  top  to  the  style.  Stamens 
very  numerous.  Ovary  5-celled.  Pod  many-seeded,  rough-warty. 
S.  purpurea,  PURPLE  S.  or  PITCHER-PLANT  of  the  North,  where  it  is 
common  in  bogs.  Leaves  pitcher-shaped,  open,  with  an  erect  round-heart- 
shaped  hood  and  a  broad  side-wing,  purple-veiny  ;  flower  deep  purple. 


48  POPPY   FAMILY. 

S.  rubra,  RED-FLOWERED  TRUMPET-LEAF  of  S.  States  :  sometimes  cult, 
in  greenhouses.  Leaves  trumpet-shaped,  slender,  a  foot  long,  with  a  narrow 
wing  and  an  erect  ovate  pointed  hood ;  flower  crimson-purple. 

S.  Dmmmbndii,  GREAT  TRUMPET-LEAF  of  Florida  :  sometimes  cult. 
Leaves  much  like  the  last,  but  2°  or  3°  long,  upper  part  of  the  tube  and  the 
roundish  erect  hood  variegated  and  purple-veiny ;  and  the  deep-purple  flower 
very  large. 

S.  psittacina,  PARROT  PITCHER-PLANT  of  S.  States,  and  rarely  cult. 
Leaves  short  and  spreading,  with  a  narrow  tube,  a  broad  wing,  and  an  inflated 
globular  hood,  which  is  incurved  over  the  mouth  of  the  tube,  spotted  with  white ; 
flower  purple. 

S.  variolaris,  SPOTTED  TRUMPET-LEAF  of  S.  States.  Leaves  erect, 
trumpet-shaped,  white-spotted  above,  longer  than  the  scape,  with  a  broad  wing, 
and  an  ovate  hood  arching  over  the  orifice  ;  flower  yellow. 

S.  flava,  YELLOW  TRUMPET-LEAF  of  S.  States  :  cult,  more  commonly 
than  the  rest,  as  a  curiosity,  and  almost  hardy  N.  Leaves  trumpet-shaped,** 2° 
long,  erect,  yellowish  or  purple-veiny,  with  a  narrow  wing,  and  an  erect  round- 
ish but  pointed  hood,  a  tall  scape,  and  yellow  flower. 

8.  PAPAVERACE-SI,  POPPY  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  milky  or  colored  juice,  regular  flowers,  a  calyx  mostly 
of  2  sepals  which  fall  when  the  blossom  opens,  petals  twice  or  3-5 
times  as  many,  numerous  stamens  on  the  receptacle,  and  a  com- 
pound 1-celled  ovary,  with  2  or  more  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  a 
pod,  many-seeded.  Juice  narcotic,  as  in  Poppy  (opium),  or  acrid. 
No.  5  has  watery  juice,  with  the  odor  of  muriatic  acid,  and  the 
calyx  like  a  cap  or  lid  ;  No.  7  has  no  petals  and  few  seeds. 

*  Petals  crumpled  in  the  flower-bud,  whiih  droops  on  its  peduncle  before  opening. 

1.  PAP  A  VEIL     Stigmas  united  into  a  many-rayed  circular  body  which  is  closely 

sessile  on  the  ovary.  Pod  globular  or  oblong,  imperfectly  many-celled  bv 
the  projecting  placentas  which  are  covered  with  numberless  seeds,  opening 
only  by  pores  or  chinks  at  the  top.  Juice  white. 

2.  STY  LOP  HO  RUM.     Stigma  3  -  4-lobed,  raised  on  a  style.     Pod  ovoid,  bristly, 

opening  from  the  top  into  3  or  4  valves,  leaving  the  thread-like  placentae  be- 
tween them.  Juice  3rellow. 

3.  CHKLIDONIUM.    Stigma  2-lobed,  almost  sessile.    Pod  linear,  with  2  placenta?, 

splitting  from  below  into  2  valves.    Juice  orange. 
*  *  Petals  more  or  less  crumpled  in  the  bud,  ichich  is  erect  before  opening. 

4.  AR6EMONE.      Stigma  3-6-lobed,  almost  sessile.      Sepals  and  oblong  pod 

prickly  ;  the  latter  opening  by  valves  from  the  top,  leaving  the  thread-like 
placentse  between.  Juice  yellow. 

5.  FSCHSCHOLTZIA.     Sepals  united  into  a  pointed  cap  which  falls  off  entire. 

Receptacle  or  end  of  the  flower-stalk  dilated  into  a  top-shaped  body,  often 
with  a  spreading  rim.  Stigmas  4-6,  spreading,  unequal  ;  but  the  placentae 
only  2.  Pod  long  and  slender,  grooved.  Juice  colorless. 

*  *  *  Petals  not  crumpled  in  the  bud,  which  does  not  droop. 

6.  SANGUINARIA.     Sepals  2  :  but  the  petals  8-  12.     Stigma  2-lobed,  on  a  short 

style.     Pod  oblong,  with  2  placentas.    Juice  orange-red. 

*  *  *  *  Petals  none.     Flowers  in  panicles,  drooping  in  the  bud. 

7.  BOCCONIA.    Sepals  2,  colored.     Stigma  2-lobed.     Pod  few-seeded.    Juice 

reddish. 

1.   PAPAVEB,  POPPY.     (Ancient  name.)     We  have  no  truly  wild  spe- 
cies :  the  following  are  from  the  Old  World. 

#  Annuals,  flowering  in  summer  :  cult,  ami  ?/vw/s  nf  cult  i  rut  ion. 

P.  SOmniferum,  OPIUM  POPPY.  Cult,  for  ornament,  especially  double- 
flowered  varieties,  and  for  medical  uses.  Smooth,  glaucous,  with  clasping  and 
wavy  leaves,  and  white  or  purple  flowers. 


nceran. 

ickly,  1°-2C'\ 
or  yellowish,  \ 
r,  sometimes  f(j 


FUMITORY    FAMILY.  49 

P.  Rbcbas,  CORN  POPPY  of  Eu.  Low,  bristly,  with  almost  pinnate 
leaves,  and  deep  red  or  scarlet  flowers  with  a  dark  eye,  or,  when  double,  of 
various  colors  ;  pod  obovate. 

P.  dubium,  LONG-HEADED  P.  Leaves  with  their  divisions  more  cut  than 
the  last  ;  flowers  smaller  and  lighter  red,  and  pod  oblong-clavatc  :  run  wild  in 
fields  in  Penn. 

*  #  Perennial:  cult,  for  ornament  :  flowering  in  late  spring. 

P.  orientale,  ORIENTAL  P.  Rough-hairy,  with  tall  flower-stalks,  almost 
pinnate  leaves,  and  a  very  large  deep-red  flower,  under  which  are  usually  some 
leafy  persistent  bracts.  Var.  BRACTEATUM,  has  these  bracts  larger,  petals  still 
larger  and  deeper  red,  with  a  dark  spot  at  the  base. 

2.  STYLOPHORUM,    CELANDINE    POPPY.      (Name  means  style- 
Ix-arcr,  expressing  a  difference  between  it  and  Poppy  and  Celandine.)     1J. 

S.  diphyllum.  From  Penn.  W.  in  open  woods  ;  resembling  Celandine, 
but  low,  and  with  far  larger  (yellow)  flowers,  in  spring. 

3.  CHELIDONIUM,  CELANDINE.     (From  the  Greek  word  for  the 

Swallow.  }     ®     1|. 

C.  majUS,  the  only  species,  in  all  gardens  and  moist  waste  places  ;•  l°-4° 
high,  branching,  with  pinnate  or  twice  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers 
in  a  sort  of  umbel,  all  summer  ;  the  pods  long  and  slender. 

4.  ARGEMONE,  PRICKLY  POPPY.  (Meaning  of  name  uncertain.)  ® 

A.  Mexicana,  MEXICAN  P.    Waste  places  and  gardens.    Prickly,  1°- 
high  ;  leaves  sinuate-lobed,  blotched  with  white  ;  flowers  yellow  or 
pretty  large,  in  summer.     Var.  ALB  IF  LOR  A  has  the  flower  larger, 

very  large,  white  ;  cult,  for  ornament. 

5.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA.     (Named  for  one  of  the  discoverers,  Eschscholtz, 
the  name  easier  pronounced  than  written.)    © 

E.  Californica,  Californian  annual,  now  common  in  gardens  ;  with  pale 
dissected  leaves,  and  long-pedunclcd  large  flowers,  remarkable  for  the  top- 
shaped  dilatation  at  the  base  of  the  flower,  on  which  the  extinguisher-shaped 
calyx  rests  :  this  is  forced  off  whole  by  the  opening  petals.  The  latter  arc 
bright  orange-yellow,  and  the  top  of  the  receptacle  is  broad-rimmed.  Var. 
DouGLAsn  wants  this  rim,  and  its  petals  are  pure  yellow,  or  sometimes  Avhite; 
but  the  sorts  are  much  mixed  in  the  gardens  ;  and  there  are  smaller  varieties 
under  different  names. 

6.  SANGUINARIA,  BLOOD-ROOT.      (Name  from  the  color  of  the 
juice.)      1J. 

S.  Canadensis,  the  common  and  only  species  ;  wild  in  rich  woods,  hand- 
some in  cultivation.  The  thick  red  rootstock  in  early  spring  sends  up  a  rounded- 
rcniforrn  and  palmate-lobed  veiny  leaf,  wrapped  around  a  flower-bud  :  as  the  leaf 
comes  out  of  ground  and  opens,  the  scape  lengthens,  and  carries  up  the  hand- 
some, white,  mauy-petalled  flower. 

7.  BOCCONIA.     (Named  in  honor  of  an  Italian  botanist,  Bocconi.)     U 

B.  COrdata,  CORDATE  B.,  from  China,  the  only  hardy  species  ;  a  strong 
root  sending  up  very  tall  leafy  stems,  with  round-cordate  lobed  leaves,  which  are 
veiny  and  glaucous,  and  large  panicles  of  small  white  or  pale  rose-colored  flow- 
ers, late  in  summer. 

9.   PUMARIACE^l,  FUMITORY  FAMILY. 

Like  the  Poppy  Family  in  the  plan  of  the  flowers  ;  but  the  4-  " 
petalled  corolla  much  larger  than  the  2  soale-like  sepals,  also  irrejr-  - 
ular  and  closed,  the  two  inner  and  smaller  petals  united  by  their 
4 


50  FUMITORY  FAMILY, 

spoon -shaped  tips,  which  enclose  the  anthers  of  the  6  stamens  in 
two  sets,  along  with  the  stigma  :  the  middle  anther  of  each  set  is 
2-celled,  the  lateral  ones  1 -celled.  Delicate  or  tender  and  very 
smooth  herbs,  with  colorless  and  inert  juice,  and  much  dissected 
or  compound  leaves. 

*  Corolla  heart-shaped  or  2-spurred  at  base :  pod  several-seeded. 

1.  DICENTRA.     Petals  slightly  cohering  with  each  other.     Seeds  crested. 

2.  ADLUMIA.      Petals  all   permanently  united   into  one   slightly  heart-shaped 

body,  which  encloses  the  small  pod.     Seeds  crestless.     Climbing  by  the  very 
compound  leaves.     • 

*  *   Corolla  with  only  one  petal  spurred  at  base. 

3.  CORYDALIS.     Ovary  and  pod  slender,  several-seeded.     Seeds  crested. 

4.  KUMAR]  A.     Ovary  and  small  closed  fruit  globular,  1-seeded. 

1.  DICENTRA  (meaning  two-spurred  in  Greek).    Commonly  but  wrongly 
t/   named  DICLYTRA  or  DIELYTRA.      1J.     Fl.  in  spring. 

'     *   Wild  species,  low,  with  delicate  decompound  leaves  and  few-flowered  scapes  sent- 
up  from  the  ground  in  early  spring. 

D.  Cucullaria,  DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES.  Common  in  leaf-mould  in 
woods  N.  Foliage  and  flowers  from  a  sort  of  granular-scaly  bulb  ;  corolla 
white  tipped  with  yellow,  with  the  two  diverging  spurs  at  the  base  longer  than 
the  pedicel. 

D.  Canaddnsis,  CANADIAN  D.  or  SQUIRREL-CORN.  With  the  last  N. 
Separate  yellow  grains,  like  Indian  corn,  in  place  of  a  scaly  bulb  ;  the  corolla 
narrower  and  merely  heart-shaped  at  base,  white  or  delicately  flesh-colored, 
sweet-scented  ;  inner  petals  much  crested  at  tip. 

D.  eximia  is  rarer,  wild  along  the  Allcghanies,  occasionally  cult.,  has 
coarser  foliage,  and  more  numerous  flowers  than  the  last,  pink-purple,  and  pro- 
duced throughout  the  summer,  from  tufted  scaly  rootstocks. 

*  *  Cultivated  exotic,  taller  and  coarser,  leaf  (/-stemmed,  many-flowered. 

D.  spectabilis,  SHOWY  D.  or  BLEEDING  HEART.  From  N.  China, 
vcrv  ornamental  through  spring  and  early  summer,  with  ample  Peony-like 
leaves,  and  long  drooping  racemes  of  bright  pink-red  heart-shaped  flowers 
(!'  long)  :  the  two  small  sepals  fall  off  in  the  bud. 

2.  ADLtfMLA,  CLIMBING  FUMITORY.      (Named  in  honor  of  a  Mr, 
Ad/uin. )     (D     The  only  species  is 

A.  Cirrh6sa.  Wild  in  low  shady  grounds  from  NCAV  York  W.  &  S.  and 
cult.  ;  climbing  over  bushes  or  low  trees,  by  means  of  its  2  -  3-pinnately  com- 
pound delicate  leaves,  the  stalks  of  the  leaflets  acting  like  tendrils ;  flowers  flesh- 
colored,  panicle  I,  all  summer. 

3.  CORYDALIS.     (Greek  name  for  Fumitory.)     Our  species  are  leafy- 
stemmed,  (T)  or  (D,  wild  in  rocky  places,  fl.  spring  and  summer. 

C.  glaiica,  PALE  CORYDALIS.  Common,  6' -3°  high,  very  glaucous,  with 
the  whitish  flowers  variegated  with  yellow  and  pink,  a  short  and  rounded  spur, 
and  erect  pods. 

C.  flayula,  YELLOWISH  C.  From  Penn.  S.  &  W.  :  has  the  flowers  pa'e 
yellow,  with  the  tips  of  the  outer  petals  wing-crested ;  seeds  sharp-edged. :  other- 
wise like  the  next. 

C.  aiirea,  GOLDEN  C.  From  Vermont  W.  &  S.  Low  and  spreading ; 
flowers  golden-yellow  with  a  longish  spur,  and  crestless  tips,  hanging  pods,  and 
smooth  blunt-edged  seeds. 

4.  FUMARIA,  FUMITORY.      (Name  from  fumus,  smoke.)     ©    Low, 
leafy-stemmed,  with  finely  cut  compound  leaves. 

F.  officinalis,  COMMON  F.  Common  in  old  gardens,  waste  places,  and 
dung-heaps  ;  a  delicate  small  weed,  with  a  close  spike  of  small  pinkish  crimson- 
tipped  flowers,  in  summer. 


MUSTARD    FAMILY.  51 

10.   CRUCIFER^I,  MUSTARD  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  watery  juice,  of  a  pungent  taste  (as  exemplified  in 
Horseradish,  Mustard,  Water-Cress,  &c.),  at  once  distinguished  by 
the  cruciferous  flower  (of  4  sepals,  4  petals,  their  upper  part  gen- 
erally spreading  above  the  calyx  in  the  form  of  a  cross),  the  tetra- 
dynamous  stamens  (i.  e.  6,  two  of  them  shorter  than  the  other  four) ; 
and  the  single  2-celled  pistil  with  two  parietal  placentae,  forming  the 
kind  of  pod  called  a  silique,  or  when  short  a  silicic.  (See  Lessons, 
p.  92,  fig.  187,  188,  for  the  flower,  and  p.  133,  fig.  310,  for  the  fruit.) 
The  embryo  fills  the  whole  seed,  and  has  the  radicle  bent  up  against 
the  cotyledons.  Flowers  in  racemes,  which  are  at  first  short,  like 
simple  corymbs,  but  lengthen  in  fruiting :  no  bracts  below  the  pedi- 
cels. The  blossoms  are  all  nearly  alike  throughout  the  family  ;  so 
that  the  genera  are  mainly  known  by  the  fruit  and  seed,  which  are 
usually  to  be  had  before  all  the  flowers  have  passed. 

§  1.   Fruit  a  true  pod,  opening  lengthwise  by  two  valves,  which  fall  away  and  leave 

tlie  tkiu  persistent  partition  when  ripe. 
*  Seeds  or  ovules  more  than  two  in  each  cell. 

•*- Pod  beaked  or  pointed  beyond  the  summit  of  the  valves,  or  the  style  witii  a  conical 
base.     Seeds  spherical,  Hie  cotyledons  wrapped  around  the  radicle. 

1.  BRASSICA,     Flowers  yellow.     Pods  oblong  or  linear. 

•*-  «—  Pod  not  beaked  or  conspicuously  pointed, 
•M-  Neither  flattened  nor  4-sided,  but  the  cross-section  nearly  circular. 

2.  SISYMBRIUM.    Pods  in  the  common  species  shortish,  lance-awl-shaped,  close- 

pressed  to  the  stem.    Seeds  oval,  marginless.     Flowers  small,  yellowish. 

3.  NASTURTIUM.    Pods  shortish  or  short  (from  oblong-linear  to  almost  spherical). 

Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  globular,  marginless.     Flowers  yellow  or  white. 

4.  HESPERIS.     Pods  long  and  slender,  with  a  single  row  of  marginless  seeds  in 

each  cell  (as  broad  as  the  partition);  the  radicle  laid  against  the  back  of  one 
of  the  cotyledons.  Flowers  rather  large,  pink-purple.  Stigma  of  2  erect 
blunt  lobes. 

6.   MALCOLMIA.    Pods  somewhat  thickened  at  the  base.     Stigma  of  2  pointed 
lobes.     Otherwise  as  No.  4. 

6.  MATTHIOLA.     Pods  long  and  narrow  :  seeds  one-rowed  in  each  cell  (as  broad 

as  the  partition),  flat,  wing-margined;  the  radicle  laid  against  one  edge  of  the 
broad  cotyledons.  Flowers  pink-purple,  reddish,  or  varying  to  white,  large 
and  showy. 

•»-*•  -M-  Pod  long  and  slender,  linear,  4-sided  (the  cross  section  square  or  rhombic),  or 
if  flattened  having  a  strong  salient  midrib  to  the  valves.     Seeds  marginltss, 
mostly  single-rowed  in  each  cell.     Flowers  yellow  or  orange,  never  white. 
a.  Lateral  sepals  sac-sliaped  at  the  base. 

7.  CHEIRANTHUS.     Seeds  flat;  the  radicle  laid  against  the  edge  of  the  broad 

cotyledons.     Flowers  showy.     Leaves  entire. 

b.  Sepnls  nearly  equal  and  alike  at  the  base. 

8.  ERYSIMUM.     Seeds  oblong;  the  radicle  laid  against  the  back  of  one  of  the 

narrow  cotyledons.     Leaves  simple. 

9.  B  ABB  ARE  A*.      Seeds  oval;    the  radicle  laid  against  the  edge  of  the  broad 

cotyledons.     Leaves  lyrate  or  pinnatifid. 
2.    SISYMBRIUM,     Seeds  oblong;  the  radicle  laid  against  the  back  of  one  of  the 

cotyledons.     Flowers  small.     Leaves  twice  pinnatifid. 

.M.  -M.  m.  Pod  flattened  parallel  to  the  partition ;  the  valves  flat  or  flatlish :  so  are  the 
seeds:  radicle  against  the  edge  of  the  cotyledons.     Flowers  white  or  purple. 

10.  ARABIS.     Pod  long  and  narrow-linear,  not  opening  elastically  ;    the  valves 

with  a  midrib.     Seeds  often  winged  or  margined. 

11.  CARDAMINE.     Pods  linear  or  lanceolate;  the  valves  with  no  or  hardly  any 

midrib,  opening  elastically  from  the  base  upwards.  Seeds  marginless  and 
slender-stalked,  one-rowed'  in  each  cell.  No  scaly-toothed  rootstock. 


52  MUSTARD    FAMILY. 

12.  DENTARIA.      Pods,  &c.  as  in  the  preceding.     Seed-stalks  broad  and  flat. 

Stem  2-3-leaved  in  the  middle,  naked  below,  springing  from  a  horizontal 
scaly-toothed  or  irregular  fleshy  rootstock. 

13.  LUNARIA.     Pods  oval  or  oblong,  large  and  very  flat,  stalked  ahove  the  calyx. 

Seeds  winged,  2-rowed  in  each  cell.     Flowers  pretty  large,  purple, 
li.    DRABA.      Pods  round-oval,  oblong  or  linear,  flat.      Seeds  wingless,  2-rowed  in 

each  cell.     Flowers  small,  white  in  the  common  species. 
-M.  .M.  -M.  .,.,.  Pod  short,  fialtish  parallel  to  the  broad  partition.    Flowers  yellow,  small. 

15.  CAMELINA.     Pods  turgid,  obovate  or  pear-shaped. 

•w.  ++  *+  -w-  tt-  Pod  short,  very  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition  ;  the 
valves  therefore  deeply  boat-shaped.     Flwcers  white,  small. 

16.  CAPSELLA.     Pods  obovate-triangular,  or  triangular  with  a  notch  at  the  top. 
*  *  Seeds  or  the  ovules  single  or  sometimes  2  in  each  cell.     Pods  short  and  fiat. 

•+-  Corolla  irregular,  the  petals  being  very  unequal. 

17.  IBERIS.     Flowers  in  short  and  flat-topped  clusters,  white  or  purple  ;  the  two 

petals  on  the  outer  side  of  the  flower  much  larger  than  the  others.  Pods 
scale-shaped,  roundish  or  ovate,  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow 
partition,  notched  at  the  wing-margined  top. 

•H-  -»-  Corolla  regular,  small. 

18.  LEPIDIUM.    Pods  scale-shaped,  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow 

partition,  often  notched  or  wing-margined  at  the  top.     'Flowers  white. 

19.  ALYSSUM.     Pods  roundish,  flattened  parallel  to  the  broad  partition.     Seeds 

flat,  commonly  wing-margined.     Flowers  yellow  or  white. 

^       §  2.   Fruit  indehiscent,  -wing-like,  1-seeded. 

20.  ISATIS.    Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded,  resembling  a  small  samara 

or  ash-fruit. 
§  3.    Fruit  fieshy,  or  when  ripe  and  dry  corky,  not  opening  by  valves,  2 -many-seeded. 

21.  CAKILE.     Fruit  jointed  in  the  middle  ;  the  two  short  joints  1-celled,  1-seeded. 

Seed  oblong. 

22.  RAPHANUS.     Fruit  several-seeded,  with  cellular  matter  or  with  constrictions 

between  the  spherical  seeds. 

1.   BRASSICA,  CABBAGE,  MUSTARD,  &c.     (Ancient  Latin  name  of 

Cabbage.     Botanically  the  Mustards  rank  in  the  same  genus.)    (T)  ®     Cult. 

from  En.,  or  run  wild  as  weeds ;  known  by  their  yellow  flowers,  beak-pointed 

pods,  and  globose  seeds,  the  cotyledons  wrapped  round  the  radicle. 

B.  oleracea,  CABBAGE.  The  original  is  a  sea-coast  plant  of  Europe,  with 
thick  and  hard  stem,  and  pretty  large  pale  yellow  flowers  ;  the  leaves  very  gla- 
brous and  glaucous ;  upper  ones  entire,  clasping  the  stem,  not  auricled  at  the 
base  :  cult,  as  a  biennial,  the  rounded,  thick,  and  fleshy,  strongly  veined  leaves 
collect  into  a  head  the  first  year  upon  the  summit  of  a  short  and  stout  stem. 

—  Var.  BROCCOLI  is  a  state  in  which  the  stem  divides  into  short  fleshy  branches, 
bearing  clusters  of  abortive  flower-buds.  —  Var.  CAULIFLOWER  has  the  nour- 
ishing matter  mainly  concentrated  in  short  imperfect  flower-branches,  collected 
into  a  flat  head.  —  Var.  KOHLRABI  has  the  nourishing  matter  accumulated  in 
the  stem,  which  forms  a  turnip-like  enlargement  above  ground,  beneath  the 
cluster  of  leaves.  —  KALE  is  more  nearly  the  natural  state  of  the  species,  the 
fleshy  leaves  not  forming  a  head. 

B.  campdstris,  of  the  Old  World ;  like  the  last,  hat  with  brighter  flowers ; 
the  lower  leaves  pinnatifid  or  divided  and  rough  with  stiff  hairs,  and  the  upper 
auricled  at  the  base,  is  represented  in  cultivation  by  the  Var.  COLZA  or  RAPE, 
with  small  annual  root,  cult,  for  the  oil  of  the  seed.  —  Var.  TURNIP  (B.  NAPUS)  ; 
cult,  as  a  biennial,  for  the  nourishment  accumulated  in  the  napiform  white  root. 

—  Var.  RUTABAGA  or  SWEDISH  TURNIP,  has  a  longer  and  yellowish  root. 

B.  Sinipastrum,  or  Sinapis  arv&isis,  CHARLOCK.  A  troublesome 
weed  of  cultivation  in  grainfields,  annual,  with  the  somewhat  rough  leaves  barely 
toothed  or  little  lobed,  and  nearly  smooth  pods  spreading  in  a  loose  raceme,  the 
seed-hearing  part  longer  than  the  conical  (usually  empty)  beak. 

B.  (or  Sinapis)  alba,  WHITE  MUSTARD.  Cult,  and  in  waste  places,  an- 
nual ;  the  leares  all  pinnatifid  and  rough-hairy  ;  pods  spreading  in  the  raceme, 


MUSTARD    FAMILY.  53 

bristly,  the  lower  and  turgid  few-seeded  portion  shorter  than  the  1-sccded  stout 
and  flattened  beak  ;  seeds  large,  pale  brown. 

B.  (or  Sinapis)  nigra,  BLACK  MUSTARD.  Cult,  and  in  waste  places; 
leaves  less  hairy  and  less  divided  than  the  last ;  pods  erect  in  the  raceme  or 
spike,  smooth,  short,  4-sided  (the  valves  having  a  strong  midrib),  and  tipped 
with  the  short  empty  conical  base  of  a  slender  style;  seeds  dark  brown,  smaller, 
and  more  pungent  than  in  the  last. 

2.  SISYMBRIUM,  HEDGE  MUSTARD.     (The  ancient  Greek  name.) 
S.  offlcinale,  COMMON  H.    ®    Coarse  weed  in  waste  places,  with  branch- 
ing stems,  runcinatc  leaves,  and  very  small  pale  yellow  flowers,  followed  by 
awl-shaped  obscurely  6-sided  pods  close  pressed  to  the  axis  of  the  narrow  spike. 

S.  canescens/ HOARY  H.  or  TANSY-MUSTARD.  ©  Commonly  only 
S.  &  W.,  hoary,  with  finely  cut  twice-pinnatind  leaves,  minute  yellowish  flow- 
ers, and  oblong-club-shaped  4-sided  pods  on  slender  horizontal  pedicels. 

3.  NASTURTIUM,  WATER-CRESS,  HORSERADISH,  &c.    (Name 
from  nasiis  tortus,  convulsed  nose,  from  the  pungent  qualities.)      Here  are 
combined  a  variety  of  plants,  widely  different  in  appearance :  the  following 
are  the  commonest. 

*  Nat.  from  Eu. :  the  white  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,      y. 

3ST.  officinale,  WATER-CRESS.  Planted  or  run  wild  in  streamlets,  spread- 
ing and  rooting,  smooth,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  3-11  roundish  or  oblong  leaf- 
lets ;  fl.  all  summer ;  pods  broadly  linear,  slightly  curved  upwards  on  their 
spreading  pedicels.  Young  plants  eaten. 

N.  Arinoracia,  HORSERADISH.  Planted  or  run  wild  in  moist  soil ;  with 
very  large  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves,  chiefly  from  the  ground,  crenate,  rarely 
cut  or  pinnatifid ;  pods  globular,  but  seldom  seen.  The  long  deep  root  is  a 
familiar  condiment. 

*  *  Indigenous  species,  in  wet  places  :  petals  yellow  or  yellowish. 

N.  palllstre,  MARSH-CRESS.  A  very  common  homely  weed,  erect,  l°-3° 
high,  with  pinnatifid  or  lyrate  leaves  of  several  oblong  cut-toothed  leaflets,  small 
yellowish  floAvers,  and  small  oblong  or  ovoid  pods. 

N'.  sessilifl6rum,  like  the  last,  but  with  less  lobed  leaves,  very  minute 
sessile  flowers,  and  longer  oblong  pods,  is  common  from  Illinois  S.  And  there 
are  2  or  3  more  in  some  parts,  especially  S. 

4.  HESPERIS,  ROCKET.      (Greek  for  evening,  the  flowers  being  then 
fragrant.)      y 

H.  matronalis,  COMMON  or  DAME  R.  Tall  and  rather  coarse  plant  in 
country  gardens,  from  Eu.,  inclined  to  run  wild  in  rich  shady  soil ;  with  oblong 
or  lanceolate  toothed  leaves,  and  rather  large  purple  flowers,  in  summer,  fol- 
lowed by  (2' -4')  long  and  slender  pods. 

5.  MALCbLMIA.     (Named  for  W.  Malcolm,  an  English  gardener.) 

M.  maritima,  MAHON  STOCK,  called  VIRGINIA  STOCK  in  England,  but 
comes  from  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  :  a  garden  annual,  not  much  cult., 
a  span  high,  Avith  pale  green  oblong  or  spatulate  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  pretty 
pink-red  flowers  changing  to  violet-purple,  also  a  white  var.  (much  smaller  than 
those  of  true  Stock)  ;  pods  long  and  slender. 

6.  MATTHIOLA,  STOCK  or  GILLIFLOWER.    (Named  for  the  early 
naturalist',  Matthioli.}     Cult,  garden  or  house  plants,  from  Eu.,  hoary-leaved, 
much  prized  for  their  handsome  and  fragrant,  pretty  large,  pink,  reddish,  or 
white  floAvers,  of  which  there  are  very  double  and  showy  varieties. 

M.  incana,  COMMON  STOCK,  y.  Stout  stem  becoming  almost  woody  : 
not  hardy  at  the  N. 

M.  annua,  TEN-WEEK  STOCK.  ®  Probably  only  an  herbaceous  variety 
of  the  last ;  floAvers  usually  not  double. 


-  MUSTARD    FAMILY. 

7.  CHEIHATTTHUS,  WALLFOWER.      (Cheiri  is  the  Arabic  name.) 
Like  Stocks,  but  slightly  if  at  all  hoary,  and  the  flowers  orange,  brown-red- 
dish, or  yellow,      y. 

C.  Cheiri,  COMMON  WALLFLOWER.  Cult,  from  S.  Eu.,  not  hardy  N., 
«i  much-prized  house-plant ;  stem  woody,  crowded  with  the  narrow  and  pointed 
entire  leaves. 

8.  ERYSIMUM.     (Name  from  Greek,  and  meaning  to  draw  blisters,  from 
the  acridity.) 

E.  asperum,  WESTERN  WALLFLOWER.  Wild  from  Ohio  W.  &  S. ;  like 
the  wild  state  of  the  Wallflower,  with  bright  yellow  or  orange  flowers,  but  the 
seeds  are  different,  and  the  long  pods  quite  square  in  the  cross-section  ;  the 
leaves  somewhat  toothed  and  hoary.  (2)  1J. 

E.  cheiranthoides,  TREACLE-MUSTARD  or  WORMSEED  MUSTAKD. 
A  rather  irisignificant  annual,  wild  or  run  wild  in  waste  moist  places,  with  slen- 
der branches,  lanceolate  almost  entire  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers,  followed 
by  shortish  and  obscurely  4-sided  pods  on  slender  spreading  pedicels. 

9.  BARB  ARE  A,  WINTER-CRESS.      (The  Herb  of  Santa  Barbara.) 
Different  from  the  last  genus  in  the  seeds,  divided  leaves,  and  in  the  general 
aspect.     Leaves  used  by  some  as  winter  salad,  but  bitterish.     ®      y. 

B.  vulgaris,  COMMON  W.  or  YELLOW  ROCKET.  Smooth,  common  in 
old  gardens  and  other  rich  soil,  with  green  lyrate  leaves,  and  bright  yellow 
flowers,  in  spring  and  summer ;  pods  erect,  crowded  in  a  dense  raceme,  much 
thicker  than  their  pedicels. 

B.  praecox,  EARLY  W.  or  SCURVY-GRASS.     Cult,  from  Pcnn.  S.  for  early 
salad,  beginning  to  run  wild,  probably  a  variety  of  the  last,  with  more  numerous 
and  narrower  divisions  to  the  leaves ;  the  less  erect  pods  scarcely  thicker  than 
their  pedicels. 

10.  ARABIS,  ROCK-CRESS.      (Name  from  Arabic.)     Fl.  spring  and 
summer.     Leaves  mostly  simple  and  undivided. 

*  Wild  species,  on  rocks,  fyc. :  flowers  white  or  whitish,  not  showy.     ® 

A.  lyrata,  Low  R.  A  delicate,  low,  nearly  smooth  plant,  with  a  cluster 
of  lyrate  root-leaves  ;  stem-leaves  feAV  mid  narrow ;  bright  white  petals  rather 
conspicuous  ;  pods  slender,  spreading. 

A.  hirsilta,  HAIRY  R.  Strictly  erect,  l°-2°  high;  stem-leaves  many 
and  sagittate  ;  small  greenish-white  flowers  and  narrow  pods  erect. 

A.  laevigata,  SMOOTH  R.  Erect,  l°-2°  high,  glaucous;  upper  leaves 
sagittate ;  flowers  rather  small ;  pods  3'  long,  very  narrow  and  not  very  flat, 
recurving ;  seeds  winged. 

A.  Canad6nsis,  CANADIAN  or  SICKLEPOD  R.  Tall,  growing  in  ravines ; 
stem-leaves  pointed  at  both  ends,  pubescent ;  petals  whitish,  narrow  ;  pods  3' 
long,  scythe-shaped,  very  flat,  hanging  ;  seeds  broadly  winged. 

*  *   Wild,  on  river  banks  :  flowers  pink-purple,  rather  showy.     ®     Ij. 

A.  hesperidoides,  ROCKET  R.  Smooth,  erect,  l°-3°  high;  with 
rounded  or  heart-shaped  long-petioled  root-leaves,  ovate-lanceolate  stem-leaves 
(2' -6'  long),  the  lower  on  a  winged  petiole  or  with  a  pair  of  small  lateral 
lobes  ;  petals  long-clawed  ;  pods  spreading,  narrow  ;  seeds  wingless.  Banks  of 
the  Ohio  and  S.  W. 

*  *  *  Garden  species :  flowers  white,  showy.      U 

A.  alpina,  ALPINE  R.,  and  its  variety  ?  A.  ALBIDA,  from  Eu.,  low  and 
tufted,  hairy  or  soft-downy,  are  cult,  in  gardens  ;  fl.  in  early  spring. 

11.  CARDAMINE,  BITTER-CRESS.     (Ancient  Greek  name.)      U 

C.  hirsilta,  SMALL  B.     A  low  and  branching  insignificant  herb,  usually 
not  hairy,   with  slender  fibrous  root,   pinnate  leaves,   the   leaflets   angled    or 
loothcd,  and  small  white  flowers,  followed  by  narrow  upright  pods  :  common  in 
moist  soil,  fl.  .spring  and  summer. 


MUSTARD    FAMILY.  55 


C.  prat6nsis,  CUCKOO-FLOWER  or  LADIES'  SMOCK.  Stem  ascending 
from  a  short  perennial  rootstock  ;  the  pinnate  leaves  with  rounded  and  stalked 
entire  small  leaflets  ;  flowers  in  spring,  showy,  pink  or  white  :  in  bogs  at  the 
north,  and  a  douhle-flowered  variety  is  an  old-fashioned  plant  in  gardens. 

C.  rhpmboidea.    Stems  upright  from  a  small  tuber,  simple,  bearing  rather 
large  white  or  rose-purple  flowers  in  spring,  and  simple  angled  or  sparingly 
toothed  leaves,  the  lowest  rounded  or  heart-shaped,  the  upper  ovate  or  oblong  : 
in  wet  places  northward. 

12.  DENTARIA,  TOOTHWORT.     (From  the  Latin  dens,  a  tooth.)     y. 

D.  diph^lla,  TWO-LEAVED  T.,  PEPPER-ROOT,  or  CRINKLE-ROOT.     So 
called  from  the  fleshy,  long  and  toothed  rootstocks,  which  are  eaten  and  taste 
like  Water-Cress  ;  there  are  only  2  stem  leaves,  close  together,  each  of  3  rhom- 
bic-ovate and  toothed  leaflets,  and  the  root-leaf  is  similar  ;  flowers  quite  large, 
white,  in  spring.     Woods  in  vegetable  mould,  N. 

D.  laciniata,  LACINIATE  T.  Rootstock  necklace-form  or  constricted  in 
2  or  3  places,  scarcely  toothed  ;  stem-leaves  3  in  a  whorl,  each  3-partcd  into 
linear  or  lanceolate  leaflets,  which  are  cut  or  cleft  into  narrow  teeth,  or  the 
lateral  ones  2-lobed  ;  flowers  purplish,  in  spring  :  banks  of  streams. 

13.  LUNABIA,  HONESTY  or  SATIN-FLOWER,    (Name  from  Luna, 
the  moon,  from  the  shape  of  the  broad  or  rounded  pods.)    @     1J. 

L.  biennis,  COMMON  HONESTY.  Not  native  to  the  country,  but  cultivated 
in  old-fashioned  places,  for  the  singular  large  oval  pods,  of  which  the  broad 
white  partitions,  of  satiny  lustre,  remaining  after  the  valves  have  fallen,  are 
used  for  ornament  ;  leaves  somewhat  heart-shaped  ;  flowers  large,  pink-purple, 
in  early  summer. 

L.  rediviva,  PERENNIAL  HONESTY,  is  a  much  rarer  sort,  with  oblong 
pods  ;  seldom  met  with  here. 

14.  DRABA,  WHITLOW-GRASS.      (Name  is  a  Greek  word,  meaning 
acrid.)    Low  herbs,  mostly  with  white  flowers  :  the  commoner  species  are  the 
following  :  fl.  early  spring  ;  winter  annuals. 

3D.  Caroliniana.  Leaves  obovate,  hairy,  on  a  very  short  stem,  bearing  a 
short  raceme  or  corymb  on  a  scape-like  peduncle  1'  -  4'  high  ;  petals  not  notched  ; 
pods  broadly  linear,  much  larger  than  their  pedicels  :  in  sandy  waste  places. 

D.  verna.  A  diminutive  plant,  with  a  tuft  of  oblong  or  lanceolate  root- 
leaves,  and  a  scape  l'-3'  high;  petals  2-cleft  ;  pods  oval  or  oblong,  in  a  ra- 
ceme, shorter  than  their  pedicels  :  in  sandy  waste  places. 

15.  CAMELINA,  FALSE-FLAX.     (An  old  name,  meaning  dwarf-flax-, 
the  common  species  was  fancied  to  be  a  degenerate  flax.)     © 

C.  sativa,  COMMON  F.  A  weed,  in  grain  and  flax-fields,  l°-2°  high, 
with  lanceolate  leaves,  the  upper  ones  sagittate  and  clasping  the  stem  ;  small 
pale-yellow  floAvers,  followed  by  obovate  turgid  pods  in  a  long  loose  raceme  ; 
style  conspicuous. 

16.  CAPSELLA,  SHEPHERD'S-PURSE.   (  Name  mean  s  a  tittle  pod.)    © 
C.  Bursa-Past6ris,  COMMON  S.      The  commonest  of  weeds,  in  waste 

places  ;  root-leaves  pinnatifid  or  toothed,  those  of  the  stem  sagittate  and  partly 
clasping  ;  small  white  flowers  followed  by  the  triangular  and  notched  pods,  in  a 
long  raceme. 

17.  IB|lRIS,  CANDYTUFT.      (Name  from  the  country,  Iberia,  an  old 
name  for  Spain.)    Low  garden  plants,  from  Europe,  cultivated  for  ornament; 
different  from  the  rest  of  the  order  in  the  irregular  corollas. 

I.  umbellata,  COMMON  C.  ®.  Lower  leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper 
linear  and  entire  ;  flowers  purple-lilac  (or  pale),  in  flat  clusters,  in  summer. 

I.  sempervirens,  EVERGREEN  C.  U  Rather  woody-stemmed,  tufted, 
with  bright  green  lanceolate  or  linear-spatulate  thickish  entire  leaves,  and  flat 
clusters  of  pure  white  flowers,  in  spring. 


50  CAPER    FAMILY. 

18.  LEPIDIUM,  PEPPERGRASS.    (A  Greek  word,  meaning  little  scak, 
from  the  puds.)     Our  common  species  have  incised  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  aiul 
very  smajl  white  or  whitish  flowers.     Q) 

L.  Virginicum,  WILD  P.  A  common  weed  by  roadsides,  with  petals, 
and  usually  only  2  stamens  ;  the  little  pods  orbicular  and  scarcely  margined  at 
the  notched  top  ;  seeds  flat,  the  radicle  against  the  edge  of  the  cotyledons. 

L.  ruderale,  introduced  from  Europe,  is  much  less  common,  more 
branched,  with  no  petals,  smaller  scarcely  notched  pods,  and  turgid  seeds,  the 
radicle  against  the  back  of  one  of  the  cotyledons. 

L.  sativum,  GARDEN  P.  Cult,  as  a  cress,  has  petals,  and  the  larger  ovate 
pods  are  winged  and  slightly  notched  at  the  top. 

19.  ALYSSUM,  MAD  WORT.    (Name  refers  to  being  a  fancied  remedy  for 
canine  madness.)     Cult,  for  ornament ;  from  Eu. 

A.  maritimum,  SWEET  ALYSSUM.  A  spreading  little  plant,  from  Eu- 
rope, fl.  all  summer  in  gardens,  or  in  the  greenhouse  in  winter,  green  or  slightly 
hoary,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  entire  leaves  tapering  at  the  base,  and  small 
white  honey-scented  flowers,  in  at  length  elongated  racemes,  the  round  little 
pods  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  A  variety  much  used  for  borders  has 
pabr  and  white-edged  leaves. 

A.  saxatile,  ROCK  A.  Low,  hoary-leaved,  with  abundant  bright  yellow 
flowers,  in  spring  ;  cult,  from  Europe.  '1^ 

20.  ISATIS,  WOAD.     (Name  of  obscure  derivation.)     ©     One  common 
species  of  Eu., 

I.  tinct6ria,  DYER'S  WOAD.  Rather  tall,  glabi-ous  and  glaucous,  with 
the  stem-leaves  lanceolate  and  entire,  sessile  and  somewhat  sagittate ;  the  ra- 
cemes of  small  yellow  flowers  panicled,  succeeded  by  the  hanging  samara-like 
closed  pods  ;  fl.  in  early  summer.  Old  gardens,  formerly  cult,  for  a  blue  dye. 

21.  CAKILE,  SEA-ROCKET.     (An  old  Arabic  name.)     ©    © 

C.  Americana,  AMERICAN  S.  A  fleshy  herb,  wild  on  the  shore  of  the 
sea  and  Great  Lakes,  with  obovate  wavy-toothed  leaves,  and  purplish  flowers. 

22.  RAPHANUS,  RADISH.     (Ancient  Greek  name,  said  to  refer  to  the 
rapid  germination  of  the  seeds.)     (T)  ©     All  from  the  Old  World. 

R.  sativus,  RADISH.  Cult,  from  Eu. ;  with  lyratc  lower  leaves,  purple 
and  whitish  flowers,  and  thick  and  pointed  closed  pods  ;  the  seeds  separated  by 
irregular  fleshy  false  partitions  :  cult,  for  the  tender  and  fleshy  pungent  root  : 
inclined  to  run  wild. 

R.  caudatUS,  RAT-TAIL  R.,  from  India,  lately  introduced  into  gardens, 
rather  as  a  curiosity,  is  a  probable  variety  of  the  Radish,  with  the  narrow  pod 
a  foot  or  so  long,  eaten  Avhen  green. 

H.  Raphanistrum,  WILD  R.  or  JOINTED  CHARLOCK.  Troublesome 
weed  in  cult,  fields,  with  rough  lyrate  leaves,  yellow  petals  changing  to  whitish 
or  purplish,  and  narrow  long-beaked  pods,  which  are  divided  across  between  the 
several  seeds,  so  as  to  become  necklace-form. 

11.  CAPPARIDACE^l,  CAPER  FAMILY. 
In  our  region  these  are  herbs,  resembling  Cruciferce,  but  with 
stamens  not  tetradynamous  and  often  more  than  6,  no  partition  in 
the  pod  (which  is  therefore  1 -celled  with  two  parietal  placentas),  and 
kidney-shaped  seeds,  the  embryo  rolled  up  instead  of  folded  to- 
gether :  the  leaves  commonly  palmately  compound,  and  the  herbage 
bitter  and  nauseous  instead  of  pungent.  But  in  warm  regions  the 
Cress-like  pungency  sometimes  appears,  as  in  capers,  the  pickled 
flower-buds  of  CAPPARIS  SPINOSA,  of  the  Levant.  This  and  its 
near  relatives  are  trees  or  shrubs. 


riTTOSFOKUM    FAMILY.  57 

1.  CLEOME.     Calyx  4-cleft     Petals  4.     Stamens  6,  on  a  short  thickened  recep- 

tacle. Ovarv  and  many-seeded  pod  iu  ours  raised  above  the  receptacle  on  a 
long  stalk.  'Style  very  short  or  none.  Usually  aii  appendage  on  one  side  of 
the 'receptacle/ 

2.  GYNANDROl'SIS.'    Sepals  4.     Stamens  borne  on  the  long  stalk  of  the  ovary 

far  above  the  petals.     Otherwise  as  in  No.  1. 

3.  POLAN1SIA.     Sepals  4.      Stamens  8-32.      Ovary  and  pod  sessile  or  short- 

stalked  on  the  receptacle.     Style  present.     Otherwise  nearly  as  No.  1. 

1.  CLEOME.     (From  a  Greek  word  meaning  closed,  the  application  not 
obvious.)     (i) 

C.  piingens.  Tall  (2°  -4°  high),  clammy-pubescent,  with  little  spines  or 
prickly  points  (whence  the  name)  in  place  of  stipules,  about  7  broadly  lanceolate 
leaflets,  but  the  bracts  simple  and  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  and  a  raceme  of  large 
and  handsome  flowers,  with  long-clawed  pink  or  purple  petals  and  declined  sta- 
mens. Cult,  from  S.  America,  for  ornament,  and  run  wild  S. 

G.  integrifblia,  much  smaller,  very  smooth,  with  3  leaflets  and  the  pink 
petals  without  claws,  is  wild  in  Nebraska,  &c.,  and  lately  introduced  to  gardens. 

2.  GYNANDROPSIS.     (Greek-made  name,  meaning  that  the  stamens 
appear  to  be  on  the  pistil.)     (Lessons,  p.  125,  fig.  276.) 

G.  pentaph^lla.  Nat.  from  Carolina  S.  from  West  Indies,  is  a  clammy- 
pubescent  weed,  with  5  leaflets  to  the  leaves  and  3  to  the  bracts ;  the  white 
petals  on  claws. 

3.  POLANf  SIA.     (Greek-made  name,  meaning  many-unequal,  referring  to 
the  stamens.) 

P.  grav^olens.  A  heavy-scented  (as  the  name  denotes),  rather  clammy, 
low  herb,  with  3  oblong  leaflets,  and  small  flowers  with  short  white  petals,  about 
1 1  scarcely  longer  purplish  stamens,  and  a  short  style ;  fl.  summer.  Wild  on 
gravelly  shores,  from  Conn.  W. 

12.   RESEDACE-E1,  MIGNONETTE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  inconspicuous  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes  ;  rep- 
resented by  the  main  genus, 

1.  RESEDA,  MIGNONETTE,  £c.  (From  a  Latin  word,  to  assuage,  from 
supposed  medical  properties.)  Calyx  4-7-parted,  never  closed  even  in  the 
bud.  Petals  4  —  7,  unequal,  cleft  or  notched,  those  of  one  side  of  the  flower 
appendagcd  within.  Stamens  10-40,  borne  on  a  sort  of  disk  dilated  on  one 
side  of  the  flower.  Ovary  and  pod  composed  of  3  -  6  carpels  united  not 
quite  to  the  top  into  a  3  -^6-lobed  or  3  -  6-horned  1 -celled  pistil  which  opens 
at  the  top  long  before  the  seeds  arc  ripe.  The  seeds  are  numerous,  kidney- 
shaped,  on  3  -  6  parietal  placentas.  Leaves  alternate. 

R.  odorata,  COMMON  MIGNONETTE.  Cult,  (from  N.  Africa)  as  an  an- 
nual, for  the  delicious  scent  of  the  greenish-white  flowers  ;  the  anthers  orange ; 
petals  6,  the  posterior  ones  cut  into  several  fine  lobes  ;  stems  low  ;  some  leaves 
entire  and  oblong,  others  3-lobcd. 

R.  Lut^qla,  JDYEK'S  M.  or  WELD.  Nat.  along  roadsides,  tall,  with 
lanceolate  entire  leaves,  and  a  long  spike  of  yellowish  flowers ;  petals  4. 

13.   PITTOSPORACE^a,  PITTOSPORUM  FAMILY. 

A  small  family  of  shrubs  and  trees,  belonging  mostly  to  the  south- 
ern hemisphere,  in  common  cultivation  represented  only  by  one 
house-plant,  a  species  of 

1.  PITTOSPORUM.  (Name  means  pitchy  seed  in  Greek,  the  seeds  being 
generally  covered  with  a  sticky  exudation.)  Flowers  regular,  of  5  sepals, 


58  VIOLET    FAMILY. 

5  petals,  and  5  stamens  ;  the  claws  of  the  petals  sometimes  slightly  united  : 

ovary  one-celled   with   three  parietal   placenta,   a  single  style  and  stigma. 

Fruit  a  globular  woody  pod,  many-seeded. 

P.  Tobira,  COMMON  P.  A  low  tree,  cultivated  as  a  house-plant  (from 
Japan),  with  obovatc  and  retusc  evergreen  leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of 
the  branches,  which  arc  terminated  by  a  small  sessile  umbel  of  white  fragrant 
flowers,  produced  in  winter. 

14.   VIOLACE^EI,  VIOLET  FAMILY. 

Commonly  known  only  by  the  principal  genus  of  the  order,  viz. 

1.  VIOLA,  VIOLET.  (Ancient  Latin  name.)  Sepals  5,  persistent.  Pet- 
als 5,  more  or  less  unequal,  the  lower  one  with  a  sac  or  spur  at  the  base. 
(Lessons,  p.  91,  fig.  181,  182.)  Stamens  5,  short:  the  very  broad  flat  fila- 
ments conniving  and  slightly  cohering  around  the  pistil,  which  they  cover, 
all  but  the  end  of  the  style  and  the  (usually  one-sided)  stigma,  bearing  the 
anthers  on  their  inner  face,  two  of  these  spurred  at  the  base.  Ovary  and  pod 
1 -celled,  with  3  parietal  placenta?,  containing  several  rather  large  seeds. — 
Herbs,  with  stipules  to  the  alternate  leaves,  and  1-flowered  peduncles. 

*  STEMLESS  VIOLETS,  with  leaves  and  peduncles  all  from  creeping  or  sub. 
terranean  rootstocks,  there  being  no  proper  ascending  steins  :  all  flowering  in 
spring,  also  producing  inconspicuous  flowers  and  most  of  the  fruitful  pods, 
all  summer,  concealed  among  the  leaves. 

•*-  Garden  species,  from  Europe:  fm grant. 

V.  Odorata,  SWEET  VIOLET.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  the  tufts  spreading  hy 
creeping  runners  ;  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped,  more  or  less  downy  ;  flowers 
purple-blue  (violet-color)  varying  to  bluish  and  white,  single  or  in  cultivation 
commonly  full  double.  Hardy  ;  while  the  ITALIAN  VIOLET,  the  variety  used 
for  winter-blooming,  with  leaves  smoother  and  brighter  green  and  flowers  paler 
or  grayish-blue,  is  tender  northward. 

•*-  H-  Wild  species :  slightly  sweet-scented  or  scentless. 
•»-*•  Flowers  blue  or  violet-color. 

V.  Selkirk!!,  SELKIRK'S  V.  Small,  only  2'  high,  the  rounded  henrt- 
shapcd  leaves  spreading  flat  on  the  ground  ;  the  flower  large  in  proportion,  its 
thick  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  beardless  petals  :  on  shady  banks,  only  N. 

V.  sagittata,  ARUOAV-LEAVKD  V.  One  of  the  commonest  and  earliest  ; 
leaves  varying  from  oblong-heart-shaped  to  ovate  and  often  rather  halberd- 
shaped,  the  earlier  ones  on  short  and  margined  petioles  ;  flower  large  in  propor- 
tion ;  spur  short  and  sac-shaped,  as  in  all  the  following. 

V.  CUCUllata,  COMMON  BLUE  V.  The  tallest  and  commonest  of  the 
blue  violets,  in  all  low  grounds,  with  matted  fleshy  and  scaly-toothed  rootstocks, 
erect  and  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped  obscurely  serrate  leaves,  with  the  sides 
at  the  base  rolled  in  when  young,  on  long  petioles  ;  flowers  sometimes  pale  or 
variegated  with  white. 

V.  palmata,  HAND-LEAP  V.,  is  a  variety  of  the  last,  with  the  leaves,  or 
all  the  later  ones,  3  -  7-cleft  or  parted  ;  common  southward. 

V.  pedata,  BIRD-FOOT  V.  Grows  in  sandy  or  light  soil,  from  a  short  and 
thick  or  tuber-like  rootstock  ;  the  leaves  all  cut  into  linear  divisions  or  lobes  ; 
the  flower  large,  beardless,  usually  light  violet-color  :  sometimes  the  two  upper 
petals  deep  dark  violet,  like  a  pansy. 

V.  delphimf61ia,  LARKSPUR-LEAVED  V.,  takes  the  place  of  the  preced- 
ing in  prairies,  &c.  W.  and  is  like  it,  but  has  the  lateral  petals  bearded. 

++  •*-«•  Flowers  (small)  white,  the  lower  petal,  purplish-veined. 

V.  blanda,  SWEET  WHITE  V.  Very  common,  with  faintly  sweet-scented 
flowers,  all  the  petals  beardless;  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped  or  'kidney -shaped. 

V.  pr!mul86f61!a,  PRIMROSE-LEAVED  V.  Common  S.,  between  the  last 
and  next,  has  oblong  or  ovate  leaves. 

V.  lanceolata,  LANCE-LEAVED  V.  Commonest  S.,  has  lanceolate  leaves 
tapering  into  long  petioles,  and  beardless  petals. 


SUNDEW   FAMILY.  59 

.M.  ++  -M.  Flowers  yellow. 

V.  rotundif61ia,  ROUND-LEAVED  V.  Only  in  cold  woods  N.  ;  the 
roundish  heart-shaped  leaves  flat  on  the  ground,  becoming  large  and  shining  in 
summer  ;  spreads  by  runners  ;  flower  small. 

*  *  LEAFY-STEMMED  VIOLETS,  wild,  perennial:  flowering  in, spring  and  summer. 
-i—  Flowers  yellow,  short-spurred :  stem  2  —  4-leuved  above,  naked  below. 

V.  pubescens,  DOWNY  YELLOW  V.  Common  in  rich  woods  ;  soft- 
downy,  also  a  rather  smooth  variety;  leaves  broadly  heart-shaped. 

V/hastata,  IIALHKRD-LKAVED  V.     Scarce  W.  &  S.  ;    smoother;    leaves 
oblong-heart-shaped,  halberd-shaped,  or  3-lobed  ;  flower  small. 
H-  -i-  Flowers  not  yelloiv :  stem  branched,  leafy  below :  leaves  rounded,  heart-shaped. 

V.  striata,  PALE  V.  Not  rare  N.  &  W.,  low;  flowers  creamy-white, 
with  lower  petal  purple-lined ;  spur  short ;  stipules  large  in  proportion,  strongly 
fringe-toothed. 

V.  canina,  DOG  V.,  the  Amcr.  variety  :  common  in  low  grounds  ;  low, 
with  creeping  branches  or  short  runners,  fringe-toothed  stipules,  and  spur  half 
the  length  of  the  violet  flower. 

V.  rostrata,  LONG-SPURRED  V.  Shady  hills  N.  &  W. ;  6'  high,  with 
fringe-toothed  stipules,  and  slender  spur  longer  than  the  pale  violet  petals. 

V.  Canadensis,  CANADA  V.  Common  in  rich  woods  N.  &  W.,  taller 
than  the  others,  l°-2°  high,  larger-leaved,  with  entire  stipules;  flowers  all 
summer,  the  petals  white  or  purplish  above,  the  upper  ones  violet-purple  under- 
neath ;  spur  very  short  and  blunt. 

*  *-  *  PANSY  ViOLETS,_//*om  Europe,  with  leafy  and  branching  stems,  and  large 
leaf-like  stipules  :  flowering  through  the  spring  and  summer. 

V.  tricolor,  PANSY  or  HEART'S-EASE.  Cult,  or  running  wild  in  gardens, 
low,  with  roundish  leaves,  or  the  upper  oval  and  lowest  heart-shaped  ;  "stipules 
lyrate-pinnatifid ;  petals  of  various  colors,  and  often  variegated,  and  under  culti- 
vation often  very  largo  and  showy,  the  spur  short  and  blunt.  —  Var.  ARVENSIS, 
is  a  field  variety,  slender  and  small-flowered,  thoroughly  naturalized  in  some 
1> luces.  (1)  fu)  21 

V.  COrnuta,  HORNED  V.  From  the  Pyrenees,  cult,  in  borders  of  late ; 
has  stipules  merely  toothed,  and  light  violet-purple  flowers  with  a  very  long 
and  slender  spur.  2/ 

15.  DROSERACE^E,  SUNDEW  FAMILY. 

Bog-herbs,  with  regular  flowers,  on  scapes  ;  leaves  in  a  tuft  at 
the  root,  glandular-bristly  or  bristly-fringed,  and  rolled  up  from  the 
apex  in  the  bud,  in  the  manner  of  Ferns  ;  the  persistent  sepals  and 
withering-persistent  petals  each  5;  stamens  5-15  with  their  anthers 
turned  outward  ;  and  a  1-celled  many-seeded  pod.  Represented  by 
two  genera. 

1.  DROSKRA.     Stamens  5.     Styles  3-5,  but  2-partecl  so  as  to  seem  like  6-10. 

Ovarv  with  3  parietal  placenta?.     Reddish-colored  and  sticky-glandular. 

2.  DIONvEA.     Stamens  15.      Style  1:    stigma  lobed  and  fringed.      Ovules  nnd 

seeds  all  at  the  broad  base  of  the  ovary  and  pod.    Leaves  terminated  by  a 
bristly-bordered  fly-trap. 

1.  DBOSERA,  SUNDEW.  (Name  means  in  Greek  dewy,  or  beset  with 
dew-drops,  the  gland  surmounting  the  bristles  of  the  leaves  producing  a  clear 
and  dew-like  drop  of  liquid,  which  is  glutinous,  and  serves  to  catch  small  flics.) 
Flowers  small,  in  a  1 -sided  spike  or  raceme,  each  opening  only  once,  in  sun- 
shine, in  summer.  2/ 

*  Flowers  small,  white :  leaves  with  a  blade. 

D.  rotundif61ia,  ROUND-LEAVED  S.  The  commonest  species  in  peat- 
bogs, white  round  leaves  on  long  petioles  spreading  in  a  tuft.  When  a  small 
fly  or  other  insect  is  caught  by  the  sticky  glands  on  "the  upper  face  of  the  leaf, 


GO  ROCK-ROSE    FAMILY. 

the  bristles  of  the  outer  rows  very  slowly  turn  inwards,  so  that  their  glands  help 
to  hold  the  prey  ! 

D.  longifdlia,  LODGER-LEAVED  S.  In  very  wet  bogs  or  shallow  water, 
with  spatulate-oblong  leaves,  some  of  them  erect,  oYi  long  petioles. 

D.  brevif61ia,  SHORT-LEAVKD  S.     In  wet  sand,  only  at  the  S.  ;  small  ; 
scape  only  2'  -  5'  high,  few-flowered  ;  leaves  short,  wedge-shaped. 
*  *  Flowers  rose-purple  :  no  blade  to  the  leaf. 

D.  fllifdlia,  THREAD-LEAVED  S.  In  wet  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  from 
Plymouth,  Mass.,  to  Florida  ;  leaves  erect,  thread-shaped  ;  scape  G'  -  12'  high, 
from  a  bulb-like  base  ;  flowers  handsome,  £'  or  more  broad. 

2.   DION  M  A,  VENUS'S  FLY-TRAP.    (Named  for  the  mother  of  Venus.  ) 
11     Only  one  species, 

D.  muscipula.  Grows  only  in  sandy  bogs  near  Wilmington,  N.  Car., 
but  kept  in  conservatories  as  a  great  curiosity.  (See  Lessons,  p.  5:2,  fig.  81, 
for  the  leaves,  and  the  way  they  catch  insects  !)  Flowers  white,  borne  in  an 
umbel-like  cyme  on  a  scape  1°  high,  in  sprin 


. 


16.   CISTACE^I,  ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY. 

Shrubby  or  low  herbaceous  plants,  with  regular  flowers  ;  a  per- 
sistent calyx  of  5  sepals,  two  of  them  exterior  and  resembling  bracts; 
the  petals  and  stamens  on  the  receptacle  ;  the  style  single  or  none  ; 
ovary  1-celled  with  3  or  o  parietal  placenta}  (Lessons,  fig.  2G1), 
bearing  orthotropous  ovules.  Represented  in  greenhouses  by  one 
showy  species,  CISTUS  LADANIFERUS  of  Europe  (not  common), 
and  in  sandy  woods  and  fields  by  the  following  wild  plants. 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM.     Petals  5,  crumpled  in  the  bud,  fugacious  (falling  :it  the 

close  of  the  first  day).     Stamens  and  ovules  many  in  the  complete  flower: 
placentas  3.     Style  none  or  short 

2.  HUDSONIA.     Petals  as  in  the  last.     Calyx  narrow.     Stamens  9  -30.     Style 

slender.     Ovules  few. 

3.  LECHKA.     Petals  3,  persistent,  not  longer  than  the  calyx.     Stamens  3-12. 

Style  none.     Pod  partly  3-cel!ed,  6-seeded. 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM,  FROSTWEED.      (Name  from  Greek  words 
for  sun  and  flower,  the  blossoms  opening  only  in  sunshine.     Popular  name, 
from  crystals  of  ice  shooting  from  the  cracked  bark  at  the  root  late  in  the 
autumn.)     Low,  yellow-flowered,  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil.     ^ 

H.  Canad^nse,  CANADIAN  or  COMMON  F.  Common,  and  the  only  one 
N.  ;  has  lance-oblong  leaves  hoary  beneath;  flowers  produced  all  summer, 
some  with  showy  corolla  1'  broad  and  many  stamens  ;  others  small  and  clus- 
tered along  the  stem,  with  inconspicuous  corolla  and  3-10  stamens  ;  the  latter 
produce  small  few-seeded  pods. 

H.  COrymb6sum,  only  along  the  coast  S.,  is  downy  all  over,  with  smaller 
flowers  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  and  larger  ones  long-peduncled. 

H.  Carolinianum,  grows  only  S.,  is  hairy,  with  green  leaves,  the  lower 
obovate  and  clustered  ;  flowers  all  largc-pctalled  and  scattered,  in  spring. 

2.  HUDSONIA.  •  (For  an  English  botanist,  William  Hudson.)     Heath-like 
little  shrubs,  6'  -12'  high,  nearly  confined  to  sandy  shores  of  the  ocean  and 
Great  Lakes,  with  minute  downy  leaves  closely  covering  the  branches,  and 
small  yellow  flowers,  opening  in  sunshine,  in  spring  and  summer. 

H.  ericoides,  HEATH-LIKE  II.  Greenish;  leaves  awl-shaped;  flowers 
peduneled.  From  New  Jersey  N. 

H.  tomentbsa,  Dowxv  II.  Hoary  with  soft  down  ;  leaves  oblong  <»r 
oval  and  close  pressed  ;  pqduncles  short  or  hardly  any.  From  New  Jersey  to 
Maine  and  Lake  Superior. 


ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY.  61 

3.  LECHEA,  PINWEED.  (For  Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist.)  Small, 
homely  herbs,  with  inconspicuous  greenish  or  purplish  flowers,  aud  pods 
about  die  size  of  a  piu's  head,  whence  the  popular  name  :  common  in  sterile 
soil;  fl.  summer  and  autumn.  ^ 

L.  major,  LARGER  P.  Stem  upright,  hairy,  l°-2°  high;  leaves  ellipti- 
cal, niucronate  ;  flowers  densely  clustered.  Borders  of  sterile  woodlands. 

L.  minor,  SMALLER  P.  Stems  low,  6'- 18'  high,  often  straggling,  minutely 
hairy  ;  leaves  linear  ;  flowers  loosely  racemed  on  the  branches.  Open  sterile 
ground. 

17.   HYPEKICACEJE,  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY. 

Distinguished  from  all  other  of  our  plants  by  the  opposite  and 
entire  simple  and  chiefly  sessile  leaves,  punctate  with  translucent 
and  commonly  some  blackish  dots,  perfect  flowers  with  the  stamens 
(usually  many  and  more  or  less  in  3  or  5  clusters)  inserted  on  the 
receptacle,  and  a  pod  either  1-celled  with  parietal  placentae  or  3-5- 
celled  (see  Lessons,  p.  120,  fig.  260,  262,  263),  filled  with  many 
small  seeds.  Juice  resinous  and  acrid.  All  here  described  are  wild 
plants  of  the  country. 

*  No  glands  between  the  stamens.    Petals  convolute  in  the  bud. 

1.  ASCYRUM.     Sepals  4;  the  outer  pair  very  broad,  the  inner  small  and  narrow. 

Petals  4,  yellow.     Stamens  many.     Ovary  1-celled. 

2.  HYPERICUM.     Sepals  and  (yellow)  petals  6.     Stamens  many,  rarely  few. 

*  *  Large  gland  between  each  of  the  3  sets  of  stamens.   Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  ELODES.     Sepals  and  erect  flesh-colored.     Petals  5.     Stamens  9  to  12,  united 

in  3  sets.     Ovary  3-celled.     Flowers  axillary. 

1.  ASCYRUM,  ST.  PETER'S-WORT.      (Greek  name  means  without 
roughness,  being  smooth  plants.)     Leafy-stemmed,  woody  at  the  base,  with 
2-edged  branches ;  wild  in  pine  barrens,  &c.,  chiefly  S.     Fl.  summer.     11 

*  A  pair  of  bractlets  on  the  pedicel :  styles  short. 

A.  Crux-Andre8e,  ST.  ANDREW'S  CROSS.  From  New  Jersey  to  Illinois 
&  S. ;  stems  spreading ;  leaves  thinnish,  narrow-oblong  and  tapering  to  the  base ; 
flowers  rather  small,  with  narrow  pale  yellow  petals  and  only  2  styles. 

A.  Stans,  COMMON  ST.  PETER'S-WORT.  From  New  Jersey  S. ;  stems 
2°  -  3°  high  ;  leaves  thickish,  closely  sessile,  oval  or  oblong ;  flowers  larger, 
with  obovate  petals  and  3  or  4  styles. 

*  *  No  bractlets  on  the  pedicel :  styles  longer  than  ovary. 

A.  amplexicaule,  CLASPIXG-LEAVED  S.  Only  found  S.,  with  erect  stems 
many  times  forking  above,  and  closely  sessile  heart-shaped  leaves ;  styles  3. 

2.  HYPERICUM,  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.     (Ancient  name,  of  uncertain 
derivation.)     Fl.  in  summer,  in  all  ours  yellow. 

*  Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs :  stamens  very  many. 
•t-  Styles  5  (rarely  more)  united  below  into  one :  pod  ^-celled. 

H.  pyramidatum,  GREAT-FL.  S.  Herb,  2°  -4°  high,  with  ovate-oblong 
partly-clasping  leaves,  and  large  flowers,  the  petals  rather  narrow,  1'  long,  and 
5  clusters  of  stamens.  River-banks  N.  &  W. 

H.  Kalmianum,  KALM'S  S.  Low  shrub,  with  glaucous  oblanceolato 
leaves  and  rather  large  flowers.  N.  W.  :  rare,  except  at  Niagara  Falls. 

+-  •»-  Styles  3  partly  united,  or  at  first  wholly  united  to  the  top  into  one  (see  Lessons, 

p.  118,  fig.  256)  :  sepals  leafy,  spreading. 
*-+  Shrubby,  deciduous-leaved,  both  Northern  and  Southern. 

H.  prolificum,  SHRUBBY  S.  Like  the  last,  but  leaves  scarcely  glaucous, 
lance-oblong  or  linear  ;  pod  3-ccllcd. 


G2  ST.  JOIIN'S-WORT  FAMILY. 

•M.  •*-*•  Shrubby,  evergreen  or  nearly  so,  only  Southern. 

H.  fasciculatlim,  FASCICLED  S.  Leaves  narrow-linear  and  small,  and 
with  shorter  ones  flustered  in  the  axils  ;  pod  narrow.  Wet  pine  barrens. 

H.  myrtifolium,  MYRTLE-LEAVED  S.  Leaves  heart-shaped  and  partly 
clasping-,  thiek,  glaucous  ;  pod  conical.  Wet  pine  barrens. 

H.  aureum,  GOLDEN  S.  Leaves  oblong-  with  a  narrow  base,  glaucous 
beneath ;  thick ;  flowers  mostly  single,  very  large  (2'  broad),  orange-yellow  ; 
pod  ovate.  River-banks  towards  the  mountains. 

H.  nudifldrum,  NAKED-CLUSTERED  S.  Shrubby  and  evergreen  S.,  lisa 
so  in  Virginia,  &c.,  has  4-angled  branches,  oblong  pale  leaves,  and  a  peduncled 
naked  cyme  of  rather  small  flowers  ;  pods  conical. 

++  •*-*  -w-  Herbaceous,  simple-stemmed,  Northern  $*  Western. 

H.  sphserocarpon,  SPHERICAL-FRUITED  S.  About  2°  high;  leaves 
diverging,  oblong-linear  (2'  long),  obtuse;  flowers  numerous,  small,  in  a  naked 
flat  cyme  ;  sepals  ovate  ;  pod  globular,  1-celled.  Rocky  banks,  W. 

H.  adpressum,  UPRIGHT-LEAVED  S.  A  foot  high;  leaves  ascending, 
lanceolate,  often  acute ;  flowers  few  and  rather  small ;  sepals  narrow ;  pod 
oblong,  partly  3-cclled.  Low  grounds,  Pennsylvania  to  Rhode  Island. 

H.  ellipticum,  ELLIPTICAL-LEAVED  S.  Barely  1°  high ;  leaves  spread- 
ing, oblong,  thin ;  flowers  rather  few  in  a  nearly  naked  cyme,  pale ;  the  pod 
purple,  oblong-oval,  obtuse,  1-celled.  Wet  soil,  N. 

•»-  •»-  I-  Styles  3  wholly  separate  (see  Lessons,  fig.  255)  :  herbs. 
•w-  Ovary  and  pod  3-celled :  petals  black-dotted :  styles  mostly  diverging. 

H.  perforatum,  COMMON  S.  The  only  one  not  indigenous,  nat.  from 
Eu.,  a  troublesome  weed  in  fields,  £c. ;  spreads  by  runners  from  the  base  ; 
upright  stems  branching ;  leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  with  pellucid  dots  ; 
flowers  rather  large  in  open  leafy  cymes  ;  the  deep  yellow  petals  twice  the  length 
of  the  lanceolate  acute  sepals.  The  juice  is  very  acrid. 

H.  corymbbsum,  CORYMBED  S.  Common  N.  in  moist  ground ;  stem 
2°  high,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  oblong,  slightly  clasping,  having  black  as 
well  as  pellucid  (lots  ;  flowers  rather  small,  crowded ;  petals  light  yellow  and 
black-lined  as  well  as  dotted  ;  sepals  oblong  ;  styles  not  longer  than  the  pod. 

H.  maculatum,  SPOTTED  S.  Common  S.  has  somewhat  heart-shaped 
or  more  clasping  leaves,  lanceolate  sepals,  and  very  long  and  slender  styles  : 
otherwise  like  the  last. 

•n-  •*•+  Oi-ary  \-celled:  stem  strict:  leaves  ascending,  acute,  closely  sessile,  short. 

H.  angulbsum,  ANGLED  S.  Wet  pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  S. 
Stem  sharply  4-angled  (l°-2°  high),  smooth;  leaves  ovate  or  lance-oblong; 
flowers  scattered  along  the  ascending  branches  of  the  cyme,  small,  copper- 
yellow  ;  styles  slender. 

H.  pil6sum,  HAIRY  S.  Wet  pine-barrens  S.  Stem  terete,  and  with  tho 
lance-ovate  leaves  roughish-downy ;  styles  short. 

#  #  Annual,  low  and  slender,  small-Jlowered  herbs:  stamens  5-12  :  ovary  and 
broivn-purple  pod  strict fy  l-celled :  styles  3,  separate :  sepals  narrow,  erect  : 
petals  narrow. 

•»-  Leaves  conspicuous  and  spreading :  /lowers  in  cymes. 

H.  mutilum,  SMALL  S.  Slender,  much  branched  and  leafy  up  to  the 
flowers ;  leaves  partly  clasping,  thin,  5-nerved,  ovate  or  oblong ;  petals  pale 
yellow.  Everywhere  in  low  grounds. 

H-  Canadense,  CANADIAN  S.  Stem  and  branches  strictly  erect ;  leaves 
linear  or  lanceolate,  3-nerved  at  the  base ;  petals  copper-yellow.  Wet  sandv  soil. 

-t—  •*-  Leaves  erect,  awl-shaped  or  scale-like  and  minute :  flowers  very  small  and 
scattered  along  tlie  numerous  bushy  and  icinj  slender  l>r<tndi<s. 

H.  Drumm6ndii,  DRUMMOND'S  S.  In  dry  barrens,  W.  Illinois  and  S., 
with  linear-awl-shaped  leaves,  short-pedicellcd  flowers,  and  pods  not  longer  than 
the  calyx. 

H.  Sardthra,  ORANGE-GRASS  or  PINE-WEED.  Common  in  dry  sterile 
soil,  with  minute  awl-shaped  appresscd  scales  for  leaves,  flowers  sessile  on  th<i 
Aviry  branches,  and  slender  pods  much  exceeding  the  calyx. 


PINK    FAMILY.  03 

3.  ELODES,  MARSH  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.     (Greek  for  marshy.)     In 
water  or  wet  bogs,  with  pale  often  purple-veined  oblong  or  ovate  leaves,  ami 
close  clusters  of  small  flowers  in  their  axils,  produced  all  summer.     Petals 
pale  purple  or  flesh-color,  equal-sided,  erect.     2/ 
E.  Virginica,  the  commonest,  has  the  roundish  or  broadly  oblong  leaves 

clasping  by  a  broad  base. 

E.  petiolata,  commoner  S.,  has  the  leaves  tapering  into  a  short  petiole. 

18.  ELATINACE^I,  WATER-WORT  FAMILY. 

Little  marsh  annuals,  resembling  Chick  weeds,  but  with  mem- 
branaceous  stipules  between  the  opposite  leaves,  and  seeds  as  in 
preceding  family.  Represented  by 

1.   EL ATINE,  WATER-WORT.     (Greek  name  of  some  herb.)     Sepals, 
petals,  stamens  and  cells  of  the  ovary  and  stigmas  or  styles  of  the  same  num- 
ber, each  2,  3,  or  4,  all  separate  on  the  receptacle.    Seeds  "straightish  or  curved. 
Flowers  minute  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
E.  Americana.     Creeping  and  spreading  on  muddy  shores  of  ponds,  &c., 

about  1 '  high,  not  very  common ;  leaves  obovate ;  parts  of  the  flower  2,  rarely  3  ; 

pod  very  thin. 

19.  TAMABISCINEJE,  TAMARISK  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  of  the  Old  World,  represented  in  orna- 
mental grounds  by 

1.  TAMAKIX,  TAMARISK.  (Named  for  the  Tamarisci,  or  the  river 
Tamaris,  on  which  these  people  lived.)  Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  persistent, 
or  the  latter  withering,  and  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many,  all  on  the 
receptacle.  Ovary  pointed,  1-celled,  bearing  many  ovules  on  three  parietal 
placentae  next  the  base  :  styles  3.  Seeds  with  a  plume  of  hairs  at  the 
apex.  Shrubs  or  small  trees  of  peculiar  aspect,  with  minute  and  scale-shaped 
or  awl-shaped  alternate  leaves  apprcssed  on  the  slender  branches,  and  small 
white  or  purplish  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes.  The  only  one  planted  is 

T.  Gallica,  FRENCH  T.  Barely  hardy  N.,  often  killed  to  the  ground,  a 
picturesque,  delicate  shrub,  rather  Cypress-like  in  aspect,  glaucous-whitish,  the 
minute  leaves  clasping  the  branches,  nearly  evergreen  where  the  climate  permits. 

20.  CARYOPHYLLACE^I,  PINK  FAMILY. 

Bland  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  regular  flowers  with  not 
over  10  stamens,  a  commonly  1-celled  ovary  with  the  ovules  rising 
from  the  bottom  of  the  cell  or  on  a  central  column,  and  with  2  —  5 
styles  or  sessile  stigmas,  mostly  separate  to  the  base.  (See  Les- 
sons, p.  120,  fig.  258,  259.)  Seeds  with  a  slender  embryo  on  the 
outside  of  a  mealy  albumen,  and  usually  curved  into  a  ring  around  it. 
Calyx  persistent.  Petals  sometimes  minute  or  wanting.  Divides 
into  two  great  divisions  or  suborders,  viz.  the  true  PINK  FAMILY, 
and  the  CHICKWEED  FAMILY,  to  the  latter  of  which  many  plants 
like  them,  but  mostly  single-seeded  and  without  petals,  are  appended. 

I.  PINK  FAMILY  PROPER.  Sepals  (5)  united  below  into  a 
tube  or  cup.  Petals*  with  slender  claws  which  are  enclosed  in  the 
calyx-tube,  and  commonly  raised  within  it,  with  the  10  stamens,  on 
a  sort  of  stalk,  often  with  a  cleft  scale  or  crown  at  the  junction  of 
the  blade  and  claw.  (Lessons,  p.  101,  fig.  200.)  Pod  mostly  open- 
ing at  the  top,  many-seeded. 


64  PIXK    FAMILY. 

#   Gtlyx  loith  a  scaly  cup  or  set  of  bracts  at  its  base:  styles  2. 

1.  DIANTHUS.    Calyx  cylindrical,  faintly  many-striate.    Petals  without  a  crown. 

Seeds  attached  by  the  face:  embryo  in  the  albumen  and  nearly  straight! 
*  #  Calyx  naked  at  base  :  seeds  attached  by  the  edge :  embryo  curved. 

2.  LYCHNIS.     Styles'  5,  rarely  4.     Calyx  not  angled,  but  mostly  10-nerved. 

3.  SILENE.     Styles  3.     Calyx  not  angled,  mostly  10-nerved. 

4.  VACCARIA."   Styles  2.     Calyx  pyramidal,  becoming  5-wing-angled. 

5.  SAPONARIA.     Styles  2.     Calyx  cylindrical  or  oblong,  not  angled,  5-toothed. 

Pod  4-valved  at  the  top. 

6.  GYPSOPHILA.     Styles  2.      Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  or  thin  and  delicate 

below  the  sinuses.     Pod  4-valved.     Flowers  small  and  panicled,  resembling 
those  of  Sandwort,  &c. 

II.  CHICKWEED  FAMILY,  &c.  Petals  spreading,  without 
claws,  occasionally  wanting.  Sepals  (4  or  5)  separate  or  united 
only  at  base,  or  rarely  higher  up.  Flowers  small,  compared  with 
the  Pink  Family,  and  the  plants  usually  low  and  spreading  or  tufted. 

*   Without  stipules,  generally  with  petals  :  pod  several-seeded. 

7.  SAGINA.     Styles  and  valves  of  the  pod  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate 

with  them  (4  or  5).     Petals  entire  or  none.     Small  plants. 

8.  CERASTIUM.     Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them  (5).     Petals 

notched  at  the  en'd  or  2-cleft,  rarely  none.     Pod  mostly  elongated,  opening  at 
the  top  by  10  teeth. 

9.  STELLARIA.     Styles  fewer  than  the  sepals  (3  or  sometimes  4)  and  opposite 

as  many  of  them.     Petals  2-cleft,  or  sometimes  none.     Pod  globular  or  ovoid, 
splitting  into  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 

10.  ARENARIA.     Styles  (commonly  onty  3)  fewer  than  the  sepals  and  opposite  as 

many  of  them.     Petals  entire,  rarely  none.     Pod  globular  or  oblong,  splitting 
into  as  many  or  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 

*  *   With  scarious  stipules  bettveen  the  leaves,  conspicuous  and  entire  2)etals,  and  a 

many-seeded  3  -  5-valvedpod. 

11.  SPERGULARIA.     Styles  usually  3.     Leaves  opposite. 

12.  SPERGULA.      Styles  5,  as   many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate   with  them. 

Leaves  in  whorls. 

*  *  #   Without  petals  :  the  fruit  (utricle)  1-seeded  and  indehiscent. 

13.  ANYCHIA.     Sepals  5,  nearly  distinct.      Stamens  2-5.      Stigmas  2,  sessile. 

Stipules  and   flowers  minute. 

14r  SCLERANTHUS.  Sepals  (5)  united  below  into  an  indurated  cup,  narrowed  at 
the  throat  where  it  bears  5  or  10  stamens,  enclosing  the  small  utricle. 
Styles  2.  Stipules  none. 

*  #  *  #   Without  petals,  but  the  5  sepals  wliite  and  petal-like  inside:  stipules  obscure 

if  any  :  fruit  a  3-celled  many- seeded  pod. 

15.  MOLLUGO.  Stamens  generally  3,  on  the  receptacle,  Stigmas  3.  Pod 
3-valved,  the  partitions  breaking  away  from  the  seed-bearing  axis  and  ad- 
hering to  the  middle  of  the  valves. 

1.   DIANTHUS,  PINK.     (Greek  name,  meaning  Jove's  own  flower.)    All 
but  the  first  species  cultivated  for  ornament :  fl.  summer. 

*  Flowers  sessile  and  many  in  a  close  cluster,  with  long  and  narrow-pointed  bracts 

under  the  calyx,  except  in  the  last. 

D.  Armdria,  DEPTFORD  PINK  of  Europe,  has  got  introduced  into  fields 
in  a  few  places  ;  a  rather  insignificant  plant,  somewhat  hairy,  narrow-leaved, 
with  very  small  scentless  flowers  ;  petals  rose-color  with  whitish  dots.  (T) 

D.  barbatus,  SWEET  WILLIAM  or  BUNCH  PINK,  of  Europe,  with  thin- 
nish  oblong-lanceolate  green  leaves,  and  a  very  flat-topped  cluster  of  various- 
colored  flowers,  the  petals  sharply  toothed,  abounds  in  all  country  gardens;  the 
many  double-flowered  varieties  are  more  choice.  2/ 

D.  Carthusiandrum,  CARTHUSIANS'  PINK,  from  Eu.,  has  linear  leaves, 
slender  stems,  and  a  dense  cluster  of  small  flowers ;  bracts  ovate  or  oblong, 
abruptly  awn-tipped,  brown,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  petals  merely  toot  lied, 
short,  usually  dark  purple  or  crimson  :  now  rather  "scarce  in  gardens.  If. 


PINK    FAMILY.  G,) 

*  *  Flowers  single  at  the  ends  of  the  branches:  leaves  narrow  and  often  grass-like,, 
ratJier  rigia,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  usually  without  any  evident  veins. 

D.  Chinensis,  CHINA  or  INDIAN  PINK,  has  lanceolate  leaves,  less  rigid 
and  greener  than  any  of  the  following,  and  linear  acute  scales  or  bracts  as  long 
as  the  calyx  ;  the  large  petals  toothed  or  cut,  of  various  colors,  red,  purple, 
violet,  &c.  The  garden  var.  HEDDEWIGII  is  a  more  glaucous  and  large-flowered 
form,  lately  introduced.  ©  © 

D.  CaryophyllllS,  CLOVE  PINK,  the  parent  of  all  the  sorts  of  CARNA- 
TION,  &c.,  has  the  steins  almost  woody  below,  very  glaucous  long-linear  leaves  ; 
the  scales  under  the  calyx  very  short  and  broad ;  petals  merely  toothed,  of 
various  colors.  Scarcely"  hardy  N.  2/ 

D.  plumarillS,  PIIEASANT'S-EYE  or  PLUMED  PIJFK.  A  low,  hardy  spe- 
cies, making  broad  tufts,  with  small  very  glaucous  leaves,  sending  up  floAver- 
stems  in  early  summer,  the  white  or  pink  or  variegated  petals  cut  into  a  fringe 
of  slender  lobes.  ^ 

D.  Sllperbus,  is  taller,  less  tufted,  and  later-flowered ;  the  large  petals 
entirely  dissected  into  delicate  almost  capillary  divisions.  ^ 

2.   LYCHNIS.     (Greek  name  for  lamp,  the  down  of  the  Mullein  Lychnis 
having  been  used  for  wicking. )     All  from  the  Old  World  :  fl.  summer. 
§  1 .    Calyx  with  long  leaf-like  lobes  :  petals  naked.     (T) 

L.  GithagO,  CORN-COCKLE.  A  weed  in  grain-fields,  hairy,  with  long 
linear  leaves,  and  long-peduncled  showy  red-purple  flowers  ;  in  fruit  the  calyx- 
lobes  falling  off ;  the  black  seeds  injurious  to  the  grain. 

§  2.  Calyx  unthont  long  leaf-like  lobes :  petals  crowned  with  a  2-cleft  little  scale  or 
pair  of  teeth  on  the  base  of  the  blade  or  at  the  top  of 'the  claw.  2/ 

L.  COronaria,  MULLEIN-LYCHNIS  or  MULLEIN  PINK.  Cult,  in  gar- 
dens ;  the  flower  crimson  and  like  that  of  CORN-COCKLE  ;  but  teeth  of  the 
calyx  short  and  slender  ;  plant  white-cottony  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong.  @  1£ 

L.  Flos-J6yis,  JUPITER'S  L.  Less  common  in  gardens,  downy-hairy  or 
cottony  and  whitish ;  leaves  lance-oblong ;  flowers  many  and  smaller,  in  a 
head-like  long-peduncled  cluster,  reddish-purple ;  petals  obcordate. 

L.  Chalcedonica,  MALTESE-CROSS  or  SCARLET  L.  Very  common  in 
country-gardens ;  tall,  rather  hairy  and  coarse,  with  lance-ovate  partly  clasping 
green  leaves,  and  a  very  dense  flat-topped  cluster  of  many  smallish  flowers  ;  the 
bright  scarlet  or  brick-red  petals  deeply  2-lobed. 

L.  grandiflora,  LARGE-FLOWERED  L.  Cult,  from  China ;  smooth,  with 
oblong  green  leaves  tapering  to  both  ends,  and  the  branches  bearing  single  or 
scattered  short-peduncled  flowers,  which  are  2'  or  3'  across ;  the  red  or  scarlet 
petals  fringe- toothed  at  the  end. 

L.  Viscaria,  VISCID  L.  Rather  scarce  in  gardens  ;  smooth,  but  the  slen- 
der stem  glutinous  towards  the  top  ;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  many  in  a  narrow 
raceme-like  cluster,  rather  small ;  calyx  tubular  or  club-shaped  ;  petals  pink- 
red,  slightly  notched  :  also  a  double-flowered  variety. 

L.  Flos-CUCUli,  CUCKOO  L.  RAGGED  ROBIN  is  the  double-flowered 
variety,  in  gardens  ;  slightly  downy  and  glutinous,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  and 
an  open  panicle  of  pink-red  petals,  these  cleft  into  4  narrow-linear  lobes. 

L.  diurna,  DAY-BLOOMING  L.  Double-flowered  form  also  called  RAGGED 
ROBIN  in  the  gardens  ;  smoothish  or  soft-hairy ;  leaves  oblong  or  lance-ovate, 
the  upper  ones  pointed  ;  flowers  scattered  or  somewhat  clustered  on  the 
branches,  rose-red. 

L.  vespertina,  EVENING-BLOOMING  L.  A  weed  in  some  waste  grounds, 
like  the  last,  and  more  like  the  Night-flowcrfng  Catchfly ;  but  has  5  styles  and 
a  more  ovate  enlarging  calyx  ;  the  flowers  are  commonly  dioecious,  white,  and 
open  after  sunset,  the  root  biennial.  But  a  full  double-flowering  variety  in  gar- 
dens is  perennial,  day-flowering,  and  is  a  white  sort  of  RAGGED  ROBIN. 

3.   SILENE,  CATCHFLY.     (Both  names  refer  to  the  sticky  exudation  on 
stems  and  calyx  of  several  species,  by  which  small  insects  are  often  canuht.) 
Besides  the  following,  some  other  wild  or  cultivated  species  are  met  with,  but 
not  common.     Fl.  mostly  all  summer. 
S&F—14 


66  PINK   FAMILY. 

*  All  over  sticky-hairy :  naturalized  from  Europe.    (T) 

S.  noctifldra,  NIGHT-FLOWERING  C.     Tall  coarse  weed  in  cult,  or  waste 
grounds  ;  lower  leaves  spatulate,  upper  lanceolate  and  pointed ;  flowers  single 
or  in  loose  clusters  terminating  the  branches,  with  awl-shaped  calyx-teeth  and 
white  or  pale  rosy  2-parted  petals,  opening  at  nightfall  or  in  cloudy  weather. 
•  #  #  Smooth,  a  part  of  each  of  the  upper  joint  of  stem  glutinous :  flowers  small.    (T) 
S.  Armferia,  SWEET-WILLIAM  C.     In  old  gardens  or  running  wild,  from 
Europe ;  stem  about  1°  high,  branching  into  flat-topped  cymes  of  many  flowers, 
which  are  rather  showy  ;  calyx  club-shaped  ;  petals  notched,  bright  pink,  or  a 
white  variety,  opening  only  in  sunshine  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  glaucous. 

S.  antirrhina,  SLEEPY  C.  Wild  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil ;  stem  slen- 
der, 6'  -  20'  high,  rather  simple  ;  flowers  very  small,  panicled  ;  calyx  ovoid  ; 
petals  rose-color,  obcordate,  opening  only  at  midday  in  sunshine ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  linear. 

*  *  *  Somewhat  sticky-pubescent,  at  least  the  calyx,  which  is  oblong,  tubular,  or 

club-shaped :  mid  species,  with  red  or  pink  sliowy  flowers.     2/ 

S.  Pennsylvanica,  PENNSYLVANIA!*  C.  or  WILD  PINK.  In  gravelly 
soil ;  stems  4'  -  8'  high,  bearing  2  or  3  pairs  of  lanceolate  leaves  and  a  cluster 
of  short-stalked  middle-sized  flowers,  in  spring  ;  petals  pink-red,  wedge-shaped, 
slightly  notched. 

S.  "V"irginica,  VIRGINIAN  C.  or  FIRE  PINK.  In  open  woods  W.  &  S. ; 
1°  -  2°  high ;  leaves  spatulate  or  lanceolate ;  flowers  few,  pedunclcd ;  the  pretty 
large  bright  crimson-red  petals  2-cleft. 

S.  r6gia,  ROYAL  C.  Prairies,  &c.,  from  Ohio  S.  ;  like  the  last,  but  3° 
high,  Avith  lance-ovate  leaves,  numerous  short-peduncled  flowers  in  a  narrow 
panicle,  and  narrower  scarlet-red  petals  scarcely  cleft. 

*  *  *  *  Not  sticky :  calyx  inflated  and  bladdery :  petals  rather  small,  white.     JJ. 

S.  Stellata,  STARRY  CAMPION.  Wild  on  wooded  banks  ;  stem  slender, 
2° -3°  high  ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  lance-ovate,  pointed;  flowers  in  a  long  and 
narrow  panicle  ;  petals  cut  into  a  fringe. 

S.  inflata,  BLADDER  CAMPION.  Wild  in  fields  E.,  but  nat.  from  Eu., 
glaucous  or  pale  and  very  smooth,  1°  high,  with  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong 
leaves,  and  an  open  cyme  of  flowers  ;  the  bladdery  calyx  veiny  ;  petals  2-cleft. 

4.  VACCARIA,  COW-HERB.     (Name  from  Latin  vacca,  a  cow.)     © 

V.  Vlllgaris,  COMMON  C.  In  gardens  or  running  wild  near  them,  fronj 
Eu. ;  smooth,  l°-2°  high,  with  pale  lanceolate  partly  clasping  leaves,  and  a 
loose  open  cyme  of  flowers  ;  petals  pale  red,  naked,  not  notched  ;  fl.  summer. 

5.  SAPpNAKIA,  SOAPWORT.     (Latin  and  common  names  from  the 
mucilaginous  juice  of  the  stem  and  root  forming  a  lather.)    From  Europe. 
S.  officinalis,  COMMON  S.  or  BOUNCING  BET.     A  rather  stout,  l°-2° 

high,  nearly  smooth  herb,  in  gardens,  and  running  wild  by  roadsides ;  leaves 
3  -  5-ribbed,  the  lower  ovate  or  oval,  upper  lanceolate ;  flowers  rather  large, 
clustered ;  petals  pale  rose-color  or  almost  white,  notched  at  the  end.  The 
double-flowered  is  most  common.  2/ 

6.  GYPSOPHILA.      (From  Greek  words  meaning  lover  of  gypsum  or 
chalk,  growing  on  calcareous  rocks.)     Plants  with  the  small  and  often  pan- 
icled flowers  and  foliage  of  Arenaria  or  Stellaria,  but  the  sepals  united  into 
a  cup  as  in  the  true  Pink  Family,  usually  by  their  thin  white  edges,  however, 
so  that  to  a  casual  glance  they  may  appear  distinct.    Cult,  in  choicer  gardens, 
from  Eu.  and  the  East,  ornamental,  especially  for  dressing  cut  flowers,  &c. 
Fl.  all  summer. 

Gr.  paniculata,  PANICLED  G.  Very  smooth,  pale,  l°-2°  high;  with 
lance-linear  leaves,  and  branches  repeated  forking  into  very  loose  and  light 
cymes,  bearing  innumerable  very  small  and  delicate  white  flowers.  11 

G.  61egans,  ELEGANT  G.  Less  tall  or  low,  loosely  spreading ;  with 
lanceolate  leaves,  much  larger  (Abroad)  and  fewer  flowers,  white  or  slightly 
rosy.  (T) 


PINK    FAMILY.  G7 

7.  SAGINA,    PEARLWORT.      (Latin   name,   means   rich   nourishment, 
which,  however,  these  small  and  insignificant  plants  can  hardly  be. )     There 
arc  four  or  five  species  in  the  country,  none  very  common ;  the  most  so  is 

S.  prociimbens.  Springy  places  and  damp  shores,  &c.,  N. ;  a  smooth 
little  plant,  tufted  and  spreading,  l'-3'  high,  with  almost  thread-shaped  leaves; 
the  blunt  sepals,  short  white  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  4  or  rarely  5. 

8.  CERASTITJM,    MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED.      (Name  in   Greek 
refers  to  the  horn-shaped  pod  of  some  species.    The  popular  name  is  from  the 
shape  and  soft  hairiness  of  the  leaves  of  the  common  species.) 

*  Flowers  inconspicuous,  the  deeply  2-cleft  petals  being  shorter  or  little  longer  than 

the  calyx ;  the  pods  becoming  much  longer  and  curving  more  or  less.  Flower- 
ing all  summer,  white. 

C.  vulgatum,  COMMON  M.,  from  Penn.  S.,  but  scarce  N.,  in  grassy  places. 
An  insignificant  soft-hairy  weed ;  stems  erect,  4'  -  9'  high,  slightly  clammy ; 
leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  small ;  pedicels  even  in  fruit  and  petals  shorter  than 
the  calyx.  @ 

C.  viscdsum,  CLAMMY  M.  Common  in  grassy  places  ;  stems  spreading, 
6'-  15'  long*,  clammy-hairy  ;  leaves  oblong;  pedicels  becoming  longer  than  the 
calyx  ;  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx.  @  2/ 

C.  nutans,  NODDING-FRUITED  M.  Common  in  moist  or  shady  grounds, 
wild.  Clammy-pubescent,  erect,  6' -18'  high,  becoming  very  loosely -flowered 
and  branched  ;"  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ;  petals  longer  than  calyx  ;  pods  long, 
nodding  on  the  slender  flower-stalk  and  curved  upwards.  © 

*  *  Floicers  conspicuous,  the  snowy  white  petals  2  or  3  times  the  length  of  the  calyx: 

pod  shorter :  plants  forming  matted  tufts.     ^ 

C.  arvense,  FIELD  M.  Dry  fields,  &c.  Downy  but  green  ;  leaves  vary- 
ing from  narrow-oblong  to  linear ;  flowering  stems  4'  -  6'  high,  few-flowered  ; 
petals  notched  at  the  end. 

C.  tomentdsum,  COTTONY  M.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for  borders,  £c.,  its 
spreading  shoots,  crowded  with  oblong  white-woolly  leaves,  making  dense  silvery 
mats  ;  petals  deeply  2-cleft. 

9.  STELLARIA,    STARWORT-CHTCKWEED.      (Name  from  Latin 
stella,  a  star.)     Petals  white,  but  sometimes  small  or  none.     Fl.  spring  and 
summer.     None  cultivated  ;  but  the  first  is  a  weed  in  every  garden. 

*  Stems  weak  and  spreading,  marked  with  pubescent  lines :  leaves  broad. 

S.  m6dia,  COMMON  S.  or  CHICKWEED.  In  all  damp  cult,  grounds ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  the  lower  on  hairy  petioles ;  petals  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  2-parted  ;  stamens  3-  10.  © 

S.  pubera,  GREAT  S.  Shaded  rocks,  wild  from  Penn.  S.  &  W. ;  leaves 
oblong  or  oval,  sessile ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  2-cleft. 

*  *  Stems  erect  or  spreading,  and  whole  plant  smooth  :  leaves  narrow,  sessile.     ^ 

S.  longifolia,  LONG-LEAVED  S.  or  STITCIIWORT.      Common  in  damp 
grassy  places  N.  ;  stem  weak,  8' -18'  high;    leaves  linear,  widely  spreading  X 
flowers  numerous  on  slender  spreading  pedicels  in  a  very  loose  cyme ;  petals  t^fat/i 
2-parted,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

S.  borealis,  NORTHERN  S.  Wet  grassy  places  N. ;  stem  3' -10'  high, 
forking  repeatedly  and  with  flowers  in  the  forks  of  the  leafy  branches  ;  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate  or  narrow-oblong ;  petals  shorter  tl*m  the  calyx,  or  none. 

10.  ARENABIA,  SAND  WORT.      (So  named  because  several  grow  in 
sand  or  sandy  soil.)     All  the  following  are  wild,  also  some  others  less  com- 
mon.    Fl.  spring  and  summer. 

*  Petals  inconspicuous,  white. 

A.  serpyllifolia,  THYME-LEAVED  S.  An  insignificant  little  weed,  in 
sandy  or  gravelly  waste  places,  2'  -  6'  high  ;  stems  erect,  roughish,  much 
branched;  leaves  ovate,  pointed ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  3-5-nervcd 
pointed  sepals.  © 


68  PINK    FAMILY. 

A.  difilisa,  SPREADING  S.  Shady  grounds  S.  Plant  soft-downy ;  stems 
prostrate,  1°  or  more  long  ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  peduncles  lateral,  1 -flowered  ; 
petals  shorter  than  the  sepals  or  none.  2/ 

*  *  Petals  conspicuous,  longer  than  the  calyx,  white.     11 

A.  laterifldra,  SIDE-FLOWERING  S.  Gravelly  shores  and  banks  N. 
Plant  minutely  downy  ;  stem  erect,  3' -10'  high,  sparingly  branching  ;  pedun- 
cles few-flowered,  soon  becoming  lateral  by  the  farther  growth  of  the  leafy  stem ; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong. 

A.  Stricta.  Rocky  or  shady  banks  N.  Tufted,  smooth,  4' -6' high  ;  stems 
crowded  with  slender  almost  bristle-form  leaves ;  flowers  several  in  a  terminal 
open  cyme ;  sepals  sharp-pointed. 

A.  squarrbsa,  PINE-BARREN  S.  In  sand,  coast  of  New  Jersey  and  S. 
Densely  tufted  on  a  deep  root,  3'  —  5'  high ;  leaves  much  crowded,  short,  awl- 
shaped,  smooth  ;  the  flowering  branches  or  few-flowered  peduncles  glandular  ; 
sepals  obtuse. 

A.  GrOBnlandica,  MOUNTAIN  S.  On  rocky  summits  of  mountains  and 
N.  E.  coast.  Densely  tufted,  soft;  leaves  thread-form;  flowering  stems  2' -4' 
high,  few-flowered,  the  flowers  large  in  proportion  ;  petals  notched  at  the  end. 

A.  peploides,  SEA  SANDWORT,  in  sands  of  sea-shore  N.,  ft  large,  with 
very  fleshy  ovate  leaves,  and  axillary  flowers. 

11.  SPERGULARIA,    SAND    SPURREY.      (Name   from   likeness   to 
Spergula.)      A  sort  of  Sandworts  with  scaly-mem branaceous  stipules,  and 
reddish  flowers,  produced  all  summer  :  chiefly  maritime.     (V)   If.  1 

S.  rtlbra.  The  field  form  of  this  is  common  in  sand  or  gravel,  along  roads 
and  paths,  E.,  quite  away  from  salt  water  ;  smoothish,  prostrate  in  tufts  ;  leaves 
thread-shaped ;  pod  and  pink-red  corolla  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx ;  seeds 
rough,  wingless,  half-obovate. 

S.  saliua.  Larger  and  more  fleshy,  only  in  brackish  sands ;  with  short 
peduncles,  pale  corolla,  pod  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  rough  obovate-roundrd 
(winged  or  wingless)  seeds. 

S.  media.  Like  the  last,  in  salt  marshes  and  sands,  but  with  longer  pedun- 
cles and  smooth  seeds. 

12.  SPERGULA,  SPURREY.     (Latin  spargere,  to  scatter,  i.  e.  its  seeds.) 
S.  arvensis,  CORN  S.      Stems   1°  or  so  high ;    bearing  several  thread- 
shaped  leaves  in  the  whorls,  and  terminating  in  a  panicle  of  white  flowers. 
A  weed  in  grain-fields,  cult,  in  Europe  as  a  forage  plant,  sheep  being  fond  of  it : 
fl.  summer.     (T) 

13.  ANYCHI4     FORKED  CHICKWEED.      (Name  of  obscure  mean- 
ing-)    CD 

A.  dich6toIL.a,  a  common  little  herb  ;  in  shady  places  it  is  smooth  and 
erect,  6' -10'  high,  with  repeatedly  forking .  long-jointed  very  slender  steins, 
minute  short-stalked  greenish  flowers  in  the  forks,  and  oval  or  oblong  leaves :  in 
dry  or  parched  soil  it  is  spreading  on  the  ground,  short-jointed,  narrower-leaved, 
often  pubescent,  the  flowers  more  clustered  and  nearly  sessile  :  all  summer. 

14.  SCLERANTHUS,  KNAWEL.     (From  Greek  words  meaning  hand 
and  flower,  referring  to  the  indurated  tube  of  the  calyx.) 

S.  annuus,  our  only  species,  is  nat.  from  Eu.  in  gravelly  grounds,  around 
gardens,  &c.,  a  very  pale  little  herb,  3'  —  5'  high,  very  much  branched  and 
spreading,  with  short  awl-shaped  leaves,  and  greenish  small  flowers  clustered  or 
sessile  in  the  forks,  in  late  summer  and  autumn. 

15.  MOLLUGO,  CARPET -WEED.     (An  old  Latin  name  for  some  soft 
plant.)     ® 

M.  verticillata.  A  very  common,  small,  prostrate  and  spreading  little 
weed,  in  waste  gravelly  soil,  gardens,  &c.,  with  spatnlate  leaves  and  1 -flowered 
pedicels  in  clusters  or  whorls  at  the  joints  ;  the  sepals  white  inside  ;  stamens  :>  : 
H.  all  summer. 


PURSLANE    FAMILY.  69 

21.  PORTULACACEJE,  PURSLANE  FAMILY. 

Succulent-leaved  herbs,  with  2  sepals  and  5  petals,  the  stamens 
sometimes  many,  sometimes  few,  and  then  one  before  each  petal ; 
ovary  1-celled,  becoming  a  pod,  with  many  or  few  kidney-shaped 
seeds  on  a  central  placenta,  or  on  slender  seed-stalks  from  the  base. 
Seeds  as  in  the  Pink  Family. 

1.  PORTULACA.     Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals.     Style  cleft  into 

several  slender  divisions.  Lower  part  of  the  ovary  and  many-seeded  pod 
united  with  the  bottom  of  the  calyx;  the  upper  part  when  mature  falling  off 
as  a  lid.  Flowers  opening  only  once,  in  sunshine. 

2.  TALINUM.     Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals.     Style  3-lobed  at  the 

summit.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  deciduous.  Pod  3-valved,  many-seeded. 
Flowers  opening  only  once,  in  sunshine. 

3.  CALANDKINIA.     Stamens  numerous.     Style  3-cleft  at  the  summit.     Calyx 

free  from  the  ovary,  persistent,  enclosing  the  3-valved  many-seeded  pod. 
Flowers  opening  only  once,  in  sunshine. 

4.  CLAYTONIA.     Stamens  5,  one  attached  to  the  base  of  each  petal.     Style 

3-cleft  at  the  summit.  Calyx  persistent,  free  from  the  few-seeded  pod. 
Flowers  usually  opening  for  more  than  one  day. 

1.  PORTULACA,  PURSLANE.    ( Old  Latin  name  for  Purslane. )    Leafy 
and  branching,  low  and  spreading,  with  fleshy  sessile  leaves ;  fl.  all  summer. 
(Lessons,  p.  103,  fig.  214.)     © 

P.  oleracea,  COMMON  P.  Very  smooth,  with  prostrate  stems,  obovate  or 
wedge-form  leaves,  and  small  sessile  flowers  opening  only  in  bright  sunshine 
and  for  a  short  time ;  the  petals  pale  yellow.  The  commonest  garden  weed, 
sometimes  used  as  a  pot-herb. 

P.  pilosa,  HAIRY  P.  Wild  far  S.,  has  linear  terete  leaves,  with  a  tuft  of 
beard-like  hairs  in  the  axils,  and  rather  large  pink  flowers. 

P.  grandiflbra,  GREAT-FLOWERED  P.,  is  probably  a  variety  of  the  last, 
from  South  America,  commonly  cult,  for  ornament ;  the  large  very  showy 
flowers  brilliant  purple,  crimson,  red,  sometimes  white  or  yellow,  or  with  light 
centre,  of  many  shades  or  variations. 

2.  TALINUM.     (Name  unexplained.)     One  wild  species  in  some  places. 
T.  teretifdlium,  TERETE-LEAVED  T.     Low  and  smooth,  with  thick  and 

fleshy  root,  short  stems  bearing  crowded  linear  terete  leaves,  and  a  slender 
naked  peduncle,  many-flowered  ;  petals  rose-purple.  Serpentine  rocks,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  rarer  west  and  south  :  fl.  all  summer.  Ij. 

3.  CALANDRINIA.     (Named  for  a  Swiss  botanist,  Calandrini.)     Culti- 
vated for  ornament  in  choice  gardens  :  fl.  all  summer. 

C.  discolor.  Cult,  as  an  annual,  from  Chili ;  very  glabrous,  making  a 
rosette  of  fleshy  spatulate  leaves  at  the  root  (these  glaucous  above  and  tinged 
with  piirple  beneath),  and  sending  up  a  naked  flower-stem,  bearing  a  raceme  of 
lai'ire  rose-purple  flowers,  2'  in  diameter. 

C.  Menzi&sii,  MENZIES'  C.  Low,  spreading,  leafy-stemmed  annual,  from 
Oregon  and  California,  with  bright  green  and  tender  lance-spatulate  leaves,  and 
crimson  flowers  (nearly  1'  broad)  in  a  short  leafy  raceme. 

4.  CLAYTONIA,  SPRING  BEAUTY.     (Named  for  John   Clayton,  an 
early  botanist  in  Virginia. )    Low,  smooth  herbs  :  ours  producing  only  a  pair 
of  stem  leaves  and  a  short  raceme  of  flowers. 

*  Stem  simple  from  a  round  tuber :  leaves  separate :  fi.  early  spring.  ^ 
C.  Virginica,  NARROW-LEAVED  S.  In  moist  woods,  one  of  the  prettiest 

spring  flowers  ;  petals  rose-color  with  pink  veins  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate. 
C.  Caroliniana,  BROADER-LEAVED  S.  In  rich  woods  ;  commonest  N. 

and  along  the  Allegnanies,  smaller  than  the  other,  with  oblong-spa tu late  or 

lance-oblong  leaves  only  1'  or  2'  long. 


70  MALLOW    FAMILY. 

*  *  Stem-leaves  united  into  one  usually  rounded  blade  or  cup  underneath  the  tmall 

and  ivhitish  flowers  :  fl.  summer.     © 

C.  perfoli&ta  occurs  in  some  gardens,  from  Oregon  and  California;  small, 
of  no  beauty  ;  root-leaves  tufted,  spatulate  or  lanceolate. 

22.   MALVACE^I,  MALLOW  FAMILY. 

Known  by  the  monadelphous  numerous  stamens,  their  tgbe  con- 
nected with  the  base  of  the  petals,  kidney-shaped  1-celled  anthers 
(Lessons,  p.  114,  fig.  238),  the  calyx  valvate  and  the  corolla  con- 
volute in  the  bud.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  palmately-veined 
and  often  lobed  leaves,  evident  stipules,  and  regular  flowers,  the  true 
sepals  and  the  petals  5.  There  is  commonly  an  involucre  of  several 
bracts,  resembling  an  outer  calyx.  Seeds  kidney-shaped  :  the  leafy 
cotyledons  crumpled  or  doubled  up,  in  some  mucilaginous  albumen. 
Innocent  plants,  mucilaginous,  with  a  very  tough  fibrous  bark. 

§  1.   Anthers  all  borne  in  a  cluster  at  the  top  of  the  short  tube  of  filaments. 

#  Ovaries  numerous  and  separate,  crowded  in  a  head,  in  fruit  becoming  little  \-seeded 

pods  or  akenes.     Involucre  conspicuous  as  a  soi't  uf  vuter  calyx.     Herbs. 

1.  MALOPE.    Involucre  of  3  ovate  or  heart-shaped  leaves.     Annuals. 

2.  KITAIBELIA.     Involucre  of  6  -  9  ovate  aud  pointed  leaves  united  at  the  base. 

Perennial. 

*  *   Ovaries  several  or  many  united  in  a  ring  around  an  axis,  in  fruit  commonly 

falling  away  separately,  each  l-seeded.     Ours  are  all  herbs. 

+-  Stigmas  running  down  the  side  of  the  slender  styles. 

3.  ALTILEA.     Involucre  of  6-9  bracts  united  at  the  base.     Axis  of  the  fruit  not 

projecting  nor  enlarged. 

4.  LAVATEEA.    Involucre  of  3  -  6  more  united  bracts.     Axis  of  the  fruit  over- 

topping the  carpels. 

5.  MALVA.    Involucre  of  only  3  separate  bracts.     Petals  obcordate,  otherwise 

entire.     Carpels  beakless. 

6.  CALLIERHOE.    Involucre  of  1  -  3  bracts  or  none.     Petals  wedge-shaped  and 

truncate,  denticulate  or  cut-fringed  at  the  end.     Carpels  with  a  sort  of  beak 
at  the  summit. 

7.  NAPJEA.    Involucre  none.     Flowers  diojcious  ! 

t-  -t-  Stiymas  capitate  or  truncate  at  the  apex  of  the  styles. 

8.  ANODA.     Involucre  none.      Fruit  depressed,  very  flat  and  star-shaped,  the 

sides  of  the  numerous  carpels  evanescent:  seed  nearly  horizontal. 

9.  SID  A.     Involucre  none.     Fruit  separating  into  5  or  more  closed  carpels,  or 

each  2-valved  at  the  apex:  seed  hanging. 

*  *  #  Ovaries  and  cells  of  the  fruit  2  -  several-seeded. 

10.  ABUTILON.     Involucre  none.     Carpels  each  3  -  several-seeded. 

11.  MODIOLA.    Involucre  of  3  bractlets.      Carpels  each  2-seeded,  with  a  cross 

partition  between  the  upper  and  lower  seed. 

§  2.   Anthers  borne  along  the  outside  of  the  tube  of  Jilaments.      Ovary  and  fruit  3- 
several-celled  :  stigmas  capitate.     Involucre  present.     Herbs,  shrubs, 


*  Involucre  of  several  or  many  bracts. 

12.  MALVA  VISCUS.     Branches  of  the  style  arid  stigmas  10,  twice  as  many  as  the 

cells  of  the  ovary.     Petals  not  separating  and  spreading.     Fruit  berry-like: 
cells  l-seeded. 

13.  KOSTKLETZKYA.     Branches  of  the  style  and  stigmas  5.     Pod  5-celled;  the 

cells  single-seeded. 

14.  HIBISCUS.    Branches  of  the  style  or  stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  6.     Pod 

S-cclled^oculicidal;  the  cells  many-seeded. 

*  *  Involucre  of  3  large  and  heart-shaped  leaf  -like  bracts. 

15.  GOSSYPIUM.     Styles  united  into  one:  stigmas  3-5,  as  many  as  the  cells  of 

the  pod.     Seeds  numerous,  bearing  cotton. 


MALLOW    FAMILY.  71 

1.  MALOPE.     (Ancient  Greek  narae  for  some  kind  of  Mallow.)     Herbs, 
resembling  Mallows,  from  the  Mediterranean  region  ;  cult,  as  garden  annuals : 
fl.  summer. 

M.  triflda,  THREE-LOBED  M.  Smooth,  with  rounded  leaves,  the  upper 
ones  3-lobed ;  the  handsome  flowers  2'  or  more  broad,  rose-color,  veined  with 
purple  or  rose- red,  also  a  white  var.  © 

M.  malaeoides  is  rarer,  hairy,  low,  with  oblong-ovate  toothed  leaves, 
long  peduncles,  and  rose-colored  flowers.  If, 

2.  KITAIBELIA.     (Named  for  Paul  Kitaibel,  a  botanist  of  Hungary, 
where  the  plant  grows  wild.)     Fl.  summer.     The  only  species  is 

K.  vitifdlia,  VINE-LEAVED  K.  Cult. -in  gardens;  a  rough-hairy  herb, 
2°  -  3°  high,  rather  clammy  at  the  summit,  with  acutely  5-lobed  and  toothed 
leaves,  involucre  longer  than  the  true  calyx,  and  dull  white  corolla  l£'  b*oad 
when  expanded,  24 

3.  ALTHJEA.     (From  Greek  word  meaning  to  cure,  used  in  medicine  as  an 
emollient.)    Tall  herbs  (the  Shrubby  Althaea  belongs  not  to  this  genus,  but  to 
Hibiscus),  natives  only  of  the  Old  World  :  fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

A.  officinalis,  MARSH-MALLOW.  Rarely  cult.,  but  has  run  wild  on  the 
coast  E. ;  a  rather  coarse  downy  plant,  with 'ovate,  sometimes  a  little  heart- 
ehaped  or  3-lobed  leaves,  and  clusters  of  short-peduncled  flowers  in  their  axils  ; 
corolla  1'  broad,  rose-color.  The  thick  root  is  used  for  its  mucilage,  and  for 
making  Marsh-Mallow  paste.  1}. 

A.  rbsea,  HOLLYHOCK.  Cult,  from  Syria,  with  tall  and  simple  hairy 
stem,  rugose  rounded  and  heart-shaped  angled  or  5  -  7-lobed  leaves,  and  large 
flowers  on  very  short  peduncles,  forming  a  long  spike  ;  corolla  of  all  shades  of 
rose,  purple,  white,  or  yellow,  single  or  double,  3'  -  4'  broad.  ® 

4.  LAVATERA.     (Named  for  the  brothers  Lavater,  of  Zurich.)     A  sort 
of  Mallow,  sometimes  cult,  in  gardens,  from  Europe  :'  fl.  all  summer. 

L.  trimestris,  THREE-MONTH  L.  or  FLOWERING  MALLOW.  Smooth  of 
ismoothish,  l°-2°  high  ;  lower  leaves  round-kidney-shaped,  crenate,  upper  heart- 
shaped,  uppermost  3-lobed  ;  floWers  2'  -  3'  broad,  rose-color,  rarely  white  ;  in 
fruit  a  broad  disk-shaped  or  umbrella-like  expansion  of  th«  top  of  the  axis  com- 
pletely covers  the  carpels.  © 

L.  Thuringiaca.  GERMAN-  L.  Rather  downy,  smaller;  leaves  mostly 
3-lobed;  flowers  long-peduncled,  l^'-2'  broad,  rose-color;  in  fruit  the  axis  pro- 
jects much  beyond  the  ring  of  carpels  as  a  pointed  cone.  2/ 

L.  arbbrea,  TREE  MALLOW.  Not  quite  hardy  N.,  has  a  stout  stem  2° -6° 
high,  woody  below,  rounded  5  —  9-lobed  rather  doAvny  leaves,  pale  purple  flow- 
ers 1^'  broad,  on  short  pedicels,  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  narrow  panicle ;  the 
axis  of  the  fruit  (Hke  that  of  Mallow)  not  projecting  beyond  the  carpels.  2/ 

5.  MALVA,  MALLOW.     (Latin  alteration  of  an  old  Greek  word,  mean- 
ing soft  or  emollient.)     All  from  Europe  or  the  Orient,  but  several  have  run 
wild  in  fields  and  along  roadsides  :  fl.  all  summer  and  autumn. 

*  Flowers  small,  white  or  whitish,  not  conspicuous  nor  handsome. 

M.  rotimdifblia,  COMMON  or  ROUND-LEAVED  M.  Weed  in  cult, 
grounds  ;  with  procumbent  stems  from  a  strong  deep  root,  rounded  kidney- 
shaped  crenate  leaves  on  very  long  petioles,  rather  slender  peduncles,  and  fruit 
not  Avrinkled.  ©  1J. 

M.  crispa,  CURLED  M.  In  country  gardens,  rarely  in  waste  places  ;  with 
erect  stem  (4° -6°  high)  leafy  to  the  top,  rounded  5  -  7-lobed  or  angled  leaves 
very  much  crisped  round  the  margin,  flowers  clustered  and  almost  sessile  in  the 
axils,  and  fruit  slightly  wrinkled.  © 

*  *  Flowers  larger,  more  or  less  showy,  l£'-2'  in  diameter;  the  purple,  rose-color, 
or  sometimes  white  petals  much  exceeding  the  calyx  :  stem  erect. 

M.  Mauritiana,  sometimes  called  TREE  MALLOW.  Cult.  ;  3°  -  5°  hi^h, 
with  rounded  5-lobed  smooth  or  smoothish  leaves,  and  clusters  in  their  axils" of 


72  M  ALI.oW     1  AM  I  I    \. 


IV    in   diameter,  the  petal  color  or  white,  striped   \vith  dark 

purple  t.r  \  inlet    veins 

M.   Sylv68tris,    lln.n    M.      Hardens  and   roadsiilt'M  ;   2°  -  .V  hii-li.  lu'anch 
Ith  rather  sharply   .'«      ~  lohed  leaves,  :iud  purple  rose  colored  (lowers  rather 
MU  dler  than  in  l!n-  la-.l  ;    tVnil  wrinkled  veiny.       •.•>    "ty 

M.  AlCOft.      (iardens  ;    %J°      -I1'  hiiji,   hairy.   \\illi   stcin-leAVeS  parted  almost. 
to    the    base    into   l\      :")   divisions  \\liirh  arc  a;  vain  ,'t      :">  rlrfi  or  cut  toothed  ;    and 
(lowers   in  clusters   or   terminal  racemes;   t'ofollu  lloc])  IXJSO-COlQJfj   ly'      '-!' 
I.  road  ;    iVuil  smooth,  ininii(c'!\    wrinkled  veinv.      ^( 

M.   IHOSch^la,    Mi>u     Nl.       (iar.Kus,    lind    cM-ain-d    lo    roadsides,    ! 
lliu'll,  rallicr   liain,   \\illi    llu-    h.-rlia-.i-   lainllx   musk  scrnri-d,  lra\  cs  aUonl  lliriro 
|Mr!cd  or  i-nl    inlo   .-drndrr    linear   lol>i-s,  and  sliorl  |>rdnnrlv'd  lloucrs  soniculiat 
or  raiviiK-d  ;  rorolla  IV  Kroad.  rose  color  or  \\liilr;    t'rnil  do\\n\. 


0.    CALLIRRHOE.     (A  C.m-k  m\  tholoi-ical  II.-UIH-.  :i|i|iliiMl  lo  N.  .  \iurrican 
plauls.)      Sprcics    clncll\     larllu-r    W,   and   S.,    hccomiii:;    ralhrr   coininon    in 
rlio'u-i-   gardens.      Klo\\rrs   i-nin>on.    inan\c.   or   n-d  purple,    vcr\    .slut\\>,   pro- 
all   Miiiiinrr. 


C.  triangUl&ta.      l>r\   prairii-s   iVoni  Wi-i-onsiit    S.  ;   stems  cnM,  i?"  \\\g\\  ; 
n  i.in.  n!ar,    halNcrd  shaped,   or    (In-    lo\\  rsi    lieart  sliaped,    tin-    upper    ent 
lotted  or  .'<  -.">  elel'l  ;    llo\\  ers  soineu  hal  |«anieled  and  short  pednneled  ;    imolncre 
as   louj;  as  the  calx  \  ;   eorolla  1  .1  '  or  less  in  diameter  ;   carpels  of  the   t'rnil    e\eu 
on  I  lie  hack,  lipped  \\ith  a  short  point. 

('.    UlYOlUOr&ta.      Wild   from   plains  of  Xehravka   S.,   and  enlt.  for  orna 
meni  ;     >ten»N    -pi\adin^  on   tho   ground.    1°      .'$°    loiiu'  ;     stipules  eonspicnons  ; 
lea\os  nMinded,  .'»  parted  or  cleft  and  cut  lohed,  shorter  than  (he  a\illar\    pednu- 
rh'S  ;    imolncre  shorter   than    thecd\\;    cotolla   :'    or  more   hroad  ;    ear[icls  of 
tho  tVuit  retienlati'd,  tipped  \\ith  a  llat  and  inconspicnons  l>,-ak. 
dd 


C.  Pftp^lVOI*.  NN  dd  in  rich  uoodlands  from  (ieoiyia  to  Te\a^,  and  spar- 
dt.  ;  .stems  short,  a->cendm:v.  t'e\\  leased  ;  leaves  :\  ,">  parted  \\iih  lance- 
lilh'av  di\  IMOIIS,  or  the  louest  rathei"  iieart  shaped  and  cleft  into  ohlou^  lohcs  ; 
a\illar\  peduncles  \cr\  ^ofien  I'1)  loiii;-  ;  imolncre  of  1  -  ;>  hraets  or  none; 
corolla'  _"  or  more  hroiid  ;  carpi'ls  of  the  fruit  \\rinkled  or  reticulati-d  and  \\ith 
a  stout  nicnrvc.l  heal. 

C.  digitftttl.  N\'dd  in  prairies  of  Arkansas  an.  I  Texts;  \^  hi-h  ;  leaves 
uiosth  from  the  root,  .'»  ~  parted  into  lon^  linear  sometime^  •_>  ;;  cleft  di\  is- 
ions  ;  pe.luncles  Ion--  and  >leuder  ;  iiixolucre  none;  eorolla  I.V-U'  hi'oad,  the 
(riii-c  toothed  at  the  end  ;  fruit  nearh  as  m  tlu>  last. 

*  *   li,x>t  alt-  ml,'  r  or  (ti{  h-rin<>  :   'it  r/XK/r  smooth.     ,O   e-'"1 

C.  pOd&tR.  \N'dd  ni  !•'.  l'c\as  ;  not  rare  cult.;  stem  t-reet,  I0-.">0hi;:h. 
leafy  ;  leaves  rounded,  :»  7  lohed  or  |iarted  and  the  \\  ed^e  shapi'd  div  i^ioiis  clcl't 
»u%  cut;  peduncles  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves;  inv  olnerc  none  ;  corolla  ahont 
I  .  luoad,  the  petals  minntelv  eio.led  at  the  end  ;  carpels  of  the  fruit  smooth 
and  even  on  the  hack,  ami  \villi  a  stout  conspicuous  heak. 

7.  NAP^SA,   Ul   APT    MA!  10\V.     l  I'n.m  I  Jnvk  uanu-  lor  ,//«»/«•  .>rm/»«/.A 
o/'  (It?  t/ri>rt  N.  )      (Mdv   one  species, 

N.  dioloa.       In    \allevs,  chiellv    in   limestone  districts  of  IVuu..  Virginia. 
and  W.      A    rather  coarse,    rOQghUh    herh  ;     stem  4°  -  7°    hi:;h  ;     leaves   '.»      |i 
partv-d  iilhl  their  lohes  cut  and  toothed,  the  lowest  often  ll>  in  diameter;    llo\\evs 
small,  in  panielcd  cor  v  mhs,  in  summer. 

8.  ANODA.      (Origin    of   the    name   ohseure.)       l.o\v    herbs    from    Mexico. 
l'e\  :s,    k\  i    ,    sparin^U    cult,    tor  ornament.      Stems,    v\e.    hirsute:     |>eihincles 

and  slender,   1  tlo\\eri-d.      Krnit    in    the   form   of  a   mam   ra\  ed  star,  sup- 
)  ortcd  by   the  spreadim;  .">  ra\e.l  ealv  \  :    when  ripe  the  rim  of  each  carpel  falls 

;v   xvi'th  (lie  scc.l  it  i-mhraces,  the  sides  or  partitions  disappearing.       r 
A.   haat^ta   has    mostly    halln-rd  shaped   K'aves.  and   blue  or  \iolet 
only    1'  -  l^  '  in  diameter  ;  "lobes  of  the  calyx  oxate.  scarcely   pointed. 


At  \l    1   «M\      1    VM1M.  73 


A.  cristata  has  wosti\  triAOgularyor  obaourel)  haihord  shaped  and  toothed 

It-axes.   and    purple   or    rOM-Qolorw    «  orolla    l"    in    diameter.     loU  •«.  ,.(    il,, 
irianunlar.  taper  pointed. 

9.    SIDA.      (  Ancient   name,  of  ohscnre  meanin:-.)      Mostlx   rather  small  llo\\ 

cred  or  \\eedx   herhs.  \\Jih  ^      \  •_>  stxlo>  and  carpels  ;    il.  summer  niitl  iiulmnn. 
*   /Vf/»/».7f\s  n.rilltin,.  iwo/Ai  f/r/Aw. 

S.  Spinbs.M.  S.»  named  in.ni  the  little  pointed  projection  or  tnhcrdc  :U  lhr> 
hase  of  the  petiole.  l«ul  \\  huh  can  hardlx  he  milt  •!  a  >]»inr  ;  s(rn\s  nuu'h  hl'MiU'linl. 
lO'-UD''  hi^h  ;  K>;»\o>  hnur  <-\  aic.  MMT:IIO.  uiinud'lx  f-ol'i  ilounx  ;  |)Cihinclr->  \n\ 
shori  ;  ll.MM-r  \  .T\  small  :  |>o»l  OVfttO,  oi'  ..  CWp^li,  r.-n-h  s|>lu'lui:;  al  lop  ml.-  ;' 
points.  A  fonunon  \\w\  S.  «>!'  NY\\  ^  ork.  ffi 

S.  rhoillbif61ia.      Hut  Ilio  lo:nos  arr  h:inll\  vhouihit'.  usii:il!\  Ian.  •«•  oblong, 
sliorl  pr(iolv-»l,   scrrnlr.   p:ilo  and   \\hil  i.-h   do\\n\    In-nralU  ;    si.  in  .   !•       ;?°   higll, 
nun  li  liraiu-hod  ;    in'dunrK^  ralhor   Ion-  ;    ilo\\  ,T  -.mall;    trim  .1    [0  Ol    I 
poinlrd  vanx'ls.      A  \\  QMJ  «MI!\    S.      ,1 

S.  ElliottiL  Noarlv  smooth.  1"  .jo  i,i..j,  :  Irav.'s  linrar  or  lan.-colalr. 
srrrati'.  shorl  |viioK>d  ;  llo\\.-r  1'  broad,  on  a  slioi'i  pi'dnurlc  ;  (Vnil  of  10-  la 
m-arlv  l>lnn(  carprls.  Woodlands  S.  J/ 

tcln'tc 


S.  Nauom.    Smooth:  stem  simple,  1°   70htffh;  h-axcs  round.-d.  :»eieft.  the 

lohes  toothed  and  tapor-pointod  ;  corolla  ahont  1'  hroa.l  ;  styles  and  colls  of  the 
jto.l  10.  \Yild  in  S.  renn.  ami  Yin:.  Cull,  in  old  gardens.  ^ 

10.  ABUTILON.     1NPIAN     MM  IOW         (Origin    of  name    ohsenre.) 
Rosemhle.  Sida.  hut  cells  more  than  one  seeded  ;    lloxxors  nsnaln 

A.  Avicdnnso,  YII\II  i.rxr     cui,  loft  and  old  gardens,  3°    .vinYh: 

It-axes  ronndi-.h  heart  shaped,  lapcr  pointotl.  soft  xelxelx  ;  peduncles  shoi  lei  thiill 
peliolo.  1  :5  lloxvercd  ;  corolla  oram.c  \  .-lloxx  ;  fruit'  of  1  *J  1  j  muted  hau  v 
carpels  xxith  spreadm".  1'eaks.  Kl  aiilninn.  .  r 

A.  StriatUlll,    STRIPED    \\:\  riLON,      Cult,  in  L-.n-cnhonses.  v\c,  from  Ura 

,1.    a  tall  shrnh.    x  erx    smooth,    xxith    rounded   heart  shaped   M-lohed    h-a\t-^.    (ho 

lohes    \erx     taper  pointed,    and    prctlx    lar;-.e    soliiarx    tloxxers  lian-m-    on    a    x  ci  \ 

lt>niv   and  Slender   petlnncle  :     ct>n»lla   not    spreadin-,    o|.cn.   01  an;  e  ,  O',M  ed.  xxiih 

tlet-pt-r  or  l«rt>x\nish  vtMnin^  or  sn~ipos. 

11.  MODIOLA.      (Tho   sh..,po   of  Ihe   ,lcprcsM-,l  fruil  likened  to  ihe  Koman 
mt-asnro  ;W;Wrw.)      rnHMJinhont  or  spveadm-.  small  lloxx  erc.l.  xxt-ed\    planls. 
M.    multillda.      Virginia   and    S..    in    loxx    :.•; rounds  ;    loa\os   .'<  -  7  cleft   ami 

out.  or  the  earlier  ones  rounded  and  nmlixided;  tloxxers  red.  V  hroad;  fruit 
hairy  at  tho  lop. 

12.  MALVAVfSCUS.      (Name  COmpO*«l   Of  llWlW.  M.-illow.  ami   visits. 
birdlime,  from   the  ffllltittOUS  pnlp  of  the   horrx   like  Iruil .)       Shrnhhx    planls. 
xxilh  shoxx  \   searlet  tloxxors.  of  peculiar   .appearance,  the  petals  not  expaudm.". 
hut  remainim;  convolute  around  the  lower  part  of  the  slender  projecting  and 
soon    tvxisted   column,  hold   together  as   il    xxcrehx   a    little   side  lohe   near   fho 
haso  of  tho  inner  od^o. 

M.   al'b6rOHS,    tho  eommon  West   India  sjiooios.   cult    in   some   hot  h- 
has  heart  shaped  leaxcs  lom-.cr  than  hroad.  ami  yolloxx  i;di  fruit 

M.   Dl'limimSl.ldii,  ol    'l'e\as,  if   housed   iu    «  inter  tloxxers   all    summer  in 
open  :-.r,. und.  is   soli  tloxxnx.  xxith   more  ronntle.l  an.l  s,.mc\\hat   ;5  lol-ed    leav. 
snid  scarlcl   t'ruii. 

13.  KOSTEL^ITZSKYA.    (Nam«-d  fora  Hohemian  hotanist.  K,*t,-!,-l;sly.) 
lake  llihisens.  onlx    the  »-ells  of  ovary  and  Iriiit   1  seeded.      Kl.  summer. 

K.  Virgillica,  YIKI.IXIVX   1\.      In  and  near  salt  marshes,  from  NY\\    York 
and  Ncxx  ,1. -rsc_\   S   :   ronirhish  hairy.  'Jl<     5°  hi^h  :    leaves  heart  sh-ipcd  or  mo  ilv 
:? -lohod.   t>ftcn    halht-rd  shaped  ;     tloxxors    s0mcx\hai    racomcd    or    panicl..!. 
purple.    I'  -  U'  hn»ad.      ^/ 


74  MALLOW    FAMILY. 

14.  HIBISCUS,  "ROSE-MALLOW.     (Ancient  name,  of  obscure  origin.) 
Flowers  showy,  usually  large,  in  summer  and  autumn. 

*  Tall  shrubs  or  even  trees,  exotics. 

H.  Syriacus,  TREE  H.  or  SHRUBBY  ALTHAEA,  of  gardens  and  grounds, 
common,  native  of  the  Levant :  nearly  smooth,  with  wedge-ovate  and  3-lobed 
leaves,  and  short-peduncled  flowers  in  their  axils,  in  autumn,  about  3'  broad, 
purple,  rose-color,  white,  £c.,  often  double. 

H.  Rosu-Sinensis.  CHINA  H.  or  ROSE  or  CHINA.  Cult,  in  conserva- 
tories, from  East  Indies  (where  the  splendid  corollas,  which  stain  black,  are  used 
to  black  shoes)  :  very  smooth,  with  bright  green  ovate  and  pointed  somewhat 
toothed  leaves,  and  very  showy  flowers  on  slender  peduncles,  4'  or  5'  broad, 
scarlet-red  (rarely  rose-purple  or  even  white),  often  double. 

#  #  Herbs,  with  persistent  and  regular  5-lobed  calyx,  and  a  short  pod. 
•»-  Wild  species,  but  sometimes  cultivated,  tall  and  large.     2/ 

H.  COCCineus,  GREAT  RED  H.  or  ROSE-MALLOW.  Marshes  from  Caro- 
lina S. ;  very  smooth,  4°  -  7°  high,  with  leaves  5 -parted  or  deeply  cleft  into 
long  lanceolate  and  taper-pointed  divisions,  and  bright-red  corolla  6' -11'  broad, 
the  petals  narrowed  below. 

H.  militaris,  HALBERD-LEAVED  R.  Low  grounds  from  Pennsylvania 
and  Illinois  S. ;  smooth,  3° -4°  high,  with  ovate  or  heart-shaped  toothed  or 
3-lobed  leaves,  some  of  them  halberd-shaped,  and  slendcr-peduncled  llowers, 
with  inflated  calyx,  and  flesh-colored  corolla  4'.-  5'  broad. 

H.  MoscheutOS,  SWAMP  R.  Common  in  brackish  marshes  and  up  the 
larger  livers  ;  3°  -  7°  high,  soft-downy ;  the  ovate  pointed  and  often  3-lobed 
leaves  hoary  beneath,  generally  smooth  above  ;  peduncles  slender;  corolla  4'  -  G' 
broad,  pale  rose  or  white,  with  or  without  a  darker  centre  ;  pod  smooth. 

H.  grandifldrus,  LARGE-PL.  R.  Swamps,  from  Illinois  and  Carolina  S. ; 
like  the  last,  but  leaves  soft-downy  both  sides,  and  pod  velvety-hairy. 

H.  aculeatUS,  PRICKLY  or  ROUGH  R.  Swamps  only  S. ;  rough  with 
stiff  bristles  and  bristly  points,  2°  -  6°  high  ;  leaves  3  -  5-cleft  and  the  divisions 
mostly  toothed  ;  flowers  short-pcduncled  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  often  forked ; 
corolla  yellow  with  a  purple  centre,  4'  broad  ;  pod  bristly. 

-«-  H-  Exotic  low  species,  in  gardens  or  cultivated  grounds.     (T) 

H.  Tridnum,  BLADDER  KETMIA  or  FLOWER-OF-AN-HOUR.  Rather 
hairy,  l°-2°  high,  with  the  leaves  toothed,  or  the  upper  3-parted  into  lanceolate 
lobes,  the  middle  lobe  much  longest ;  calyx  inflated  and  bladdery ;  corolla  about 
2-  broad,  sulphur-yellow  with  a  blackish  eye,  open  only  in  midday  sunshine. 

*  *  *  Herbs,  with  caly.r  splitting  down  one  side,  and  generally  fa/ling  off  at  once, 
and  with  long  or  narrow  pyramidal  or  angled  pod:  natives  of  J£asi  Indies. 

H.  esculentUS,  OKRA  or  GUMBO.  Nearly  smooth,  with  rounded  heart- 
shaped  5-1  o bed  toothed  leaves,  greenish-yellow  flowers  on  slender  peduncle  (invo- 
lucre falling  early),  and  narrow  pods  3'  or  4'  long,  which  arc  very  mucilaginous, 
and  when  green  cooked  and  eaten,  or  used  to  thicken  soups  :  cult.  S.  (f) 

H.  Manihot.  Smoothish,  with  leaves  5  -  7 -parted  into  long  narrow  divis- 
ions ;  the  large  and  showy  corolla  pale  yellow  with  a  dark  eye;  the  leaves  of 
the  involucre  hairy  and  soon  falling  off:  introduced  or  cult.  S." W.  2/ 

15.  GOSSlTPIUM,  COTTON.    (Name  given  by  Pliny,  from  the  Arabic.) 
Plants  now  diffused  over  warm  countries,  most  valuable  for  the  wool  on  the 
seeds  :  the  species  much  mixed  up. 

G.  herbaceum,  COMMON  COTTON.  Cult.  S.  Leaves  with  5  short  and 
roundish  lobes  ;  petals  pale  yellow  or  turning  rose-color,  purple  at  base.  0 

G.  Barbadense,  BARBADOES  OR  SEA-!SLAND  C.  Cult,  on  the  coast  S. 
Inclining  to  be  shrubby  at  base ;  branches  black-dotted  ;  leaves  with  5  longer 
lance-ovate  and  taper-pointed  lobes  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  Avith  very  long  and 
slender  teeth ;  petals  yellowish  or  whitish  with  purple  base. 

G.  arb6reum,  I'KKE  C.  Cult.  S.,  only  for  curiosity,  has  5-7  nearly 
lanceolate  and  taper-pointed  lobes  to  the  leaves,  leaves  of  involucre  slightly 
toothed,  and  a  purple  corolla  with  a  darker  centre. 


CAMELLIA    OR    TEA    FAMILY.  75 

23.   STERCULIACE-2E,  STERCULIA  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  a  tropical  family,  to  which  belongs  the  THEOBROMA  or 
CHOCOLATE-TREE  ;  in  common  cultivation  known  here  only  by  a 
single  species  of 

1.   MAHERNIA.     (Name  an  anagram  of  Hermannia,  a  genus  very  like 
it.)     Calyx,  corolla,  &c.  as  in  the  Mallow  Family ;  but  the  stamens  only  5, 
one  before  each  petal ;  the  filaments  monadelphous  only  at  the  base  and  en- 
larged about  the  middle,  and  the  anthers  with  2  parallel  cells.     The  edges  of 
the  base  of  the  petals  rolled  inwards,  making  a  hollow  claw.     Ovary  5-celled, 
with  several  ovules  in  each  cell :  styles  5,  united  at  the  base. 
M.  verticill&ta.     Cult,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  conservatories  pro- 
ducing a  succession  of  honey-yellow  sweet-scented  small  blossoms,  on  slender 
peduncles,  all  winter  and  spring ;  a  sort  of  woody  perennial,  with  slender  and 
spreading  or  hanging  roughish  branches  and  small  green  irregularly  pinnatifid 
leaves ;  the  specific  name  given  because  the  leaves  seem  to  be  whorled ;  but  this 
is  because  the  stipules,  which  are  cut  into  several  linear  divisions,  imitate  leaves. 

24.   TILIACE^E,  LINDEN  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  a  tropical  family,  represented  here  only  by  an  herbaceous 
CORCHORUS  on  our  southernmost  borders,  and  by  the  genus  of  fine 
trees  which  gives  the  name. 

1.  TILIA,  LINDEN,  LIME-TREE,  BASS  WOOD.  (The  old  Latin 
name.)  Sepals  5,  valvate  in  the  bud,  as  in  the  Mallow  Family,  but  decidu- 
ous. Petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  spatulatc-oblong.  Stamens  numerous ; 
their  filaments  cohering  in  5  clusters,  sometimes  with  a  petal-like  body  in  each 
cluster ;  anthers  2-celled.  Pistil  with  a  5-celled  ovary,  having  2  ovules  in 
each  cell,  in  fruit  becoming  a  rather  woody  globular  1  -  2-sceded  little  nut. 
Style  1 :  stigma  5-toothed.  Embryo  with  a  slender  radicle  and  leaf-like  lobcd 
cotyledons  folded  up  in  the  albumen.  Trees  with  mucilaginous  shoots,  fibrous 
inner  bark  (bast),  soft  white  wood,  alternate  roundish  and  serrate  leaves  more 
or  less  heart-shaped  and  commonly  oblique  at  the  base,  deciduous  stipules, 
and  a  cyme  of  small,  dull  cream-colored,  honey-bearing  floAvers,  borne  in  early 
summer  on  a  nodding  axillary  peduncle  which  is  united  to  a  long  and  narrow 
leaf-like  bract. 
#  A.  petal-like  scale  before  each  petal,  to  the  base  of  which  the  stamens  are  joined. 

T.  Americana,  AMERICAN  LINDEN  or  COMMON  BASSWOOD.  A  hand- 
some and  large  forest-tree,  with  leaves  of  rather  firm  texture  and  smooth  or 
smoothish  both  sides,  or  in  one  variety  thinner  and  more  downy  but  not  white 
beneath. 

T.  heterophylla,  WHITE  LINDEN.  Along  the  Alleghany  region  from 
Penn.  and  Kentucky  S. ;  has  larger  leaves  silvery  white  with  a  fine  down  under- 
neath. 

*  *  No  scales  with  the  stamens.     Natives  of  Europe. 

T.  Europsea,  EUROPEAN  L.,  embraces  both  the  SMALL-LEAVED  variety, 
which  is  commonly  planted  about  cities,  and  the  LARGE-LEAVED  or  DUTCH  L., 
with  leaves  as  large  and  firm  as  those  of  our  wild  Basswood. 

25.   CAMELLIACE^l,  CAMELLIA  or  TEA  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  and  simple  feather-veined  leaves, 
and  no  stipules  ;  the  flowers  large  and  showy,  mostly  axillary,  reg- 
ular, with  both  sepals  and  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  the  very 
numerous  stamens  with  filaments  more  or  less  united  at  the  has-e 
with  each  other  and  with  the  base  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  2-celled  : 
ovary  and  thick  or  woody  pod  5-celled,  with  one  or  more  seeds  iu 


76  CAMELLIA    OR    TEA    FAMILY. 

each  cell.  ;  The  petals  themselves  are  commonly  more  or  less 
united  at  their  base ;  they  are  5  or  sometimes  6  or  even  more  in 
number  in  natural  flowers,  and  in  cultivated  plants  apt  to  be  in- 
creased by  doubling. 

*  Exotics,  from   China,  Japan,  $c. :  some  of  the  inner  stamens  entirely  separate : 
commonly  there  is  a  gradation  from  bracts  to  sepals  and  petals. 

1.  CAMELLIA.    Numerous  separate  inner  stamens  within  the  ring  or  cup  formed 

by  the  united  bases  of  the  very  numerous  outer  stamens.  Style  3  -  5-cleft. 
Seeds  large,  usually  single  in  each  cell  of  the  thick  and  woody  pod.  Leaves 
evergreen,  serrate. 

2.  THE  A.     Separate  interior  stamens  only  as  many  as  the  petals  (5  or  6):  other- 

wise nearly  like  Camellia:  flowers  less  showy;  bracts  under  the  calyx  incon- 
spicuous. 

*  *  Natives  of  Southeastern  States :  stamens  all  united  at  the  base. 

3.  GORDONIA.     Stamens  in  6  clusters,  one  attached  to  the  base  of  each  petal. 

Style  columnar:  stigma  5-rayed.  Seeds  several,  more  or  less  winged.  Leaves 
coriaceous  or  thickish. 

4.  STUARTIA.     Stamens  uniformly  united  by  a  short  ring  at  the  base  of  the  fila- 

ments.    Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  wingless.     Leaves  thin  and  deciduous. 

1.  CAMELLIA.     (Named  for  G.  Camellus  or  Kamel,  a  missionary  to  China 
in  the  17th  century.) 

C.  Japonica,  JAPAN  CAMELLIA,  with  oval  or  oblong  pointed  and  shining 
leaves,  and  terminal  or  nearly  terminal  flowers,  simple  or  double,  red,  white,  or 
variegated,  of  very  many  varieties,  is  the  well-known  and  only  common  species  j 
fl.  through  the  winter,  hardy  only  S. 

2.  THE  A,  TEA-PLANT.     (The  Chinese  name.)     Genus  too  slightly  dif- 
ferent from  Camellia.     Shrubs,  natives  of  China  and  Japan,  sparingly  cult, 
for  ornament. 

T.  viridis,  GREEN  or  COMMON  T.  Leaves  oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate, 
much  longer  than  wide  ;  the  white  flowers  (!'  or  more  broad)  nodding  on  short 
stalks  in  their  axils. 

T.  Bohea,  BOHEA  T.  Leaves  smaller  and  broader  in  proportion  ;  proba- 
bly a  mere  variety  of  the  other. 

3.  GORDONIA.     (Named  for  Dr.  Gordon  and  another  Scotchman  of  the 
same  name.) 

G.  Lasianthus,  LOBLOLLY  BAY.  A  handsome  shrub  or  small  tree,  in 
swamps  near  the  coast  from  Virginia  S.,  with  evergreen  and  smooth  lance- 
oblong  leaves  tapering  to  the  base  and  minutely  serrate,  and  showy  white  flow- 
ers 2'  -  3'  across,  in  spring  and  summer,  on  a  slender  peduncle ;  the  stamens 
short,  on  a  5-lobed  cup. 

G.  pubescens,  also  called  FRANKLfNiA,  after  Dr.  Franklin.  Grows  only 
in  Georgia  and  Florida ;  a  tall,  ornamental  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  thinner 
and  deciduous  leaves  whitish  downy  beneath,  as  are  the  sepals  and  (white) 
petals,  and  longer  style  and  filaments,  the  latter  in  5  distinct  parcels  one  on  the 
base  of  each  petal. 

4.  STUARTIA.     (Named  for  John  Stuart,  the  Lord  Bute  at  the  time  of  the 
American  Revolution.)     Ornamental  shrubs,  with  thin  leaves  and  handsome 
white  flowers  2'  or  3'  across,  in  late  spring  or  early  summer,  wild  in  shady 
woods  of  Southern  States. 

S.  Virginica,  grows  in  the  low  country  from  Virginia  S.  ;  shrub  8°  -  12° 
high,  Avith  finely  serrate  leaves  soft-downy  underneath,  pure  white  petals,  purple 
stamens,  one  style,  and  a  roundish  pod. 

S.  pentagyna,  belongs  to  the  mountains  S.  of  Virginia,  and  in  cult,  is 
hardy  N.  ;  has  smoother  leaves  and  rather  larger  very  handsome  flowers,  their 
petals  jagged-edged  and  tinged  with  cream-color,  the  sepals  often  reddish  out- 
side, 5  separate  styles,  and  a  5-anglcd  pointed  pod. 


GERANIUM   FAMILY.  77 

26.  LINAGES,  FLAX  FAMILY. 

A  small  family,  represented  here  only  by  the  main  genus, 

1.  LINUM,  FLAX.  (The  classical  Greek  and  Latin  name.)  Flowers  (see 
Lessons,  p.  89,  fig.  174,  175,  and  p.  93,  fig.  191)  usually  opening  for  only 
one  day,  and  in  sunshine,  regular  and  symmetrical ;  the  persistent  sepals, 
deciduous  petals,  slightly  monadelphous  stamens,  and  mostly  the  styles  5,  but 
the  latter  are  sometimes  fewer,  occasionally  partly  united :  ovary  and  pod 
with  as  many  2-seedcd  cells  as  there  are  styles,  or  mostly  twice  as  many  and 
one-seeded,  each  cell  being  divided  more  or  less  by  a  false  partition.  Seeds 
with  a  mucilaginous  coat  and  a  large  straight  oily  embryo.  Leaves  simple, 
nearly  sessile,  and  entire.  Fl.  all  summer. 

*  Wild  species,  annuals  or  scarcely  perennials,  ivith  small  yellow  flowers. 

L.  Virginianum,  the  commonest  WILD  FLAX,  in  dry  woods,  2°  high, 
with  spreading  or  recurving  terete  branches  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  ;  the 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  only  the  lower  spatulate  and  opposite ;  flowers 
scattered  ;  styles  separate ;  pod  little  larger  than  a  pin's  head. 

L.  Striatum,  also  common,  mostly  in  boggy  grounds,  h'ke  the  first ;  but 
has  the  branches  shorter,  scattered  along  the  stem,  and  sharply  4-anglcd  with 
intermediate  grooves  (whence  the  name)  ;  most  of  the  stem-leaves  opposite  and 
oblong  ;  flowers  more  crowded. 

L.  SUlcatum,  much  less  common,  in  dry  soil,  also  has  grooved  (upright) 
branches,  but  the  leaves  are  linear  and  scattered  ;  flowers  and  pods  twice  as 
large ;  sepals  sharp-pointed,  3-nerved  and  with  rough  glandular  margins ;  styles 
united  half-way  up. 

*  *  Cultivated,  hardy,  herbaceous,  with  5  styles  and  largish  handsome  flowers. 

L.  USltatissimum,  COMMON  FLAX.  Cult,  from  Old  World,  and  inclined 
to.  run  wild  in  fields  ;  with  narrow  lanceolate  leaves,  corymbose  rich  blue  flow- 
ers, and  pointed  sepals.  © 

L.  perenne,  PERENNIAL  FLAX.  Cult,  from  Eu.  in  some  varieties,  for 
ornament,  wild  beyond  the  Mississippi ;  less  tall  than  the  foregoing,  narrower- 
leaved  ;  sepals  blunt ;  petals  sky-blue,  sometimes  pale,  at  least  towards  the 
base.  %. 

L.  grandifl6rum,  LARGE-PL.  RED  FLAX.  Cult,  as  an  annual,  from 
North  Africa  ;  1°  high,  with  linear  or  lanceolate  leaves,  and  showy  crimson-red 
flowers.  ®  y. 

*  *  *  Cultivated  in  conservatories,  shrubby,  tcith  3  styles  and  larqe  flowers, 

L.  trigynum,  of  India,  has  rather  large  elliptical  leaves,  and  a  succession 
of  large  and  showy  bright-yellow  flowers. 

27.  GERANIACE.ZE,  GERANIUM  FAMILY. 

As  now  received  a  large  and  multifarious  order,  not  to  be  char- 
acterized as  a  whole  in  any  short  and  easy  way,  including  as  it  does 
Geraniums, .Nasturtiums,  Wood-Sorrels,  Balsams,  &c.,  which  have 
to  be  separately  described. 

§1.   Flowers  regular  and  symmetrical :  sepals  persistent.     Herbs. 

1.  OXALIS.     Sepals  and  petals  5,  the  former  imbricated,  the  latter  convolute  in 

the  bud.  Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  base,  the  alternate  ones  shorter. 
Styles  6,  separate  on  a  5-celled  ovary,  which  becomes  a  membranaceous 
several-seeded  pod.  Juice  four  and  "watery.  Leaves  commonly  of  three 
obcordate  or  two-lobed  leaflets,  which  droop  at  nightfall.  Flowers  usually 
open  only  in  sunshine. 

2.  LTMNANTHES.     Sepals  and  petals  5,  the  former  valvate,  the  latter  convolute 

in  the  bud.  Glands  on  the  receptacle  5.  Stamens  10,  separate  at  the  base. 
Style  1,  five-lobed  at  the  apex,  rising  from  the  centre  of  a  deeply  five-lobed 
ovary,  which  in  fruit  becomes  5  separate  thickish  and  wrinkled  akenes. 
Leaves  pinnate  ;  the  leaflets  cut  or  cleft. 


78  GERANIUM    FAMILY. 

3.  FLCERKEA.    Sepals,  small  petals,  stigmas,  and  lobes  of  the  ovary  3  ;  and 

stamens  6  :  otherwise  like  Limnanthes. 

4.  GERANIUM.     Sepals  and  petals  5,  the  former  imbricated,  the  latter  commonly 

convolute  in  the  bud.  Glands  on  the  receptacle  5,  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  the  base,  the  alternate  filaments  shorter,  but 
usually  bearing  anthers.  Style  5-cleft.  Ovary  5-celled,  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
separating  when  ripe  into  5  two-ovuled  but  one-seeded  carpels  or  little  pods, 
which  remain  hanging  by  their  long  naked  recurving  styles  as  these  split  off, 
from  below  upwards,  from  a  long  central  beak  or  axis.  (Lessons,  p.  125, 
fig.  277,  278.)  Leaves  with  stipules.  Herbage  scented. 

6.   EROD1UM.     Stamens  with  anthers  only  5.     Styles  when  they  split  off  from 
the  beak  bearded  inside,  often  twisting' spirally  :  otherwise  as  Geranium. 

^  2.   Flowers  somewhat  irregular,  Geranium-like.     Shrubby  or  fleshy-stemmed. 

6.  PELARGONIUM.     Sepals  and  petals  6  ;  the  base  of  one  sepal  extends  down- 

ward on  one  side  the  pedicel  forming  a  narrow  tube  or  adherent  spur,  and 
the  two  petals  on  that  side  of  the  flower  differ  from  the  rest  more  or  less  in 
size  or  shape.  Stamens  with  anthers  fewer  than  10,  commonly  7.  Pistil,  &c. 
as  in  Geranium.  Herbage  scented.  Leaves  with  stipules. 

§  3.   Flowers  very  irregular,  spurred,  also  unsymmetrical.     Tender  herbs. 

7.  TROPjEOLUM.     Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  and  in  the  upper  side  of  the 

flower  extended  into  a  long  descending  spur.  Petals  5,  or  sometimes  fewer, 
usually  with  claws  :  the  two  upper  more  or  less  different  from  the  others 
and  inserted  at  the  mouth  of  the  spur.  Stamens  8,  unequ-il  or  dissimilar ; 
filaments  usually  turned  downwards  and  curving.  Ovary  of  3  lobes  sur- 
rounding the  base  of  a  single  style,  in  fruit  becoming  3  thick  and  fleshy 
closed  separate  carpels,  each  containing  a  single  large  seed.  Herbs,  clfcribiiig 
by  their  long  leafstalks  ;  the  watery  juice  with  the  pungent  odor  and  taste 
of  Cress.  Leaves  alternate  :  stipules  none  or  minute.  Peduncles  axillary, 
one-flowered. 

8.  IMPATIENS.     Sepals  and  petals  similarly  colored,  the  parts  belonging  to  each 

not  readily  distinguished.  There  are  3  small  outer  pieces,  plainly  sepals,  on 
one  side  of  the  flower  ;  then,  on  the  other  side,  a  large  hanging  sac  contracted 
at  the  bottom  into  a  spur  or  little  tail;  within  are  two  small  unequally  2-lobed 
petals,  one  each  side  of  the  sac.  Stamens  5,  short,  conniving  or  lightly 
cohering  around  and  covering  the  5-celled  ovary,  which  in  fruit  becomes  a 
several-seeded  pod  :  this  bursts  elastically,  flying  in  pieces  at  the  touch, 
scattering  the  seeds,  separating  into  5  twisting  valves  and  a  thickish  axis. 
Style  none.  Seeds  rather  large.  Erect,  branching,  succulent-stemmed  herbs, 
with  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

1.   OXALIS,  WOOD-SORREL.     (Name  from  Greek  words  meaning  sour- 
salt,  from  the  oxalates  or  "  salt-of-sorrel  "  contained  in  the  juice.) 

*  'Native  species,  flowering  through  the  summer :  leaflets  broadly  obcordate. 

O.  Stricta,  YELLOW  W.  Extremely  common  in  waste  or  cultivated  soil 
and  open  woodlands  ;  stems  3'-  12'  high,  leafy  ;  slender  peduncles  bearing  an 
umbel  of  2  — 6  small  yellow  flowers,  followed  by  slender  pods.  (T)  ^/ 

O.  Acetosella,  TRUE  W.  Common  in  mossy  woods  N. ;  the  leafstalks 
and  1 -flowered  scapes  2' -4'  high  from  a  creeping  scaly-toothed  rootstock; 
flower  rather  large,  white  with  delicate  reddish  veins.  2/ 

O.  violacea,  VIOLET  W.  Common  S.,  rarer  N.,  in  rocky  or  sandy  soil ; 
leafstalks  and  slender  scape  from  a  scaly  bulb,  the  flowers  several  in  an  umbel, 
middle-sized,  violet.  JJ. 

*  *  Cultivated  in  conservatories,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

O.  B6wiei,  a  stemless  species,  with  a  small  bnlb  on  a  spindle-shaped  root; 
leafstalks  and  few-flowered  scapes  6' -10'  high;  broad  obcordate  leaflets  almost 
2'  long ;  petals  deep  rose-color,  1'  long. 

O.  speci6sa  is  more  hairy ;  leaflets  obovate  and  scarcely  notched,  com- 
monly crimson  underneath,  only  1' long ;  scapes  short,  1 -flowered  ;  petals  1^' 
long,  pink-red  with  a  yelloAvish  base. 

O.  iiava,  from  a  strong  bulb  sends  up  to  tlic  surface  a  short  scaly  stem, 
bearing  thick  flatfish  leafstalks  and  short  1 -flowered  scapes;  the  leaflets  6-10 
and  linear ;  petals  nearly  1'  long,  yellow,  often  edged  with  reddish. 


GERANIUM   FAMILY.  79 

O.  versioolor,  the  commoner  and  prettiest  species,  from  small  bulbs  scuds 
up  slender  stems,  2' -3'  high,  bearing  at  summit  leaves  of  3  almost  linear  leaf- 
lets notched  at  the  end,  and  slender  1 -flowered  peduncles ;  petals  1'  long,  white 
or  tinged  with  rose,  with  bright  pink-red  margins  underneath,  so  that  the  blos- 
som is  red  when  rolled  up  in  the  bud  or  closed  in  shade,  but  white  above  when 
it  opens  in  sunshine. 

*  *  *  Cultivated  from  South  America  for  the  edible  tubers. 

O.  crenata,  the  OCA  of  Peru,  rather  common  in  France,  bears  abundance 
of  potato-like  tubers  as  large  as  pullet's-eggs  ;  stem  leafy,  2°  high ;  leaflets 
ohcordate;  peduncles  several-flowered;  petals  yellow,  rather  large,  crenate  or 
several-notched  at  the  end. 

2.  LIMNANTHES.     (Name  from  Greek  words  for  marsh  flower:  but  in 
fact  the  plant  flourishes  in  merely  moist  soil.)     ©  • 

L.  Douglasii.  Cult,  for  ornament  from  California  ;  a  low  and  spreading, 
mostly  smooth,  and  slightly  succulent  garden  annual,  with  leaves  of  5-7  oblong 
or  lanceolate  and  often  3  -  5-cleft  leaflets,  and  rather  neat  flowers  (in  summer), 
solitary  on  slender  axillary  peduncles ;  the  petals  white  with  a  yellow  base, 
wedge-oblong,  notched  at  the  end,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  about  £'  long. 

3.  FLCERKEA,  FALSE  MERMAID.      (Named  for  Flcerke,  a  German 
botanist.)     © 

F.  proserpinacoides,  in  marshes  and  wet  alluvial  soil ;  a  small  and  in- 
significant plant,  with  the  3-5  leaflets  lanceolate  and  entire,  or  rarely  2  -  3- 
cleft ;  the  axillary  and  pedttncled  flower  inconspicuous  (in  spring  and  summer), 
the  oblong  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx  and  entire. 

4.  GERANIUM,  CRANE  SBILL.    (From  old  Greek  name  for  the  Crane, 
alluding  probably  to  the  long  beak  in  fruit.)     The  following  are  wild  species 
of  the  country :  the  so-called  Geraniums  of  cultivation  belong  to  Pelargonium. 
Sepals  usually  slender-pointed.     Fl.  spring  and  summer. 

G.  maculatum,  WILD  or  SPOTTED  CRANESBILL.     Common  in  wood- 
lands and  open  grounds  ;  stem  erect  from  a  stout  root  or  rootstock,  about  2° 
high,  hairy,  branching  and  terminating  in  long  peduncles  bearing  a  pair  of 
flowers  ;  leaves  palmately  parted  into  5-7  wedge-shaped  divisions  cut  and  cleft 
at  the  end,  sometimes  whitish-blotched  ;    petals  wcdge-obovate,  light  purple, 
£'  long,  bearded  on  the  short  claw.     ^ 

G.  Carolinianum,  CAROLINA  C.  In  open  and  mostly  barren  soil; 
stems  erect  or  soon  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  only  6'  -  18'  high  ;  leaves 
palmately  parted  into  5  much  cleft  and  cut  divisions ;  peduncles  and  pedicels 
short ;  flowers  barely  half  as  large  as  in  the  foregoing,  the  pale  rose-colored  pet- 
als notched  at  the  end.  (D  @ 

G.  Robertianum,  HERB  ROBERT.  Common  N.  in  shady  rocky  places ; 
very  strong-scented,  loosely  hairy,  diffusely  spreading  ;  leaves  finely  cut,  being 
divided/into  3  twicc-phmatifid  divisions;  flowers  small ;  petals  pink  or  red 

purple^<P .  a          ^&~<y?a 

5.  ERODIUM,  STORKSBILL.     (From  Greek  name  for  a  Heron.} 

E.  cicutarium,  COMMON  S.  Nat.  from  En.,  in  sterile  soil,  but  not  com- 
mon, except  in  Texas  and  California,  where  it  greatly  abounds ;  low,  hairy  and 
rather  viscid  ;  the  leaves  mostly  from  the  root,  pinnate,  and  the  leaflets  finely 
once  or  twice  pinnatifid ;  peduncle  bearing  an  umbel  of  several  small  pinkish 
flowers,  in  summer.  ©  ® 

6.  PELARGONIUM,  the  GERANIUM,  so-called,  of  house  and  sum- 
mer-garden culture.    (Name  from  Greek  word  for  the  Stork,  from  the  beak  of 
the  fruit,  which  is  like  that  of  Geranium. )    All  are  perennials,  and  most  of  the 
common  ones  more  or  kss  shrubby,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  in 
cultivation  so  mixed  up  by  crossing'that  students  will  hardly  be  able  to  make 
out  the  species.     The  following  are  the  types  or  originals  of  the  commonest 
Sorts. 


80  GERANIUM    FAMILY. 

§  1 .    Leaves  peltate  and  fleshy,  the  5  lobes  entire  :  stems  trailing. 
P.  peltatum,  IVY-LEAVED  P.     Generally  smooth,  the  leaf  fixed  towards 
the  middle,  with  or  without  a  darkish  zone ;  flowers  pink  or  varying  to  white. 

§  2.  Leaves  round  and  crenate,  very  obscurely  many-lobed  and  with  a  deep  narrow 
sinus:  petals  all  of  one  color  (scarlet,  pink,  or  varying  to  white),  the  two 
upper  a  little  narrower  than  the  others  :  stems  erect,  shrubby  and  succulent. 
The  two  species  yreatly  mixed. 

P.  zonale,  HOUSE-SHOE  P.  So  called  from  the  dark  horse-shoe  mark  or 
zone,  which  however  is  not  always  present ;  smoothish  ;  petals  n'arrowish. 

P.  inquinans,  STAINING  or  SCARLET  P.  In  the  unmixed  state  is  soft- 
downy  and  clammy,  the  leaves  without  the  zone  ;  petals  broadly  obovate,  origi- 
nally intense  scarlet. 

§  3.   Leaves  rounded,  moderately  if  at  all  lobed :  branches  scarcely  succulent :  pet~ 
als  never  scarlet,  the  two  upper  more  or  less  larger  than  the  three  lower. 

*  Leaves  sweet-scented,  velvety  or  soft-downy :  flowers  small:   stems  or  branches 

herbaceous  or  half  herbaceous,  spreading  or  straggling. 

P.  capitatum,  ROSE-SCENTED  P.  Softly  hairy,  with  the  rose-scented 
leaves  moderately  lobed,  the  lobes  short  and  broad ;  peduncle  bearing  many 
sessile  flowers  in  a  head  ;  petals  rose-purple,  barely  £'  long. 

P.  tomentdsum,  PEPPERMINT  P.  Densely  soft-hairy;  branches  long 
and  thickish ;  leaves  rather  large,  round-heart-shaped  and  with  5-7  open  lobes, 
velvety -hairy  both  sides  ;  flowers  on  long  pedicels  in  paniclcd  umbels,  insignifi- 
cant ;  petals  white,  the  3  lower  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

P.  odoratissimum,  NUTMEG-SCENTED  P.  Branches  slender  and  strag- 
gling, from  a  very  short  scaly  stem  or  base ;  leaves  rounded  and  crenate,  soft- 
velvety,  small ;  flowers  on  short  pedicels,  very  small ;  petals  white,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  calyx. 

*  *  Leaves  not  sweet-scented:  flowers  large,  pinlc,  purple,  ichite,  $*c.,  the  tiro 

upper  petals  longer  and  broader  than  the  three  lower  and  streaked  or  spotted: 
shrubby  and  erect.     (All  much,  mixed.) 

P.  CUCullatum,  COWLED  P.  Soft-hairy,  the  rounded  kidney-shaped  leaves 
cupped,  soft-downy. 

P.  cordatum,  HEART-LEAVED  P.  Like  the  last  or  less  hairy,  with  flat 
ovate-heart-shaped  leaves. 

P.  angul6sum,  MAPLE-LEAVED  P.  Harsher-hairy ;  the  leaves  rigid,  in- 
clined to  be  lobed,  truncate  or  even  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  (scarcely  ever 
heart-shaped),  sharply  toothed. 

§  4.   Leaves  decidedly  lobed  or  cut,  in  some  species  compound  or  decompound, 
*  Smooth  and  pale  or  glaucous,  rounded,  palmately  5  -  1 -cleft. 

P.  grandifl6rum,  GREAT-FLOWERED  P.  Shrubby ;  peduncles  bearing 
about  3  large  flowers,  with  white  petals  1|'  long,  the  two  upper  larger  and  ele- 
gantly veined  or  variegated  with  pink  or  rose-color. 

*  *  Silky-hoary,  pinnateJy  veined  and  somewhat  pinnatijld. 

P.  tricolor,  THREE-COLORED  P.  Low,  rather  shrubby  ;  the  long-pctioled 
small  leaves  lance-oblong  ;  peduncles  bearing  2  or  3  showy  flowers  ;  the  three 
lower  petals  white,  the  two  upper  crimson,  with  a  dark  spot  at  their  base,  and 
rather  smaller,  £'  long  :  not  common. 

*  *  *  Sojl-hoary  or  velvety,  palmately  3-parted,  small :  no  obvious  stipules. 

P.  exstipulatum,  PENNY-ROYAL  P.  Low,  rather  shrubby ;  leaves  with 
the  sweet  scent  of  Penny-Royal  or  Bergamot,  £'  wide,  the  lobes  wedge-shaped 
and  cut-toothed  ;  flowers  small  and  insignificant,  white. 

*  *  *  *  Hairy,  rouqhish,  or  downy :  leaves  more  or  less  pinnatifid  or  pinnately 

compound  or  the  main  lobes  or  divisions  pinnatijid,  baltamic  or  strong- 
scented  :  stipules  present. 

P.  quercifolium,  OAK-LEAVED  P.  Shrubby,  hairy  and  glandular ; 
leaves  deeply  sinuate-pinnatitid,  with  wavy-toothed  blunt  lobes  (the  lowest 


RUE    FAMILY.  81 


ones  largest,  making  a  triangular-heart-shaped  outline),   often   d 
along  the  middle,  unpleasantly  scented ;    petals  purple  or  pink,  the 


dark-colored 
two  upper 
(!'  long)  much  longest. 

P.  grav&olens,  HEAVY-SCENTED  P.  Shrubby  and  hairy  like  the  last ; 
leaves  palmately  5  -  7-lobed  or  parted  and  the  oblong  lobes  sinuate-pinnatifid  ; 
petals  shorter. 

P.  Hadula,  ROUGH  P.  Shrubby,  rough  and  hairy  above  with  short  bris- 
tles ;  the  balsamic  or  mint-scented  leaves  palmately  parted  and  the  divisions 
pinnately  parted  or  again  cut  into  narrow  linear  lobes,  with  revolutc  margins  ; 
peduncles  short,  bearing  few  small  flowers  ;  petals  rose-color  striped  or  veined 
with  pink  or  purple. 

P.  fulgidlim,  BRILLIANT  P.  Shrubby  and  succulent-stemmed,  downy  ; 
leaves  mostly  3-parted,  with  the  lateral  divisions  wedge-shaped  and  3-lobed,  the 
middle  one  oblong  and  cut-pinnatifid ;  calyx  broad  in  the  throat ;  petals 
obovate,  scarlet,  often  with  dark  lines,  £'  long. 

P.  triste,  SAD  or  NIGHT-SCENTED  P.  Stem  succulent  and  very  short 
from  a  tuberous  rootstock,  or  none  ;  leaves  pinnately  decompound,  hairy  ;  pet- 
als dull  broAvnish-yellow  with  darker  spots,  sweet-scented  at  night. 

7.  TBOPJEOLUM,   NASTURTIUM   or   INDIAN    CRESS.      (Name 
from  a  Greek  word  for  a  trophy,  the  foliage  of  the  common  sort  likened  to  a 
group  of  shields.)     Cult,  from  South  America,  chiefly  Peru,  for  ornament, 
and  the  pickled  fruits  used  as  a  substitute  for  capers,  having  a  similar  flavor 
and  pungency  :  fl.  all  summer,  showy. 

T.  majllS,  COMMON  N.  Climbing  high,  also  low  and  scarcely  climbing ; 
leaves  roundish  and  about  6-anglcd,  peltate  towards  the  middle  ;  petals  much 
longer  than  calyx,  varying  from  orange  to  scarlet  and  crimson,  pointless,  entire 
or  a  little  jagged  at  the  end,  and  the  3  lower  and  longer-clawed  ones  fringed  at 
the  base  :  also  a  full  double  variety.  © 

T.  minus,  SMALLER  N.  Smaller  ;  petals  paler  yellow  and  with  a  pointed 
tip.  Now  less  common  than  the  preceding,  but  mixed  with  it.  © 

T.  tuber6sum,  TUBEROUS  N.  Less  common  ;  leaves  with  5  rather 
deep  lobes ;  petals  entire,  orange,  scarcely  longer  than  the  heavy-spurred  orange- 
red  calyx  ;  tubers  edible.  11 

T.  peregrinum,  CANARY-BIRD  FLOWER.  Climbing  high  ;  leaves  deeply 
5  -  7-lobed  and  cut ;  spur  hooked  or  curved ;  petals  light  yellow,  the  2  upper 
lobed,  the  3  lower  small  and  fringed.  © 

8.  IMPATIENS,  TOUCH-ME-NOT,   JEWEL -WEED,   BALSAM. 

(Name  from  the  sudden  bursting  of  the  pod  when  touched.)     Ours  are  all 

tender  and  succulent-stemmed  annuals  :  fl.  all  summer. 

I.  pallida,  PALE  T.  Wet  ground  and  moist  shady  places,  commonest  N., 
l°-4°  high,  branched;  leaves  alternate,  oval;  flowers  panicled,  pale  yellow 
dotted  with  brownish-red  (rarely  spotless),  the  sac  broader  than  long  and  tipped 
with  a  short  incurved  spur. 

I.  fulva,  SPOTTED  T.  Commoner  S.  ;  has  smaller  orange-colored  flo\vers 
spotted  Avith  reddish-brown,  sac  longer  than  broad  and  tapering  into  an  inflexed 
spur  (spots  and  spur  rarely  wanting). 

I.  Ealsamilia,  GARDEN  BALSAM,  from  India.  Low,  with  crowded  lan- 
ceolate leaves,  the  lower  opposite,  a  cluster  of  large  and  showy  short-spurred 
flowers  in  their  axils,  on  short  stalks,  of  very  various  shades  (from  white  to  red 
and  purple)  ;  the  finer  sorts  full  double. 

28.  RUTACE-SI,  RUE  FAMILY. 

Known  by  the  transparent  dots  or  glands  (resembling  punctures) 
in  the  simple  or  compound  leaves,  containing  a  pungent  or  acrid 
bitter-aromatic  volatile  oil ;  and  stamens  only  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  (or  in  Orange  and  Lemon  more  numerous),  inserted  on  the 
base  of  a  receptacle  (or  a  glandular  di&k  surrounding  it)  which 


82  RUE    FAMILY. 

sometimes  elevates  more  or  less  the  single  compound  pistil  or  the 
2-5  more  or  less  separate  carpels.  Leaves  either  opposite  or  alter- 
nate, in  ours  mostly  alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  only  in 
No.  2  irregular.  Many  species  are  medicinal. 

§  1.   Perennial,  strong-scented,  hardy  (exotic]  herbs  :  flowers  perfect :  stamens  8  or 
10:  ovary  4-5-lobed,  4-5-celled:  seeds  several. 

1.  RUT  A.     Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  short,  the  latter  roundish  and  arching.     Sta- 

mens twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Style  1.  Pod  globular  and  many-seeded. 
Leaves  decompound. 

2.  D1CTAMNUS.     Sepals  and  petals  6;  the  latter  long  and  lanceolate,  on  short 

claws,  the  lower  one  declining,  the  others  ascending.  Stamens  10;  the  long 
filaments  declining  and  curved,  partly  glandular.  Styles  5,  nearly  separate. 
Ovary  a  little  elevated,  deeply  5-lobed,  in  fruit  becoming  5  flattened  rough- 
glandular  2-3-seeded  pods,  each  splitting  when  ripe  into  2  valves,  which 
divide  into  an  outer  and  an  inner  layer.  Leaves  pinnate. 

§  2.  Shrubs  or  trees,  hardy,  with  polygamous,  dioecious,  or  sometimes  perfect,  small 
(greenish  or  whitish )  flowers :  stamens  4  or  6,  as  many  as  lite  petals:  steds 
single  or  in  pairs. 

*  Indigenous :  leaves  pinnate  or  of  3  leaflets,  deciduous. 

3.  Z  ANTHOXYLUM.     Flowers  dioecious.     Pistils  2  -  5 ;  their  styles  slightly  co- 

hering ;  the  ovaries  separate,  ripening  into  rather  fleshy  at  length  dry  and 
2-valved  little  pods.  Seed  black,  smooth  and  shining.  Prickly  trees  or 
shrubs:  leaves  pinnate. 

4.  PTELEA.     Flowers  polygamous.     Pistil  a  2-celled  ovary  tipped  with  a  short 

style,  forming  a  2-celled  2-seeded  and  rounded  wing-fruit  or  samara,  in  shape 
like  that  of  the  Elm.  Not  prickly :  leaflets  3. 

*  #  Exotic :  leaves  simple  and  entire,  evergreen. 

6.  SKIMMIA.  Flowers  polygamous  or  perfect.  Ovary  2  -5-celled,  with  a  single 
ovule  from  the  top  of  each  cell,  in  fruit  becoming  a  red  berry  or  drupe. 

§  3.   Shrubs  or  trees,  exotic,  not  hardy,  with  sweet-scented  foliage  and  perfect  flowers, 
having  numerous  (20-60)  stamens. 

6.  CITRUS.  Petals  4-8,  usually  5,  thickish.  Filaments  irregularly  united  more 
or  less.  Ovary  many-celled,  encircled  at  the  base  by  a  conspicuous  disk  (see 
Lessons,  p.  125,  fig.  281),  in  fruit  becoming  a  thick-rinded  many-seeded  large 
berry.  Branches  usually  spiny.  Leaves  evergreen,  apparently  simple,  but 
with  a  joint  between  the  blade  and  the  (commonly  winged  or  margined) 
petiole,  showing  that  the  leaf  is  a  compound  one  reduced  to  the  end-leaflet. 

1.  RUTA,  RUE.     (The  ancient  name.)     Natives  of  the  Old  World,     y. 
R.  grav6olens,  COMMON  RUE.     Cult,  in  country  gardens  ;  a  bushy  herb, 

woody  or  almost  shrubby  at  the  base,  with  bluish-green  and  strongly  dotted 
obiong  or  obovate  small  leaflets,  the  terminal  one  broader  and  notched  at  the 
end,  and  corymbs  of  greenish-yellow  flowers,  produced  all  summer ;  the  earliest 
blossom  has  the  parts  in.  fives,  the  rest  in  fours.  Plant  very  acrid,  sometimes 
even  blistering  the  skin. 

2.  DICTAMNUS,  FRAXINELLA.     (Ancient  Greek  name.)     Native  of 
Southern  Europe.     ^ 

D.  Fraxindlla.  Cult,  for  ornament ;  herb  with  an  almost  woody  base, 
viscid-glandular,  and  with  a  strong  aromatic  scent ;  the  leaves  likened  to  those 
of  Ash  on  a  smaller  scale  (whence  the  common  name)  of  9  -  13  ovate  and  ser- 
rate leaflets  ;  the  large  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  in  summer,  in  one  variety 
pale  purple  with  redder  veins,  another  white. 

3.  ZANTHOXYLUM,    PRICKLY   ASH.      (Name  composed  of  two 
Greek  words,  meaning  yellow  wood.)     Bark,  leaves,  and  little  fleshy  pods  very 
pungent  and  aromatic. 

Z.  Americanum,  NORTHERN  P.  or  TOOTHACHE-TREE.  Rocky  woods 
and  banks  N.  ;  a  prickly  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  leaves  downy  when  young, 
of  (J-  11  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets  ;  the  greenish  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  in 


QUASSIA   FAMILY.  S3- 

spring,  preceding  the  leaves,  either  the  sepals  or  petals  wanting ;  pistils  3-5 
with  slender  styles  ;  the  little  pods  about  the  size  and  shape  of  pepper-corns, 
lemon-scented,  raised  from  the  receptacle  on  thickish  stalks. 

Z.  Carolinianum,  SOUTHERN  P.  Sandy  coast  S. ;  a  small  tree,  the 
bark  armed  with  warty  and  the  leafstalks  with  very  slender  prickles,  smooth, 
with  7-9  ovate  or  lance-ovate  leaflets,  and  whitish  flowers  in  a  terminal  cyme, 
in  early  summer,  later  than  the  leaves,  with  the  petals  and  sepals  both  present, 
3  or  2  short-styled  pistils,  and  pods  not  stalked. 

4.  PTELEA,  HOP-TREE.     (The  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Elm,  from 
the  resemblance  in  the  winged  fruit.) 

P.  trifoliata,  THREE-LEAVED  H.  Rocky  woods  from  Penn.  S.  &  W.  ; 
a  tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  ovate  pointed  leaflets,  and  a  terminal  cyme  of 
small  greenish-white  unpleasantly  scented  flowers,  in  early  summer  ;  the'  orbic- 
ular winged  fruit  bitter,  used  as  a  substitute  for  hops. 

5.  SKIMMIA.     (Skimmi  is  the  name  in  Japan,  from  which  country  the 
common  species  was  recently  introduced  into  ornamental  cultivation.) 

S.  Japonica,  a  low  quite  hardy  shrub,  smooth,  with  oblong  and  entire 
bright-green  evergreen  leaves  crowded  on  the  end  of  the  branches,  which  in 
spring  are  terminated  with  close  panicle  or  cluster  of  small  and  white  sweet- 
scented  flowers,  of  no  beauty,  but  followed  by  bright  red  berries  which  last  over 
winter. 

6.  CITRUS,  CITRON,  ORANGE,  &c.     (Ancient  name  for  Citron.)    Na- 
tives of  India,  &c.,  cultivated  with  us  only  for  ornament.     Flowers  white, 
very  sweet-scented,  rather  showy.     The  species  or  varieties  are  much  con- 
fused or  mixed. 

C.  vulgaris,  BITTER  ORANGE,  with  broadly  winged  petiole  ;  fruit  with  a 
thin  roiighish  rind  and  acrid  bitter  pulp. 

C.  Aurantium,  SWEET  ORANGE,  with  a  very  narrow  wing  or  slight 
margin  to  the  petiole ;  fruit  globose,  with  a  smoptli  and  thin  separable  rind 
and  a  sweet  pulp. 

Var.  myrtifdlia,  MYRTLE-LEAVED  or  CHINESE  ORANGE,  dwarf,  with 
small  leaves  (I'-  1^'  long)  and  small  fruit,  depressed  or  sunken  at  the  apex. 

C.  Limbnium,  LEMON,  with  a  narrow  wing  or  margin  to  the  petiole, 
oblong  and  acute  toothed  leaves,  petals  commonly  purplish  outside,  and  fruit 
ovoid-oblong,  with  adherent  rind  and  a  very  acid  pulp. 

C.  Limetta,  LIME,  with  wingless  petiole,  roundish  or  oval  serrate  leaves, 
and  globular  fruit  with  a  firm  rind  and  sweetish  pulp. 

C.  M6dica,  CITRON  (named  from  the  country,  Media),  with  wingle,ss 
petiole,  oblong  or  oval  acute  leaves,  petals  purplish  outside,  and  a  large  oblong 
sweet-scented  fruit  with  a  very  thick  roughish  adherent  rind,  and  slightly  acid 
pulp. 

29.  SIMARUBACE^E,  QUASSIA  FAMILY. 
May  be  regarded   as  Rutacese   without  transparent  dots  in  the 
leaves ;   here  represented  by  a  single  tree,  the 

1.  AILANTHUS,    CHINESE    SUMACH    or    TREE-OF-HEAVEN. 

(Ailanto,  a  native  name.)  Flowers  polygamous,  small,  greenish,  in  terminal 
branched  panicles,  with  5  short  sepals  and  5  petals,  10  stamens  in  the  sterile 
flowers  and  few  or  none  in  the  fertile ;  the  latter  with  2  to  5  ovaries  (their 
styles  lateral,  united  or  soon  separate),  which  in  fruit  become  linear-oblong 
thin  and  membranaceous  veiny  samaras  or  keys,  like  those  of  Ash  on  a 
smaller  scale,  but  1 -seeded  in  the  middle. 

A.  glandulbsus,  the  only  species  known  here,  from  China,  is  a  common 
shade-tree,  tall,  of  rapid  growth,  with  hard  wood,  very  long  pinnate  leaves,  and 
many  obliquely  lanceolate  entire  or  sparingly  sinnate  leaflets  ;  flowers  in  early 
summer,  the  staminate  very  ill-scented. 


84  CASHEW    FAMILY. 

30.    MELIACE^I,  MELIA  FAMILY. 

Trees,  chiefly  with  pinnately  compound  dotless  leaves,  stamens 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals  and  united  up  to  or  beyond  the  anthers 
into  a  tube,  and  a  several-celled  ovary  with  a  single  style  ;  almost 
all  tropical,  —  represented  in  Florida  and  farther  south  by  SWIETE- 
NIA  MAHOGANI,  the  MAHOGANY-TREE,  and  by  an  exotic  shade- 
tree  at  the  South,  viz. 

1.  MELIA.  (Old  Greek  name  of  the  Ash,  transferred  to  a  widely  different 
tree.)  Calyx  5  -  6-parted.  Petals  5  or  6,  linear-spatulate.  Filaments  united 
into  a  cylindrical  tube  with  a  10-  12-cleft  mouth,  enclosing  as  many  anthers. 
Fruit  a  globose  berry-like  drupe,  with  a  bony  5-celled  stone,  and  a  single  seed 
in  each  cell.  Flowers  in  large  compound  panicles. 

M.  Azedarach,  PRIDE-OF-INDIA  or  CHINA-TREE.  A  favorite  shade- 
tree  at  the  S.,  30°  -  40°  high,  with  twice  pinnate  smooth  leaves,  ovate  and 
pointed  toothed  leaflets,  of  a  deep  green  color,  and  numerous  fragrant  lilac-col- 
ored flowers,  in  spring,  succeeded  by  the  yellowish 


31.  ANACARDIACE^E,  CASHEW  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  or  acid,  sometimes  poisonous,  often 
colored  or  milky  juice  ;  alternate  leaves  without  stipules  ;  small 
flowers  with  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  5  ;  and  a  1-celled  1-ovuled 
ovary  bearing  3  styles  or  stigma's,  —  represented  by  the  genus 

1.  RHTJS,  SUMACH.  (Ancient  namo.)  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioe- 
cious, sometimes  perfect,  Avhitish  or  greenish,  in  terminal  or  axillarv  panicles. 
Stamens  inserted  under  the  edge  or  between  the  lobes  of  a  flattened  disk  in 
the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  a  small  dry  or  berry-like  drupe,  the  solitary 
seed  on  a  curved  stalk  rising  from  the  bottom  of  the  cell.  (The  astringent 
leaves  of  some  species  are  used  for  dyeing  and  tanning,  those  of  R.  COKIA- 
RIA  in  S.  Europe  for  morocco  leather.  The  juice  of  some  Japanese  species 
yield  their  famous  lacquer  ;  the  fruit  of  another  a  sort  of  wax.  ) 

§  1  .    Cultivated  from  Europe,  with  simple  entire  leaves  :  not  poisonous. 

R.  C6tinus,  SMOKE-TREE  or  VENETIAN  SUMACH.  Shrub  5°  -9°  high, 
smooth,  with  obovate  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  loose  panicles  of  flowers  in  early 
Hummer,  followed  rarely  by  little  half-heart-shaped  fruits  :  usually  most  of  the 
flowers  are  abortive,  while  their  pedicels  lengthen,  branch,  and  bear  long  plumy 
hairs,  making  large  and  light,  feathery  or  cloud-like  bunches,  either  greenish  or 
tinged  with  red,  which  are  very  ornamental.  The  same  or  one  very  like  it  is 
wild  in  Alabama. 

§  2.    Native  species,  with  compound  leaves  of  3-31  leaflets. 
#  Poisonous  to  the  touch  for  most  people,  the  juice  resinous  :  flowers  in  slender  axil- 
lary panicles,  in  summer  :  fruit  smooth,  white  or  dun-color. 

R.  Toxicod6ndron,  POISON  IVY  or  POISON  OAK.  Common  in  low 
grounds,  climbing  by  rootlets  over  rocks,  &c.,  or  ascending  trees  ;  leaflets  3, 
rhombic-ovate,  often  sinuate  or  cut-lobed,  rather  downy  beneath.  A  vile  pest. 

R.  venenata,  POISON  SUMACH,  P.  ELDER,  or  P.  DOGWOOD.    In  swampy 
ground;    shrub  6°  -18°  high,  smooth,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  7  -  13  obovate 
entire  leaflets,  and  very  slender  panicles.     More  virulent  than  the  foregoing. 
*  *  Not  poisonous  :  fruit  red  and  beset  with  reddish  hairs,  very  acid. 

•*-  Leaves  pinnate  :  flowers  whitish,  in  large  and  very  compact  terminal  panicles. 
in  early  summer,  succeeded  by  a  compart  mass  of  crimson  fruit. 

H*  tjrphina,  STAGHORN  SUMACH.  Shrub  or  tree,  on  hillsides,  &c.,  10°- 
80°  high,  with  resinous-milky  juice,  brownish-yellow  wood,  velvety-hairy 


VINE    FAMILY.  85 

branches  and  stalks,  and  large  leaves  of  11  -31  lance-oblong  pointed  and  scrrato 
leaflets.  Worthy  to  be  planted  for  ornament. 

R.  glabra,  SMOOTH  S.  Shrub  2° -12°  high,  in  rocky  places,  like  the 
last,  but  smooth,  the  leaflets  whitened  beneath.  —  Var.  LACINIATA,  in  Perm., 
has  the  leaflets  cut  into  narrow  irregular  lobes  :  planted  for  ornament. 

R.  COpallina,  DWARF  S.  Shrub  l°-5°  high,  in  rocky  or  sandy  ground, 
spreading  by  subterranean  shoots  ;  with  downy  stalks  or  branches,  petioles 
winged  or  broadly  margined  between  the  9-21  oblong  or  lance-ovate  oblique 
leaflets,  which  are  thickish  and  shining  above  ;  juice  resinous. 

•*-  •*-  Leaves  of  3  cut-lobed  leaflets :  flowers  light  yellow,  in  spring  before  the  leaves 
appear,  dioecious,  in  small  scaly-bracied  and  catkin-like  spikes. 

R.  aromatica,  FRAGRANT  S.  A  straggling  bush  in  rocky  places,  from 
Vermont  W.  &  S.,  with  the  small  rhombic-ovate  leaflets  pubescent  when  young, 
aromatic-scented. 

32.   VITACE-ffi,  VINE  FAMILY. 

Woody  plants,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  watery  and  often  acid 
juice,  alternate  leaves,  deciduous  stipules,  and  small  greenish  flow- 
ers in  a  cyme  or  thyrsus  ;  with  a  minutely  4  -  5-toothed  or  almost 
obsolete  calyx  ;  petals  valvate  in  the  bud  and  very  deciduous  ;  the 
stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them  ;  a  2-celled  ovary 
with  a  pair  of  ovules  rising  from  the  base  of  each  cell,  becoming 
a  berry  containing  1-4  bony  seeds.  Tendrils  and  flower-clusters 
opposite  the  leaves. 

1.  V1TIS.     Calyx  very  short,  a  fleshy  disk  connecting  it  with  the  base  of  the 

ovary  and  bearing  the  petals  and  stamens. 

2.  AMPELOPS1S.      Calyx    minutely    5-toothed :    no  disk.      Petals   expanding 

before  they  fall.     Leaflets  5. 

1.   VITIS,  GRAPE-VINE.    (The  classical  Latin  name.)   Fl.  in  late  spring. 

§  1.  TRUE  GRAPES.  Petals  and  stamens  5,  the  former  lightly  cohering  at  the 
top  and  thrown  off  without  expanding  :  the  base  of  the  very  short  and  trun- 
cate calyx  filled  with  the  disk,  which  rises  into  5  thick  lobes  or  glands  between 
the  stamens  :  leaves  simple,  rounded  and  heart-shaped,  usually  3  -  5-hbed. 

#  Flowers  all  perfect,  somewhat  fragrant :  exotic. 

V.  vinifera,  EUROPEAN  GRAPE.  Cult,  from  immemorial  time,  from  the 
East,  furnishing  the  principal  grapes  of  our  greenhouses,  &c.  j  some  varieties 
nearly  hardy  N.  :  leaves  green,  cottony  only  when  very  young. 

*  *  F hirers  more  or  less  poh/gamous  (some  plants  inclined  to  produce  only  stami- 

nate  flowers) ,  exhaling  a  fragrance  like  that  of  Mignonette :  native  species. 
•*-  Bark  of  stem  early  separating  in  loose  strips  :  panicles  compound  and  loose. 
V.  Labrusca,  NORTHERN  EOX-GRAPE,  the  original  of  the  CATAWBA, 
ISABELLA,  and  furnishing  most  of  the  American  table  and  wine  grapes  ;  com- 
mon in  moist  grounds  N.  &  W.  :  leaves  and  young  shoots  very  cottony,  even 
the  adult  leaves  retaining  the  cottony  wool  underneath,  the  lobes  separated  by 
roundish  sinuses  ;    fruit  large,  with  a  tough  musky  pulp  when  wild,  dark 
purple  or  amber-color,  in  compact  clusters. 

V.  sestivalis,  SUMMER  GRAPE.  Common  N.  &  S. ;  leaves  green  above, 
and  with  loose  cobwebby  down  underneath,  the  lobes  with  roundish  op<?n 
sinuses  ;  clusters  slender ;  fruit  smaller  and  earlier  than  in  the  foregoing,  black 
with  a  bloom,  pleasant.  Original  of  the  CLINTON  GRAPE,  &c. 

V.  cordifdlia,  WINTER  or  FROST  GRAPE.  Common  on  banks  of  streams  : 
leaves  never  cottony,  green  both  sides,  thin,  heart-shaped,  little  lobed,  but  coarse- 
ly and  sharply  toothed  ;  clusters  loose  ;  fruit  small,  bluish  or  black  with  a 
bloom,  very  sour,  ripe  after  frosts.  Var.  RIP\RIA,  the  common  form  along 
river-banks  W.  has  broader  and  more  cut  or  lobed  leaves. 


86  BUCKTHORN    FAMILY. 

•»-  •*-  Bark  of  stein  close  and  smooth,  pale. 

V.  VUlpina,  MUSCADINE,  BULLACE,  or  FOX-GRAPE  of  the  South.  River- 
banks  from  Maryland  and  Kentucky  S.  :  leaves  rather  small,  round  in  outline, 
seldom  and  slightly  lobed,  glossy  and  mostly  smooth  both  sides,  the  margin  cut 
into  coarse  and  broad  teeth ;  clusters  small ;  fruit  large,  £'  -  j|'  in  diameter, 
purple,  thick-skinned,  musky,  or  pleasant-flavored,  ripe  in  early  autumn  :  the 
original  of  the  SCUPPERNONG  GRAPE,  &c. 

§  2.    Cissus.     Petals  and  stamens  4  or  5,  the  former  opening  rtyiilarly :  disk 
thick  and  broad,  4  —  5-lobed:  flowers  mostly  perfect :  berries  not  larger  than 
peas,  not  eatable. 
*  Wild  species  S.  $•  W.,  smooth,  usually  with  5  stamens  and  petals. 

V.  indivisa,  a  species  with  simple  leaves  like  those  of  a  true  Grape,  heart- 
shaped  or  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely-toothed,  but  not  lobed ;  flower-clusters  small 
and  loose  ;  style  slender. 

V.  bipinnata,  a  bushy  or  low-climbing  plant,  with  few  tendrils,  and  de- 
compound leaves,  the  small  leaflets  cut-toothed. 

*  *  Exotic  species,  with  mostly  4  stamens  and  petals. 

V.  heteroph^lla,  from  Japan,  a  form  with  the  leaves  blotched  or  varie- 
gated with  white  (small,  thin,  variously  3-5-lobed),  and  small  blue  berries,  is 
hardy  in  gardens  ;  cult,  for  the  variegated  foliage. 

V.  discolor,  from  Java,  cult,  in  hothouses,  for  its  splendid  foliage  ;  leaves 
lance-oblong  with  a  heart-shaped  base,  crimson  underneath,  velvety-lustrous 
and  dark-green  shaded  with  purple  or  violet,  or  often  mottled  with  white,  on  the 
upper  surface,  the  shoots  reddish. 

2.  AMPELOPSIS,  VIRGINIA-CREEPER.  (Name  from  Greek  words, 
meaning  like  the  Vine :  indeed,  it  is  hardly  distinct  enough  from  the  second 
section  of  Vitis.) 

A.  quinquefblia,  the  only  genuine  species  :  in  all  low  grounds,  climbing 
extensively,  sometimes  by  rootlets  as  well  as  by  the  tendrils,  the  latter  specially 
fitted  for  ascending  walls  and  trunks,  to  which  they  attach  themselves  firmly  by 
sucker-like  disks  at  the  tip  of  their  brandies  (Lessons,  p.  38,  figs.  62,  63)  ;  leaf- 
lets 5,  digitate,  lance-oblong,  cut-toothed,  changing  to  crimson  in  autumn  ; 
flowers  cymose,  in  summer  ;  berries  small,  black  or  bluish. 

33.   RHAMNACE^,  BUCKTHORN  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  of  bitterish  and  astringent  properties,  with  simple 
chiefly  alternate  leaves  and  small  flowers  ;  well  marked  by  the  sta- 
mens of  the  number  of  the  valvate  sepals  (4  or  5)  arid  alternate 
with  them,  i.  e.  opposite  the  petals,  inserted  on  a  disk  which  lines 
the  calyx-tube  and  often  unites  it  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  this 
having  a  single  erect  ovule  in  each  of  the  (2  -  5)  cells.  Branches 
often  thorny :  stipules  minute  or  none :  flowers  often  apetalous  or 
polygamous.  Petals  commonly  hooded  or  involute  around  the  sta- 
men before  it.  (Lessons,  p.  126,  fig.  282,  283.) 

*  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 

1.  BERCHEMIA.    Twining  climbers,  with  straight-veined  leaves.    Petals  5,  with- 

out claws,  rather  longer  than  the  stamens.    Disk  thick,  nearly  filling  the  bot- 
tom of  the  calyx.    Ovary  2-celled,  becoming  a  2-celled  small  stone-fruit,  with 
Surple  and  thfn  pulp. 
AMNUS.     Erect  shrubs  or  trees,  with  loosely-veined  leaves.    Petals  4  or  5, 
with  short  claws.     Stamens  short.     Ovary  2-4-celled,  becoming  a  black 
berry-like  fruit,  containing  2-4  cartilaginous  seed-like  nutlets,  which  are 
grooved  on  the  back,  as  is  the  contained  seed.     Cotyledons  foliaceous. 

2.  FRANGULA.     Like  Rhamnus,  but  with  straight-veined  leaves  ;  the  nutlets 

not  grooved  but  convex  on  the  back:  cotyledons  thick. 


STAFF-TREE    FAMILY.  87 

*  *  Calyx  icith  the  disk  coherent  with  the  bate  of  the  ovary  and  fruit. 
4.    CEANOTHUS.     Erect  or  depressed  shrubs  or  undershrubs.     Petals  6,  hood- 
shaped,  spreading,  their  claws  and  the  filaments  slender.     Ovary  3-celled, 
when  ripe  becoming  a  cartilaginous  or  crustaceous  3-seeded  pod. 

1.  BEBCHEMIA,  SUPPLE-JACK.    (Probably  named  for  some  botanist 
of  the  name  of  Berchem. ) 

B.  volubilis.  Common  in  low  grounds  S.,  climbing  high  trees,  smooth, 
with  very  tough  and  lithe  stems  (whence  the  popular  name),  small  oblong- 
ovate  and  simply  parallel-veined  leaves,  and  greenish-white  flowers  in  small 
panicles  terminating  the  branchlets,  in  early  summer. 

2.  BHAMNUS,  BUCKTHORN.     (The  ancient  name.)     Flowers  green- 
ish, axillary,  mostly  in  small  clusters,  commonly  polygamous  or  dioecious,  in 
early  summer.     Berry-like  fruit  mawkish. 

*  Flowers  with  petals,  the  parts  in  fours:  leaves  minutely  serrate. 

B.  catharticus,  COMMON  BUCKTHORN.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  for  hedges, 
run  wild  in  a  few  places  ;  forms  a  small  tree,  with  thorny  branchlets,  ovate  or 
oblong  leaves,  and  3  -  4-seeded  fruit. 

B.  lanceolatus,  NARROW-LEAVED  B.  Wild  from  Penn.  S.  &  "W. ;  shrub 
not  thorny,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves,  and  2-seeded  fruit. 

*  *  Flowers  without  petals  :  stamens  and  lobes  of  the  calyx  5. 

B.  alnif61ius,  ALDER-LEAVED  B.    Wild  in  cold  swarnps  N. ;  a  low  shrub, 
with  oval  acute  serrate  leaves,  and  3-seeded  berry -like  fruit. 

3.  FBANGULA,  ALDER-BUCKTHORN.     (Fromjrango,  to  break,  the 
stems  brittle.)     Flowers  greenish,  generally  perfect,  and  the  parts  in  fives. 
F.  Caroliniana.     Wild  in  wet  grounds,  from  New  Jersey  and  Kentucky 

S.  ;  a  thornless  shrub  or  low  tree,  with  oblong  and  almost  entire  rather  large 
leaves  ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  small  clusters  in  the  axils,  in  early  summer ;  the 
3-seeded  fruit  black. 

4.  CEANOTHUS.     (An  ancient  name,  of  unknown  meaning,  applied  to 
these  N.  American  plants.)      Flowers  in  little  umbels  or  fascicles,  usually 
clustered  in  dense  bunches  or  panicles,  handsome,  the  calyx  and  even  the 
pedicels  colored  like  the  petals  and  stamens.     Ours  are  low  undershrubby 
plants,  with  white  flowers.     In  and  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains,  especially 
in  California,  are  many  species,  some  of  them  tall  shrubs  or  small  trees, 
loaded  with  showy  blossoms. 

C.  AmericanilS,  NEW-JERSEY  TEA  or  RED-ROOT.    Wild  in  dry  grounds, 
l°-2°  high  from  a  dark  red  root ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  ovate,  finely  serrate, 
down v  beneath,  3-ribbcd  and  veiny,  deciduous  (used  as  a  substitiite  for  tea  in 
early  "times,  the  use  lately  revived)  ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  dense  slender-pedun- 
clcd  cluster,  in  summer. 

C.  ovalis.  Wild  on  rocks  N.  from  Vermont  to  Wisconsin :  lower  than  the 
preceding  and  smoother,  with  smaller  narrow-oval  or  lance-oblong  leaves,  and 
larger  flowers  on  a  shorter  peduncle,  in  spring, 

C.  microph^llus,  SMALL-LEAVED  C.  Dry  barrens  S. :  low  and  spread- 
ing, much  branched  ;  leaves  evergreen,  very  small,  obovatc,  3-ribbed. ;  flower- 
clusters  small  and  simple,  in  spring. 

34.   CELASTRACE.&J,  STAFF-TREE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  sometimes  twining,  with  simple  leaves,  minute  and  decid- 
uous stipules  or  none,  and  small  flowers  with  sepals  and  petals 
both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  stamens  of  the  number  of  the  latter, 
alternate  with  them,  and  inserted  on  a  disk  which  fills  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx  and  often  covers  the  2-5-celled  few-ovuled  ovary  ;  the 
seeds  usually  furnished  with  or  enclosed  in  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  aril. 


88  SOAPBERRY    FAMILY. 

Represented   both   as    to    native    and    cultivated   plants   by    two 
genera  : 

1.  CELASTRUS.    Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious.    Petals  and  stamens  5,  on  the 

edge  of  a  concave  disk  which  lines  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Filaments  and 
style  rather  slender.  Pod  globular,  berry-like,  but  dry.  Leaves  alternate. 

2.  EUONYMUS.     Flowers  perfect,  fi;it ;  the  calyx-lobes  and  petals  (i  or  5)  widely 

spreading.  Stamens  mostly  with  short  filaments  or  almost  sessile  anthers, 
borne  on  the  surface  of  a  flat  disk  which  more  or  less  conceals  or  covers 
the  ovary.  Pod  3 - 5-lobed,  generally  bright-colored.  Leaves  opposite: 
brauchlets  4-sided. 

1.  CELASTRUS,  STAFF-TREE.     (Old  Greek  name,  of  obscure  mean- 
ing and  application.) 

C.  scandens,  CLIMBING  BITTER-SWEET  or  WAX-WORK.  A  twining 
high-climbing  shrub,  smooth,  with  thin  ovate-oblong  and  pointed  finely  somite 
leaves,  racemes  of  greenish-white  flowers  (in  early  summer)  terminating  the 
branches,  the  petals  serrate  or  crenate-toothed,  and  orange-colored  berry-like 
pods  in  autumn,  which  open  and  display  the  seeds  enclosed  in  their  scarlet 
pulpy  aril :  wild  in  low  grounds,  and  planted  for  the  showy  fruit. 

2.  EUONYMUS,  SPINDLE-TREE.     (Old  Greek  name,  means  of  good 
repute.)     Shrubs  not  twining,  with  dull-colored  inconspicuous  flowers,  in  small 
cymes  on  axillary  peduncles,  produced  in  early  summer;  the  pods  in  autumn 
ornamental,  especially  when  they  open  and  display  the  seeds  enveloped  in 
their  scarlet  pulpy  aril. 

#  Leaves  deciduous,  finely  serrate :  style  short  or  nearly  none. 

H-  North  American  species :  anthers  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

E.  atropurpiireus,  BURNING-BUSH  or  SPINDLE-TREE.  Tall  shrub,  wild 
from  New  York  W.  &  S.,  and  commonly  planted  ;  with  oval  or  oblong  pctioled 
leaves,  flowers  with  rounded  dark  dull-purple  petals  (generally  4),  and  smooth 
deeply  4-lobed  red  fruit,  hanging  on  slender  peduncles. 

E.  Americ&nus,  AMERICAN  STRAWBERRY-BUSH.  Low  shrub,  wild 
from  New  York  W.  &  S.,  and  sometimes  cult. ;  with  thickish  ovate  or  lance- 
ovate  almost  sessile  leaves,  usually  5  greenish-purple  rounded  petals,  and  rough- 
warty  somewhat  3-lobed  fruit,  crimson  when  ripe.  Var.  OBOVATUS,  with 
thinner  and  dull  obovate  or  oblong  leaves,  has  long  and  spreading  or  trailing 
and  rooting  branches. 

•*-  •>-  Exotic  :  anthers  raised  on  evident  filaments. 

E.  Europseus,  EUROPEAN  SPINDLE-TREE.  Occasionally  planted,  but 
inferior  to  the  foregoing ;  a  rather  low  shrub,  with  lance-ovate  or  oblong  short- 
petiolcd  leaves,  about  3-flowered  peduncles,  4  greenish  oblong  petals,  and  a 
smooth  4-lobed  red  fruit,  the  aril  orange-color. 

*  #  Leaves  evergreen,  serrulate :  filaments  and  style  rather  slender. 

E.  Japonicus,  JAPAN  S.  Planted  S.  under  the  name  of  CHINESE  Box, 
there  hardy,  but  is  a  greenhouse  plant  N. ;  has  obovate  shining  and  bright 
green  leaves  (also  a  form  with  white  or  yellowish  variegation),  several-flowered 
peduncles,  4  obovate  whitish  petals,  and  smooth  globular  pods. 

35.   SAPINDACE^E,  SOAPBERRY  FAMILY. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  one  or  two  herbaceous  climbers,  mostly  with 
compound  or  lobed  leaves,  and  unsymmetrieal  flowers,  the  stamens 
sometimes  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  lobes  of  the  calyx,  but 
commonly  rather  fewer,  when  of  equal  number  alternate  with  the 
petals  ;  these  imbricated  in  the  bud,  inserted  on  a  disk  in  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx  and  often  coherent  with  it :  ovary  2  -  3-celled,  sometimes 
2  —  3-lobed,  with  1  —  3  (or  in  Staphylea  several)  ovules  in  each  cell. 
The  common  plants  belong  to  the  three  following  suborders. 


SOAPBERRY    FAMILY.  8$ 

I.  BLADDER-NUT    FAMILY  ;    has    perfect   and    regular 
flowers,  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  several  bony  seeds   with 
a  straight  embryo  in  scanty  albumen,  and  opposite  compound  leaves 
both  stipulate  and  stipellate. 

1.  STAPHYLEA.     Erect  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  5;  the  latter  borne  on  the 

margin  of  a  fleshy  disk  which  lines  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Styles  3,  slen- 
der, separate  or  lightly  cohering:  ovary  strongly  3-lobed,  in  fruit  becoming 
a  bladdery  3-lobed  3-celled  and  several-seeded  large  pod.  Shrubs,  with  pin- 
nately  compound  leaves  of  3  or  5  leaflets. 

II.  SOAPBERRY    FAMILY    PROPER  ;    has   flowers   often 
polygamous  or  diojcious,  and  more  or  less  irregular  or  unsymmetri- 
cal,  only  1  or  2  ovules,  ripening  but  a  single  seed  in  each  cell  of 
the  ovary,  the  embryo  coiled  or   curved,   without  albumen.      No 
stipules. 

#  Leaves  alternate.     Pod  bladdery-inflated,  except  in  No.  4. 

2.  CARDIOSl'ERMUM.     Herbs,  with  twice  ternate  and  cut-toothed  leaves,  climb- 

ing by  hook-like  tendrils  in  the  flower-clusters.  Sepals  4,  the  inner  pair 
larger.  Petals  4,  each  with  an  appendage  on  the  inner  face,  that  of  the  two 
upper  large  and  petal-like,  J5f  the  two  lower  crest-like  and  with  a  deflexed 
spur  or  process,  raised  on  a  claw.  Disk  irregular,  enlarged  into  two  glands, 
one  before  each  lower  petal.  Stamens  8,  turned  towards  the  upper  side  of 
the  flower  away  from  the  glands,  the  filaments  next  to  them  shorter.  Styles 
or  stigmas  3,  short:  ovary  triangular,  3-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  rising  from 
the  middle  of  each  cell.  Fruit  a  large  and  thin  bladdery  3-lobed  pod :  seeds 
bony,  globose,  with  a  scale-like  heart-shaped  aril  adherent  to  the  base. 

3.  KCELREUTERIA.     Small  tree,  with  pinnate  leaves.     Sepals  5.     Petals  3  or  4 

(the  place  of  the  others  vacant),  each  with  a  small  2-parted  scale-like  appen- 
dage attached  to  its  claw.  Disk  enlarging  into  a  lobe  before  each  petal. 
Stamens  5-8.  declined:  filaments  hairy.  Style  single,  slender:  ovary  trian- 
gular, 3-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell.  Pod  bladdery,  3-lobed, 
3-celled. 

4.  SAL'INDUS.     Trees,  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves.     Sepals  and  petals  each  5, 

or  rarely  4;  the  latter  commonly  with  a  little  scale  or  appendage  adhering  to 
the  short  claw.  Stamens  mostly  8,  equal.  Style  single:  ovary  3-lobed, 
3-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  mostly  a  globular  and  fleshy 
1-celled  berry  (the  other  cells  abortive),  filled  with  a  large  globular  seed,  its 
coat  crustaceous :  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy. 

*  *  Leaves  opposite,  of  5  -  9  digitate  leaflets.  Pod  leathery,  not  inflated. 
6.  jESCULUS.  Trees  or  shrubs.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  5-toothed.  Petals  4  or  5, 
more  or  less  unequal,  on  claws  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  not  appendaged.  Sta- 
mens 7,  rarelv  6  or  8:  filaments  slender,  often  unequal.  Style  single,  as 
also  the  minute  stigma:  ovary  3-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Fruit  a  leathery  pod,  splitting  at  maturity  into  3  valves,  ripening  1-3  very 
large,  chestnut-like,  hard-coated  seeds:  the  kernel  of  these  consists  of  the  very- 
thick  cotyledons  firmly  joined  together,  and  a  small  incurved  radicle. 

III.  MAPLE    FAMILY  ;    has  flowers  generally  polygamous 
or  dioecious,  and  sometimes  apetalous,  a  mostly  2-lobed  and  2-celled 
ovary,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell,  ripening  a  single  seed 
in  each  cell  of  the  winged  fruit.     Embryo  with  long  and  thin  coty- 
ledons,  coiled  or  crumpled.       (See   Lessons,  p.  0,  fig.  1-3,  &c.) 
Leaves  opposite :   no  stipules. 

6.  ACER.    Trees,  or  a  few  only  shrubs,  with  palmately-lobed  or  even  parted  leaves. 

Calyx  mostly  5-cleft.  Petals  as  many  or  none,  and  stamens  3  -  8  or  rarely 
more,  borne  on  the  edge  of  the  disk.  Styles  or  stigmas  2,  slender.  Fruit 
a  pair  of  samaras  or  key-fruits,  united  at  the  base  or  inner  face  and  winged 
from  the  back.  Occasionally  the  ovary  is  3-celled  and  the  fruit  3-winged. 

7.  NEGUNDO.     Trees,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  3  -  7  leaflets,  and  dioecious  very 

small  flowers,  without  petals  or  disk;  the  calyx  minute:  stamens  4  or  5. 
Fruit,  &c.  of  Acer.  S&F_15 


90  SOAPBERRY    FAMILY. 

1.  STAPHYLEA,  BLADDER-NUT.     (Name  from  a  Greek  word  for  a 
bunch  of  grapes,  little  applicable.) 

S.  trif61ia,  AMERICAN  B.  Shrub  8° -10°  high,  with  greenish  striped 
branches,  3  ovate  pointed  serrate  leaflets,  deciduous  stipules,  and  hanging 
raceme-like  clusters  of  white  flowers  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets  of  the  season, 
in  spring,  followed  by  the  large  bladdery  pods.  Low  ground,  common  N.  &  \V. 

S.  pinnata,  EUROPEAN  B.,  occasionally  planted,  is  very  similar,  but  has 
five  leaflets. 

2.  CARDIOSPERMUM,  BALLOON- VINE,  HEART-SEED.   (The 
latter  is  a  translation  of  the  Greek  name.) 

C.  Halicacabum,  the  common  species,  wild  in  the  S.  W.  States,  is  cult, 
in  gardens,  for  the  curious  inflated  pods  ;  it  is  a  delicate  herb,  climbing  over 
low  plants  or  spreading  on  the  ground,  with  small  white  flowers,  in  summer. 

3.  KCELREUTERXA.     (Named  for  Kcdreuter,  a  German  botanist.) 

K.  paniculata,  a  small  tree  from  China,  planted  in  ornamental  grounds  ; 
has  pinnate  leaves  of  numerous  thin  and  coarsely  toothed  or  cut  leaflets,  and  a 
terminal  ample  branched  panicle  of  small  yellofr  flowers,  in  summer,  followed 
by  the  bladdery  pods. 

• 

4.  SAPINDUS,  SOAPBERRY.    (Sapo  Indus,  i.  e.  Indian  soap,  the  berries 
used  as  a  substitute  for  soap. ) 

S.  marginatUS,  wild  S.  &  W. :  a  small  tree,  with  8 -20  broadly  lanceolate 
falcate  leaflets  on  a  wingless  but  often  margined  common  stalk,  and  small  white 
flowers  in  panicles,  in  summer,  the  whitish  berries  as  large  as  bullets. 

5.  ^SCULTJS,    HORSE-CHESTNUT,    BUCKEYE.      (Ancient  name 
of  an  Oak  or  other  mast-bearing  tree,  applied  to  these  trees  on  account  of 
their  large  chestnut-like  seeds.      These,  although  loaded  with  farinaceous 
nourishment,  are  usually  rendered  uneatable,  and  even  poisonous,  by  a  bitter 
narcotic  principle.)     Flowers  in  a  terminal  crowded  panicle,  in  late  spring  or 
early  summer. 

§  1.  TRUE  HORSE-CHESTNUTS:  natives  of  Asia,  with  broad  and  spreading 
petals  on  short  claws,  and  fruit  more  or  less  beset  with  prickly  points. 

JE.  Hippocastanum,  COMMON  H.  Tall  fine  tree,  with  7  leaflets,  and 
large  flowers  of  5  petals,  Avhite,  and  spotted  with  some  purple  and  yellowish  ; 
stamens  7,  declined  :  of  late  there  is  a  double-flowered  variety. 

-33.  rubiciinda,  RED  H.  Less  tall,  flowering  even  as  a  shrub,  with 
brighter  green  leaves  of  5  -  7  leaflets,  flowers  with  4  rose-red  petals  not  so 
spreading,  and  mostly  8  stamens  less  declined.  Probably  a  hybrid  between 
Horse-Chestnut  and  some  red  Buckeye. 

§  2.    Californian,  with  4  broad  spreading  petals  on  rather  slendei"  claws. 
JE.  Californica,  CALIFORNIAN  H.     Low  tree,  of  5  slender-stalked  leaf- 
lets, and  a  long  very  compact  raceme-like  panicle  of  small  white  or  rosy-tinged 
flowers  ;  stamens  5-7,  slender  ;  fruit  large,  with  some  rough  points. 

§  3.  BUCKEYES  :  of  Atlantic  U.  S.,  with  4  erect  and  smaller  petals  on  slender  claws. 
JE.  parvifl6ra,  SMALL,  BUCKEYE.     "Wild  in  the  upper  country  S.,  and 

Slanted  N.  ;  shrub  3°  -  9°  high,  with  5-7  leaflets  soft  downy  underneath,  slen- 
er  raceme-like  panicle  1°  long,  and  capillary  stamens  very  much  longer  than 
the  narrow  white  petals  ;  flowering  N.  as  late  as  midsummer ;  fruit  smooth  ; 
seeds  small,  almost  eatable. 

JE.  glabra,  FETID  or  OHIO  BUCKEYE.  W.  of  the  Alleghanies ;  tall 
tree,  with  5  nearly  smooth  leaflets,  a  short  panicle,  stamens  moderately  longer 
than  the  somewhat  uniform  pale  yellow  petals,  and  fruit  prickly  roughened  like 
that  of  Horse-Chestnut. 

JE.  flava  YELLOW  or  SWEET  BUCKEYE.  W.  &  S.  ;  tree  or  shrub,  with 
5-7  smooth  or  smoothish  leaflets,  a  short  dense  panicle,  oblong  calyx,  and 


SOAPBERRY    FAMILY.  91 

stamens  not  exceeding  the  connivent  light  yellow  petals,  these  of  two  dissimilar 
pairs,  the  longer  pair  with  very  small  blade  ;  fruit  smooth. 

Var.  purpurascens,  PURPLISH  B.,  has  both  calyx  and  corolla  tinged 
with  purple  or  reddish,  and  leaflets  generally  downy  underneath. 

JE.  Pavia,  KED  BUCKEYE.  S.  &  W. ;  shrub  or  low  tree,  like  the  last, 
but  leaves  generally  smooth  ;  the  longer  and  tubular  calyx  and  the  petals  bright 
red  :  showy  in  cultivation. 

6.  ACER,  MAPLE.     (The  classical  Latin  name.)     Mostly  fine  trees. 

*  Flowers  in  late  spring  or  early  summer,  appearing  more  or  less  later  than  the 

leaves,  in  usually  drooping  racemes  or  corymbs,  commonly  terminating  a 
2  -  4-leaved  shoot  of  the  season,  greenish  or  yellowish,  with  petals  :  stamens 
more  than  5,  generally  8. 

•i-  EUROPEAN  MAPLES,  planted  for  ornament  and  shade. 

A.  Pseudo-Platanus,  SYCAMORE  M.  A  fine  tree,  with  spreading 
branches,  ample  5-lobed  leaves  whitish  and  rather  downy  beneath,  on  long 
reddish  petioles,  the  lobes  toothed,  long  racemes,  and  moderately  spreading 
wings  to  the  pubescent  fruit. 

A.  platanoides,  NORWAY  M.,  here  so  called.  A  handsome,  round- 
headed  tree,  with  thin  and  broad  smooth  leaves,  bright  green  both  sides,  their 
5  short  lobes  set  with  2-5  coarse  and  taper-pointed  teeth,  a  small  corymb  of 
flowers,  and  flat  smooth  fruit  with  wings  2'  long,  diverging  in  a  straight  line. 
Juice  milky  •  leaves  holding  green  later  than  the  others. 

•»-  •*-  OREGON  and  CALIFORNIAN  MAPLES,  beginning  to  be  planted  East. 

A.  Circinatum,  ROUND-LEAVED  or  VINE  M.  Tall,  spreading  shrub  with 
thin  and  rounded  moderately  7  —  9-lobed  leaves,  their  lobes  serrate,  small  corymbs 
of  purplish  flowers,  and  wings  of  fruit  diverging  in  a  straight  line. 

A.  macroph^llum,  LARGE-LEAVED  M.  Small  timber-tree,  with  thick- 
ish  leaves  6'  — 12'  across  and  deeply  5  —  7-lobed,  the  lobes  with  one  or  two  sinuate 
lobes  or  coarse  teeth,  many  yellowish  flowers  in  a  compact  raceme,  and  hairy 
fruit  with  ascending  wings. 

H-  -t-  •)-  NATIVE  STRIPED  and  MOUNTAIN  MAPLES. 

A.  spicatum,  MOUNTAIN  M.  Tall  shrub,  common  N.,  with  slightly  3- 
lobed  and  coarsely  toothed  leaves  downy  beneath,  and  upright  dense  raceme's  of 
small  flowers,  followed  by  small  fruits  with  diverging  narrow  wings.  The  latest- 
flowering  species. 

A.  Pennsylvanicum,  STRIPED  M.,  also  called  MOOSE-WOOD  and 
STRIPED  DOGWOOD.  Small  tree,  common  N.,  with  light-green  bark  striped 
with  darker  lines,  large  thin  leaves  finely  sharply  serrate  all  round,  and  at  the 
end  with  3  short  and  very  taper-pointed  lobes,  slender  hanging  racemes  of  rather 
large  green  flowers,  and  fruit  with  diverging  wings. 

*  *  SUGAR  MAPLES.     Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  spring,  in  umbel- 

like  clusters,  on  long  drooping  pedicels,  greenish-yellow,  without  petals  :  sta- 
mens 7  or  8. 

A.  saccharinum,  ROCK  or  SUGAR  M.  Large  tree,  common  especially 
N.,  valuable  for  timber  and  for  the  sugar  of  its  sap  ;  with  rather  deeply  3-5- 
lohed  leaves  pale  or  whitish  beneath,  the  sinuses  open  and  rounded,  a*id  the  lobes 
with  one  or  two  sinuate  coarse  teeth;  calyx  bell-shaped  and  hairy-fringed; 
•wings  of  fruit  ascending,  barely  1'  long. 

Var.  nigrum,  BLACK  SUGAR  M.,  a  form  with  leaves  green  or  greener 
and  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  even  when  old,  the  sinus  at  the  base  apt  to  be 
deep  and  narrow. 

*  *  *  SOFT  MAPLES.     Flowers  in  earliest  spring,  much  preceding  the  leaves,  in 

umbel-like  clusters  from  separate  lateral  bads :  pedicels  at  first  short,  the 
fruiting  ones  lengthening  and  drooping :  stamens  3  -  6  :  fruit  ripe  and  fall- 
ing in  early  summer. 

A.  dasycarpum,  WHITE  or  SILVER  M.  A  handsome  tree  in  low 
grounds,  with  long  and  spreading  or  drooping  branches,  soft  white  wood,  very 


92  POLYGALA    FAMILY. 

deeply  5-lobed  leaves  silvery-white  and  when  young  downy  beneath,  the  narrow 
lobes  coarsely  cut  and  toothed  ;  flowers  greenish,  in  earliest  spring,  without 
petals  ;  fruit  woolly  when  young,  but  soon  smooth,  2'  -  3'  long  including  the 
great  diverging  wings. 

A.  rubruiu,  RED  or  SWAMP  M.  Rather  small  tree,  in  wet  grounds, 
with  soft  white  wood,  reddish  twigs,  moderately  3  -  5-lobed  leaves  whitish  be- 
neath, the  middle  lobe  longest,  all  irregularly  serrate ;  flowers  scarlet,  crimson, 
or  sometimes  yellowish  (later  than  in  the  foregoing  species)  ;  fruit  smooth,  with 
the  slightly  spreading  wings  1 '  or  less  in  length,  often  reddish. 

7.  NEGUNDO,  ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE,  BOX-ELDER.  (Obscure 
or  unmeaning  name.) 

"N.  aceroides.  A  handsome,  rather  small  tree,  common  from  Penn.  S. 
&  W.,  with  light  green  twigs,  and  drooping  clusters  of  small  greenish  flowers, 
in  spring,  rather  earlier  than  the  leaves,  the  fertile  ones  in  drooping  racemes, 
the  oblong  fruits  half  the  length  of  the  very  veiny  wing;  leaflets  ovate,  pointed, 
coarsely  toothed,  very  veiny.  A  variety  with  white- variegated  leaves  is  lately 
cult,  for  ornament. 

36.   POLYGALACEJE,  POLYGALA  FAMILY. 

Bitter,  some  of  them  medicinal  plants,  represented  mainly,  and 
here  wholly,  by  the  genus 

1.  POLYGALA,  MILKWORT.  (Name  from  Greek  words,  meaning  much 
milk;  but  the  plants  have  no  milky  juice  at  all;  they  are  thought  to  have 
been  so  named  from  a  notion  that  in  pasturage  they  increased  the  milk  of 
cows.)  Flowers  remarkably  irregular,  in  outward  appearance  as  if  papiliona- 
ceous like  those  of  the  next  family,  but  really  of  a  quite  different  structure. 
Calyx  persistent,  of  5  sepals ;  three  of  them  small,  viz.  two  on  the  lower,  and 

•  one  on  the  upper,  side  of  the  blossom ;  and  one  on  each  side  called  wings  which 
are  larger,  colored,  and  would  be  taken  for  petals.  Within  these,  on  the 
lower  side,  are  three  petals  united  into  one  body,  the  middle  one  keel-shaped 
and  often  bearing  a  crest  or  appendage.  Stamens  8  or  sometimes  6  ;  their 
filaments  united  below  into  a  split  sheath,  separating  above  usually  in  two 
equal  sets,  concealed  in  the  hooded  middle  petal :  anthers  1 -celled,  opening  by 
a  hole  at  the  top.  Style  curved  and  commonly  enlarged  above  or  variously 
irregular.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  hanging  from  the  top  of  each 
cell,  becoming  a  small  flattish  2-seeded  pod.  Seed  with  an  appendage  at  the 
attachment  (caruncle)  :  embryo  straight,  with  flat  cotyledons  in  a  little  albu- 
men. Leaves  simple,  entire,  without  stipules.  Our  native  species  are  nu- 
merous, mostly  with  small  or  even  minute  flowers,  and  are  rather  difficult  to 
study.  The  following  are  the  commonest. 

§  1 .   Native  species,  low  herbs,  mostly  smooth. 

#  Flowers  yellow,  some  turning  green  in  drying,  in  dense  spikes  or  heads :  leaves 
alternate.     Growing  in  low  or  wet  places  in  pine-barrens,  S.  E.     FL  summer. 

•t-  Numerous  short  spikes  or  heads  in  a  corymb. 

P.  cym6sa.  Stem  l°-3°  high,  branching  at  top  into  a  compound  corymb 
of  spikes  ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  the  uppermost  small ;  no  caruncle  to  the  seed. 
From  North  Carolina  S. 

P.  ramdsa.     Stem  6'  -  12'  high,  more  branched  ;  lowest  leaves  obovatc  or 
spatulate,  upper  ones  lanceolate  ;  a  caruncle  at  base  of  seed.     Delaware  and  S. 
•*-  -*-  Short  and  thick  spike  or  head  single  :  root-leaves  clustered. 

P.  llltea,  YELLOW  BACHELOR'S-BUTTON  of  S.  Stem  5'-  12'  high  ;  lower 
leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  upper  lanceolate  ;  flowers  bright  orange. 

P.  nana.  Stems  2'  -4'  high,  in  a  cluster  from  the  spatulate  or  linear  root- 
leaves  ;  flowers  lighter  yellow. 

*  *  Flowers  purple  or  rose-color,  in  a  single  dense  spike  terminating  the  stem  or 

branches:   no  subterranean  Jlowers.     Fl.  all  summer,     (i) 


TOLYGALA    FAMILY.  93 

•»-  Leaves  all  alternate,  narrow. 

P.  incarnata.  From  Penn.  W.  &  S.  ;  stem  slender,  6'-  12'  high  ;  leaves 
minute  and  awl-shaped  ;  the  three  united  petals  extended  below  into  a  long  and 
slender  tube,  the  crest  of  the  middle  one  conspicuous. 

P.  sanguinea.  Sandy  damp  ground  :  stem  4'  -  8'  high,  leafy  to  the  top  ; 
leaves  obiong-linear  ;  flowers  bright  rose-purple  (sometimes  pale  or  even  white), 
in  a  thick  globular  at  length  oblong  head  or  spike,  without  pedicels. 

P.  fastigiata.  Pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  S.  ;  slender,  4'  -  10'  high, 
with  smaller  narrow-linear  leaves,  and  oblong  dense  spike  of  smaller  rose-purple 
flowers,  on  pedicels  as  long  as  the  pod  ;  bracts  falling  off. 

P.  Nuttallii.     Sandy  soil,  from  coast  of  Mass.  S.  ;  lower  than  the  fore- 
going ;  flowers  rather  looser  in  more  cylindrical  spikes,  greenish-purple ;  awl- 
sliuped  bracts  remaining  on  the  axis  after  the  flowers  or  fruits  have  fallen. 
•*—  •*—  Leaves  all  or  all  the  lower  ones  in  whorls  of  four. 

P.  cruciata.  Low  grounds  :  stems  3'  - 10'  high,  4-angled,  and  with  spread- 
ing branches ;  leaves  linear  or  spatnlatc,  mostly  in  fours ;  spike  thick  and  short, 
nearly  sessile,  its  axis  rough  with  persistent  bracts  where  the  flowers  have  fallen ; 
wings  of  the  flower  broad-ovate  or  heart-shaped,  bristly-pointed. 

P.  brevif61ia.  Sandy  bogs  from  Rhode  Island'  S.  :  differs  from  the  last 
only  in  more  slender  stems,  narrower  leaves,  those  on  the  branches  alternate, 
the  spike  stalked,  and  wings  of  the  flower  lance-ovate  and  nearly  pointless. 

*  *  *  Flowers  (all  summer]  greenish-white  or  scarcely  tinged  with  purple,  very 

small,  in  slender  spikes,    none  subterranean :    leaves  linear,  the  lower  in 
whorls  of  four  or  five.     (T) 

P.  verticillata.  Very  common  in  dry  sterile  soil;  stem  5' -10'  high, 
much  branched  ;  all  the  leaves  of  the  main  stem  whorled. 

P.  ambigua.  In  similar  places  and  very  like  the  last,  chiefly  S.  &  W., 
more  slender;  only  the  lowest  leaves  whorled;  flowers  more  scattered  and  often 
purplish- tinged,  in  Ibng-pcduncled  spikes. 

*  *  *  *  Flowers  white,  small  (in  late  spring)  in  a  close  spike  terminating  simple 

tufted  stems  which  rise  from  a  perennial  root,  none  subterranean :   leaves 
numerous,  all  alternate.     2/ 

P.  Senega,  SENECA  SNAKEROOT.  A  medicinal  plant,  commoner  W., 
5'-  12'  high,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong,  or  even  lance-ovate  short  leaves,  cylin- 
drical spike,  round-obovate  wings,  and  small  crest. 

P.  alba.  Common  only  far  W.  &  S.  W. ;  more  slender  than  the  last,  with 
narrow-linear  leaves,  more  tapering  long-peduncled  spike,  and  oval  wings. 

*****  Flowers  rose-purple  in  a  raceme,  or  single,  largish  :  leaves  alternate. 

P.  grand.ifl.6ra.  Dry  soil  S. ;  pubescent,  with  branching  stems  1°  high, 
lanceolate  leaves,  crestless  flowers  scattered  in  a  loose  raceme  (in  late  summer), 
bright  purple  turning  greenish.  2/ 

P.  polygama.  Sandy  barrens,  with  tufted  and  very  leafy  stems  5' -8' 
high,  lineai'-oblong  or  oblanceolate  leaves,  and  many-flowered  racemes  of  hand- 
some rose-purple  flowers,  their  crest  conspicuous  ;  also  on  short  underground 
runners  are  some  whitish  very  fertile  flowers  with  no  evident  corolla.  Fl.  all 
summer.  ® 

P.  paucif61ia,  FRINGED  POLYGALA,  sometimes  called  FLOWERING  WIN- 
TERGREEN.  Light  soil  in  woods,  chiefly  N. :  a  delicate  little  plant,  with  stems 
3' -4'  high,  rising  from  long  and  slender  runners  or  subterranean  shoots,  on 
which  are  concealed  inconspicuous  fertile  flowers  ;  leaves  few  and  crowded  at 
the  summit,  ovate,  petioled,  some  of  them  with  a  slendcr-pffduncled  showy 
flower  from  the  axil,  of  delicate  rose-red  color  (rarely  a  white  variety),  almost  an 
inch  long,  with  a  conspicuous  fringed  crest  and  only  6  stamens  ;  in  spring.  1£ 

§  2.    Shrubby  species  of  the  conservatory,  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

P.  oppositifblia,  with  opposite  sessile  heart-shaped  and  mucronate  leaves, 
of  a  pale  hue,  and  large  and  showy  purple  flowers,  with  a  tufted  crest. 

P.  myrtif61ia,  has  crowded  alternate  oblong  or  obovate  leaves,  on  short 
petioles,  and  showy  purple  flowers  1 '  long,  with  a  tufted  crest. 


94  PULSE    FAMILY. 

37.  LEGUMINOS^S,  PULSE  FAMILY. 

Distinguished  by  the  papilionaceous  corolla  (Lessons,  p.  105,  fig. 
217,  218),  usually  accompanied  by  10  monadelphous  or  diadelphous 
or  rarely  distinct  stamens  (Lessons,  p.  112,  fig.  227,  228),  and  the 
legume  (Lessons,  p.  131,  fig.  303,  304).  These  characters  are  com- 
bined in  the  proper  Pulse  Family.  In  the  two  other  great  divisions 
the  corolla  becomes  less  papilionaceous  or  wholly  regular.  Alternate 
leaves,  chiefly  compound,  entire  leaflets,  and  stipules  are  almost  uni- 
versal in  this  great  order. 

I.  PULSE  FAMILY  PROPER.  Flower  (always  on  the  plan 
of  5,  and  stamens  not  exceeding  10)  truly  papilionaceous,  i.  e.  the 
standard  outside  of  and  in  the  bud  enwrapping  the  other  petals,  or 
only  the  standard  present  in  Amorpha.  (For  the  terms  used  to 
denote  the  parts  of  this  sort  of  corolla  see  Lessons,  p.  105.)  Sepals 
united  more  or  less  into  a  tube  or  cup.  Leaves  never  twice  com- 
pound. 

A.   Stamens  monadelplious  or  diadelphous. 

§  1.  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  one  a  small  tree,  never  twining,  trailing,  nor  tendril-bearing, 
witii  leaves  simple  or  of  8  or  more  digitate  leajlets,  moiuidclphous  stamens,  and 
the  alternate  Jive  anthers  differing  in  size  and  shape  from  the  other  Jive :  pod 
usually  several-seeded. 

1.  LUPINUS.     Leaves  of  several  leaflets,  in  one  species  simple  :  stipules  adherent 

to  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Flowers  in  a  long  thick  raceme.  Calyx  deeply 
2-lipped.  Corolla  of  peculiar  shape,  the  sides  of  the  rounded  standard  being 
rolled  backwards,  and  the  wings  lightly  cohering  over  and  enclosing  the  nar- 
row and  incurved  scythe-shaped  or  sickle-shaped  keel.  Pod  flat.  Mostly 
herbs. 

2.  CKOTALARIA.     Leaves  in  our  species  simple,  and  with  foliaceous  stipules 

free  from  the  petiole  but  running  down  on  the  stem.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Keel 
scythe-shaped,  pointed.  Stamens  with  the  tube  of  filaments  split  down  on 
the  upper  side.  Pod  inflated.  Ours  herbs. 

3.  GENISTA.     Leaves  simple  and  entire:  stipules  very  minute  or  none.     Calyx 

5-cleft.  Keel  oblong,  nearly  straight,  blunt,  turned  down  when  the  flower 
opens.  Pod  mostly  Hat.  Low  shrubby  plants. 

4.  CY TISUS.     Leaves  of  one  or  three  leaflets,  or  the  green  branches  sometimes 

leafless:  stipules  minute  or  wanting.  Calyx  2-lipped  or  5-toothed.  Keel 
straight  or  somewhat  curved,  blunt,  soon  turned  down.  Style  incurved  or 
even  coiled  up  after  the  flower  opens.  Pod  flat.  Seeds  with  a  fleshy  or 
scale-like  appendage  (strophiole)  at  the  scar.  Low  shrubby  plants. 

5.  LABURNUM.      Leaves  of  three  leaflets:    stipules  inconspicuous  or  wanting. 

Calyx  with  2  short  lips,  the  upper  lip  notched.  Keel  incurved,  not  pointed. 
Ovary  and  flat  pod  somewhat  stalked  in  the  calyx.  Seeds  naked  at  the  scar. 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  golden  yellow  flowers  in  long  hanging  racemes. 

$  2.  Herbs,  never  twining  nor  tendril-bearing,  with  leaves  of  3  leaflets  (rarely  more 
but  then  digitate),  their  margins  commonly  more  or  less  tootlied  (winch  is 
remarkable  in  this  family):  stipules  conspicuous  and  united  with  the  base  of  the 
petiole  (Lessons,  p.  69,  flg.  136):  stamens  diadelphous:  pod  1  -few-seeded, 
never  divided  across  into  joints. 

#  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate,  as  is  seen  by  the  end  leaflet  being  jointed  with  the  com- 
mon petiole  above  the  side  leaflets. 

6.  TRIGONELLA.      Herbage  odorous.      Flowers  (in  the  common  cult,  species) 

single  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axil  of  the  leaves.  Pod  elongated,  oblong  or 
linear,  tapering  into  a  long-pointed  apex. 

7.  MEDICAGO.     Flowers  small,  in  spikes,  heads,  &c.     Corolla  short,  not  united 

with  the  tube  of  stamens.     Pod  curved  or  coiled  up,  at  least  kidney-shaped. 

8.  MEL1LOTUS.     Herbage  sweet-scented.     Flowers  small,  in  slender  racemes. 

Corolla  as  in  Medicago.  Pod  small,  but  exceeding  the  calyx,  globular, 
wrinkled,  closed,  1-2-seeded. 


PULSE    FAMILY.  95 

*  Leaves  mostly  digitate  or  palmatclg  3-foliolate,  all,  (with  one  exception)  borne 
on  the,  apex  vj'tlie  common  petiole. 


9.  TRIFOLIUM.  Flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  head-like  umbels.  Calyx  with 
slender  or  bristle-form  teeth  or  lobes.  Corolla  slowly  withering  or  becoming 
dry  and  permanent  after  flowering;  the  claws  of  all  the  petals  (except  some- 
times the  standard)  more  or  less  united  below  with  the  tube  of  stamens  or 
also  with  each  other.  Pod  small  and  thin  single  -  few-seeded,  generally  in- 
cluded in  the  calyx  or  the  persistent  corolla, 

§  3.  Herbs  or  woody  plants,  sometimes  twining,  never  tendril  bearing,  with  the  leaves 
not  digitate,  or  even  diyitately  3-foliolate  (except  in  Psoralea),  and  the  leajlets 
not  toothed.  (For  Cicer  see  the  next  section.)  Stipules  except  in  No.  15,  20, 
and  27,  not  united  with  the  petiole. 

#  Flowers  (small,  in  spikes  or  heads)  indistinctly  or  imperfectly  papilionaceous.    Pod 

very  small  and  usually  remaining  closed,  only  1  -  2-seeded.     Calyx  5-toothed, 
persistent.     Leaves  odd-pinnate,  mostly  dotted  with  dark  spots  or  ylands. 

•*-  Petals  5,  on  very  slender  claws  :  stamens  monadelphous  in  a  split  tube. 

10.  PETALOSTEMON.    Herbs,  with  crowded  leaves.    Four  petals  similar,  spread- 

ing, borne  on  the  top  of  the  tube  of  the  stamens;  the  fifth  (answering  to  the 
standard  )  rising  from  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  and  heart-shaped  or  oblong. 
Stamens  only  5. 

11.  DALEA.     Herbs,  as  to  our  species.     Flowers  as  in  the  last,  but  rather  more 

papilionaceous,  four  of  the  petals  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  10 
stamens. 

•(-  ••-  Petal  only  one  !     Stamens  monadelphous  only  at  the  very  base. 

12.  AMORPHA.     Shrubs,  with  leaves  of  many  leaflets.     Standard  (the  other  pet- 

als wholly  wanting)  wrapped  around  the  10  filaments  and  style.  Flowers 
violet  or  purple,  in  single  or  clustered  terminal  spikes. 

#  #  Flowers  (large  anc^showy,  in  racemes)  incompletely  papilionaceous  from  the  wings 

or  the  keel  also  being  small  and  inconspicuous.     Pod  several-seeded. 

30.   ERYTHRINA.     See  p.  108. 

#  *  #  Flowers  obviously  papilionaceous,  all  the  parts  conspicuously  present.    Stamens 

mostly  diadelphous. 

•*-  Ovary  l-ovuled,  becoming  a,  l-seeded  indehiscent  akene-like  fruit.    Herbs. 

13.  PSORALEA.    Leaves  of  3  or  5  leaflets,  often  glandular-dotted.    Flowers  (never 

yellow)  in  spikes  or  racemes,  often  2  or  3  under  each  bract.  Pod  ovate, 
thick,  included  or  partly  so  in  the  5-cleft  persistent  calyx,  often  wrinkled. 

14.  ONOBRYCHIS.     Leaves  odd-pinnate,  of  numerous  leaflets.    Flowers  racemed, 

rose-purple.     Pod  flattish,  wrinkled  and  spiny-ixmghened  or  crested. 

15.  STYLOS  ANTHES.     Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate.     Flowers  yellow,  in  'heads 

or  short  spikes,  leafy  -bracted.  Calyx  with  a  slender  stalk-like  tube,  and 
4  lobes  in  the  upper  lip,  one  for  the  lower.  Stamens  monadelphous:  5  longer 
anthers  fixed  by  their  base,  5  alternate  ones  by  their  middle.  Pod  flat,  retic- 
ulated, sometimes  raised  on  a  stalk-like  empty  lower  joint.  Stipules  united 
with  the  petiole. 

16.  LESPEDEZA.     Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate.     Stipules  small  and  free,  or  fall- 

ing early.  Flowers  purple,  rose-color,  or  white,  in  spikes,  clusters,  or  pani- 
cles, or  scattered.  Stamens  diadelphous:  anthers  uniform.  Pod  flat  and 
thin,  ovate  or  orbicular,  reticulated,  sometimes  raised  on  a  stalk-like  empty 
lower  joint. 

4-  -4—  Ovary  wdh  at  least  2  ovules. 

•w-  Pod  separating  into  2  or  more  small  and  closed  l-seeded  joints  in  a  row. 

17.  DESMODIUM.     Leaflets  3  (rarely  only  1),  stipellate.     Pod  of  very  flat  joints 

(Lessons,  p.  131,  fig.  304),  usually  roughish  and  adhesive  by  minute  hooked 
pubescence.  Herbs,  with  small  purple,  whitish,  or  purplish  flowers,  in  racemes, 
which  are  often  panicled. 

18.  ^ESCHYNOMENE.     Leaflets  several,  odd-pinnate,  small.      Pod  of  very  flat 

joints.  Herbs,  with  small  yellow  flowers  (sometimes  purplish  externally), 
few  or  several  on  axillary  peduncles. 

19.  CORONILLA.     Leaflets  several,  odd-pinnate,  small.     Pod  of  thickish  oblong 

or  linear  joints.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  flowers  in  head-like  umbels  raised  on 
slender  axillary  pedunclei. 


96  PULSE    FAMILY. 

++  .M.  Pod  indehiscent,  very  thick,  1  -  ^-seeded.  Calyx  rvith  a  long,  thread-shaped 
or  stalk-like  tube.  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate :  stipules  united  with  the  petiole 
at  base. 

20.  ARACHIS.     Annual.     Leaflets  4,  straight-veined.     Flowers  small,  yellow,  in 

axillary  heads  or  spikes.  Calyx  with  one  narrow  lobe  making  a  lower  lip, 
the  upper  lip  broad  and  4-toothed.  Keel  incurved  and  pointed.  Stamens 
monadelphous,  5  anthers  longer  and  fixed  by  near  their  base,  the  alternate 
ones  short  and  fixed  by  their  middle.  Ovary  at  the  bottom  of  the  very  long 
and  stalk-like  tube  of  the  calyx,  containing  2  or  3  ovules:  when  the  long  style 
and  the  calyx  with  the  rest  of  the  flower  falls  away,  the  forming  pod  is  pro- 
truded on  a  rigid  deflexed  stalk  which  then  appears,  and  is  pushed  into  the 
soil  where  it  ripens  into  the  oblong,  reticulated,  thick,  coriaceous  fruit,  which 
contains  the  1-3  large  and  edible  seeds;  the  embryo  composed  of  a  pair 
of  very  thick  and  fleshy  cotyledons  and  an  extremely  short  nearly  straight 
radicle. 
^-m-,.  -M.  Pod  continuous,  i.  e.  not  in  joints,  at  length  opening,  2  -  several-seeded. 

a.  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate, :  plants  not  tioining.     (Flowers  in  ours  yellow.) 

21.  SESB  ANIA.     Herbs,  with  many  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  minute  or  early  deciduous 

stipules.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  or  sometimes  solitary.  Calyx  short, 
5-toothed.  Standard  rounded,  spreading:  keel  and  style  incurved.  'Pod  usu- 
ally intercepted  internally  with  cellular  matter  or  membrane  between  the 
seeds. 

92.  CARAGANA.  Shrubs,  with  mostly  fascicled  leaves  of  several  pairs  of  leaflets, 
and  a  little  spiny  tip  in  place  of  an  end  leaflet:  stipules  minute  or  spiny. 
Flowers  solitary  or  2  -  3  together  on  short  peduncles.  Calyx  bell-shaped  or 
short-tubular,  5-toothed.  Standard  nearly  erect  with  the  sides  turned  back: 
the  blunt  keel  and  the  style  nearly  straight.  Pod  linear,  several-seeded. 

"b.   Leaves  odd-pinnate :  stems  not  twining. 
1.   Anthers  tipped  with  a  little  gland  or  blunt  point. 

23.  INDIGOFERA.     Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubby,   when  pubescent  the  close- 

pressed  hairs  are  fixed  by  the  middle.  Flowers  rose-color,  purple,  or  white, 
in  axillary  racemes  or  spikes,  mostly  small.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Standard  round- 
ish, often  persistent  after  the  rest  of  the  petals  have  fallen:  keel  with  a  pro- 
jection or  spur  on  each  side.  Pod  oblong,  linear,  or  of  various  shapes,  com- 
monly with  membranous  partitions  between  the  seeds. 

2.    Anthers  blunt  and  pointless. 

24.  TEPHROSIA.    Herbs,  with  obliquely  parallel-veined  leaflets  often  silky  be- 

neath, and  white  or  purple  flowers  (2  or  more  in  a  cluster)  in  racemes;  the 
peduncles  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Stand- 
ard rounded,  silky  outside.  Style  incurved,  rigid:  stigma  with  a  tuft  of 
hairs.  Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded. 

25.  ROBINIA.     Trees  or  shrubs,  with  netted-veined  leaflets  furnished  with  stipels, 

and  often  with  sharp  spines  or  prickles  for  stipules.  Flowers  large  and 
showy,  white  or  rose-color,  in  axillary  racemes.  Base  of  the  leafstalk  hollow 
and  covering  the  axillary  bud  of  the  next  year.  Calyx  5-toothed,  the  two 
upper  teeth  partly  united.  Standard  large,  turned  back:  keel  incurved, 
blunt.  Ovary  stalked  in  the  calyx.  Pod  broadly  linear,  flat,  several-seeded, 
margined  on  the  seed-bearing  edge,  the  valves  thin. 

26.  COLUTEA.     Shrubs,  not  prickly,  and  no  stipels  to  the  leaflets:  the  flowers 

rather  large,  yellow  or  reddish, 'in  short  axillary  racemes.  Calyx  5-toothed. 
Standard  rounded,  spreading:  keel  strongly  incurved,  blunt,  on  long  united 
claws.  Style  incurved,  bearded  down  one 'side.  Pod  raised  out  of  the  calyx 
on  a  stalk  of  its  own,  thin  and  bladdery-inflated,  flattish  on  the  seed-bearing 
side,  several-seeded. 

27.  ASTRAGALUS.     Herbs,  without  stipels,  and  with  white,  purple,  or  yellowish 

rather  small  flowers  in  spikes,  heads,  or  racemes  :  peduncles  axillary.  Co- 
rolla narrow:  standard  erect,  mostly  oblong.  Style  and  stigma  smooth  and 
beardless.  Pod  commonly  turgid  or  inflated  and  within  more  or  less  divided 
lengthwise  by  intrusion  of  the  back  or  a  false  partition  from  it. 

(SwAiNSONA,  SUTHEKLANDIA,  and  CuANTiius,  plants  from  Australia, 
New  Zealand,  and  South  Africa,  with  showy  flowers  and  bladdery-inflated 
pods  (like  Colutea),  are  sometimes  cult,  in  conservatories,  but  are  not  com- 
mon enough  to  find  a  place  here.) 


PULSE    FAMILY.  97 

c.   Leaves  odd-pinnate :  stems  tunning :  stipels  obscure :  stipules  small. 

28.  WISTARIA.     Woody,  high-climbing,  with  numerous  leaflets,  and  large  showy 

bluish  flowers,  in  hanging  terminal  dense  racemes.  Calyx  with  2  short  teeth 
on  the  upper  and  longer  ones  on  the  lower  side.  Standard  large,  roundish, 
turned  back:  keel  merely  incurved,  blunt.  Pod  knobby,  several-seeded. 

29.  APIOS.     Herbs,  twining  over  bushes,  with  5-7  leaflets,  and  sweet-scented 

chocolate-purple  flowers,  in  dense  and  short  racemes:  peduncles  axillary. 
Calyx  with  2  upper  very  short  teeth,  and  one  longer  lower  one,  the  side  teeth 
nearly  wanting.  Standard  very  broad,  turned  back :  keel  long  and  scythe- 
shaped,  strongly  incurved,  or  at  length  coiled.  Pod  linear,  flat,  almost 
straight,  several-seeded. 

d.  Leaves  of  3  leaflets  (pinnately  3-foliolate)  or  rarely  one,  commonly  stipellate. 
1 .    Shrubby,  or  from  a  woody  base  :  icings  and  sometimes  keel  small  and  inconspicuous. 

30.  ERYTHRINA.      Stem,   branches,   and   even   the  leafstalks  usually  prickly. 

Flowers  large  and  showy,  usually  red,  in  racemes.  Calyx  without  teeth\ 
Standard  elongated:  wings  often  wanting  or  so  small  as  to  be  concealed  m 
the  calyx;  keel  much  shorter  than  the  standard,  sometimes  very  small. 
Pod  stalked  in  the  calyx,  linear,  knobby,  usually  opening  only  down  the 
seed-bearing  suture.  Seeds  scarlet. 

2.   Herbs,  mostly  twiners,  with  wings  and  keel  in  ordinary  proportion. 
=  Flowers  not  yellow:  seeds  or  at  least  the  ovules  several:  leaflets  stipellate. 

31.  PHASEOLUS.     Keel  of  the  corolla  coiling  into  a  ring  or  spiral,  usually  with 

a  tapering  blunt  apex:  standard  rounded,  turned  back  or  spreading.  Style 
coiled  with  the  keel,  bearded  down  the  inner  side:  stigma  oblique  or  lateral. 
Pod  linear  or  scimetar-shaped.  Flowers  usually  clustered  on  the  knotty 
joints  of  the  raceme.  Stipules  striate,  persistent. 

32.  DOLICHOS.     Keel  of  the  corolla  narrow  and  bent  inwards  at  a  right  angle, 

but  not  coiling.  Style  bearded  under  the  terminal  stigma.  Stipules  small. 
Otherwise  nearly  as  Phaseolus. 

33.  GALACTIA.     Keel  straightish,  blunt,  as  long  as  the  wings:  standard  turned 

back.  Style  naked.  Calyx  of  4  pointed  lobes,  upper  one  broadest.  Pod  flat- 
tened, mostly  linear.  Flowers  clustered  on  the  knotty  joints  of  the  raceme: 
flower-buds  taper-pointed.  Stipules  and  bracts  small  or  deciduous. 

34.  AMPHICABPJEA,     Keel  and  very  similar  wings  nearly  straight,  blunt:  the 

erect  standard  partly  folded  around  them.  Style  na'ked.  Calyx  tubular, 
4-toothed.  Flowers  small;  those  in  loose  racemes  above  often  sterile,  their 
pods  when  formed  scimetar-shaped  and  few-seeded  ;  those  at  or  near  the 
ground  or  on  creeping  branches  very  small  and  without  manifest  corolla,  but 
very  fertile,  making  small  and  fleshy,  obovate  or  pear-shaped,  mostly  sub- 
terranean pods,  ripening  one  or  two  large  seeds.  Bracts  rounded  and  per- 
sistent, striate,  as  are  the  stipules. 

35.  CENTROSEMA.     Keel  broad,  incurved,  nearly  equalling  the  wings:  standard 

large  and  rounded,  spreading,  and  with  a  spur-like  projection  behind.  Calyx 
short,  5- cleft.  Style  bearded  only  at  the  tip  around  the  stigma.  Pod  long, 
linear,  with  thickened  edges  bordered  by  a  raised  line  on  each  side.  Flowers 
showy.  Stipules,  bracts,  and  bractlets  striate,  persistent. 

36.  CIJTORIA.     Keel  small,  shorter  than  the  wings,  incurved,  acute:  standard 

much  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  flower,  notched  at  the  end,  erect.  Calyx 
tubular,  5-toothed.  Style  bearded  down  the  inner  side.  Pod  oblong-linear, 
flattish,  not  bordered.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  1  -3  on  a  peduncle.  Stip- 
ules, bracts,  and  bractlets  persistent,  striate. 

37.  HARDENBERGIA.      Keel  small,  much  shorter  than   the  wings,  incurved, 

blunt :  standard  large  in  proportion,  rounded,  spreading.  Calyx  short, 
5-toothed,  the  2  upper  teeth  united.  Style  short,  naked.  Pod  linear,  not 
bordered.  Flowers  rather  small,  in  racemes.  Stipules  and  bracts  small, 
striate,  mostly  deciduous.  Leaflets  mostly  single. 

88.  KENNEDYA.  Keel  incurved,  blunt  or  acute,  mostly  equalling  or  exceeding 
the  wings:  standard  broad,  spreading.  Calyx  5-lobed:  2  upper  lobes  partly 
united.  Style  naked.  Pod  linear,  not  bordered.  Flowers  showy,  red,  single 
or  few  on  the  peduncle.  Bracts  and  stipules  striate. 

=  =  Flowers  yellow  (somet  imes  purple-ting  ed  outside):  ovules  only  2:  podI-2-seeded. 
39.    RHYNCHOSIA.     Keel  of  the  corolla  incurved  at  the  apex:  standard  spreading. 
Calyx  4-5-parted  or  lobed.     Pod  short  and  flat.     Flowers  small.     Leaves 
mostly  soft-downy  and  resinous-dotted,  sometimes  of  a  single  leaflet. 


08  PULSE   FAMILY. 

§  4.  Herbs,  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  the  common  petiole  terminated  by  a  tendril, 
by  which  the  plant  climbs  or  supports  itself,  or  in  many  low  species  the  tendril 
reduced  to  a  mere  bristle  or  tip,  or  in  Ctcer,  ichicli  has  toothed  leaflets,  an  odd 
leajiet  commonly  takes  its  place :  peduncles  axillary :  stamens  almost  always 
diadtlphous.  Cotyledons  very  tldck,  so  that  they  remain  underground  in  yermi- 
nation,  as  in  the  Pea. 

*  Leaflets  entire  or  sometimes  toothed  at  the  apex :  radicle  bent  on  the  cotyledons : 

style  inflexed:  pod  flat  or  flatfish. 

40.  PISITM.     Lobes  of  the  calyx  leafy.     Style  rigid,  dilated  above  and  the  margins 

rerlexed  and  joined  together  so  that 'it  become?  flattened  laterally,  bearded 
down  the  inner  edge.  Pod  several-seeded:  seeds  globose.  Flowers  large. 
Leaflets  only  1-3  pairs. 

41.  LATHYRUS.     Lobes  of  the  calyx  not  leafy.      Style  flattened  above  on  the 

back  and  front,  bearded  down  one  face.  Pod  several-seeded.  Seeds  some- 
times flatfish.  Leaflets  few  or  several  pairs. 

42.  VICIA.     Style  slender,  bearded  or  hairy  only  at  the  apex  or  all  round  the  upper 

part.  Pod  2  -  several-seeded.  Seeds  globular  or  flattish.  Leaflets  few  or 
many  pairs. 

43.  LENS.     Lobes  of  the  calyx  slender.     Style  flattish  on  the  back,  and  minutely 

bearded  down  the  inner  face.  Pod  1-2-seeded.  Seeds  flattened,  lenticular. 
Flowers  small. 

*  *  Leaflets  toothed,  all  round,  and  usually  an  odd  one  at  the  end  in  place  of  a  ten- 

dril :  style  incurved,  naked :  radicle  of  the  embryo  almost  Straight. 

44.  CICKB.     Calyx  5-parted.     Pod  turgid  oblong,  not  flattened,  2-seeded.     Seeds 

large,  irregularly  rounded-obovate,  pointed.    Peduncle  mostly  1-flowered. 

B.   Stamens  separate  to  the  base.     (Plants  not  twining  nor  climbing.) 
§  1.   Leaves  simple  or  of  3  digitate  leaflets. 

45.  CHORtZKMA.      Somewhat  shrubby,  with  simple  and  spiny-toothed  leaves, 

scarcely  any  stipule^  and  orange  or  copper-red  flowers.  Standard  rounded 
kidney-shaped:  keel  straight,  much  shorter  than  the  wings.  Pod  ovoid, 
turgid,  several-seeded. 

46.  BAPTISI  A.     Herbs,  with  simple  entire  sessile  leaves  and  no  stipules,  or  mostly 

of  3  leaflets  with  deciduous  or  persistent  stipules.  Flowers  yellow,  blue,  or 
white.  Standard  erect,  with  the  sides  turned  back,  about  equalled  by  the 
oblong  and  straiphtish  wings  and  keel.  Pod  inflated,  coriaceous,  stalked  in 
the  calyx,  many-seeded. 

47.  THERMOPSIS.  "  Pod  scarcely  stalked,  linear,  flat.     Otherwise  as  Baptisia. 

§  2.  Leaves  odd-pinnate. 

48.  CLADRASTIS.     Trees,  with  large  leaflets.no  obvious  stipules,  and  hanging 

terminal  panicles  of  white  flowers.  Standard  turned  back:  the  nearlv  sep- 
arate straightish  keel-petals  and  wings  oblong,  obtuse.  Pod  short-stalked  in 
the  calyx,  linear,  very  flat,  thin,  marginless,  4  -  6-seeded.  Base  of  the  petioles 
hollow'and  covering  the  axillary  leaf-buds  of  the  next  year. 

49.  SOPHORA.      Tree1*,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  numerous'  leaflets,  and  mostly 

white  or  yellow  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles.  Keel-petals  and 
wings  oblong,  obtuse,  usually  longer  than  the  broad  standard.  Pod  com- 
monly stalked  in  the  calyx,  terete,  several-seeded,  fleshy  or  almost  woody, 
hardly  ever  opening,  but  constricted  across  into  mostly  1-seeded  portions. 

II.  BRASILETTO  FAMILY.  Flowers  more  or  less  irregu- 
lar, but  not  papilionaceous :  when  they  seem  to  be  so  the  petal 
answering  to  the  standard  will  be  found  to  be  within  instead  of  out- 
side of  the  other  petals.  Stamens  10  or  fewer,  separate.  The 
leaves  are  sometimes  twice  pinnate,  which  is  not  the  case  in  the 
true  Pulse  Family.  Embryo  of  the  seed  straight,  the  radicle  not 
turned  against  the  edge  of  the  cotyledons. 

$  1.   Leaves  simple  and  entire.     Corolla  appearing  as  if  j)apilionaceous. 
60.    CERCIS.     Trees,  with  rounded  heart-shaped  leaves,  minute  early  deciduous 
stipules,  and  small  but  handsome  red-purple  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  on 
old  wood,  earlier  than  the  leaves,  rather  ucid  to  the  taste.     Calyx  short, 


PULSE    FAMILY.  99 

5-toothed.  Petals  5,  the  one  answering  to  the  standard  smaller  than  the 
wing-petals  and  covered  by  them;  the  keel-petals  larger,  conniving  but  dis- 
tinct. Stamens  10,  declining  with  the  style.  Pod  linear-oblong,  flat,  thin, 
several-seeded,  one  edge  wing-margined. 

§  2.   Leaves  simply  abruptly  pinnate.     Calyx  and  corolla  almost  regular. 
51.   CASSIA.      Flowers  commonly  yellow.     Calyx  of  5  nearly  separata  sepals. 
Petals  5,  spreading,  unequal  (the  lower  larger)  or  almost  equal.     Stamens  10 
or  5,  some  of  the  upper  anthers  often  imperfect  or  smaller,  their  cells  opening 
by  a  hole  or  chink  at  the  apex.     Pod  many-seeded. 

§  3.   Leaves,  or  at  least  some  of  them,  twice-pinnate. 

62.  C./ESALPINIA.  Trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  tropical,  with  mostly  showy  red  or 
yellow  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  broad,  spreading, 
more  or  less  unequal.  Stamens  10,  declining,  along  with  the  thread-shaped 
style.  Pod  flat. 

53.  GYMNOCLADUS.     Tall,  thornless  tree,  with  large  compound  leaves,  no  stip- 

ules, and  dioecious  or  polygamous  whitish  regular  flowers,  in  corymb-like 
clusters  or  short  racemes  terminating  the  branches  of  the  season.  Calyx 
tubular  below,  and  with  5  spreading  lobes,  the  throat  bearing  5  oblong  petals 
and  10  short  stamens,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  generally  imperfect.  Pod 
oblong,  flat,  very  hard,  tardily  opening,  with  a  little  pulp  or  sweetish  matter 
inside,  containing  few  or  several  large  and  thick  hard  seeds  (over  %  in  diam- 
eter); the  fleshy  cotyledons  remaining  underground  in  germination. 

54.  GLED1TSCHIA.     Thorny  trees,  with  abruptly  twice  pinnate  or  some  of  them 

once  pinnate  leaves,  the  leaflets  often  crenate-toothed,  inconspicuous  stipules, 
and  small  greenish  polygamous  flowers  in  narrow  racemes.  Calyx  3 -5-cleft, 
the  lobes  and  the  3-5  nearly  similar  petals  narrow  and  spreading.  Stamens 
3  - 10.  Pod  flat,  very  tardily  opening,  often  with  some  sweetish  matter  around 
the  1  -  several  flat  seeds.  Cotyledons  thin. 

III.  MIMOSA  FAMILY.  Flowers  perfectly  regular,  small, 
crowded  in  heads  or  spikes  ;  both  calyx  and  corolla  valvate  in  the 
bud  ;  and  the  4  or  5  sepals  usually  and  petals  frequently  united 
more  or  less  below  into  a  tube  or  cup.  Stamens  4,  5,  or  more, 
often  very  many,  usually  more  conspicuous  than  the  corolla  and 
brightly  colored,  the  long  capillary  filaments  inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle or  base  of  the  corolla.  Embryo  of  the  seed  straight.  Leaves 
almost  always  twice  pinnate  and  with  small  leaflets,  or  apparently 
simple  and  parallel-veined  when  they  have  phyllodia  in  place  of 
true  leaves.  The  foliage  and  the  pods  only  show  the  leguminous 
character. 

$  1.    Stamens  once  or  twice  as  many  ns  the  petals,  4-10.     Ours  herbs  or  nearly  so, 
with  rose.-cotored  or  whitish  Jiowers,  and  leaves  of  many  small  leaflets. 

55.  MIMOSA.     Calyx  commonly  minute  or  inconspicuous.    Corolla  of  4  or  5  more 

or  less  united  petals.  Pod  flat,  oblong  or  linear:  when  ripe  the  valves  fall  out 
of  a  persistent  slender  margin  or  frame  and  also  usually  break  up  into  one- 
seeded  joints. 

66.  SCHRANKIA.     Calyx  minute.    Corolla  funnel-form,  the  5  petals  being  united 

up  to  the  middle.  Stamens  10.  Pod  rough-prickly  all  over,  long  and  nar- 
row, splitting  lengthwise  when  ripe  into  4  parts. 

67.  DESMANTHUS.     Cnlyx  5-toothed.     Corolla  of  5  separate  petals.     Stamens 

6  or  10.     Pod  flat,  smooth,  linear  or  oblong,  2-valved,  no  persistent  margin. 

§  2.   Stamens  numerous,  or  more  tiian  10.     Ours  all  shrubs  or  trees. 
58.   ALB1ZZIA.     Flowers  flesh-color,  rose-color,  or  nearly  white;  the  long  stamens 

monadelphous  at  the  base.     Corolla  funnel-form,  the  5  petals  united  beyond 

the  middle.      Pod   flat  and   thin,  broadly  linear,  not   opening   elastically. 

Leaves  twice  pinnate. 
69.   ACACIA.     Flowers  yellow  or  straw-color:   the  stamens  separate  and  very 

numerous.     Corolla  of  4  or  5  separate  or  partly  uaited  small  petals.     Pod 

various. 


, 

PfLSE' FAM/LY. 


1.  LUPINUS,  LUPINE.     (Old  Latin  name,  from  lupus,  a  wolf,  because 
Lupines  were  thought  to  destroy  the  fertility  of  the  soil.) 

*   Wild  species  of  Atlantic  States,  in  sandy  soil:  fl.  in  spring.     1£ 

L.  perdnnis,  WILD  L.  Somewhat  hairy  ;  with  erect  stem  l°-l£°  high, 
7-11  spatulate  oblong  or  oblanceolate  green  leaflets,  and  a  long  raceme  of 
showy  purplish-blue  (rarely  pale)  flowers,  in  late  spring. 

L."  yillbsus,    ONE-LEAVED   L.      Silky-downy,   with   short   spreading  or 
nxvnding  stems,  oblong  or  lance-oblong  simple  leaves,  and  a  dense'  raceme  of 
blue,  purple,  or  rose-colored  flowers.     Near  the  coast,  from  North  Carolina  S. 
*  *  Cultivated  for  ornament :  fl.  summer. 

L.  polyph^llus,  MANY- LEAVED  L.,  is  the  principal  hardy  perennial 
species  of  the  gardens,  from  Oregon  and  California,  3°  -  4°  high,  rather  hairy, 
with  13-  15  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  leaflets,  and  a  very  long  dense  raceme 
of  blue,  sometimes  purple,  variegated,  or  even  white  flowers,  in  June.  2/ 

L.  mutabilis,  cult,  as  an  annual,  from  South  America,  is  tall,  very  smooth 
throughout,  with  about  9  narrow-oblong  blunt  leaflets,  and  very  large  sweet- 
scented  violet-purple  flowers  (or  a  white  variety),  with  yellow  and  a  little  red 
on  the  standard. 

L.  densifl6rus,  of  California  (where  there  are  many  fine  Lupines),  l°-2° 
high,  is  well  marked  by  the  numerous  white  flowers  forming  distinct  and  sep- 
arate whorls  in  the  long  raceme.  © 

L.  albus,  of  Eu.,  which  the  ancients  cultivated  as  pulse,  has  the  several 
obovate-oblong  leaflets  smooth  a1x>yc,  but  hairy  beneath,  white  flowers  alternate 
in  the  raceme,  and  large  smooth  pods.  © 

L.  hirsutUS,  cult,  in  old  gardens,  from  Eu.,  is  clothed  with  soft  white 
hairs ;  the  leaflets  spatulate-oblong ;  flowers  in  loose  whorls  in  the  raceme,  blue, 
with  rose-color  and  white  varieties  ;  pods- very  hairy.  © 

L.  luteUS,  the  old  YELLOW  L.  of  the  gardens,  from  Eu.,  silky-hairy, 
rather  low  ;  with  yellow  flowers  in  whorls  crowded  in  a  dense  spike.  © 

2.  GROT  AL  ART  A,  RATTLEBOX.     (From  Greek  word  for  a  rattle,  the 
seeds  rattling  in  the  coriaceous  inflated  pod.)     Native,  in  sandy  soil :  fl.  yel- 
low, in  summer. 

C.  sagittalis.  Low,  3' -6'  high,  branching,  beset  with  rusty-colored 
spreading  hairs,  with  nearly  sessile  oval  or  lance-oblong  leaves,  and  2  or  3  flowers 
on  the  peduncle.  © 

C.  ovalis.  Spreading,  rough  with  appressed  hairs ;  leaves  short-petioled, 
oval,  oblong,  or  lanceolate ;  peduncle  with  3-6  scattered  flowers.  2/ 

3.  GENISTA,  WO  AD-WAXEN,  WHIN.     (Celtic  word:  little  bush.) 
G.  tinctdria,  DYER'S  W.  or  GREEN-WEED.      Nat.  from  Eu.  in  sterile 


soil  E.,  especially  in  Mass. :  low  and  undershrubby,  not  thorny,  with  lanceolate 
leaves,  and  bright  yellow  rather  small  flowers  somewhat  racemcd  at  the  end  of 
the  striatc-angled  green  branches,  in  early  summer. 

4.   CYTISUS.     (Ancient  Greek  name,  after  an  island  where  it  grows.) 
The  following  are  the  only  species  generally  cultivated. 

C.  (or  Sarothamnus)  scoparius,  SCOTCH  BROOM.  Shrub,  from 
Europe,  3°  -  5°  high,  smooth,  with  long  and  tough  erect  angled  and  green 
branches,  bearing  small  leaves,  the  lower  short-petioled  and  with  3  obovate 
leaflets,  the  upper  of  a  single  sessile  leaflet,  and  in  the  axils  large  and  showy 
golden  yellow  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  ;  calyx  with  2  short  and  broad  lips  ; 
style  and  stamens  slender,  held  in  the  keel,  but  disengaged  and  suddenly  start- 
ing upward  when  touched  (as  when  bees  alight  on  the  deflexed  keel),  the  style 
coiling  spirally  ;  pod  hairy  on  the  edges.  Hardy  in  gardens  N. ;  running  wild 
in  Virginia  :  fl.  early  summer. 

IRISH  BROOM,  so  called,  but  is  from  Portugal,  is  another  species,  not  hardy 
here.  SPANISH  BROOM  is  SPARTIUM  JUNCEUM,  of  another  genus. 

C.  Canari6nsi8,  from  the  Canary  Islands,  is  cultivated  in  conservatories; 
a  shrub  with  crowded  slender  branches,  soft-hoary  leaves  of  3  very  small  obovate 
leaflets,  and  small  ydlow  sweet-scented  flowers,  produced  all  winter. 


PULSE    FAMILY.  101 

5.  LABURNUM.     (Ancient  Latin  name.     Genus  separated  from  Cytisus 
from  the  different  appearance,  and  the  seeds  destitute  of  strophiole  or  append- 
age at  the  scar.) 

L.  vulgare,  COMMON  LABURNUM,  GOLDEN-CHAIN,  or  BEAN-TREFOIL- 
TRKK  of  Europe.  Planted  for  ornament,  a  low  tree,  with  smooth  green  bark, 
slender-petioled  leaves  of  3  oblong  leaflets  (2' -3'  long),  and  pretty  large  showy 
golden-yellow  flowers  hanging  in  long  racemes,  in  late  spring  ;  pods  with  one 
thicker  edge. 

6.  TRIGONELLA.     (Old  name,  from  Greek  word  for  triangular,  from  the 
shape  of  the  corolla  or  the  seeds.)     Low  herbs.     T.  CJERULEA  is  the  plant 
used  in  Switzerland  for  imparting  the  flavor  like  that  of  Melilot  to  certain 
kinds  of  cheese. ) 

T.  Foenum-Graecum,  FENUGREEK.  Occasionally  cult,  in  gardens,  in 
Europe  a  forage  and  popular  medicinal  plant,  strong-scented  ;  with  wedge- 
oblong  leaflets,  one  or  two  nearly  sessile  small  flowers  in  the  axils,  yellowish  or 
whitish  corolla,  and  a  linear  long-pointed  and  somewhat  curved  pod  2' -4'  long, 
with  veiny  sides.  (T) 

7.  MEDIC  AGO,  MEDICK.     (The  old  name  of  Lucerne,  because  it  came 
to  the  Greeks  from  Media.)     All  natives  of  the  Old  World  :  a  few  have  run 
wild  here.     Fl.  all  summer. 

*  Flowers  violet-purple  or  bluish.     %. 

M.  sativa,  LUCERNE  or  SPANISH  TREFOIL.     Cultivated  for  green  fodder, 
especially  S. :  stems  erect,  l°-2°  high,  from  a  long  deep  root;  leaflets  obovate- 
oblong  ;  racemes  oblong  ;  pod  several-seeded,  linear,  coiled  about  2  turns. 
*  *  Flowers  yellow.     (T)  (f) 

M.  lupulina,  BLACK  MEDICK,  NONESUCH.  A  weed  or  pasture  plant,  in 
dry  or  sandy  fields,  &c.  :  low,  spreading,  downy,  with  wedge-obovate  leaflets, 
roundish  or  at  length  oblong  heads  or  spikes  of  small  flowers,  and  little  kidney- 
shaped  1-seeded  pods  turning  black  when  ripe. 

M.  maculata,  SPOTTED  M.  Waste  sandy  places,  S.  &  E. :  spreading  or 
trailing  ;  Avith  broadly  inversely  heart-shaped  leaflets  marked  with  a  dark  spot, 
3  -  5-flowered  peduncles,  and  a  flat  pod  compactly  coiled  three  or  more  turns, 
its  thickish  edge  beset  with  a  double  row  of  curved  prickles. 

M.  dentictllata,  like  the  last,  but  rarer,  with  pod  of  looser  coils,  sharp 
edge,  and  mostly  shorter  prickles. 

M.  SCUtellata,  SNAIL  MEDICK,  BEEHIVE.  Cult,  occasionally  in  gardens 
for  its  curious  pods,  which  are  pretty  large,  coiled  up  like  a  snail-shell,  in  many 
turns,  smooth  and  even. 

8.  MELILOTUS,    MELILOT,    SWEET    CLOVER.      (From   Greek 
words  for  honey  and  Lotus,  i.  e.  Sweet  Lotus :  foliage  sweet-scented,  especially 
in  drying. )     Natives  of  the  Old  World  ;  somewhat  cult,  in  gardens,  &c.,  and 
running  wild  in  waste  or  cultivated  ground  :  fl.  all  summer.     ©  @ 

M.  £lba,  WHITE  M.,  BOKHARA  or  TREE  CLOYER.  Tall,  3°  -  6°  high, 
branching,  with  obovate  or  oblong  leaflets  truncately  notched  at  the  end,  and 
loose  racemes  of  white  flowers.  Has  been  cult,  for  green  fodder. 

M.  officinalis,  YELLOW  M.  Less  tall,  2° -3°  high,  with  merely  blunt 
leaflets  and  yellow  flowers. 

9.  TRIFOLIUM,  CLOVER,  TREFOIL.     (Latin  name  :  three  leaflets.) 

*  Low,  insignificant  weeds,  not.  from  Europe  in  dry  waste  fields,  frc.     © 
•*-  Flowers  yellow,  in  round  heads,  produced  through  late  summer  and  autumn, 
refiexed  and  turning  chestnut-brown,  dry  and  papery  with  age. 

T.  agrarium,  YELLOW  Hop-C.  Smoothish,  6' -12'  high,  with  obovatc- 
oblong  leaflets  all  nearly  sessile  on  the  end  of  the  petiole ;  heads  rather  large. 

T.  prOCtlinbeilS,  Low  Hop-C.  Smaller,  spreading,  rather  downy,  the 
Wedge-obovate  leaflets  notched  at  the  end,  the  middle  one  at  a  littlo  distance 
from  the  others. 


102  PULSE    FAMILY. 

•«-  •*-  Flowers  flesh-color  or  whitish  with  a  purplish  spot,  in  a  very  soft  silky  head. 

T.  arv6nse,  RABBIT-FOOT  or  STONE  C.  Erect,  silky-downy,  especially 
the  oblong  or  at  length  cylindrical  grayish  heads  or  spikes,  the  corollas  almost 
concealed  by  the  plumose-silky  calyx  ;  leaflets  narrow. 

#  *  Larger,  rose-red- -flowered  Clovers,  cult,  from  Europe  for  fodder,  or  running 

wild :  heads  thick  and  dense:  corolla  tubular,  ivithering  away  after  floucer- 
ing :  flowers  sweet-scented,  in  summer.  ^ 

T.  pratense,  RED  C.  Stems  ascending  ;  leaflets  obovate  or  oval,  often 
notched  at  the  end  and  with  a  pale  spot  on  the  face ;  head  closely  surrounded 
by  the  uppermost  leaves. 

T.  medium,  ZIGZAG  C.,  with  a  zigzag  stem,  more  oblong  entire  and 
spotless  leaves,  and  head  usually  stalked,  is  rare,  but  has  run  wild  E.,  and 
passes  into  the  last. 

#  #  #  Low,  wild  Clovers,  or  one  cult,  from  Europe,  with  spreading  or  miming 

stems,  and  mostly  pale  or  ivhite  flowers  (remaining  and  turning  brownish  in 
fading)  on  pedicels,  in  round  umbels  or  heads,  on  slender  naked  peduncles : 
fl.  spring  and  summer. 

T.  refl&XUm,  BUFFALO  C.  Wild  S.  and  especially  W.  :  somewhat 
downy,  with  ascending  steins  6' -12' high,  obovate-oblong  finely-toothed  leaf- 
lets, heads  and  rose-red  and  whitish  flowers  fully  as  large  as  in  Red  Clover, 
calyx- teeth  hairy,  and  pods  3  -  5-seeded.  ©  @ 

T.  Stoloniferum,  RUNNING  BUFFALO  C.  Prairies  and  oak-openings 
W.  :  like  the  last,  or  a  variety  of  it,  but  some  of  the  stems  forming  runners, 
leaflets  broadly  obovate  or  inversely  heart-shaped,  flowers  barely  tinged  with 
purple,  and  pods  2-seeded.  ©  ^ 

T.  Carpliniaimm,  CAROLINA  C.  Fields  and  pastures  S. :  a  little  downy, 
spreading  in  tufts  5'-  10'  high,  with  small  inversely  heart-shaped  leaflets,  broad 
stipules,  and  small  heads,  the  purplish  corolla  hardly  longer  man  the  lanceolate 
calyx-teeth.  11 

T.  repens,  WHITE  C.  Fields,  &c.  everywhere,  invaluable  for  pasturage  : 
smooth,  with  creeping  stems,  inversely  heart-shaped  leaflets,  long  and  slender 
petioles  and  peduncles,  narrow  stipules,  loose  umbel-like  heads,  and  white 
corolla  much  longer  than  the  slender  calyx-teeth.  ^ 

10.  PETALOSTEMON,  PRAIRIE  CLOVER,      (Name  composed  of 
the  Greek  words  for  petal  and  stamen  combined. )    In  prairies,  pine-barrens,  &c. 
W.  and  S.  :  flowers  never  yellow.     ^ 

*  Heads  crowded  in  a  corymb,  leaf  graded :  fl.  late  in  autumn. 

P.  COrymbbsus.  In  southern  pine-barrens  ;  2°  high,  with  leaves  of  3  -  7 
filiform  leaflets,  arid  white  flowers,  the  slender  teeth  of  calyx  becoming  plumose. 

*  *  Heads  or  mostly  spikes  single  terminating  stems  :  fl.  summer. 

P.  Violaceus.  Prairies  W.  :  smoothish  or  pubescent,  l°-2°  high,  with 
mostly  5  narrow-linear  leaflets,  a  short  spike  even  when  old,  rose-purple  flowers, 
and  hoary  calyx.  « 

P.  cameus.  Dry  barrens  S.  :  smooth,  with  branching  stems,  5-7  linear 
leaflets,  long-peduncled  short  spikes,  flesh-color  or  pale  rose  flowers,  and  gla- 
brous calyx. 

P.  Candidas.  Prairies  W.  &  S.  :  smooth,  2°  -  3°  high,  with  7-9  lan- 
ceolate or  linear-oblong  leaflets,  long-peduncled  spikes,  with  awn-pointed  bracts, 
and  white  flowers. 

There  are  besides  one  or  two  rarer  species  W.,  and  several  more  far  W.  &  S. 

11.  DALE  A.     (Named  for  an  English  botanist,  Thomas  Dale.)     There  are 
many  species  S.  W.  beyond  the  Mississippi. 

D.  alppecuroides.  Alluvial  river  banks  W.  &  S.  ;  with  <jrect  stem 
l°-2°  high,  smooth  leaves  of  many  linear-oblong  leaflets,  and  whitish  small 
flowers  in  a  dense  silky  spike,  in  summer.  © 


PULSE'  FAMILY.  103 

12.  AMORPHA,  FALSE    INDIGO.      (Name,  amorjihons,  wanting  the 
ordinary  form,  from  the  absence  of  four  of  the  petals.)     There  are  usually- 
little  stipels  to  the  leaflets.     Fl.  summer. 

A.  frutic6sa,  COMMON  A.  River-banks  from  Penn.  S.  &  "W. ;  a  tall  or 
middle-sized  shrub,  smoothish,  with  petioled  leaves  of  15-25  oval  or  oblong  leaf- 
lets, violet  or  purple  flowers  in  early  summer,  and  mostly  2-seeded  pods. 

A.  herbacea  (but  it  is  not  an  herb)  of  low  pine-barrens  S.,  2° -4°  high, 
often  downy,  has  the  leaflets  more  rigid,  dotted,  and  crowded,  villous  calyx- 
teeth,  later  blue  or  white  flowers,  and  1 -seeded  pods. 

A.  can6scens,  called  LEAD-PLANT  ;  in  prairies  and  on  rocky  banks  "W. 
and  S.  W. ;  l°-3°  high,  hoary  with  soft  down,  with  sessile  leaves  of  29-51 
elliptical  leaflets,  smoothish  above  when  old,  violet-purple  flowers  in  late  summer, 
and  1 -seeded  pods. 

13.  PSORALEA.     ( Greek  word  for  scurfy,  from  the  roughish  dots  or 'glands 
on  the  leaves,  calyx,  £c.)     Wild  S.  &  W. :  fl.  early  summer,  violet,  bluish, 
or  almost  white.     ^ 

*  Leaves  pinnate! y  3-foliolate,  i.  e.  the  side-leaflets  a  little  below  the  apex  of  the 
common  petiole,  or  the  uppermost  of  a  single  leaflet. 

P.  On6brychis.  River-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  S.  :  3°  -  5°  high, 
nearly  smooth;  with  lance-ovate  taper-pointed  leaflets  3'  long,  small  flowers  in 
short-peduncled  racemes  3'  -  6'  long  ;  pods  rough  and  wrinkled. 

P.  melilotoides.  Dry  places,  W.  £  S.  :  l°-2°  high,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent, slender,  with  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  leaflets,  oblong  spikes  on  long 
peduncles,  and  strongly  wrinkled  pods. 

*  *  Leaves  digitate,  of  3  —  7  leaflets. 

P.  Lupin^llus.  Dry  pine-barrens  S. :  smooth  and  slender,  with  5-7  very 
narrow  or  thread-shaped  leaflets,  small  flowers  in  loose  racemes,  and  obliquely 
wrinkled  pods. 

P.  floriblinda.  Prairies  from  Illinois  S.  W.  :  bushy-branched  and  slen- 
der, 2°  -  4°  high,  somewhat  hoary  when  young,  with  3-5  linear  or  obovate- 
oblong  much  dotted  leaflets,  small  flowers  in  short  panicled  racemes,  and  glan- 
dular-roughened pods. 

P.  candscens.  Dry  barrens  S.  E.  Bushy-branched,  2°  high,  hoary- 
pubescent,  with  3  (or  upper  leaves  of  single)  obovate  leaflets,  loose  racemes  of 
few  flowers,  and  a  smooth  pod. 

P.  argophylla.  Prairies  N.  "W.,  mostly  across  the  Mississippi,  widely 
branched,  1°  -  3°  high,  silvery  white  all  over  with  silky  hairs,  with  3-5  broad- 
lanceolate  leaflets  and  spikes  of  rather  few  largish  flowers. 

P.  escul^nta,  POMME  BLANCHE  of  the  N.  W.  Voyageurs ;  the  turnip- 
shaped  or  tuberous  mealy  root  furnishing  a  desirable  food  to  the  Indians  N.  W.  : 
low  and  stout,  5'  — 15'  high,  roughish  hairy,  with  5  lance-oblong  or  obovate 
leaflets,  a  dense  oblong  spike  of  pretty  large  (^'  long)  flowers,  and  a  hairy 
pointed  pod. 

14.  ONOBRYCHIS,    SAINFOIN.      (Name  from  Greek,  means  Asses- 
food.) 

O.  sativa,  COMMON  S.  Sparingly  cult,  from  Europe  as  a  fodder  plant, 
but  not  quite  hardy  N. ;  herb  1°  — 2°  high,  with  numerous  oblong  small  leaf- 
lets, brown  and  thin  pointed  stipules,  and  spikes  of  light  pink  flowers  on  long 
axillary  peduncles,  in  summer,  the  little  semicircular  pod  bordered  with  short 
prickles  or  teeth.  ^ 

15.  STYLOS ANTHES,    PENCIL-FLOWER.       (Name   from    Greek 
words  for  column  and  flower,  the  calyx  being  raised  on  its  stalk-like  base. 
The  application  of  the  popular  name  is  not  obvious. ) 

S.  elatior,  of  pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  and  Illinois  S.,  is  an  incon- 
spicuous low  herb,  in  tufts ;  the  wiry  stems  downy  on  one  side  ;  leaflets  lan- 
ceolate, with  strong  straight  veins  ;  flowers  orange-yellow,  small,  in  little 
clusters  or  heads,  in  late  summer.  ^ 


104  PULSE    FAMILY. 

16.  LESPEDEZA,   BUSH-CLOVER.      (Named  for  Lespedez,  a  Spanish 
Governor  of  Florida. )     All  grow  in  sandy  or  sterile  soil ;    fl.  late  summer 
and  autumn.     11 

#  Native  species  :  stipules  and  bracts  minute. 

•*-  Flowers  in  close  spikes  or  heads  on  upright  (2° -4°  high)  simple  rigid  stems: 
corolla  cream-color  or  white  with  a  purple  spot,  about  the  length  of  the  siiki/- 
downy  calyx. 

L.  capitata.  Leaflets  oblong  or  sometimes  linear,  silky  beneath,  thickish  ; 
peduncles  and  petioles  short ;  flowers  in  short  spikes  or  heads  ;  calyx  much 
longer  than  the  pod. 

L.  hirta.  Leaflets  roundish  or  oval,  hairy  or  downy  ;  petioles  and  pedun- 
cles slender ;  spikes  becoming  rather  long  and  loose. 

•*-  •*-  Flowers  violet-purple,  scattered  or  in  open  panicles  or  clusters,  slcndcr-ped un- 
cled, also  usually  some  more  fertile  ones,  mostly  without  petals,  in  small 
sessile  clusters. 

L.  violacea.  The  commonest,  and  very  variable,  bushy-branching,  erect 
or  spreading,  with  leaflets  varying  from  oval  to  linear,  and  minutely  whitish- 
downy  beneath,  or  sometimes  silky  ;  the  ordinary  flowers  loosely  panicled. 

L.  prociimbens.  Soft-downy,  except  the  upper  surface  of  the  oval  or 
oblong  leaflets,  slender  and  trailing';  peduncles  slender  and  few-flowered. 

L.  repens.  Smooth,  except  some  minute  and  scattered  close-pressed  hairs, 
very  slender,  prostrate  ;  leaflets  obovate  or  oval  (^'  long). 

*  *  Naturalized  in  States,  from  China  or  Japan :  stipules  ovate  or  lance-ovate, 

striate,  longer  than  the  very  short  petiole. 

L.  Striata.  Introduced  (more  than  25  years  ago)  in  some  unknown  way 
into  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  now  rapidly  spreading  and  occupying  old 
fields  and  waste  places,  to  the  great  benefit  of  the  country,  being  greedily  fed 
upon  by  cattle;  it  is  low  and  spreading,  3'-  10'  high,  much  branched,  almost 
smooth,  with  oblong  or  Avedge-oblong  leaflets  4'  - 1'  long,  and  1-3  small  pur- 
plish flowers  almost  sessile  in  the  axils. 

17.  DESMODIUM,  TICK-TREFOIL.    (Name  from  Greek,  means  bound 
together,  from  the  connected  joints  of  the  pod.)      11     We  have  many  native 
species,  common  in  open  woods  and  copses  ;  fl.  late  summer  :  the  following 
are  the  more  common. 

§  L    Native  species  :  the  little  joints  of  the  pod  adhere  to  clothing  or  to  the  coats  of 
animals  :  flowers  sometimes  turning  greenish  in  withering. 

*  Pod  raised  far  above  the  calyx  on  a  slender  stalk  of  its  own,  straight! sh  on  the 

upper  margin,  divided  from  below  into  not  more  than  4  joints :  /lowers  in 
one  long-stalked  naked  terminal  raceme  or  panicle  :  plants  smooth,  1°  — 3° 
high :  stipules  bristle-form. 

13 .  nudiflbrum.  Flower-stalk  and  leaf-bearing  stem  rising  separately 
from  a  common  root ;  the  leaves  all  crowded  on  the  summit  of  the  latter,  and 
with  broadly  ovate  bluntish  leaflets,  pale  beneath. 

D.  acuminatum.  Flower-stalk  terminating  the  stem,  which  bears  a 
cluster  of  leaves  ;  the  large  leaflets  (4' -5'  long)  round-ovate  with  a  tapering 
point,  or  the  end  one  blunter,  green  both  sides. 

*  *  Pod  little  if  at  all  raised  al)ove  the  calyx. 

•«-  Stems  erect,  3°  -  6°  high :  stipules  large,  ovate  or  lance-orate  and  pointed, 
striate,  persistent,  the  bracts  similar  but  deciduous :  flowers  large  for  the 
genus :  racemes  panicled :  pods  of  4  —  7  rhombic-oblong  joints,  each  joint 
about  £'  long. 

D.  CUSpidatum.  Very  smooth,  with  a  straight  stem,  lance-ovate  and 
taper-pointed  leaflets  (3' -5'  long)  longer  than  the  common  petiole,  and  pod 
with  smoothish  joints. 

D.  canescens.  Hairy,  with  branching  stems,  pale  leaves  ;  the  ovate 
bluntish  leaflets  about  the  length  of  the  common  petiole,  reticulated  beneath  and 
both  sides  roughish  with  fine  close  pubescence  ;  joints  of  pod  very  adhesive. 


PULSE    FAMILY.  105 

•»-  •»-  Stems  erect,  2°  -  6°  high  :  stipules  and  bracts  mostly  awl-shaped,  small  and 
inconspicuous  or  early  deciduous  :  racemes  panicled. 

•w-  Common  petiole  slender :  floivers  smallish  :  joints  of  pod  3-5,  unequal-sided. 

D.  viridiflbrum.  Stem  and  lower  surface  of  the  broad  ovate  blunt  leaf- 
lots  clothed  with  white  and  soft-velvety  down.  Fine-barrens,  from  New  Jersey  S. 

D.  Isevigatum.  Stem  and  the  thickish  ovate  and  bluntish  leaflets  smooth 
or  nearly  so.  From  New  Jersey  S. 

D.  Dill^nii.  Stem  and  the  oblong  or  oblong-ovate  bluntish  thin  leaflets 
finely  pubescent ;  the  latter  2'  -  3'  long. 

D.  paniculatum.  Smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout ;  leaflets  lanceolate 
or  lance-oblong,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point,  3'-  5'  long;  panicle  loose. 

D.  Strietum.  Slender  stems  smooth  below,  above  and  the  narrow  panicle 
rough-glandular;  leaflets  linear,  blunt,  reticulated,  very  smooth,  l'-2'  long. 
From  New  Jersey  S. 

•*-*•  •*-»•  Common  petiole  very  short. 

D.  Canadense.  Stem  hairy,  3°  -  6°  high,  leafy  up  to  the  panicle  ;  leaf- 
lets lance-oblong,  blunt,  2'  -  3'  long ;  racemes  dense,  the  pink-purple  flowers 
larger  than  in  any  other,  fully  A-'  long ;  bracts  large,  conspicuous  before  flower- 
ing. Chiefly  N.  &  W. 

D.  sessilifblium.  Stem  pubescent,  2° -4°  high ;  the  long  panicle  naked ; 
common  petiole  hardly  any ;  leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  blunt,  reticulated, 
rough  above,  downy  beneath  ;  flowers  small.  Penn.  to  111.  &  S. 

•»—  H—  •»-  Stems  ascending  or  spreading,  1°  — 3°  long:  stipules  and  bracts  awl- 
shaped  and  deciduous  :  panicle  naked,  loose  :  Jlowers  small :  pod  of  2  or  3 
small  oval  or  roundish  joints. 

D.  rigidum.  The  largest  of  this  section,  with  rough-pubescent  stems 
sometimes  erect ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong,  blunt,  thickish,  roughish  and  reticulated, 
1'  -  2^'  long,  longer  than  the  common  petiole. 

D.  ciliare.  More  or  less  hairy,  slender,  very  leafy ;  common  petiole  very 
short ;  leaflets  round-ovate  or  oval,  thickish,  \'  -  1'  long. 

D.  Marilandicum.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  slender ;  leaflets  ovate  or 
roundish,  thin,  the  lateral  ones  about  the  length  of  the  slender  petiole  :  other- 
wise like  the  preceding. 

H-  -t-  •»-  H-  Stems  reclining  or  prostrate :  racemes  axillary  and  terminal. 

D.  lineatum.  Smoothish  ;  stem  striate-angled  ;  stipules  awl-shaped, 
deciduous ;  leaflets  orbicular,  1'  or  less  in  length,  much  longer  than  the  common 
petiole  ;  flowers  and  2  or  3  rounded  joints  of  the  pod  small.  Pine-barrens  from 
Maryland  S. 

D.  rotundif61ium.  Soft-hairy ;  steins  running  3°  -  5°  along  the  ground ; 
leaflets  orbicular,  about  3'  long ;  stipules  ovate,  striate,  taper-pointed,  persist- 
ent ;  flowers  and  the  3-5  rhombic-oval  joints  of  the  pod  rather  large. 

§  2.    Exotic,  conservatory  species. 

D.  g^rans,  of  East  Indies,  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  plants  known, 
is  readily  grown  as  a  tender  annual :  the  smooth  leaves  are  remarkable  for  their 
movements ;  the  end  leaflet  slowly  changing  position  Avith  the  light ;  the  lateral 
ones,  very  much  smaller,  moving  pretty  rapidly  up  and  down,  in  elliptical 
sweeps,  through  the  day  when  the  temperature  is  about  80°  Fahr. 

18.  JESCHYWOMENE,  SENSITIVE  JOINT -VETCH.  (From 
Greek  word  meaning  ashamed,  the  leaflets  of  some  species  being  more  or  less 
sensitive  to  the  touch  in  the  manner  of  the  common  Sensitive  Plant.)  Sta- 
mens commonly  in  two  sets  of  5  each.  Pod  resembling  that  of  Desmodium. 
Fl.  summer. 

JE.  hispida.  Stem  rough-bristly,  2°  -  4°  high  ;  leaflets  very  many,  broadly 
linear ;  joints  of  the  bristly  pod  6  -  10,  nearly  square.  Low  grounds  from 
Pcnn.  S.  (T) 

-3D.  viscidula.  Stems  clammy-pubescent,  slender,  spreading  on  the  ground  ; 
leaHcts  7-9,  obovate  ;  joints  of  the  bristly  pod  2  or  3,  half-orbicular.  Sandy 
shores  S.  © 


106  PULSE    FAMILY. 

19.  CORONILLA.     (Latin,  diminutive  of  corona,  a  crown.)     Cult,  from 
Europe  for  ornament.     11 

C.  varia,  PURPLE  CORONILLA.  Hardy  herb,  spreading  from  underground 
running  shoots,  smooth,  2°  high,  with  15-21  obovate-oval  or  oblong  small 
leaflets,  and  head-like  umbels  of  handsome  pink-purple  and  white  or  white  and 
lilac  flowers,  all  summer. 

C.  glauea,  YELLOW  SWEET-SCENTED  C.  Green-house  shrubby  plant, 
with  5  -  9  glaucous  obovate  or  obcordate  leaflets,  the  terminal  largest,  and  head- 
like  umbels  of  sweet-scented  yellow  flowers ;  the  claws  of  the  petals  not 
lengthened. 

20.  ABACHIS,  PEANUT,  GROUND-NUT.  (Meaning  of  name  obscure.) 
A.  hypogsea,  the  only  common  species,  originally  from  South  America, 

cult.  S.  :  the  nut-like  pods  familiar,  the  oily  fleshy  seeds  being  largely  eaten  by 
children,  either  raw  or  roasted.  © 

21.  SE  SB ANI A.    ( Arabic  name  Sesban,  a  little  altered. )    Fl.  late  summer. 
S.  macrocarpa,  wild  in  swamps  S.,  is  tall,  smooth,  with  linear-oblong 

leaflets,  few  flowers  on  a  peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  corolla  yellow 
with  some  reddish  or  purple,  followed  by  linear  narrow  hanging  pods  8'  -  12' 
long,  containing  many  seeds.  © 

S.  vesicaria  (or  GLOTTfoiuM  FLORID\NUM),  in  low  grounds  S.,  resem- 
bles the  preceding  in  foliage  and  small  yellow  flowers,  but  has  a  broadly  oblong 
turgid  pod,  only  1'  or  2'  long,  pointed,  raised  above  the  calyx  on  a  slender  stalk 
of  its  own,  only  2-seeded,  the  seeds  remaining  enclosed  in  the  bladdery  white 
lining  of  the  pod  when  the  outer  valves  have  fallen.  © 

S,  grandifldra  (or  AGATI  GRANDIFLORA),  a  shrub  or  tree-like  plant  of 
India,  run  wild  in  Florida,  occasionally  cult,  for  ornament  S.,  has  very  large 
flowers,  3' -4'  long,  white  or  red,  and  slender  hanging  pods  1°  or  so  long. 

22.  CARAGANA,  PEA-TREE.      (Tartar  name.)      Natives  of  Siberia 
and  China  :  planted  for  ornament,  but  uncommon,  scarcely  hardy  N. 

C.  arbor6scens.  SIBERIAN  P.  Shrub  or  low  tree,  with  spiny  stipules, 
4-6  pairs  of  oval-oblong  downy  leaflets,  a  soft  tip  to  the  common  petiole,  and 
solitary  yellow  flowers,  in  spring. 

C.  frut^SCens,  has  soft  stipules,  and  only  2  pairs  of  obovate  leaflets 
crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  petiole,  which  is  tipped  with  a  spiny  point. 

C.  ChamlagU,  CHINESE  P.,  a  low  or  spreading  shrub,  has  2  rather  dis- 
tant pairs  of  smooth  oval  or  obovate  leaflets,  the  stipules  and  tip  of  the  petiole 
spiny. 

23.  INDIGOFERA,  INDIGO-PLANT.     (Name  means  producer  of  in- 
digo.)    Ours  are  tall  perennials,  sometimes  with  woody  base,  and  numerous 
small  flowers  in  racemes,  of  S.  States,  in  dry  soil :  fl.  summer. 

I.  Carolilliana.  Wild  from  North  Carolina  S.  :  smoothish,  with  10-15 
obovate  or  oblong  pale  leaflets,  racemes  longer  than  the  leaves,  flowers  soon 
brownish,  and  oblong  veiny  pods  only  2-seedcd. 

I.  tinctbria.  This  and  the  next  furnish  the  indigo  of  commerce,  were 
cult,  for  that  purpose  S.,  and  have  run  wild  in  waste  places  :  woody  at  base, 
with  7-15  oval  leaflets,  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  deflexed  knobby 
teretes  pods  curved  and  several-seeded. 

I.  Anil  differs  mainly  in  its  flattish  and  even  pods  thickened  at  both  edges. 

24.  TEPHROSIA,  HOARY  PEA.     (From  Greek  word  meaning  hoary.) 
Native  plants,  of  dry,  sandy  or  barren  soil,  chiefly  S. :  fl.  summer. 

*  Stem  very  leafy  up  to  the  terminal  and  sessile  dense  raceme  or  panicle. 
T.  Virginiana.     Called  CATGUT,  from  the  very  tough,  long  and  slender 
roots;    white  silky-downy,  with  erect  and  simple  stem   1°  — 2°  high,   17  —  29 
linear-oblong  leaflets,  pretty  large  and  numerous  flowers  yellowish-white  with 
purple,  and  downy  pods.     Common  N.  £  S. 


PULSE   FAMILY.  107 

*  *  Stems  branching,  often  spreading  or  decumbent :  leaves  scattered :  racemes  op- 
posite the  leaves,  lony-ped  uncled :  Jiotvers  fewer  and  smaller:  pubescence 
mostly  yellowish  or  rusty. 

T.  spicata.  From  Delaware  S.  :  l°-2°  high,  loosely  soft-hairy,  with 
9-15  wedge-oblong  or  obovate  leaflets,  and  6-10  rather  large  scattered  white 
and  purple  flowers  in  the  raceme  or  spike. 

T.  hisfpidula.  From  Virginia  S.  :  low,  closely  pubescent  or  smoothish, 
with  11-15  oblong  small  leaflets,  the  lowest  pair  above  the  base  of  the  petiole, 
and  2-4  small  reddish-purple  flowers. 

T.  chrysophylla.  From  Georgia  S.  &  W.  :  nearly  prostrate,  with  5-7 
wedge-obovate  leaflets,  smooth  above  and  yellowish  silky  beneath,  the  lowest 
pair  close  to  the  stem  ;  flowers  as  in  the  last. 

25.  ROBINIA,  LOCUST-TREE.     (Dedicated  to  two  early  French  bota- 
nists, Robin.)     Natives  of  Atlantic,  Middle,  and  Southern  States,  planted,  and 
the  common  Locust  running  wild  N.     Fl.  late  spring  and  early  summer. 

R.  Pseudacacia,  COMMON  L.  or  FALSE  ACACIA.  Tree  of  valuable 
timber,  with  naked  branchlets,  slender  and  loose  hanging  racemes  of  fragrant 
white  flowers,  and  smooth  pods. 

R.  viscbsa,  CLAMMY  L.  Smaller  tree,  with  clammy  branches  and  stalks, 
very  short  prickles,  short  and  dense  racemes  of  faintly 'rose-colored  scentless 
flowers,  and  rough  clammy  pods. 

R.  hispida,  BRISTLY  L.  or  ROSE-ACACIA.  Ornamental  shrub,  with 
branches  and  stalks  bristly,  broad  leaflets  tipped  with  a  long  bristle,  large  and 
showy  bright  rose-colored  flowers  in  close  or  loose  racemes,  and  clammy-bristly 
pods. 

26.  COLUTEA,  BLADDER-SENNA.     (Derivation  of  name  obscure : 
the  English  name  refers  to  the  bladdery  pods  and  to  the  leaves  having  been 
used  as  a  substitute  for  those  of  Senna.) 

C.  arbor^SCens,  COMMON  B.  European  shrub,  planted  in  gardens,  with 
7-11  oval  and  rather  truncate  leaflets,  a  raceme  of  5-10  yellow  flowers,  in 
summer,  succeeded  by  the  large  very  thin-walled  closed  pods. 

C.  cruenta,  ORIENTAL  B.,  with  obovate  notched  leaflets,  fewer  flowers 
saffron-colored  or  reddish,  and  pods  opening  by  a  little  slit  before  they  arc  ripe, 
is  scarcely  hardy  N. 

27.  ASTRAGALUS,  MILK- VETCH.     (Old  Greek  name  of  the  ankle- 
bone  and  of  some  leguminous  plant;  application  and  meaning  uncertain.) 
Very  many  native  species  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

A.  Canad^nsis.  River-banks,  the  only  widely  common  species  ;  rather 
coarse,  l°-4°  high,  slightly  pubescent,  with  leaves  of  numerous  leaflets,  long 
dense  spikes  of  greenish  cream-colored  flowers,  in  summer,  followed  by  small 
and  coriaceous  ovoid  pods,  completely  divided  by  a  longitudinal  partition.  ^ 

A.  Cooperi.  Gravelly  shores  N.  &  W.  :  resembles  the  foregoing,  but 
smoother,  l°-2°  high,  with  small  white  flowers  in  a  short  spike,  and  inflated 
ovoid  pods  about  1'  long,  thin-walled,  and  not  divided  internally ;  fl.  in  early 
summer.  If. 

A.  glaber.  Pine-barrens  S.  :  nearly  smooth,  2°  high,  with  very  many 
oblong-linear  small  leaflets,  loosely  many-flowered  spikes  of  white  flowers,  in 
spring,  succeeded  by  oblong  curved  and  flattish  2-celled  pods.  2/ 

A.  caryocarpus,  GROUND  PLUM  of  the  Western  voyageurs,  so  called  from 
the  fruit,  Avhich  is  of  the  size  and  shape  of  a  small  plum,  and  fleshy,  but  becom- 
ing dry  and  corky,  very  thick-walled,  2-celled  ;  the  plant  low,  smoothish,  with 
many  small  narrow  oblong  leaflets,  and  short  racemes  or  spikes  of  violet-purple 
or  nearly  white  flowers,  in  spring :  common  along  the  Upper  Mississippi  and 
W.  and  S.  on  the  plains.  ^ 

A.  vi!16sus.  Pine-barrens  S.  :  low  and 'spreading,  loosely  hoary-hairv, 
with  about  13  oblong  leaflets  notched  at  the  end,  a  short  and  dense  raceme  or 
spike  of  small  yellowish  flowers,  in  spring,  and  an  oblong  3-anglcd  curved  and 
soft-hairy  pod,  its  cavity  not  divided,  "il 


108  PULSE    FAMILY. 

28.  WISTARIA.     (Named  for  Prof.  Wistar  of  Philadelphia.)    Very  orna- 
mental woody  twiners  :  fl.  spring. 

W.  frutescens,  AMERICAN  W.  Wild  along  streams  W.  and  S.,  and 
cult,  for  ornament;  soft-downy  when  young,  with  9-15  lance-ovate  leaflets, 
a  dense  raceme  of  showy  blue-purple  flowers,  the  calyx  narrowish,  wing-petals 
each  Avith  one  short  and  one  very  Jong  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  and 
a  smooth  ovary. 

W.  Sinensis,  CHINESE  W.  Cult,  from  China  or  Japan,  barely  hardy  in 
New  England,  faster  growing  (sometimes  20°  in  a  season)  and  higher  climbing 
than  the  other,  with  longer  and  more  pendent  racemes,  wing-petals  appendaged 
on  one  side  only,  and  a  downy  ovary.  Often  flowering  twice  in  the  season. 

29.  APIpS,  GROUND-NUT,  WILD  BEAN.     (Name  from  Greek  word 
for  pear,  from  the  shape  of  the  tubers. )      2/ 

A.  tuberbsa.  Wild  in  low  grounds  ;  subterranean  shoots  bearing  strings 
of  edible  farinaceous  tubers  l'-2'  long;  stems  slender,  rather  hairy  ;  leaflets 
ovate-lanceolate  ;  flowers  brownish-purple,  violet-scented,  crowded  in  short  and 
thick  racemes,  in  late  summer  and  autumn. 

30.  ERYTH-RINA.     (From  Greek  word  for  red,  which  is  the  usual  color 
of  the  flowers.) 

E.  herbacea.  Wild  in  sandy  soil  near  the  coast  S. ;  sending  up  herba- 
ceous stems  2°  —  4°  high  from  a  thick  woody  root  or  base,  some  leafy,  the  leaf- 
lets broadly  triangular-ovate  ;  others  nearly  leafless,  terminating  in  a  long  erect 
raceme  of  narrow  scarlet  flowers,  of  which  the  straight  and  folded  lanceolate 
standard  (2f  long)  is  the  only  conspicuous  part ;  seeds  scarlet :  fl.  spring. 

E.  Crista-galli.  Cult,  in  conservatories,  from  Brazil ;  with  a  tree-like 
trunk,  oval  or  oblong  leaflets,  and  loose  racemes  of  crimson  large  flowers,  the 
keel  as  well  as  the  broad  spreading  standard  conspicuous,  the  rudimentary  wings 
hidden  in  the  calyx. 

31.  PHASEOLUS,  BEAN,  KIDNEY  BEAN.      (An  ancient  name  of 
the  Bean.)     Fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

*  Native  species,  small-flowered. 

P.  per^nnis.  From  Connecticut  and  Illinois  S.  in  woody  places  ;  slender 
stems  climbing  high  ;  leaflets  roundish-ovate,  short-pointed  ;  racemes  long  and 
loose,  often  panicled ;  flowers  small,  purple ;  pods  drooping,  scimitar-shaped, 
few-seeded.  ^ 

P.  diversifdlius.  Sandy  shores,  &c.  :  spreading  on  the  ground,  with 
rough  hairy  stems,  ovate  entire  or  commonly  3-lobed  or  angled  leaflets,  pedun- 
cles twice  the  length  of  the  leaves,  bearing  a  small  cluster  of  purplish  or  at  length 
greenish  flowers,  and  linear  nearly  terete  straight  pods,  fi) 

P.  helvolus.  Sandy  soil,  from  New  Jersey  and  Illinois  S.  :  more  slen- 
der than  the  preceding,  sometimes  twining  a  little,  with  the  ovate  or  oblong 
leaflets  entire  or  obscurely  angled,  peduncles  several  times  surpassing'  the  leaves, 
flowers  pale  purple,  and  pods  narrower.  2/ 

P.  paucifldrus.  River-banks  W.  &  S.  :  spreading  over  the  ground,  also 
twining  more  or  less,  slender,  pubescent,  with  small  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear 
leaflets,  few  and  small  purplish  flowers  on  a  short  peduncle,  the  keel  merely 
incurved,  and  the  straight  flat  pod  only  1 '  long.  (f) 

*  *  Exotic  species,  cultivated  mainly  for  food,  all  with  ovate  pointed  leaflets.     (1) 

P.  VUlgaris,  COMMON  KIDNEY,  STRING,  and  POLE  BEAN.  Twining, 
with  racemes  of  white  or  sometimes  dull  purplish  or  variegated  flowers  shorter 
than  the  leaf,  linear  straight  pods,  and  tumid  seeds.  Many  varieties,  among 
which  may  be  reckoned  the  next. 

P.  nailUS,  DWARF  or  FIELD  BEAN  ;  low  and  bushy,  not  twining ;  seeds 
very  tumid. 

P.  lunatus,  LIMA  BEAN,  SIEVA  B.,  &c.  Twining,  with  racemes  of 
small  greenish-white  flowers  shorter  than  the  leaf,  and  broad  and  curved  or 
haped  pods,  containing  few  large  and  flat  seeds. 


PULSE    FAMILY.  109 

P.  multifl6rus,  SPANISH  BEAN,  SCARLET  RUNNER  when  red-flowered ; 
twining  high,  with  the  showy  flowers  bright  scarlet,  or  white,  or  mixed,  in 
ped uncled  racemes  surpassing  the  leaves  ;  pods  broadly  linear,  straight  or 
a  little  curved  ;  seeds  large,  tumid,  white  or  colored. 

*  #  #  Exotic  species,  cultivated  in  greenhouses  for  ornament,     y. 

P.  Caracalla,  SNAIL-FLOWER.  Stem  twining  extensively,  rather  woody 
below,  from  a  tuberous  root  ;•  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  taper-pointed  ;  racemes 
longer  than  the  leaf;  flowers  showy,  2'  long,  white  and  purple,  the  standard  as 
well  as  the  very  long-snouted  keel  spirally  coiled,  giving  somewhat  the  appear- 
ance of  a  snail-shell. 

32.  DOLICHOS,  BLACK  BEAN,  &c.      (Old  Greek  name  of  a  Bean, 
meaning  elongated,  perhaps  from  the  tall-climbing  stems.) 

D.  Lablab,  EGYPTIAN  or  BLACK  BEAN,  cult,  from  India,  for  ornament 
and  sometimes  for  food,  is  a  smooth  twiner,  with  elongated  racemes  of  showy 
violet,  purple,  or  white  flowers,  1'  long,  and  thick  and  broadly  oblong  pointed 
pods  ;  seeds  black  or  tawny  with  a  white  scar.  (T) 

D.  Sinensis,  CHINA'  BEAN,  var.  melanophthalmus,  BLACK-EYED 
BEAN,  with  long  peduncles  bearing  only  2  or  3  (white  or  pale)  flowers  at  the 
end,  the  beans  (which  are  good)  white* with  a  black  circle  round  the  scar,  is 
occasionally  met  with. 

33.  GALACTIA,  MILK-PEA.     (From  a  Greek  word  for  milty,  which 
these  plants  are  not.)     There  are  several  other  species -in  the 'Southern  At- 
lantic States  ;  a  rare  one  has  pinnate  leaves.     Fl.  summer.     If. 

G.  glab^lla.  Sandy  soil  from  New  Jersey  S.  :  prostrate,  nearly  smooth, 
with  rather  rigid  ovate-oblong  leaflets,  their  upper  surface  shining,  a  few  rather 
large  rose-purple  flowers  on  a  peduncle  not  exceeding  the  leaves,  and  a  4  -  6- 
seeded  at  length  smoothish  pod. 

G.  mollis.  Sandy  barrens,  from  Maryland  S. :  spreading,  seldom  twining, 
soft-downy  and  hoary,  even  to  the  8  -  10-seeded  pod  ;  racemes  long-peduncled, 
many-flowered ;  leaflets  oval. 

34.  AMPHICARP.&JA,  HOG-PEA-NUT.      (Name  from  Greek  words 
meaning  double-fruited,  alluding  to  the  two  kinds  of  pod.)     ^ 

A.  monoica.  A  slender  much-branched  twiner,  with  brownish-hairy 
stems,  leaves  of  3  rhombic-ovate  thin  leaflets,  and  numerous  small  purplish 
flowers  in  clustered  drooping  racemes,  besides  the  more  fertile  subterranean 
ones  ;  the  turgid  pods  of  the  latter  hairy  :  herbage  greedily  fed  upon  by  gittle  : 
fl.  late  summer  and  autumn. 

35.  CENTROSEMA,  SPURRED  BUTTERFLY-PEA.     (Name  from 
Greek  words  meaning  spurred  standard.}      2/ 

C.  Virginianum.  Sandy  woods,  chiefly  S.  :  trailing  and  low  twining, 
slender,  roughish  with  minute  hairs  ;  leaflets  varying  from  ovate-oblong  to 
linear,  very  veiny,  shining ;  the4  -4-flowered  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ; 
the  showy  violet-purple  flowers  ly  or  1^'  long,  in  summer. 

36.  CLITORIA,  BUTTERFLY-PEA.     (Derivation  obscure.)     ^ 

C.  Mariana,  our  only  species,  in  dry  ground  from  New  Jersey  S. :  smooth, 
with  erect  or  slightly  twining  stem  (l°-3°  high),  ovate-oblong  leaflets  pale 
beneath,  very  showy  light  blue  flowers  2'  long,  single  or  2  -  3  together  on  a 
short  peduncle,  and  a  few-seeded  straight  pod  :  fl.  summer. 

37.  HARDENBERGIA.      (Named  for  an  Austrian  botanist.)     Austra- 
lian plants.     11 

H.  monoph^lla,  a  choice  greenhouse  plant,  has  leaves  of  a  single  ovate 
or  lanceolate  leaflet  2'  or  3'  long,  and  slender  racemes  of  small  violet-purple 
flowers  ;  whole  plant  smooth. 


110  PULSE    FAMILY. 

38.  KETTNEDYA.     (Named  for  a  distinguished  English  florist.)     Aus- 
tralian plants,  of  choice  cultivation  in  conservatories.      ^ 

K.  rubiciinda,  is  hairy,  free-climbing,  with  3  ovate  leaflets,  and  2-4- 
flowcred  peduncles,  the  dark  red  or  crimson  flowers  over  1'  long. 

39.  RHYNCHOSIA..     (Name  from  the  Greek,  means  beaked,  of  no  ob- 
vious application.)     Chiefly  Southern  :  fl.  summer,     y. 

R.  toment6sa.  Low,  soft-downy,  in  several  varieties,  erect,  spreading,  or 
the  taller  forms  twining  more  or  less,  with  one  or  three  round  or  sometimes 
oblong-oval  leaflets,  and  clusters  or  racemes  of  small  yellow  flowers.  Dry  sandy 
soil,  from  Maryland  S. 

R.  galactoides.  Bushy-branched,  2°  -  4°  high,  not  at  all  disposed  to 
twine,  minutely  pubescent,  with  3  small  and  rigid  oval  leaflets,  hardly  any 
common  petiole,  and  scattered  flowers  in  the  upper  axils,  the  standard  reddish 
outside.  Dry  sand-ridges,  from  Alabama  S. 

40.  PISUM,  PEA.     (The  old  Greek  and  Latin  name  of  the  Pea.)     ® 

P.  sativum,  COMMON  PEA.  Cult,  from  the  Old  World  :  smooth  and 
glaucous,  with  very  large  leafy  stipules,  commonly  2  pairs  of  leaflets,  branching 
tendrils,  and  peduncles  bearing  2  or  more  large  flowers ;  corolla  white,  bluish, 
purple,  or  party-colored  ;  pods  rather  fleshy. 

41.  LATHYRUS,  VETCHLING.      (Old  Greek  name.)      Some  species 
closely  resemble  the  Pea,  others  are  more  like  Vetches.     Fl.  summer. 

#  Cult,  from  En.,  for  ornament :  stem  and  petioles  wing-margined :  leaflets  one  pair. 

L.  odoratUS,  SWEET  PEA.  Stem  more  or  less  roughish-hairy  ;  leaflets 
oval  or  oblong ;  flowers  2  or  3  on  a  long  peduncle,  sweet-scented,  white  with 
the  standard  rose-color,  or  purple,  with  varieties  variously  colored.  (T) 

L.  latifblius,  EVERLASTING  PEA.  Smooth,  climbing  high  ;  stems  broadly 
winged  ;  leaflets  oval,  with  parallel  veins  very  conspicuous  beneath ;  flowers 
numerous  in  a  long-peduncled  raceme,  pink-purple,  also  a  white  variety,  scent- 
less. Jl 

*  #  Native  species :  stems  wingless  or  merely  margined :  leaflets  2-8  pairs.    JJ. 

L.  maritimus,  BEACH  PEA.  Sea-shore  of  New  England  especially  N., 
and  along  the  Great  Lakes  :  about  1°  high,  leafy,  smooth,  with  stipules  nearly 
as  large  as  the  8-16  oval  crowded  leaflets,  and  the  peduncle  bearing  6-10  rather 
large  purple  flowers. 

L.  vendsus.  Shady  banks  W.  £  S. :  climbing,  with  10-17  more  scattered 
ovate  or  oblong  leaflets,  often  downy  beneath,  small  and  slender  stipules,  and 
peduncles  bearing  many  purple  flowers. 

L.  OChroletlCUS.  Hillsides  and  banks  N.  £  W.  :  slender  stems  l°-3° 
high  ;  the  leaflets  6-8,  glaucous,  thin,  ovate  or  oval,  larger  than  the  leafy 
stipules  ;  peduncles  bearing  several  rather  small  yellowish-white  flowers. 

Jj.  palustris.  Swamps  and  wet  grounds  N.  &  W.  :  low,  l°-2°*high, 
with  margined  or  slightly  winged  stems,  small  lanceolate  stipules,  4-8  leaflets 
varying  from  linear  to  oblong,  and  peduncles  bearing  3-5  rather  small  purple 
flowers. 

Var.  myrtifblius,  common  W.  &  S.,  usually  appears  very  distinct,  climb- 
ing 2°  -  4°  high,  with  oblong  or  oval  leaflets,  larger  and  more  leaf-like  upper 
stipules,  and  paler  flowers. 

42.  VICIA,  VETCH,  TARE.     (The  old  Latin  name  of  the  genus.] 

§  1 .    Flowers  several  or  many  on  a  slender  peduncle,  in  spring  or  summer :  pod 
several-seeded:  wild  species  in  low  ground,  1°  — 4°  kiyh.     2/ 

#  Peduncle  4  —  S-Jlowered :  plant  smooth. 

V.  Americana.  Common  N.  &  W. ;  with  10  - 14  oblong  and  very  blunt 
veiny  leaflets,  and  purplish  flowers  over  £'  long. 

V.  acutifblia.  Near  the  coast  S. ;  with  about  4  linear  or  oblong  leaflets, 
and  small  blue  or  purplish  flowers. 


PULSE    FAMILY.  Ill 

*  *  Peduncle  tearing  very  many  small  soon  reflexed  flowers. 

V.  Caroliniana.  Smoothish  ;  with  8-24  oblong  blunt  leaflets,  and  small 
white  or  purpiish-tipped  flowers  rather  loose  or  scattered  in  the  slender  raceme. 

V.  Cracca.  Only  N.  &  W.,  rather  downy ;  with  20  -  24  lance-oblong 
mucronate-pointed  leaflets,  and  a  dense  spike  of  blue  flowers  (nearly  £'  long) 
turning  purple. 

§  2.  Flowers  1  —  5  on  a  slender  peduncle,  in  summer  or  spring,  very  small :  leaf- 
lets oblong-linear,  4-8  pairs  :  pod  ol)long,  only  2  -  ^-seeded:  slender  and 
delicate  European  plants,  run  wild  in  fields  and  waste  places.  (F) 

V.  tetrasp6rma.     Leaflets  blunt ;  corolla  whitish ;  pod  4-seeded,  smooth. 

V.  hirsuta.     Leaflets  truncate  ;  corolla  bluish  ;  pod  2-seeded,  hairy. 

§  3.  Flowers  single  or  few  and  sessile  or  short-peduncled  in  the  axil  of  the  leaves, 
pretty  large  :  pod  several-seeded :  stem  simple,  low,  not  climbing.  ® 

V.  sativa,  COMMON  VETCH  or  TARE.  Sometimes  cult,  for  fodder,  from 
the  Old  World,  run  wild  in  some  fields  :  somewhat  hairy,  with  10-14  leaflets 
varying  from  oblong  or  obovate  to  linear,  and  notched  and  mucronate  at  the 
apex  ;  flowers  mostly  in  pairs  and  sessile,  violet-purple  ;  seeds  tumid. 

V.  Faba,  BEAN  of  England,  WINDSOR  or  HORSE-BEAN.  Cult,  from  the 
Old  World  for  the  edible  beans  (which  are  not  much  fancied  in  this  country, 
where  we  have  better)  :  smooth,  with  stout  erect  stem  l°-2°  high,  crowded 
leaves  of  2  -  6  oblong  leaflets  (1^'  -  3'  long),  a  mere  rudiment  of  a  tendril,  and 
axillary  clusters  of  white  flowers  having  a  black  spot  on  each  wing  ;  pod  thick 
and  fleshy,  2'  -  3'  long  ;  seeds  oval,  flattened,  large. 

43.  LENS,  LENTIL.     (Classical  Latin  name.    The  shape  of  the  seed  gave 
the  name  to  the  glass  lens  for  magnifying. )     © 

L.  es<3U.16nta,  COMMON  LENTIL,  of  Europe,  cult,  for  fodder  and  for  the 
seeds,  but  rarely  with  us  :  slender  plant,  barely  1°  high,  resembling  a  Vetch, 
with  several  pairs  of  oblong  leaflets  (£  long),  2  or  3  small  white  or  purplish 
flowers  on  a  slender  peduncle,  and  a  small  broad  pod,  containing  2  orbicular 
sharp-edged  (lens-shaped)  seeds,  which  are  generally  yellowish  or  brownish, 
a  sorry  substitute  for  beans,  but  good  for  soup. 

44.  CICER,  CHICK-PEA.     (An  old  Latin  name  for  the  Vetch.)     © 

C.  arietinum,  COMMON  C.,  of  the  Old  World,  called  COFFEE-PEA  at  the 
West,  there  cult,  for  its  seeds,  which  are  used  for  coffee  :  their  shape  gave  the 
specific  name,  being  likened  to  the  head  of  a  sheep  :  plant  9'  -  20'  high,  covered 
with  soft  glandular  acid  hairs  ;  leaves  of  8-  12  wedge-obovate  serrate  leaflets  ; 
peduncle  bearing  one  small  whitish  flower,  succeeded  by  the  turgid  small  pod. 

45.  CHORIZEMA.     (A  fanciful  name  of  Greek  derivation.)     y. 

C.  ilicifblia,  HOLLY-LEAVED  C.  Greenhouse-plant  from  Australia,  bushy, 
with  lance-oblong  leaves  cut  into  strong  spiny  teeth  or  lobes,  and  racemes  of 
small  copper-colored  flowers,  the  wings  redder. 

46.  BAPTISIA,  FALSE  INDIGO.     (From  Greek  word  meaning  to  dye, 
these  plants  yielding  a  poor  sort  of  indigo.)     Foliage  of  most  species  turning 
blackish  in  drying  ;  nearly  all  grow  in  sandy  or  gravelly  dry  soil :  fl.  spring 
and  early  summer.     2/ 

*  Flowers  yellow. 

B.  perfoliata.  Low  and  spreading,  smooth  and  glaucous,  with  simple 
round-ovate  leaves  surrounding  the  stem  (perfoliate,  probably  answering  to 
united  stipules),  and  single  small  flowers  in  their  axils ;  pod  small  and  globular. 
Carolina  and  Georgia. 

B.  tinctbria,  COMMON  or  WILD  FALSE-!XDIGO.  Pale  or  glaucous, 
smooth,  bushy,  2°  high,  with  3  small  wedge-obovate  leaflets,  hardly  any  com- 
mon petiole,  minute  deciduous  stipules,  few-flowered  racemes  terminating  the 
branches,  and  small  globular  pods. 


112  PULSE    FAMILY. 

B.  lanceolata.  Downy  when  young,  spreading,  with  3  thickish  blunt  leaf- 
lets varying  from  lanceolate  "to  obovate,  a  very  short  common  petiole,  small  de- 
ciduous stipules,  and  rather  large  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  and  in  short  ter- 
minal racemes,  the  pod  globular  and  slender-pointed.  Common  S.  &  S.  W. 

B.  Vill6sa.  Minutely  downy,  with  stout  stems  2°  high,  3  spatulate-oblong 
or  wedge-obovate  leaflets,  becoming  smooth  above,  a  very  short  common  petiole, 
stipules  more  or  less  persistent,  and  manv-flowered  racemes  of  large  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels ;  the  pod  minutely  downy,  oblong,  taper-pointed.  From 
Carolina  S.  W. 

#  *  Floivers  white,  in  the  first  cream-color :  leaves  all  of  3  leaflets  varying  from 
wedge-obocate  to  oblanceolate,  and  flowers  in  long  racemes  terminating  the 
branches. 

B.  leucophaea.  Low  and  spreading,  1°  high,  soft-hairy,  with  persistent 
large  and  leaf-like  bracts  and  stipules,  reclined  one-sided  racemes  of  cream- 
colored  large  (!'  Song)  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  and  hoary  ovate  pods.  Open 
woods,  chiefly  W. 

B.  alba/  Smooth,  2°  -3°  high,  with  slender  widely  spreading  branches, 
slender  petioles,  minute  deciduous  stipules  and  bracts,  loose  erect  or  spreading 
long-peduncled  racemes  of  small  flowers  (£'-&'  long),  and  cylindrical  pods. 
From  Virginia  S. 

B.  leucantha.  Smooth  and  glaucous,  stout,  3°  -  5°  high,  with  spreading 
branches,  rather  short  petioles,  the  lanceolate  stipules  and  bracts  deciduous, 
erect  long  racemes  of  lai-ge  (!'  long)  flowers,  and  oval-oblong  pods  2'  long, 
raised  on  a  stalk  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Alluvial  soil,  from  Ohio 
W.  &  S. 

#  #  *  Flowers  blue:  leaves  of  3  leaflets  as  in  the  foregoing. 

B.  australis.     Smooth  and  stout,  pale,  erect,  2°  -  5°  high,  with  oblong- 
wedge-shaped  leaflets,  lanceolate  and  rather  persistent  stipules  as  long  as  the 
short  petiole,  erect  racemes  of  pretty  large  (nearly  1'  long)  flowers  on  short 
pedicels,  and  oval-oblong  pods  2' -3'  long,  on  a  stalk  of  the  length  of  the 
calyx. 

47.  THERMOPSIS.    (From  Greek  words  meaning  that  the  plants  resem- 
ble the  Lupine. )     Flowers  yellow.     2/ 

T.  mollis.  Wild  in  open  woods  from  N.  Carolina  S. :  downy,  l°-2°  high, 
with  spreading  branches,  3  obovate-oblong  leaflets,  oblong-ovate  leafy  stipules, 
some  of  them  as  long  as  the  short  petioles,  and  long  narrow-linear  spreading 
pods  short-stalked  in  the  calyx:  fl.  spring.  (There  are  two  other  species  in  the 
Southern  Alleghanies.) 

T.  fabaeea,  which  is  erect  with  oval  leaflets  and  upright  pods,  is  sparingly 
cult,  from  Siberia,  and  wild  in  N.  W.  America. 

48.  CLADRASTIS,  YELLOW-WOOD.      (Meaning  of  name  obscure, 
perhaps  from  Greek  for  brittle  branches.) 

C.  tinct6ria  (also  named  ViRGfLiA  LfjTEA),  native  of  rich  woods  from 
E.  Kentucky  S.,  planted  for  ornament,  one  of  the  very  handsomest  and  neatest 
of  ornamental  trees  ;  with  light  yellow  wood,  a  close  bark  like  that  of  Beech, 
leaves  of  7-11  parallel-veined  oval  or  ovate  leaflets  (3'-4'  long  and  smooth,  as 
is  the  whole  plant),  and  ample  hanging  panicles  (1°  or  more  long)  of  pretty, 
delicately  fragrant,  cream-white  flowers,  terminating  the  branchlets  of  the  season, 
in  May  or  June. 

49.  SOPHORA.     (An  Arabic  name  altered.)     There  is  a  wild  herbaceous 
species  beyond  the  Mississippi,  a  low  shrubby  one  on  the  coast  of  Florida, 
and  a  tree  in  Arkansas  and  Texas  which  in  its  fleshy  jointed  pod  and  in  ap- 
pearance much  resembles  the  following  :  — 

S.  Jap6nica,  JAPAX  S.  Planted  for  ornament,  hardy  to  New  England  ; 
tree  20°  -  50°  high,  with  greenish  bark,  11-13  oval  or  oblong  acute  smooth 
leaflets,  and  loose  panicles  of  cream-white  flowers,  terminating  the  branches  at 
the  end  of  summer,  the  fruit  a  string  of  fleshy  1 -seeded  joints. 


PULSE    FAMILY.  113 

50.  CERCIS,  RED-BUD,  JUDAS-TREE.      (Ancient  name  of  the  ori- 
ental species  :  the  English  name  from  the  old  notion  that  this  was  the  tree 
whereon  Judas  hanged  himself.) 

C.  Canadensis,  AMERICAN  RED-BUD.  Wild  from  New  York  S.  (but 
probably  not  in  Canada  as  the  name  implies)  :  a  small,  handsome  tree,  orna- 
mental in  spring,  when  the  naked  branches  are  covered  with  the  small  but  very 
numerous  flowers,  of  the  color  of  peach-blossoms  or  redder  ;  the  rounded  leaves 
are  somewhat  pointed,  and  the  pods  scarcely  stalked  in  the  calyx. 

C.  Siliquastrum,  EUROPEAN  R.  or  JUDAS-TREE.  Barely  hardy  N., 
except  as  a  shrub ;  has  larger  flowers,  pod  raised  out  of  the  calyx  on  a  short 
stalk,  and  almost  kidney-shaped  leaves.  A  seeming  variety  of  this  inhabits 
Texas  and  California. 

51.  CASSIA,  SENNA.    (Ancient  name,  of  obscure  meaning.)    The  follow- 
ing all  wild  species,  the  first  sometimes  cult,  in  country  gardens,  and  the 
leaves  used  in  place  of  true,  oriental  Senna.     Fl.  summer,  in  all  ours  yellow. 

§  1.  Smooth  herbs,  in  rich  or  alluvial  soil,  with  rather  large  leaflets,  deciduous 
stipules,  flowers  in  short  axillary  racemes  or  crowded  in  a  panicle,  and  the 
10  stamens  unequal,  some  of  the  upper  anthers  imperfect. 

C.  Marilandica,  WILD  SENNA.  The  only  common  sort  at  the  north, 
3° -4°  high,  with  6-9  pairs  of  narrow-oblong  blunt  and  mucronate  leaflets, 
a  club-shaped  gland  on  the  common  petiole  near  the  base,  bright  yellow  petals 
often  turning  whitish  when  old,  blackish  anthers,  and  linear  flat  (at  first  hairy) 
pods.  "11 

C.  occidentalis,  WESTERN  S.  or  STYPTIC-WEED.  Common  S.,  nat. 
from  South  America :  l°-5°  high,  with  4-6  pairs  of  lance-ovate  acute  leaf- 
lets, a  globular  gland  on  the  base  of  the  petiole,  and  narrow  linear  smooth  pods 
5'  long.  © 

C.  Obtusif61ia.  From  Illinois  and  Virginia  S. ;  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  ob- 
ovate  leaflets,  a  pointed  gland  between  the  lowest,  the  pale  flowers  in  pairs,  and 
slender  curved  pods  6'  -  10'  long.  © 

§  2.  Low  and  spreading,  smooth  or  roughish  hairy  herbs,  in  sandy  or  dry  Ixtrren 
soil,  with  persistent  striate  stipules,  and  10-20  pairs  of  small  linear-oblong 
oblique  or  unequal-sided  leaflets,  which  are  somewhat  sensitive,  closing  ivhen 
roughly  brushed ;  a  cup-shaped  gland  below  the  lowest  pair :  flowers  clus- 
tered in  the  axils. 

C.  Chamsecrista,  LARGE-FL.  SENSITIVE  or  PARTRIDGE  PEA.    Flowers 

Eretty  large,  showy,  on  slender  pedicels,  with  the  petals  often  purple-spotted  at 
ase,  a  slender  style,  and  10  unequal  stamens,  some  of  the  anthers  usually  yel- 
low and  others  purple.     Like  the  next  most  common  S.     © 

C.  nictitans,  SMALL-FL.  S.  Flowers  small,  on  very  short  pedicels,  with 
a  short  style,  and  5  nearly  equal  anthers. 

52.  CJESALPINIA.     (Named  for  the  early  Italian  botanist  Ccesalpinus. ) 
One  species  of  tropical  America,  cult,  in  some  conservatories,  is  planted  out 
in  Gulf  States,  viz. 

C.  pulcherrima  (also  named  POINCIANA  PULCHERRIMA),  BARBADOES 
FLOWER-FENCE.  Small  tree,  prickly,  with  twice-pinnate  leaves,  numerous 
oblong  leaflets  notched  at  the  end,  and  open  terminal  racemes  of  large  and 
showy  flowers,  the  short-clawed  broad  and  jagged-edged  petals  1'  long  and  red- 
dish-orange, and  the  crimson  filaments  3'  long. 

53.  GYMNOCLADUS,  KENTUCKY  COFFEE-TREE.    (Name  from 
Greek  words  for  naked  branch,  the  branches  being  very  stout,  and  when  the 
leaves  have  fallen  appearing  destitute  of  spray.) 

G.  Canaddnsis.    The  only  species,  a  fine  ornamental  and  timber  tree,  wild 

from  W.  New  York  S.  and  especially  W.,  with  rough  bark,  twice-pinnate  leaves 

2°  or  3°  long,  each  partial  leafstalk  bearing  7-13  ovate  and  stalked  leaflets, 

except  the  lowest  pair,  which  are  single  leaflets   (2' -3'  long);    the  leaflets 

S&F— 16 


lit  PULSU    FAMILY. 

remarkable  for  hanging  edgewise.  Flowers  in  early  summer  ;  ripening  in  late 
autumn,  the  large  anil  indurated  pod  5'-lu'  long  and  l^'-2'  wide;  the  seeds 
over  -£'  across. 

54.  GLEDiTSCHIA,  HONEY-LOCUST.     (Named  for  the  early  Gcr. 
man  botanist,  Gleditsch.)    Fl.  early  summer,  inconspieuous,  ripening  the  pods 
late  in  autumn.    Thorns  simple  or  compound ;  those  on  the  branchlcts  above 
the  axils.     Leaves  on  growing  shoots  of  the  season  twice  pinnate ;  those  in 
clusters  on  spurs  mostly  once  pinnate. 

G.  triacanthos,  THREE-THORNED  ACACIA  or  COMMON  H.  Wild  in 
rich  soil  from  Penn.  S.  &  W.,  also  commonly  planted  for  shade,  sometimes  used 
for  hedges  :  a  rather  tali  tree,  with  light  foliage,  large  often  very  compound 
thorns  flattish  at  the  base  and  tapering,  small  lance-oblong  leaflets,  and  linear 
flat  pods  9' -20'  long,  often  twisted  or  curved.  A  var.  INERMIS  has  very  few  or 
no  thorns. 

G.  Sinensis,  CHINESE  H.,  occasionally  planted,  has  atouter  conical  thorns, 
and  broader  oval  leaflets. 

G.  monosperma,  ONE-SEEDED  or  WATER  H.  Swamps  from  Illinois 
S.  W. :  small  tree,  with  slender  thorns,  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets,  and  oval  1 -seeded 
pods,  containing  no  pulp. 

55.  MIMOSA,  SENSITIVFrPLANT.     (From  Greek  word  to  mimic,  i.  c. 
the  movements  imitating  an  animal  faculty.)    There  arc  wild  shrubby  species 
in  Texas  and  farther  S.     The  following  are  herbs,  procumbent  or  trailing, 
with  bristly  short  pods. 

M.  pudica,  COMMON  S.  Beset  with  spreading  bristly  hairs  and  somewhat 
prickly  ;  the  leaves  very  sensitive  to  the  touch,  of  very  numerous  linear  leaflets 
on  2  pairs  of  branches  of  the  common  petiole,  crowded  on  its  apex,  so  as  to 
appear  digitate ;  flowers  rose-purple,  in  slender-peduncled  heads,  in  summer. 
Cult,  from  South  America.  (T) 

M.  Strigilldsa,  WILD  S.  Rough  with  appressed  stiff  bristles,  not  prickly ; 
loaves  with  5  or  6  pairs  of  branches  of  the  common  petiole,  each  bearing  10-14 
pairs  of  oblong-linear  leaflets  ;  flowers  rose-color ;  oblong  head  on  very  long 
peduncle.  Wild  on  river-banks  far  S. :  fl.  summer.  2/ 

56.  SCHRANKIA,  SENSITIVE-BRIER.     (Named  for  a  German  bot- 
anist, Schrank.)     Two  species  wild  in  dry  sandy  soil,  S.  &  W.,  spreading  on 
the  ground,  appearing  much  alike,  with  leaves  closing  like  the   Sensitive- 
riant,  but  only  under  ruder  handling  :  flowers  rose-purple,  small,  in  globular 
heads  on  axillary  peduncles,  in  summer.     ^/ 

S.  uncinata.  Stems,  petioles,  peduncles,  and  oblong-linear  short-pointed 
pods  beset  with  rather  stout  hooked  prickles  ;  leaflets  elliptical,  reticulated  with 
strong  veins  underneath. 

S.  angUStata.  Prickles  scattered,  weaker,  and  less  hooked ;  leaflets  oblong- 
linear,  not  reticulated  ;  pods  slender,  taper-pointed. 

57.  DESMANTHUS.     (Greek-made  name,  meaning  that  the  flowers  nre 
bound  tw/ether :  they  are  merely  crowded  in  a  head.     A  few  species  very  far 
S.,  and  the  following  W. 

D.  brach^lobus.  Prairies  from  Illinois  S.  &  W. :  nearly  smooth,  l°-4° 
high,  erect,  with  6-15  pairs  of  partial  petioles,  each  bearing  20-30  pairs  of 
very  small  narrow  leaflets,  one  or  more  glands  on  the  main  petiole,  small  heads 
of  whitish  flowers,  followed  by  short  2  -  6-seeded  pods  ;  stamens  5.  ^ 

58.  ALBIZZIA,  SILK-FLOWER.     (Named  for  an  Italian  botanist.) 
A.  Julibrissin,  SILK-FLOWER  or  SILK-TREE,  from  Asia,  planted  for 

ornament  S.  :  a  small  tree,  with  leaves  of  numerous  pairs  of  partial  petioles, 
each  bearing  about  60  oblong  acute  leaflets,  which  appear  as  if  halved,  and  with 
panicled  heads  of  rather  large  pale  rose-purple  flowers,  the  long  and  lustrous 
filaments,  like  silky  threads  in  tufts  (giving  the  popular  name),  being  mainly 
conspicuous  ;  pod  5'  -  6'  long,  oblong-linear,  very  flat  and  thin. 


ROSE    FAMILY.  115 

59.  ACACIA.  (Ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name  of  Acacia-trees  ;  one  spe- 
cies yields  Gum  Arabic.)  No  native  species  north  of  Texas.  The  following 
are  exotic  shrubs  or  trees,  cult,  in  conservatories  N.,  and  one  of  them  planted 
or  run  wild  far  S. 

§  1.    leaves  twice  pinnate,  of  very  numerous  small  leaflets. 

A.  Farnesiana.  Native  of  South  America :  nat.  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co, sometimes  cult.  :  a  nearly  smooth  shrub,  with  pairs  of  short  prickles  along 
the  branches,  small  linear  leaflets,  small  heads,  on  short  peduncles  (2  or  3  to- 
gether) of  yellow  very  sweet-scented  flowers,  used  by  the  perfumers.  The  plant 
also  yields  "gum.  Pod  thick,  pulpy  or  pithy  within. 

A.  dealbata,  of  Australia  :  a  fast-growing  small  tree,  not  prickly  nor 
thorny,  pale  or  whitened  with  minute  obscure  down  or  mealiness  ;  with  leaves 
of  10-25  pairs  of  partial  petioles  (a  little  gland  on  the  main  petiole  between 
each  pair),  and  very  many  pairs  of  closely  set  and  minute  linear  leaflets  ;  the 
bright  yellow  flowers  in  globular  heads  collected  in  an  ample  very  open  raceme 
or  panicle,  odorous. 

§  2.  On///  the  leaves  of  the  seedling  twice-pinnate  ;  the  rest  simple  and  entire  most.li/ 
blade-like  petioles  (called  phyllodia,  Lessons,  p.  69),  standing  edgewise, 
instead  of  flatwise,  but  otherwise  imitating  rigid  simple  leaves.  Chiefly 
natives  of  Australia,  where  they  are  extremely  numerous. 

#  Leaves  short,  and  with  only  a  central  nerve  or  midrib, 

+-  Linear  awl-shaped  or  almost  needle-shaped,  prickly-tipped,  small,  about  \'  long. 

A.  juniperina.  Rigid  bushy  shrub,  with  the  leaves  scattered  over  the 
branches,  and  flowers  in  single  small  round  heads. 

A.  verticillata.     Spreading  shrub  or  low  tree,  with  the  leaves  crowded 
more  or  less  in  whorls  of  5  -  8  or  more,  and  flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes. 
•*-  -t—  Obliquely  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  broader,  not  prickly-tipped. 

A.  armata.  Tall-growing  shrub,  usually  with  hairy  branches,  and  with 
conspicuous  prickle-like  stipules  ;  half-ovate  oblong  or  incurved-lanccolate  leaves 
mostly  blunt,  with  somewhat  wavy  margins,  feather-veined,  not  over  1'  long; 
flowers  in  round  heads. 

A.  vestita.  Tall-growing  shrub,  soft-downy,  with  drooping  branches,  pale 
obliquely  wedge-ovate  or  obovate  and  curved  bristle-pointed  leaves,  and  small 
globular  heads  of  flowers  in  racemes. 

A.  CUltriformis.  Shrub  smooth,  mealy-glaucous  when  young,  with  tri- 
angular or  lance-obovate  and  curved  minutely  pointed  leaves,  of  thick  and  firm 
texture,  and  globular  heads  in  racemes,  forming  a  leafy  terminal  panicle. 

*  *  Leaves  3' -6'  or  more,  long,  pointless,  with  2-5  parallel  nerves,  or  when  very 
narrow  only  1  -nerved :  flowers  in  slender  loose  or  interrupted  axillary  spikes. 

A.  longifblia.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  smooth,  with  angular  branches,  and 
leaves  varying  from  lance-oblong  to  linear,  greatly  varying,  2  -  5-nerved,  often 
faintly  vcinv  between  the  nerves. 

A.  linearis.  Like  the  preceding,  but  with  leaves  (4'  -  10'  long)  very  nar- 
row-linear and  with  only  one  obvious  nerve. 

33.  ROSACES,  ROSE  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  and  regular  flowers,  with 
usually  indefinite  unconnected  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx,  one, 
few,  or  many  simple  separate  pistils  (except  in  the  division  to  which 
the  Pear  belong-),  and  single,  few,  or  occasionally  numerous  seeds  ; 
these  filled  with  a  straight  embryo.  Destitute  of  noxious  qualities 
(excepting  the  bark,  leaves,  and  kernels  of  some  Cherries,  and  the 
like),  and  furnishing  the  most  important  fruits  of  temperate  climates, 
as  well  as  the  queen  of  flowers.  We  have  three  principal  great 
divisions. 


116  ROSE    FAMILY. 

I.  ALMOND    or    PLUM    FAMILY  :    consists   of  trees    or 
shrubs,  with   simple   leaves,   stipules  free  from   the  petiole   (often 
minute  or  early  deciduous,  so  that  there  may  appear  to  be  none), 
a  calyx  which  is  deciduous  after  flowering,  and  a  single  pistil,  its 
ovary  tipped  with  a  slender  style  (Lessons,  p.  103,  fig.  213),  con- 
taining a  pair  of  ovules,  and  becoming  a  simple  drupe  or  stone  fruit. 
(Lessons,  p.  128,  fig.  285.) 

1.  PRUNUS.     Calyx  with  a  bell-shaped  or  urn-shaped  ttibe  and  5  spreading  lobes. 

Petals  5,  and  stamens  3-5  times  as  many,  or  indefinitely  numerous,  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Flowers  white  or  rose-color. 

II.  ROSE    FAMILY    PROPER  :    consists  of  herbs  or  shrubs, 
with  stipules  either  free  from  or  united  with  the  base  of  the  petiole, 
calyx  persisting  below  or  around  the  fruit,  which  is  composed  of 
sometimes  one  but  commonly  several  or  many  distinct  pistils. 

§  1.    Calyx  not  with  a  Jteshy  tube  or  cup,  nor  closed  over  the  fruit. 

#  Ovaries  about  5  (2  -  12),  becoming  little  pods,  several- (2-  10-) seeded:  calyx  icith 

only  5  or  rarely  4  lobes. 

2.  SPIRAEA.     Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  with  stipules  sometimes  minute  or  ob- 

solete, sometimes  conspicuous,  and  white  or  rose-purple  flowers.  Calyx  open 
and  short,  mostly  5-cleft,  not  enclosing  the  pods.  Petals  equal,  commonly 
broad.  Stamens  10-50. 

3.  G1LLENIA.     Herbs,  with  nearly  white  flowers  and  almost  sessile  leaves  of  3 

leaflets.  Calyx  narrow,  oblong,  5-toothed,  enclosing  the  5  pistils  (which  at 
first  lightly  cohere  in  a  mass)  and  the  little  pods.  Petals  rather  unequal, 
lance-linear.  Stamens  10  -  20,  not  projecting. 

#  *  Ovaries  few  or  many,  single-ovuled,  becoming  dry  nkenes  in  fruit  above  the  open 

and  mostly  spreading  calyx :  stamens  numerous. 
-»-  Pistils  few,  only  2-8. 

4.  KERRIA.    Shrub,  with  long  green  branches,  simple  and  coarsely-toothed  leaves, 

and  yellow  flowers  terminating  the  branchlets  of  the  season.  Calyx  with  5 
somewhat  toothed  large  lobes.  Petals  broad. 

6.    WALDSTEINIA.     Low  perennial  herbs,  with  chiefly  root-leaves,  either  lobed 
or  compound,  and  a  few  yellow  flowers  on  a  short  scape.     Calyx  with  a  top- 
shaped  tube  and  5  spreading  lobe?,  alternate  with   which  are   sometimes 
5  minute  teeth  or  bractlets.     Petals  obovate.     Styles  deciduous  by  a  joint. 
i-  -t-  Pistil*  numerous  and  helped  in  a  head:  calyx  (except  in  one  Geum)  augmented 
with  additional  outer  lobes  or  bractltts  alternating  with  the  5  proper  lobes : 
leaves  mostly  compound. 

6.  GEUM.    Perennial  herbs.    Calyx  with  a  belKshaped,  top-shaped,  or  hemispher- 

ical tube  or  cup.  Akenes  narrow,  or  tapering  to  the  ba<e,  tipped  with  the 
long  persistent  style,  or  the  greater  portion  of  it,  in  the  form  of  a  naked  or 
hairy  tail.  Seed  erect.  Receptacle  dry,  conical  or  cylindrical. 

7.  POTE'NTILLA.     Herbs,  or  one  species  'shrubby^     Calyx  flat  or  widely  open. 

Akenes  small,  on  a  dry  receptacle,  from  which  they  at  length  fall. 

8.  FRAGARIA.     Perennial  low  or  stemless  herbs,  with  runners;   and  leaves  of 

3  leaflets.  Calyx  open,  flat.  Styles  short  and  lateral.  Akenes  naked,  small, 
on  the  surface  of  an  enlarged  pulpy  edible  receptacle.  (Lessons,  p.  125,  fig. 
279,  and  p.  129,  fig.  288.) 

#  #  #   Ovaries  several  or  many,  2-ovulcd,  in  fruit  becoming  Jleshy  or  pulpy  and 

1-seeded,  forming  a  head  or  cluster  above  ihejiat  or  widely  open  simply  b-cleft 
calyx :  stamens  numerous  :  styles  short,  naked,  at  length  falling  off. 

9.  DALIBARDA.     Very  low  perennial  tufted  herb,  with  simple  rounded-heart- 

shaped  or  kidney-shaped  root-leaves  and  1  -  2-flowered  scapes.  Calyx  of  5 
or  even  6  unequal  sepals.  Ovaries  5  -  10,  in  fruit  merely  fleshy,  becoming 
almost  drv  and  bony. 

10.  RUBUS.  I'erennial  herbs  or  shrubby  plants.  Ovaries  numerous,  in  fruit 
pulpy  (berry-like,  or  more  properly  drupe-like,  the  inner  hard  part  answering 
to  the  stone  of  a  cherry  or  peach  on  a  small  scale),  crowded  on  the  dry  or 
fleshy  receptacle.  (Lessons,  p.  129,  fig.  289,  290.) 


ROSE    FAMILY.  117 

§  2.  Calyx  with  an  urn-shaped  dry  lube,  contracted  or  nearly  closed  at  the  mouth,  and 
enclosing  1-4  little  instils  'which  become  akenes.  Flowers  small :  petals  none 
except  in  Agrimonia. 

11.  ALCHEMILLA.     Low  herbs,  with  palmately  lobed  or  compound  leaves,  and 

minute  greenish  flowers  in  clusters  or  corymbs.  Calyx  with  4  inner  and 
4  outer  or  accessory  spreading  lobes.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1-4.  Pistils 
1-4,  with  lateral  styles. 

12.  AGRIMONIA.     Herbs,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves,  and  flowers  in  slen- 

der terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  with  the  top-shaped  tube  beset  with 
hooked  bristles  just  below  the  5  green  lobes,  the  latter  closing  together  in 
fruit.  Petals  5,'  commonly  yellow,  broad  and  spreading.  Stamens  5  -  15. 
Pistils  2:  styles  terminal. 

13.  POTERIUM/  Herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  white,  purple,  or  greenish 

flowers  (sometimes  dioecious)  in  dense  heads  or  spikes  on  long  erect  peduncles. 
Calyx  with  a  short  4-angled  closed  tube,  surmounted  by  4  broad  and  petal- 
like  at  length  deciduous  lobes.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4-  12  or  more,  with 
long  and  slender  projecting  filaments.  Pistils  1-4:  the  terminal  styles  tipped 
with  a  brush-like  or  tufted  stigma. 

§  3.    Calyx  with  an  urn-shaped  or  r/lobose  fleshy  tube,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  enclosing 
the  many  pistils  and  akenes      Flowers  large  and  showy. 

14.  ROSA.     Shrubby,  mostly  prickly,  with  pinnate  leaves,  of  3  -  9  or  rarely  more 

serrate  leaflets,  stipules  united  with  the  base  of  the  petiole,  and  flowers  single 
or  in  corymbs  terminating  leafy  branches.  Calyx  with  5  sometimes  leafy 
lobes  which  are  often  unequal  and  some  of  them  toothed  or  pinnatelv  lobed. 
Petals  5,  or  more  in  cultivation,  broad,  inserted  along  with  the  many  stamens 
at  the  mouth  of  the  calyx-tube.  Pistils  numerous,  with  terminal  styles,  and 
one-ovuled  ovaries,  becoming  hard  or  bony  akenes,  enclosed  in  "the  tube 
or  cup  of  the  calyx,  which  in  fruit  becomes  pulpy  and  imitates  a  berry  or 
pome.  (Lessons,  p.  125,  fig.  280.) 

III.  PEAR  FAMILY:  consists  of  shrubs  or  trees,  with  stip- 
ules free  from  the  petiole  (often  minute  or  early  deciduous)  ;  the 
thick-walled  calyx-tube  becoming  fleshy  or  pulpy  and  consolidated 
with  the  2  —  5  ovaries  to  form  a  compound  pistil  and  the  kind  of 
fruit  called  a  pome.  (Lessons,  p.  104,  fig.  215.)  Lobes  of  the  calyx 
and  petals  5.  Stamens  numerous,  or  rarely  only  10-15. 
*  Fruit  drupe-like  ;  the  seeds  solitary  in  a  hard  stone  or  stones. 

15.  CRAT^EGUS.     Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  thorny  branches  and  flowers  in 

corymbs  or  cymes,  or  sometimes  solitary,  terminating  the  branchlets;  the 
lea-ves  lobed  or  serrate.  Styles  2-5  (or  rarely  1):  ovary  of  as  many  2-ovuled 
cells.  Fruit  with  a  stone  of  2-5  (rarely  single)  1-seeded  cells  or  carpels, 
more  or  less  cohering  with  each  other. 

16.  COTONEASTER.      Shrubs  (exotic),  usually  low,  with  the  small  coriaceous 

leaves  entire  and  whitish-downy  underneath,  small  clustered  flowers,  and  the 
calyx  white-woolly  outside.  Styles  2-5.  Fruit  small,  the  pulpy  calyx-tube 
containing  2-5  little  seed-like  hard  stones. 

*  *  Fruit  with  thin  and  cartilaginous  or  papery  2  -several-seeded  carpels  in  the  pome. 
•4-  Leaves  persistent. 

17.  PHOTINIA.      Trees  or  shrubs  (exotic),  not  thorny,   with  afriple  evergreen 

leaves.  Flowers  corymbed.  Styles  2-5,  dilated  at  the  apex.  Fruit  berry- 
like,  the  2-5  partitions  thin,  or  vanishing. 

•*-  •*-  Leaves  deciduous. 

18.  AMEJLANCHIER.     Trees  or  shrubs,  not  thorny,  with  simple  leaves,  racemed 

flowers,  and  narrow  white  petals.  Styles  5,  united  below.  Ovary  of  5  two- 
ovuled  cells,  but  each  cell  soon  divided  more  or  less  by  a  projection  or  growth 
from  its  back,  making  the  berry-like  fruit  10-celled. 

19.  PYRUS.     Trees  or  shrubs,  sometimes  rather  thorny,  with  various  foliage,  and 

flowers  in  cymes,  corymbs,  or  rarely  solitary.  Styles  2 -5.  Ovary  of  2 -5 
two-ovuled  (or  in  cultivated  species  peveral-oviiled)  cells,  which  are  thin  and 
papery  or  cartilaginous  in  fruit  in  the  fleshy  or  pulpy  calyx-tube. 

20.  GiDONlA.     Trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  or  merely  serrate  leave*,  and  rather 
/    large  flowers,  which  resemble  those  of  Pyrus,  as  does  the  fruit,  only  the  5  cell* 

are  many-ovuled  and  many-seeded. 


118  ROSE    FAMILY. 

I.  PRtJNUS,  PLUM,  &c.  (The  nncient  Latin  nnmo  of  the  Plum.)  As 
now  received,  this  genus  comprises  all  the  following  groups,  which  it  has 
been  found  impracticable  to  keep  up  as  botanical  genera.  Foliage  and  the 
stone  and  kernel  of  the  fruit  usually  with  the  flavor  of  prussic  acid,  especially 
in  the  Peach  and  Cherries. 

§  1.  ALMOND  and  PEACH.  Flowers  almost  sessile,  from  separate  scafy  buds, 
in  spring,  before  the  leaves,  the  latter  folded  together  lengthwise  (cc  ^duplicate) 
in  the  bud :  fruit  velvety,  large  :  the  stone  with  wrinkles  and  holes. 

P.  (Am^gdalus)  nana,  DWAKF  or  FLOWERING  ALMOND.  Cult.  for. 
ornament,  from  Asia  ;  a  low  shrub,  with  abundant  and  handsome  rose-colored 
(or  by  variation  white)  usually  full-double  flowers,  earlier  than  the  long  and 
narrow  smooth  leaves  ;  calyx-tube  short-cylindrical  ;  fruit  dry  when  ripe,  with 
the  outer  part  separating  "as  a  husk  from  the  brittle  stone,  as  in  the  edible 
Almond. 

P.  (A.)  P^rsica,  PEACH.  Cult,  from  Asia  for  the  fruit,  also  a  double-fl. 
variety,  for  ornament ;  small  tree,  with  purplish-rose-colored  flowers,  bell-shaped 
calyx-tube,  lanceolate  leaves,  and  globular  fruit  ripening  a  thick  pulp,  cither 
clinging  to  or  separable  from  the  rough-wrinkled  porous  stone.  UnknoAvn  in  a 
wild  state,  probably  derived  from  the  COMMON  ALMOND,  P.  (A.)  COMMUNIS. 
—  Var.  IseviS,  the  NECTARINE,  is  a  state  with  a  smooth-skinned  fruit. 

§  2.  APRICOT.  Flowers  short-pedicc'lcd  or  almost  sessile,  from  separate  scaly 
buds,  in  earl  if  sprint),  before  the  leaves,  which  are  rolled  up  (convolute)  in 
the  bud:  drupe  velvety,  but  with  a  smooth  stone  having  grooved  margins,  one 
of  them  sharp-edged, 

P.  Armeniaca,  APRICOT.  Cult,  from  Armenia;  a  low  smooth  tree, 
with  ovate  and  mostly  rather  heart-shaped  leaves,  white  or  slightly  rosy  flowers 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  and  early-ripening  fruit,  of  character  intermediate  between 
peach  and  plum. 

§3.  PLUM  and  CHERRY.  F/oivrrs  pedicelled  and  almost  always  white :  drupe 
smooth,  its  stone  smooth  or  somewhat  rugged. 

*  PLUMS.  Flowers  from  separate  lateral  buds,  m  spring,  preceding  orcoetaneous 
ivith  the  leaves  ;  the  latter  rolled  up,  or  in  most  of  our  native  species  folded 
toe/ether,  in  the  bud :  drupe  generally  with  a  whitish  bloom  and  a  Jlat  or 
Jiattish  stone. 

•»-  Exotic  (European  or  Asiatic)  species. 

P.  dom^stica,  GARDEN  PLUM,  of  many  varieties  :  tree  with  spreading 
thornless  branches,  and  oblong  or  lance-ovate"  leaves  ;  the  fruit  verv  various  in 
size  and  shape,  with  a  flat  or  flattish  and  roughish  stone.  Doubtless  (at  least 
in  part)  a  long-cultivated  derivative  of 

P.  insititia,  BULLACE  PLUM,  introduced  in  some  places  near  the  seaboard, 
has  been  used  as  a  stock  for  grafting,  &c.,  is  a  little  thorny,  the  pedicels  and 
lower  face  of  the  leaves  d'owny,  the  fruit  round  and  black. 

P.  spinbsa,  SLOE,  or  BLACK  THORN.  Cult,  or  nat.  in  old  gardens  or 
waste  places  :  a  low  tree,  with  spreading  thorny  branches  ;  the  obovate-oblong 
or  lance-oblong  leaves  and  pedicels  soon  glabrous  ;  fruit  small,  globular,  purple- 
black,  with  a  tnrgid  stone  and  a  greenish  astringent  pulp.  Probably  this  is  the 
original  of  the  Bullace. 

t-  •»-  Native  species  of  the  country,  but  two  of  them  have  been  planted  for  the  fruit. 
They  are  manifest/!/  Plums  rath<-r  than  Cherries,  although  the  tttst  is  am- 
biguous os  to  the  fruit,  only  the  Ifoach  Plum  has  an  obvious  bloom  on  the 
fruit,  and  all  have  the  leaves  folded  in  the  bud. 

P.  maritima,  BEACH  PLUM.  Sea-beaches  and  sandy  soil  near  the  coast ; 
a  scarcely  thorny  shrub,  2° -5°  high,  with  the  ovate  or  oval  finely  serrate  leaves 
soft-downy  underneath,  short  and  downy  pedicels,  and  globular  purple  or  crim- 
son fruit  with  a  bloom  (£'  -  1'  long),  rather  pleasant-tasted,  sometimes  used  for 
preserving. 

P.  Americana,  WILD  RED  and  YELLOW  PLUM.  Along  streams  through 
the  country ;  occasionally  planted ;  a  tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  often  thorny, 


ftOSE    FAMlLt.  llD 

with  the  oval  or  ohovate  and  pointed  leaves  thin,  very  veiny,  coarsely  or  doub'r 
serrate,  smooth  when  old  ;  the  globular  or  oval  fruit  (£'-§'  in  diameter)  ydlovr 
with  some  red,  orange,  or  crimson,  with  a  pleasant  juice  but  a  tough  acerb  skin, 
the  stone  sharp-edged  or  margined. 

P.  Chicasa,  CHICKASAW  PLUM.  Planted  or  run  wild  from  Penn.  S.  & 
W.,  native  S.  W.  ,  6°  -12°  high,  somewhat  thorny,  with  long  and  narrow 
almost  lanceolate  acute  leaves,  edged  with  very  fine  teeth,  a  globular  red  fruit 
(£'-$'  m  diameter)  of  pleasant  flavor,  thin-skinned,  and  containing  a  margin- 
less  almost  globular  stone. 

#  #  CHERRIES  of  the  Garden-Cherry  sort,  t.  e.  with  ./towers  in  sessile  ilmbels  from 

separate  lateral,  buds,  in  sprinq,  with  or  rather  preceding  the  leaves,  which 

are  folded  together  lengthwise  in  the  bud. 

P.  CerasUS,  GARDEN  RED  CHERRY.  Cult,  from  Eu.  ;  a  tree  10°  -  30° 
high,  with  slender  spreading  branches,  obovate  and  lance-ovate  sen-ate  leaves, 
rather  large  flowers  on  shortish  pedicels  and  somewhat  preceding  the  leaves, 
and  an  acid  red  globose  fruit.  The  MORELLO  CHERRY  is  a  variety  with  dark 
purple  more  astringent  fruit.  Probably  derived  from,  or  now  sometimes  mixed 
with  the  next. 

P.  avium,  BIRD  CHERRY  of  Eu.,  ENGLISH  CHERRY.  Cilt.  from  E.  ; 
making  a  larger  tree  than  the  preceding,  with  ascending  branches,  softer  and 
coarsely  or  doubly  toothed  more  pointed  leaves,  usually  pubescent  beneath,  the 
flowers  developed  at  the  same  time  with  the  leaves,  'and  the  round-ovoid  or 
somewhat  heart-shaped  fruit  sweet  or  bitterish-sweet  (not  acid),  of  various 
colors.  Double-flowered  varieties  are  cult,  for  ornament. 

P.  Pennsylvania,  WILD  RED  CHERRY.  Rocky  woods  N.  Small 
tree,  with  light  red-brown  bark,  oblong-lanceolate  and  pointed  leaves  smooth 
and  green  both  sides,  their  margins  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  small  flowers  on 
long  pedicels,  and  light  red  sour  fruit  not  larger  than"  peas. 

P.  pumila,  DWARF  CHERRY.  Rocks  or  sandy  banks  N.  Shrub  spread- 
ing or  forming  broad  tufts  on  the  ground,  seldom  rising  2°  ;  leaves  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  pale  beneath,  toothed  only  towards  the  apex;  flowers  2-4  together; 
fruit  ovoid,  dark  red,  with  stone  as  large  as  a  pea. 

*  *  *  CHERRIES  of  small  size,  with  flowers  in  racemes, 
•*-  In  late  spring  or  early  summer,  terminating  leafy  shoots  of  the  season. 

P.  serotina,  WILD  BLACK  CHERRY.  Tree  or  shrub,  westward  becoming 
a  good-sized  forest  tree,  with  bitter  aromatic  bark,  close-grained  reddish  wood 
valued  by  the  cabinet-maker  ;  the  oblong  or  lance-oblong  smooth  leaves  of  thick- 
ish  or  firm  texture,  usually  taper-pointed,  serrate  with  incurved  short  callous 
teeth  ;  flowers  in  long  racemes,  considerably  later  than  the  next  ;  purplish- 
black  bitterish  vinous  fruit  ripening  in  autumn. 

P.  Virginiana,  CHOKE  CHERRY.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  gray- 
ish bark,  oval-oblong  or  obovate  and  abruptly  pointed  thin  leaves  very  sharply 
serrate  with  slender  projecting  teeth  ;  flowers  in  shorter  and  closer  racemes,  in 
spring  ;  the  fruit  ripe  in  summer,  red  turning  dark  crimson,  astringent,  but 
eatable  when  fully  ripe,  the  stone  smooth. 

P.  Padus,  SMALL  BIRD-CHERRY  of  Eu.,  is  occasionally  planted  ;  resem- 
bles the  last,  has  longer  and  looser  often  drooping  racemes,  and  a  roughened 


•«-  •«-  Erect  racemes  in  enrlij  spring,  from  the  axils  of  evergreen 

P.  Caroliniana,  CAROLINA  LAUREL-CHERRY,  also  called  MOCK  ORANGE 
at  the  South,  probably  from  the  coriaceous  smooth  and  glossy  leaves,  which 
are  lance-ovate  or  oblong,  entire  or  with  a  few  sharp  and  appressed  teeth, 
longer  than  the  racemes,  the  calyx  as  well  as  petals  white;  small  fruit  black 
and  bitter,  becoming  dry.  Ornamental  small  tree  ;  the  leaves  said  to  be  poison- 
ous to  cattle. 

P.  Lauro-Cerasus,  LAUREL-CHERRY  of  Europe,  from  Asia  Minor,  and 

P.  Lusitanica,  PORTUGAL  L.,  from  Portugal  and  the  Azores,  beautiful 

evergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees,  used  for  hedges  and  screens  in  England,  aro 

not  hardy  N.,  but  would  stand  south  of  Penn.     Their  leaves  and  kernels  arc 

strongly  imbued  with  the  prussic-acid  or  bitter-almond  flavor. 


120  BOSE    FAMILY. 

2.  SPIK-3SA,  MEADOW-SWEET,  &c.  (Greek  name  of  some  shrub,  of 
the  flowering  branches  of  which  garlands  were  made. )  All  hardy  shrubs  or 
perennial  herbs  :  ft1,  late  spring  and  summer.) 

§  1.    Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves. 

*  Native  species :  but  the  last  common  in  gardens,  the  first  occasionally  planted. 

S.  Opulif61ia,  NINE-BARK  ;  so-called  from  the  loose  bark,  separating  in 
thin  annual  layers  from  the  stems  :  a  tall  shrub,  with  long  recurving  branches, 
the  roundish  and  mostly  heart-shaped  leaves  partly  3-lobed  and  cut-toothed, 
white  flowers  (of  no  beauty)  in  umbel-like  corymbs,  the  pods  large  for  this 
genus,  bladdery,  and  commonly  turning  purplish.  Wild  on  rocky  banks,  from 
New  York  W."&  S. 

S.  COrymbdsa.  From  S.  Penn.  S.,  not  common:  shrub  l°-2°  high, 
smooth,  w'ith  oval  leaves  cut-toothed  towards  the  apex,  and  white  flowers  in  a 
flat  compound  corymb. 

S.  tomentbsa,  HARDHACK  or  STEEPLEBUSH.  Common  E.  in  low 
grounds ;  2°  -  3°  high,  hoary-downy,  except  the  upper  face  of  the  ovate  or 
oblong  serrate  small  leaves,  the  rose-purple  or  white  flowers  crowded  in  a  very 
dense  terminal  panicle  ;  pistils  downy. 

S.  salictfdlia,  COMMON"  MEADOW-SWEET.  Common  in  wet  grounds, 
also  in  old  gardens  :  shrub  2°  -  3°  high,  bushy,  smooth,  with  wedge-lanceolate 
or  oblong  leaves  simply  or  doubly  serrate,  and  white  or  barely  flesh-colored 
flowers  in  a  crowded  panicle. 

*  *  Cultivated  for  ornament,  exotic  or  W.  North  American. 
•»-  Flowers  in  close  or  snlke-like  clusters  collected  in  a  close  and  narrow  or  spike- 
like  terminal  panicle,  pink-purple. 

S.  Douglasii,  DOUGLAS'S  MEADOW-SWEET.  Cult,  from  Oregon  and 
California:  resembles  our  wild  Hardback  (S.  tomentosa),  but  has  longer  usu- 
ally lance-oblong  and  very  blunt  leaves  rather  whiter  beneath,  and  deeper  pink 
flowers  with  smooth  pistils. 

•i-  •«-  Flowers  in  compound  corymbs  or  broad  panicles. 

S.  cal!6sa  (also  named  S.  FORT&NEI),  from  Japan:  shrub  3°  -  6°  high, 
smoothish,  with  lance-oblong  and  taper-pointed  unequally  and  very  sharply 
serrate  leaves,  branches  terminated  by  clustered  dense  corymbs  or  cymes  of  deep 
pink  flowers,  10  glands  at  the  mouth  of  the  calyx,  the  pistils  smooth. 

S.  ari88f61ia.  Tall  shrub  from  Oregon,  with  slender  branches,  terminated 
by  a  very  large  and  light  or  drooping  decompound  panicle  of  small  yellowish- 
white  flowers ;  the  leaves  roundish-ovate,  very  obtuse,  thin,  cut  on  each  side 
into  4  or  5  blunt  and  toothed  lobes,  sometimes  almost  pinnatifid,  soft  downy,  at 
least  beneath. 

-i-  -i-  -t—  Flowers  in  simple,  often  umbel-like  corymbs  terminating  leaf}/  shoots  of  the 
season  :  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia  :  petals  white  except  the  first  species. 

S.  bella,  from  Nepal :  a  low  shrub,  with  ovate  acute  and  merely  sharply 
serrate  leaves  whitish-downy  beneath,  the  simple  corymbs  sometimes  clustered, 
and  rose-pink  flowers. 

S.  chamaedrifblia,  from  E.  Europe  and  Siberia ;  a  spreading  low  bush, 
smooth,  with  ovate  or  oblong  usually  blunt  and  cut-toothed  leaves,  at  least 
towards  the  summit,  and  rather  small  flowers  in  simple  corymbs. 

S.  trilobata,  from  Siberia ;  a  spreading  smooth  bush,  with  rounded  cre- 
nately  cut  and  3-lobed  leaves  and  rather  showy  flowers. 

S.  lanceolata,  or  REEVESI\NA,  from  China,  has  oblong,  lance-oblong,  or 
some  three-cleft  serrate-toothed  leaves,  and  showy  flowers. 

S.  hypericifblia,  ITALIAN  MAT,  or  ST.  PETER'S  WREATH.  Shrub 
3°  — 6°  high,  smooth  or  smoothish,  with  long  recurved  branches,  and  very  small 
wedge-oblong  leaves,  a  little  crenate  or  lobed  at  the  end  ;  flowers  small,  white, 
in  small  sessile  umbels. 

•*-•«-•«-•*-  Flowers  in  simple  sessile  umbels  along  the  slender  branches  of  the  pre- 
ceding year,  subtended  only  by  greenish  bud-scales  or  imperfect  leaves,  rather 
earlier  than  the  proper  leaves,  in  spring. 


ROSE    FAMILY.  121 

S.  prunif61ia,  from  Japan  :  slender  shrub,  with  small  ovate  finely  and 
sharply  serrate  leaves,  smooth  above,  often  minutely  downy  beneath  ;  the  form 
cultivated  has  full-double  pure  white  blossoms,  £'  in  diameter,  produced  in  great 
abundance. 

§  2.    Shrubby,  with  pinnate  leaves. 

S.  SOrbif61ia.  Cult,  from  Siberia,  very  hardy,  3°  -  4°  high,  with  leaves 
(as  the  name  denotes)  resembling  those  of  the  Mountain-Ash,  of  17  -  21  lan- 
ceolate taper-potttted  doubly  and  sharply  serrate  leaflets,  and  white  flowers  in 
an  ample  terminal  panicle,  the  narrow  pods  a  little  cohering. 

§  3.  Herbs,  with  thrice  pinnately-compound  leaver,  no  stipules,  and  dioecious  flowers. 

S.  AriincilS,  GOATSBEARD.  Rich  woods  from  New  York  S.  &  W.,  also 
in  some  gardens  :  smooth,  3°  — 5°  high;  with  lance-oblong  or  lance-ovate  taper- 
pointed  leaflets  sharply  serrate  and  cut,  and  yellowish-white  very  small  flowers 
in  great  numbers,  crowded  in  slender  spikes  which  are  collected  in  a  great  com- 
pound panicle  ;  petals  narrow  ;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit. 

§  4.    Herbs,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  /rams,  conspicuous  stipules,  perfect  flowers, 
rejiexed  sepals  and  petals  sometimes  4,  and  5-12  little  1  -  3-seeded  pods. 

S.  Filipendllla,  DROPAYORT.  Cult,  from  Europe :  some  of  the  coarse 
long  fibrous  roots  swollen  at  the  lower  end  into  oblong  tubers  ;  herbage  smooth 
and  green  ;  leaves  chiefly  from  or  near  the  ground,  with  many  oval  or  lanceolate 
leaflets  deeply  toothed,  cut,  or  pinnately  cleft,  and  gradually  diminishing  in  size 
downwards;  the  nearly  naked  stems  l°-2°  high,  bearing  a  compound  terminal 
cyme  of  white  or  rosy-tipped  flowers,  one  variety  full-double. 

S.  Ulmaria,  ENGLISH  MEADOW-SWEET.  Cult,  from  Europe;  l°-3° 
high,  nearly  smooth,  except  the  lower  surface  of  the  lyrate  and  interruptedly 
pinnate  leaves  which  is  minutely  white-downy  ;  the  yellowish-white  small  and 
sweet-scented  flowers  very  numerous  and  crowded  in  a  compound  cyme  at  the 
naked  summit  of  the  stems ;  little  pods  twisting  spirally. 

S.  lobata,  QUEEN-OF-THE-PRAIRIE.  Wild  in  meadows  and  prairies  W., 
also  cult.  :  smooth  and  green  ;  the  leaves  mostly  from  or  near  the  ground  ;  the 
end  leaflet  very  large,  7  -  9-parted,  and  its  lobes  cut-toothed  ;  stems  2°  -  5°  or 
even  8°  high,  bearing  an  ample  and  panicled  compound  cyme  crowded  Avith  the 
handsome  peach-blossom-colored  flowers.  Bruised  foliage  exhales  the  odor  of 
Sweet  Birch. 

3.  GILLENIA,  INDIAN  PHYSIC,  AMERICAN  IPECAC.     (Named 

for  a  Dr.  Gil/en  or  Gillenius.)     Fl.  summer.      1J. 

G.  trifoliata,  COMMON  I.  or  BOWMAN'S-ROOT.  Rich  woods,  from  New 
York  S.  £  W.  ;  smooth,  branching,  2°  high,  with  the  3  ovate-oblong  pointed 
leaflets  cut-toothed,  entire  stipules  small  and  slender,  and  rather  pretty  white  or 
scarcely  rosy-tinged  flowers  loosely  panicled  on  the  slender  branches. 

G.  stipulacea,  LARGE-STIPULED  I.  or  AMERICAN  IPECAC.  Open  woods, 
W.  :  has  the  lanceolate  leaflets  and  leaf-like  stipules  deeply  cut  and  toothed  •, 
otherwise  like  the  other. 

4.  KERRIA.     (Named  for  Bellcnden  Ker,  a  British  botanist.) 

K.  Jap6nica,  CORCHORCS,  so-called,  of  the  gardens,  from  Japan  :  a  fa- 
miliar, smooth,  ornamental  shrubby  plant,  4°  —  8°  high,  with  lance-ovate  thin 
leaves,  and  handsome  yellow  flowers,  in  summer,  usually  full-double  ;  —  the 
natural  state,  with  5  petals  and  numerous  stamens  only  recently  introduced 
and  rare. 

5.  WALDSTEINIA.     (Named  for  F.  von  Waldstein,  an  Austrian  bota- 
nist.) 

W.  fragarioides,  BARREN  STRAWBERRY.  Wooded  banks,  chiefly  N.  ; 
in  aspect  and  especially  in  the  3  broadly  wedge-shaped  leaflets  resembles  a 
Strawberry-plant  (as  the  specific  and  the  popular  names  denote),  but  is  smooth- 
ish  and  yellow-flowered  :  in  summer.  ^ 


122  ROSE    FAMILY. 

6.  GEUM,  AVENS.     (From  Greek  word,  meaning  to  give  an  agreeable 
flavor;  the  roots  of  some  species  somewhat  scented.)     Several  wild  species, 
only  the  following  common  :  fl.  late  spring  and  summer.     2/ 

G.  rivale,  PURPLE  or  WATER  AVENS.  In  bogs  and  low  grounds  N.  : 
thickish  rootstock  (sometimes  used  in  medicine  as  an  astringent)  sending  np 
lyrately  and  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves,  and  rather  naked  several-flowered 
stems  (2°  high)  ;  the  flowers  pretty  large,  nodding,  with  purplish-orange  and 
broadly  obovate  or  obcordate  petals  narrowed  at  the  base,  never  spreading ;  in 
fruit  the  head  of  akenes  erect,  stalked  in  the  persistent  calyx,  the  persistent 
styles  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle,  the  upper  part  plumose-hairy. 

"G.  vernum,  SPRING  A.  Thickets,  from  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky  : 
slender,  2° -3°  high ;  root-leaves  rounded  heart-shaped  and  3-5-lobed,  or  some 
of  them  pinnate  and  cut ;  flowers  small,  with  yellow  petals  about  the  length  of 
the  simply  5-Iobcd  calyx  ;  the  head  of  fruit  raised  above  the  calyx  on  a  con- 
spicuous stalk  ;  the  styles,  £c.  smooth,  the  upper  joint  falling  off. 

G.  Strictum,  FIKLD  A.  Moist  grounds  and  fields  :  a  coarse  herb,  .3°-5° 
high,  rather  hairy,  with  root-leaves  interruptedly  pinnate  and  the  leaflets  wedgc- 
obovate,  those  of  the  stem  with  3-5  narrower  leaflets;  in  summer  bearing 
panicled  flowers  with  broadly  obovate  golden-yellow  petals  exceeding  the  calvx ; 
stipules  large,  deeply  cut;  head  of  fruit  close  in  the  calyx  ;  the  persistent  naked 
style  hooked  at  the  end  after  the  short  upper  joint  falls ;  receptacle  downy. 

G.  Virginianum,  WHITE  A.  Thickets  and  border  of  woods :  coarse 
and  bristly-hairy  herb  l°-3°  high,  with  root  and  lower  leaves  of  several  pin- 
nate leaflets,  the  upper  3-parted  and  cut ;  the  panicled  flowers  small,1  with  incon- 
spicuous greenish- white  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  head  of  fruit  like  the 
last,  but  its  receptacle  smooth. 

G.  album,  WHITE  A.  Grows  in  similar  places  with  the  preceding,  and 
like  it,  but  smooth  or  soft-pubescent,  with  root-leaves  of  3-5  leaflets,  or  some 
of  them  rounded  and  simple  except  a  few  minute  leaflets  below  ;  the  petals  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  white  or  pale  greenish-yellow  ;  receptacle  of  fruit  bristly. 

7.  POTENTILLA,    CINQUEFOIL,    FIVE-FINGER.      (Name  from 
jwtens,  powerful,  from  reputed  medicinal  virtues,  but  these  plants  are  merely 
mild  astringents.)      Wild  plants  of  the  country,  except  those  of  the  last 
section,  and  one  yellow  one  :  but  the  Shrubby  Cinquefoil  is  also  planted. 

§  1 .   Petals  pale  yellow,  small,  not  surpassing  the  calyx.     (T)  @ 

P.  Norv&gica,  NORWAY  C.  An  erect,  hairy,  weedy  plant,  l°-2°  high, 
branching  above,  with  only  3  obovate-oblong  and  cut-toothed  leaflets  :  fl.  sum- 
mer, in  fields. 

P.  paradoxa.  A  spreading  or  procumbent,  pubescent,  weedy  plant,  on 
river-banks  W.,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  5-9  obovate-oblong  cut-toothed  leaflets, 
and  akenes  with  a  thick  appendage  at  their  base  :  fl.  summer. 

§  2.   Petals  whitish  or  cream-color,  broad,  surpassing  the  calyx :  akenes  smooth.    ^ 

P.  arguta.  A  stout,  erect,  brownish-hairy,  coarse  plant,  l°-4°  high, 
rather  clammy  above,  on  rocky  hills  N.  &  W.,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  3  -  9  oval 
or  ovate  cut-toothed  leaflets  soft-downy  beneath,  and  a  close  terminal  cluster  of 
rather  large  flowers,  of  no  beauty,  in  summer. 

§  3.    Petals  bright  i/elhiv,  larger  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx.     ^/ 
#  Leaven  of  5  digitate  leaflets. 

P.  r^Cta.  Cult,  in  some  old  gardens,  from  En.  :  a  coarse,  erect,  hairy 
plant,  2°  -  3°  high,  with  sometimes  7  narrowly  wedge-oblong  leaflets  coarsely 
toothed,  and  rather  large  cymose  flowers. 

P.  Canadeiisis,  COMMON  WILD  C.  or  FIVE-FINGER.  Open  dry  ground  : 
dwarf,  silky-hairy,  with  wedgc-obovate  leaflets,  and  axillary  1 -flowered  pedun- 
cles ;  flowering  from  early  spring  to  midsummer,  and  spreading  by  runners. 

Var.  simplex,  in  moister  or  richer  soil,  usually  well  marked  by  its  greater 
size  and  greener  foliage;  the  stems  l°-2°  long,  ascending  or  spreading  from 
a  short  tuberous  rootstock ;  leaflets  more  oblong ;  flowers  produced  through  the 


ROSE    FAMILY.  123 

P.  argdntea,  SILVERY  C.  Dry  fields,  banks,  and  roadsides  N.  :  a  low, 
spreading  or  prostrate,  much  branched,  white-woolly  weed,  with  wedge-oblong 
out-pinnatitid  leaflets  green  above,  white  with  silvery  wool  beneath,  and  the 
margins  revolute ;  the  small  flowers  somewhat  panicled,  all  summer. 

*  *  Leaves  pinnate :  receptacle  and  partly  the  akenes  white-fiairy. 

P.  Anserina,  SILVER- WEED.  Wet  banks  and  shores,  N.  &  W. :  leaves 
all  from  the  root  or  in  tufts  on  the  long  slender  runners,  green  above,  silvery 
with  silky  down  beneath,  of  9-19  oblong  cut-toothed  principal  leaflets  and 
some  pairs  of  minute  ones  intermixed;  stipules  conspicuous  and  many-cleft; 
flowers  solitary  on  long  scape-like  peduncles,  all  summer. 

P.  fruticbsa,  SHRUBBY  C.  Wet  grounds  N. :  2°  - 4°  high,  woody,  silky, 
very  much  branched,  with  5  or  7  crowded  oblong-lanceolate  entire  leaflets, 
scale-like  stipules,  and  loose  clusters  of  rather  showy  flowers,  all  summer. 

§  4.   Petals  white  :  akenes  and  receptacle  hairy  :  leaflets  onfy  3,  digitate.     ^ 

P.  tridentata,  THREE-TOOTHED  C.  Coast  of  N.  England  N.  and  on 
mountains  :  4' -6'  high,  tufted,  spreading,  with  3  thickish  nearly  smooth  leaflets 
coarsely  3-toothed  at  the  end,  and  several  flowers  in  a  cyme,  in 'early  summer. 

§  5.    Petals  purple,  rose-color,  or  crimson  :  akenes  smooth.     ^ 
#   Wild  in  wet  and  cold  bogs  N. :  petals  narrow,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

P.  palustris,  MARSH  FIVE-FINGER.  Stems  ascending  from  an  almost 
woody  creeping  base ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  5  -  7  lance-oblong  serrate  and  crowded 
leaflets,  whitish  beneath  ;  flowers  in  a  small  cyme,  the  calyx  nearly  1'  broad, 
the  inside  as  well  as  the  petals  dull  dark  purple ;  receptacle  becoming  large  and 
spongy  :  fl.  all  summer. 

*  *  From  Himalaya,  cult,  for  ornament :  petals  broad  and  large,  obcordate. 

P.  Nepal^nsis,  NEPAL  C.  Leaflets  3  in  the  upper,  5  in  the  lowest  leaves, 
digitate,  hairy  but  green  both  sides,  wedge-oblong,  coarsely  toothed  ;  flowers 
rose-red,  all  summer.  P.  HOPWOODI\NA,  with  flesh-colored  flowers,  is  a  gar- 
den hybrid  of  this  and  P.  recta. 

P.  atrosanguiuea,  DARK  NEPAL  C.,  is  soft  silky-hairy,  with  3  leaflets 
to  all  the  leaves,  and  much  darker-colored  flowers  than  in  the  preceding,  brown- 
purple  or  crimson. 

8.   FRAGARIA,  STRAWBERRY.     (Name  from  fraga,  the  old  Latin 
name  of  the  strawberry. )     ^ 

§1.  TRUE  STRAWBERRIES.  Petals  white:  receptacle  of the  fruit,  high-flavored: 
scapes  several-flowered :  runners  naked.  Fl.  in  spring  and  early  summer, 
those  of  all  but  the  flrst  species  inclined  more  or  less  to  be  dioxious.  In 
cultivation  the  species  are  considerably  mixed  by  crossing. 

F.  v6sca,  COMMON  S.  of  Europe,  yields  the  ALPINE,  PERPETUAL,  &c., 
plentifully  native  N. ;  is  mostly  slender,  with  thin  dull  leaflets  strongly  marked 
by  the  veins,  calyx  remaining  open  or  reflexed  after  flowering,  small  ovoid- 
conical  or  elongated  fruit  high-scented,  and  the  akenes  superficial. 

P.  elatior,  HAUTBOIS  S.,  of  Europe,  sometimes  cult.  ;  is  taller  and  quite 
dioecious,  with  the  calyx  strongly  reflexed  away  from  the  fruit,  which  is  dull 
reddish  and  musky-scented. 

P.  Virginian  a,  VIRGINIAN  WILD  S.,  original  of  the  AMERICAN  SCAR- 
LET, &c.  ;  has  leaflets  of  firm  texture,  their  smooth  and  often  shining  upper 
surface  with  sunken  veins,  calyx  becoming  erect  after  flowering  and  closing 
over  the  hairy  receptacle  when  unfructified  ;  fruit  with  a  narrow  neck,  mostly 
globular,  its  surface  with  deep  pits  in  which  the  akenes  are  sunken. 

Var.  Illino6nsis,  perhaps  a  distinct  species,  is  coarser  and  larger,  grows  in 
richer  soil,  from  W.  New  York  W.  &  S.,  the  hairs  of  the  scape,  £c.  shaggy,  is 
the  supposed  original  of  HOVEY'S  SEEDLING,  BOSTON  PINE,  &c. 

P.  Chil&nsis,  native  of  Pacific  coast  from  Oregon  S. ;  its  varieties  and 
crosses  with  the  foregoing  have  given  rise  to  the  PINE-APPLE  S.  and  the  like  : 
a  large  and  robust  species,  with  very  firm  and  thick  leaflets  soft-silky  beneath  or 
on  both  faces,  and  a  hairy  receptacle,  the  large  rose-colored  fruit  erect  in  the 
pure  state  (instead  of  hanging),  ripening  late. 


124  ROSE    FAMILY. 

§2.  Petals  yellow  :  receptacle  tasteless  :  runners  bearing  leaves  and  I -flowered 
peduncles :  calyx  ivith  5  external  pieces  very  large,  leaf-like,  and  3-lobed. 

F.  Indica,  INDIAN  S.,  of  Upper  India,  &c. :  cult.,  running  wild  S.  E., 
rather  handsome  both  in  flower  and  (red)  fruit,  which  are  produced  all  summer 
and  autumn. 

9.  DALIBARDA.     (Named  for  Dalibard,  an  early  botanist  of  Paris.)     ^ 
'     D.  ripens,  of  wooded  slopes  N.,  is  a  IOAV,  stemless,  tufted,  downy  little 
plant,  spreading  more  or  less  by  subterranean  runners,  with  the  aspect  of  a 
Violet,  the  scapes  bearing  one  or  two  delicate  white  flowers,  in  summer. 

10.  RIJBUS,  BRAMBLE,  &c.     (The  Roman  name,  connected  with  ruber, 
red.)     2 

§  1.  FLOWERING  RASPBERRIES,  with  simple  leaves  and  broad  flatfish  fruit,  tie 
very  small  and  numerous  reddish  or  amber-colored  grains  at  length  separat- 
ing from  the  persistent  receptacle. 

R.  odorktUS,  PURPLE  F.  Dells,  &c.,  N. :  shrubby,  3° -5°  high,  clammy- 
bristly  and  odorous,  not  prickly ;  with  ample  3  -  5-lobed  leaves,  the  lobes  pointed 
and  the  middle  one  longest,  peduncles  many-flowered,  calyx-lobes  with  long 
slender  tips,  and  petals  purple-rose-color;  the  showy  flowers  l'-2'  across,  pro- 
duced all  summer. 

R.  Nutk&nus,  WHITE  F.  From  Upper  Michigan  to  Pacific,  and  cult.  : 
like  the  other,  but  less  bristly  and  clammy,  with  leaves  more  equally  5-lobed  and 
coarsely  toothed,  and  fewer  flowers  with  narrower  white  petals. 

§2.  TRUE  RASPBERRIES,  with  3- 5  leaflets,  the  fruit  falling  when  ripe  from 
the  then  dry  narrow  receptacle :  flowers  with  small  white  erect  petals,  in  early 
summer,  on  leafy  shoots  of  the  season  which  (in  all  but  the  first)  spring 
from  prickly  more  or  less  woody  stems  of  the  preceding  year. 

R.  triflbrus,  DWARF  RASPBERRY.  Low  woods  N.  ;  almost  wholly  her- 
baceous, slender,  trailing,  not  prickly,  with  thin  smooth  leaves,  of  3  rhombic- 
ovate  acute  leaflets,  or  the  side-leaflets  parted,  making  5,  all  doubly  serrate, 
peduncle  bearing  1  -  3  small  flowers,  and  the  fruit  of  few  grains. 

R.  OCCident&lis,  BLACK  R.  or  THIMBLEIJLIRY.  Borders  of  fields  and 
thickets  N.,  especially  where  ground  has  been  burned  over :  glaucous-whitened, 
the  long  recurving  stems,  stalks,  &c.  armed  with  hooked  prickles,  but  no  bris- 
tles ;  leaflets  mostly  3,  ovate,  pointed,  white-downy  beneath,  coarsely  doubly 
toothed,  the  lateral  ones  stalked  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals  ;  fruit  purple- 
black  (or  an  amber-colored  variety),  flattish,  ripe  at  midsummer. 

R.  IdaeilS,  GARDEN  R.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for  the  fruit :  tall  and  nearly 
erect,  beset  with  straight  slender  prickles  or  many  of  them  mere  bristles ;  leaves 
thicker,  and  fruit  firmer  and  larger  than  in  the  next  red  or  yellowish,  ripening 
through  the  summer. 

R.  Strigdsus,  WILD  RED  R.  Common  especially  N.  :  2° -3°  high,  the 
upright  stems,  stalks,  &c.  beset  with  copious  bristles,  and  some  of  them  becom- 
ing weak  prickles,  also  glandular ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  pointed,  cut-serrate, 
white-downy  beneath,  the  lateral  ones  (either  one  or  two  pairs)  not  stalked ; 
petals  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  fruit  light-red,  tender  and  watery  but  high-flav- 
ored, ripening  all  summer. 

§  3.   BLACKBERRIES,  with  the  pulpy  grains  of  the  fruit  remaining  attached  to  the 

pulpy  receptacle,  which  at  length  falls  away  from  the  calyx :  stems  prickly  : 

leaves  of  3  or  pedately  5  —  7  leaflets  :  floivers  on  leafy  shoots  from  stems  of 

the  preceding  year,  in  spring  and  early  summer,  with  white  spreading  petals. 

*  Stems  more  or  less  woody :  fruit  black  when  ripe,  eatable,  the  blackberries  of  the 

market,  ripening  in  late  summer  and  autumn. 

R.  vil!6sus,  HIGH  BLACKBERRY.  Everywhere  along  thickets,  fence- 
rows,  £c.,  and  several  varieties  cult.:  stems  l°-6°  high,  furrowed;  prickles 
strong  and  hooked  ;  leaflets  3-5,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  pointed,  their  lower  sur- 
face and  stalks  hairy  and  glandular,  the  middle  one  long-stalked  and  sometimes 


ROSE   FAMILY.  125 

heart-shaped ;  flowers  racemed,  rather  large,  with  short  bracts ;  fruit  oblong 
or  cylindrical. 

R.  Canad&nsis,  Low  B.  or  DEWBERRY.  Rocky  and  sandy  soil :  long- 
trailing,  slightly  prickly,  smooth  or  smoothish,  and  with  3-7  smaller  leaflets 
than  in  the  foregoing,  the  racemes  of  flowers  with  more  leaf-like  bracts,  the  fruit 
of  fewer  grains  and  ripening  earlier. 

R.  CUneifblius,  SAND  B.  Sandy  ground  and  barrens  from  N.  Jersey  S.  : 
civet,  l°-3°  high,  with  stout  hooked  prickles ;  the  branchlets  and  lower  surface 
of  the  3-5  wedge-obovate  thickish  leaves  whitish-woolly ;  peduncles  2-4- 
fl  owe  red. 

R.  trivialis,  SOUTHERN  Low  B.  Sandy  soil  from  Virginia  S.  :  trailing 
or  creeping,  bristly  and  prickly  ;  the  smooth  partly  evergreen  leaves  of  3  -  5 
ovate-oblong  or  lance-oblong  leaflets  ;  peduncles  1  -  3-flowered. 

*  *  Stems  scarcely  woody  but  lasting  over  winter,  wholly  prostrate :  fruit  sour. 

R.  hispidus,  RUNNING  SWAMP  B.  Low  woods,  &c.  N. ;  with  very  long 
and  slender  running  stems,  beset  with  small  reflexed  prickles,  sending  Up  short 
leafy  and  flowering  shoots  ;  leaves  of  mostly  3  obovate  blunt  smooth  and  shin- 
ing leaflets,  of  firm  and  thickish  texture,  somewhat  evergreen  ;  flowers  small  and 
few  on  a  leafless  peduncle  ;  fruit  of  few  grains,  red  or  purple. 

§  4.   FLOWERING  BRAMBLE  :  cultivated  for  the  flowers  only. 

R.  rosaefolius,  from  China,  called  BRIER  ROSE.  Cult,  in  greenhouses 
and  apartments,  has  pinnate  leaves,  and  bears  a  succession  of  full-double  white 
flowers  resembling  small  roses. 

11.  ALCHEMILZiA.     (Name  said  to  come  from  the  Arabic.)     A  minute 
annual  species,  A.  ARVENSIS,  called  PARSLEY  PIERT  in  England,  has  got 
introduced  in  Virginia,  &c. 

A.  vulgaris,  LADY'S  MANTLE,  from  Europe,  is  cult,  in  some  gardens  ; 
it  is  a  low  herb,  not  showy,  with  somewhat  downy  rounded  slightly  7-9-lobed 
leaves  chiefly  from  the  root,  on  long  stalks,  and  loose  corymbs  or  panicles  of 
small  light  green  flowers,  through  the  summer.  2/ 

12.  AGRIMONTA,    AGRIMONY.      (Old  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 
Weedy  herbs,  in  fields  and  border  of  woods,  producing  their  small  yellow 
flowers  through  the  summer ;    the  fruiting  calyx,  containing  the  2  akenes, 
detached  at  maturity  as  a  small  bur,  lightly  adhering  by  the  hooked  bristles 
to  the  coats  of  animals.     ^      • 

A.  Eupatdria,  COMMON  A.  Principal  leaflets  5-7,  oblong-obovate  and 
coarsely  toothed,  with  many  minute  ones  intermixed  ;  petals  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx  ;  stamens  10  -  15. 

A.  parvifl6ra,  chiefly  S.,  has  smaller  flowers,  11-19  lanceolate  principal 
leaflets,  and  10-15  stamens. 

A.  incisa,  only  S.,  has  7  -9  oblong  or  obovate  and  smaller  principal  leaf- 
lets, small  flowers,  and  5  stamens. 

13.  POTERIUM,  BURNET.     (Old  Greek  name,  of  rather  obscure  appli- 
cation.)    11 

P.  Sanguis6rba,  GARDEN  or  SALAD  B.  Common  in  old  gardens,  from 
Europe  :  nearly  smooth,  growing  in  tufts  ;  leaves  of  many  small  ovate  and 
deeply  toothed' leaflets  ;  stems  about  1°  high,  bearing  a  few  heads  of  light 
green  or  purplish  monoecious  flowers,  in  summer,  the  lower  flowers  with  nu- 
merous drooping  stamens,  several  of  the  uppermost  with  pistil,  the  style  ending 
in  a  purple  tufted  stigma. 

P.  Canad6nse,  or  SANGUISORBA  CANADENSIS,  CANADIAN  or  WILD  B. 
Wet  grounds  N.  :  3°  -  6°  high,  nearly  smooth,  with  numerous  lance-oblong 
coarsely-toothed  leaflets  often  heart-shaped  at  base,  and  cylindrical  spikes  of 
white  perfect  flowers,  in  late  summer  and.  autumn  ;  stamens  only  4,  their  long 
white  filaments  club-shaped. 


-  ROSE    FAMILY. 

14.  ROSA,  ROSE.     (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Rose.) 

§  1.    WILD  ROSES  of  the  country :  only  the  first  species  cultivated. 
#  Styles  lightly  cohering  in  a  column  and  projecting  out  of  the  calyx-cup. 
R.  setigera,  PRAIRIE  or  CLIMBING  WILD  ROSE.      Rich  ground,  W.  & 
S.  :  also  planted,  and  partly  the  original  of  QUEEN-OF-THE-PRAIUIE,  &c.  dou- 
ble roses.    Tall-climbing,  armed  with  stout  nearly  straight  prickles,  not  bristly  ; 
leaves  with  only  3-5  ovate  acute  leaflets ;    the   corymbed   flowers   produced 
towards  midsummer ;  stalks  and  calyx  glandular ;  petals  deep  rose  becoming 
nearly  white. 

*  *  Styles  separate,  included  in  the  calyx-tube,  the  stigmas  closing  its  orifice: 

petals  rose-color :  stems  not  disposed  to  climb. 

R.  Carolina,  SWAMP  ROSE.  Wet  grounds:  stems  4° -8°  high,  with 
hooked  prickles  and  no  bristles  ;  leaflets  5-9,  smooth,  dull  above  and  pale  be- 
neath; flowers  numerous  in  the  corymb  (in  summer)  ;  the  calyx  and  globular 
hipglandular-bristly. 

II.  lueida,  DWARF  WILD  ROSE.  Dry  or  moist  ground:  l°-2°  high, 
with  bristly  or  slender  straight  prickles,  5-9  oblong  or  almost  lanceolate  leaf- 
lets shining  above,  1  -3-flowered  peduncles,  bristly  calyx,  but  the  depressed  hip 
nearly  smooth  :  fl.  all  summer. 

R.  blanda,  EARLY  WILD  ROSE.  Rocky  banks  N.  :  l°-3°  high,  with 
straight  weak  prickles  or  none,  5-7  oval  or  oblong  blunt  and  pale  leaflets, 
sometimes  hoary  beneath,  large  stipules,  1  -  3-flowercd  peduncles  and  the  calyx 
smooth  and  glaucous,  the  hip  globular :  fl.  spring  or  early  summer. 

§  2.   BRIER-ROSES,  naturalized  from  Europe,  by  roadsides  and  in  thickets,  or 
sometimes  planted :  fiowering  in  summer. 

R.  rubigindsa,  SWEET-BRIER.  Tall,  disposed  to  climb,  armed  with 
strong  and  hooked  and  some  slender  and  awl-shaped  prickles,  the  roundish  and 
doubly-serrate  small  leaflets  downy  and  beset  with  russet  glands  beneath,  giving 
the  aromatic  fragrance  ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  pink ;  hip  pear-shaped  or  obo- 
vate,  crowned  with  the  calyx-lobes. 

R.  micrantha,  SMALL  S.  Probably  a  mere  variety  of  the  common  Sweet- 
Brier,  with  uniform  hooked  prickles,  smaller  flower,  and  more  oblong  or  oval 
hip,  from  which  the  calyx-lobes  fall  early. 

R.  canina,  DOG  ROSE.  Roadsides  E.  Penn.  and  probably  elsewhere: 
resembles  Sweet-Brier,  but  the  leaflets  smooth  or  destitute  of  aromatic  glands 
and  simply  serrate ;  flowers  3  or  4  together,  $ink  or  nearly  white. 

§  3.  EVERGREEN  ROSES,  naturalized  in  the  Southern  States  from  China : 
fiowering  in  spring,  the  flowers  not  double. 

R.  Sinica  (or  L^EVIG\TA),  CHEROKEE  ROSE.  Planted  for  garden- 
hedges,  &c.,  also  run  wild  S.,  disposed  to  climb  high,  armed  with  strong  hooked 
prickles,  very  smooth,  with  bright  green  and  glossy  evergreen  leaves  of  mostly 
only  3  leaflets,  and  single  flowers  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  with  bristly  calyx- 
cup  and  large  pure-white  petals. 

R.  bracteata,  BRACTED  ROSE.  In  hedges  far  S.,  not  common;  has 
downy  branches  armed  with  strong  hooked  prickles,  5-9  roundish  leaflets,  and 
single  large  white  flowers  on  very  short  peduncle,  the  calyx  covered  by  leafy 
bracts. 

§  4.  EXOTIC  GARDEN  ROSES  proper,  from  Europe  and  Asia.  Merely  the 
principal  ty/ies :  the  greater  part  of  the  modern  garden  roses  too  much 
mixed  by  crossing  and  changed  by  variation  to  be  subjects  of  botanical,  study. 

#  Stylts  united  in  a  column  which  projects  out  of  the  calyx-cup.     All  with  long 

rambling  shoots,  or  disposed  to  climb. 

R.  8emp6rvirens,  EVERGREEN  ROSE  of  S.,  not  hardy  nor  holding  its 
leaves  N.,  with  coriaceous  bright-green  oblong  leaflets,  curved  prickles,  and 
nearly  solitary  white  flowers,  not  double.  The  AYRSHIRE  ROSE  is  a  more 
hardy  form  of  it. 


ROSE   FAMir/r  127 

R.  mOSChata,  MUSCAT  or  MUSK  ROSE  ;  not  climbing,  with  slender 
curved  prickles,  leaves  of  5  or  7  lanceolate  and  pointed  leaflets,  a  corymb  of 
white  flowers  with  a  yellowish  base  to  the  petals,  very  sweet  scented,  especially 
at  CArening. 

R.  multifldra,  MANY-FLOWERED  ROSE.  A  well-known  climbing  species, 
from  Japan  and  China,  hardy  in  Middle  States,  Avith  5  or  7  soft  and  somewhat 
rugose  leaflets,  slender  scattered  prickles,  and  full  corymbs  of  small  flowers, 
white,  pale  red,  or  rose-purple,  not  sweet-scented.  The  BOURSALT  ROSE,  said 
to  come  from  the  multijtora,  is  probably  from  a  cross  with  some  hardy  European 
species. 

*    *  Styles  not  sensibly  projecting  nor  united. 
•«-  Tender,  tall-climbing,  and  wholly  destitute  of  prickles. 

R.  Banksiffi,  BANKSIA  ROSE,  from  China,  a  slender  conservatory  species, 
very  smooth,  with  3  -  5-lanceolate  glossy  leaflets,  and  umbels  of  very  small 
white  or  bun0  and  violet-scented  flowers. 

•»-  •*-  Tender,  armed  only  with  distant  hooked  prickles,  smooth,  with  leaves  of 
mostly  3  (3-5)  rather  coriaceous  and  shining  leaflets,  and  awl-shaped  or 
narrow  stipules. 

R.  Indica,  INDIA  or  CHINA  ROSES  :  includes  the  TEA,  PERPETUAL  or 
BENGAL,  BOURBON,  and  NOISETTE  ROSES;  and  the  BENGAL  POMPONS,  &c. 
are  miniature  forms  of  similar  origin. 

•*-•*-•»-  Hardy  or  mainly  so  at  the  north,  not  climbing,  more  or  less  prickly,  and 
with  leaves  of  5  or  more  leaflets. 

R.  Gallica,  FRENCH  or  PROVENCE,  RED  ROSE,  has  slender  stems  beset 
with  both  stout  curved  and  slender  straight  prickles,  leaves  of  5  -  7  rather  rigid 
doubly  and  glandular-toothed  leaflets  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  erect  1 -flow- 
ered peduncles,  and  pink-red  or  crimson  spreading  petals  (or  variegated  with 
white),  which  have  some  astringency,  and  are  used  for  conserve  of  roses,  &c. 

R.  centifdlia,  HUNDRED-LEAVED  or  CABBAGE  ROSE,  perhaps  derived 
from  the  preceding  .  has  mostly  straight  prickles,  5-7  oval  leaflets  with  glan- 
dular teeth  or  edges,  peduncle  and  calyx  clammy  with  odorous  glands,  the  hip 
bristly  and  glandular,  the  flowers  mostly  nodding,  large,  and  full-double,  rose- 
purple,  or  of  various  shades,  rarely  white.  POMPON  ROSES  are  miniature 
varieties.  Moss  ROSES  are  abnormal  states  with  the  glands  and  bristles  of  the 
calyx  and  peduncle  developed  into  a  moss-like  substance.  Petals  used  for  rose- 
water,  essence  of  roses,  &c. 

R.  Damasceiia,  DAMASK  ROSE,  &c.  Known  from  the  foregoing  by  the 
greener  bark,  larger  curved  prickles,  corymbed  flowers  oblong  in  the  bud,  and 
with  the  long  sepals  (some  of  them  pinnatifid  or  lobed)  reflexed  during  flower- 
ing, the  hip  oblong  and  pulpy  :  petals  rose-purple,  white,  &c. ;  used  in  prefer- 
ence for  attar-of-roses  and  rose-water. 

R.  alba,  WHITE  ROSE,  is  between  the  preceding  and  the  Dog  Rose;  leaf- 
lets 5,  glaucous  and  a  little  downy  beneath  ;  prickles  straightish  and  slender ; 
petals  pure  white. 

R.  cinnambmea,  CINNAMON  ROSE,  of  Eu.,  met  with  in  country  gar- 
dens, is  related  to  our  wild  R.  blanda,  5°  to  8°  high,  with  brownish-red  bark, 
and  some  straightish  prickles,  pale  leaves  downy  underneath,  and  small  pale-red 
cinnamon-scented  (mostly  double)  flowers,  not  showy. 

R.  spinosissima,  BURNET  or  SCOTCH  ROSE,  of  Eu.  Low,  1°  or  2° 
high,  exceedingly  prickly  with  straight  prickles,  with  7  to  9  small  and  roundish 
smooth  leaflets/and  small  early  flowers,  either  single  or  double,  and  white, 
pink,  and  even  yellow,  the  hips  cartilaginous. 

R.  Eglant6ria,  YELLOW  EGLANTINE  ROSE.  Like  a  Sweet-Brier,  but 
lower,  3°  -  5°  high,  with  scattered  straight  prickles  ;  leaves  deep-green  and 
sweet-scented  ;  flowers  deep  yellow,  orange,  or  buff,  and  sometimes  variegated 
with  red,  either  single  or  double. 

R.  sulphurea,  the  old  YELLOW  ROSE,  from  the  Far  East.  Tall,  with 
scattered  prickles,  glaucous  or  pale  scentless  leaves,  and  sulphur-yellow  (full- 
double)  nosers. 


128  ROSE    FAMILY-. 

15.  CRAT.33GUS,  HAWTHORN,  WHITE  THORN.  (Old  Greek 
name.)  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard  wood  ;  flowers  white,  except  in 
some  varieties  of  English  Hawthorn,  in  spring  or  early  summer ;  ripening  the 
red  or  reddish  fruit  mostly  in  autumn. 

§  1.    Flowers  many  in  the  corymb,  small,  with  5  styles  ;  fruit  not  larger  than  small 
peas,  scarlet  or  coral-red :  leaves,  Sfc.,  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

C.  Pyracantha,  EVERGREEN  THORN.  Planted  for  ornament  and  spar- 
ingly nat.  from  S.  Pcnn.  S.  (from  S.  Europe)  :  shrub  4° -6°,  with  the  shining 
evergreen  leaves  lance-spatulate  and  crenulate,  only  1'  long,  and  small  clusters 
of  flowers  terminating  short  branches. 

C.  spathulata.  Tall  shrub  or  low  tree,  from  Virginia  S.,  with  almost 
evergreen  shining  spatulate  leaves,  crenate  towards  the  apex,  or  on  vigorous 
shoots  cut-lobed,  and  with  hardly  any  petiole. 

C.  COrdata,  WASHINGTON  T.  Small  tree,  from  Virg.  and  Kentucky  S., 
and  has  been  planted  for  hedges  ;  has  broadly  triangular-ovate  or  heart-shaped 
thinnish  leaves,  often  3  -  5-clcft  or  cut  and  serrate,  on  slender  petiole. 

§  2.    Flowers  many  in  the  corymb,  middle-sized :  fruit  coral-red,  ovoid,  rather  small. 

C.  arbordscens.  River-banks  far  S.  :  tree  with  few  stout  thorns  or  none, 
thin  oblong  serrate  leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  on  slender  petioles  ;  styles  5. 

C.  Oxyacantha,  ENGLISH  HAWTHORN.  Planted  from  Eu.  for  orna- 
ment and  hedges  ;  tree  or  shrub  with  obovate  smooth  leaves  wedge-shaped  at 
base,  cut-lobed  and  toothed  above;  styles  2  or  3,  rarely  only  1.  With  single  or 
double,  white,  rose,  or  pink-red  flowers. 

C.  apiifolia,  PARSLEY-LEAVED  T.  Common  S.  Small  tree  soft-downy 
when  young ;  the  leaves  smoothish  with  age,  pinnatifid,  the  5-7  lobes  crowded, 
cut  and  toothed  ;  petioles  slender  ;  styles  1-3. 

§  3.  Flowers  many  in  the  corymb,  large ;  the  cahix-teeth  ivith  the  bracts  and 
stipules  often  beset  with  ylands  :  fruit  edible,  naif  an  inch  or  more  long,  its 
cells  or  stones  and  the  styles  variable  in  number,  1  —  5.  All  tall  shrubs  or 
low  trees,  of  thickets  and  rocky  banks,  or  planted. 

C.  COCCinea,  SCARLET-FRUITED  T.  Smooth,  with  the  leaves  thin,  round- 
ish-ovate, sharply  cut-toothed  or  lobed,  on  slender  petioles,  the  coral  or  scarlet 
fruit  much  smaller  than  in  the  next  and  hardly  eatable. 

C.  tomentpsa,  PEAR  or  BLACK  T.  Downy  or  soft-hairy  when  young  ; 
the  leaves  thickish,  oval,  ovate,  or  obovate,  sharply  toothed  or*  cut,  below  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  into  a  margined  petiole,  the  upper  surface  impressed  along  the 
main  veins  or  ribs ;  flowers  often  1'  broad,  and  scarlet  or  orange  fruit  from  two 
thirds  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  pleasant-tasted.  Of  many  varieties  :  the 
two  which  differ  most  from  the  common  one  with  the  well-flavored  fruit  are  : 
Var.  PUNCT\TA,  with  smaller  and  wedge-obovate  leaves  irregularly  toothed 
towards  the  summit,  and  dull  red  and  yellowish  fruit,  sometimes  white-dotted. 
Var.  MOLLIS,  of  the  Western  States,  Avith  rounded  soft-downy  leaves,  not  taper- 
ing but  sometimes  even  heart-shaped  at  base,  sharply  doubly  toothed  and  cut; 
fruit  dull  red  and  less  pleasant- tasted. 

C.  Crus-galli,  COCKSPUR  T.  Smooth  ;  the  wedge-obovate  or  oblanceo- 
late  leaves  thick  and  firm,  deep-green  and  glossy,  serrate  above  the  middle,  ta- 
pering into  a  very  short  petiole  ;  thorns  very  long  and  sharp  ;  fruit  bright  red- 
The  best  species  for  hedges  :  has  both  narrow  and  broad-leaved  varieties. 

§  4.  Flowers  solitary,  in  pairs,  or  only  3-6  in  the  cori/mb  ;  sfi/les,  and  cells, 
4  -  5  :  leaves  mostly  pubescent  underneath  :  fruit  often  eatable. 

C.  sestivalis,  SUMMER  HAW  of  S.  States.  Along  pine-barren  ponds, 
from  S.  Car.  S.  &  W.  :  tree  with  spatulate  or  wedge-obovate  coriaceous  leaves, 
crenate  above  the  middle,  no  glands,  3  -  5-flowered  peduncles,  and  large  red 
juicy  fruit,  pleasantly  acid,  used  for  tarts,  &c.  :•  ripe  in  summer. 

C.  flava,  YELLOW  or  SUMMER  HAW.  Sandy  soil,  from  Virginia  S.  : 
small  tree,  with  wedge-obovate  leaves  downy  or  smoothish,  toothed  or  cut  above 
the  middle,  the  teeth  or  margins  ana  snort  pet.oie  glandular ;  the  pear-shaped 
or  globular  fruit  yellowish,  greenish,  or  tinged  with  red. 


ROSE    FAMILY.  129 

C.  parvifdlia,  SMALL-LEAVED  or  DWARF  THORN.  Pine-barrens  from 
N.  Jersey  S. :  shrub  .3°  -  6°  high,  downy,  with  thick  and  firm  spatulate-obovate 
crenate  feaves,  these  as  well  as  the  mostly  solitary  flowers  almost  sessile,  calyx- 
lobes  glandular-toothed  and  as  long  as  the  petals ;  the  large  fruit  pear-shaped 
or  globular,  at  first  hairy,  greenish  and  yellowish. 

16.  COTONEASTER.      ( Cotoneum  was  a  Roman  name  of  the  Quince. 
Name  here  alludes  to  the  cottony  covering  of  the  shoots,  lower  face  of  the 
leaves,   &c.   of  these  small-leaved  and  small-flowered,   chiefly  Old -World 
shrubs. ) 

C.  vulgaris.  Planted  from  Eu. :  hardy  shrub,  2°  -  4°  high,  much  branched, 
with  deciduous  ovate  or  rounded  leaves  hardly  1'  long,  glabrous  calyx,  flesh- 
colored  or  white  flowers  in  spring,  and  reddish  fruit.  And  some  rarer,  evergreen 
species  are  in  choicer  ornamental  grounds. 

17.  PHOTINIA.     (From  Greek  word  for  shining,  alluding  to  the  glossy 
leaves  of  the  genuine  species.)     Choice  greenhouse  shrubs  or  small  trees, 
hardy  S.,  with  large  evergreen  leaves. 

P.  arbu.tif.61ia,  of  California,  a  smooth  shrub,  with  rigid  sharply-toothed 
leaves  and  broad  panicle  of  white  flowers,  should  be  hardy  S.  of  Penn. 

P.  serrulata,  of  Japan  and  China,  is  smooth,  with  longer  finely  serrulate 
leaves,  and  copious  white  flowers. 

P.  (or  Eriobbtrya)  Japoniea,  the  LOQUAT-TREE,  of  Japan,  with 
almost  entire  leaves  nearly  1°  long,  the  lower  surface,  and  corymb  clothed  with 
dense  rather  rusty  wool,  has  fewer  and  larger  downy  yellowish-white  flowers, 
and  an  edible  yellow  fruit,  resembling  a  small  apple,  with  1-5  large  seeds. 

18.  AMELANCHIER,  JUNE-BERRY,  SERVICE-BERRY.     (Pop- 
ular name  of  the  European  species  in  Savoy.)     Flowering  in  spring,  and  pro- 
ducing the  berry -like  purplish  fruit  (edible,  sweet,  sometimes  very  pleasant- 
flavored)  in  summer.     We  have  apparently  two  or  three  wild  species;  but 
they  run  together  so  that  botanists  incline  to  regard  them  as  forms  of  one. 
A.  Canadensis,   also   called    SHADBUSH   in  New  England,   because  it 

blossoms  just  when  shad -appear  in  the  rivers.  Var.  BOTRYA.PIUM  is  the 
tree,  smooth  even  from  the  first,  or  nearly  so,  with  ovate-oblong  very  sharply 
serrate  leaves,  long  loose  racemes,  and  oblong  petals  4  times  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  Var.  OBLONGir6LiA  is  either  tree  or  shrub,  Avith  the  oblong  leaves  and 
branchlets  white-cottony  when  young,  and  the  racemes  and  petals  shorter. 
Var.  ALNirOLiA,  chiefly  W.,  is  a  shrub  with  roundish  blunt  leaves  toothed  only 
towards  the  summit,  and  flowers  like  the  preceding.  Var.  OLIGOCARPA,  is  a 
shrub  of  cold  bogs  N.,  very  smooth,  with  thin  oblong  sharply-serrate  leaves,  and 
only  2-5  flowers  in  the  raceme. 

19.  PYRTJS,   PEAR,    APPLE,  &c.     (Classical  name  of  the  Pear-tree.) 
Botanically  the  genus  is  made  to  include  a  great  variety  of  things,  agreeing 
in  the  cartilaginous,  parchment-like,  or  thin-walled  cells  that  contain  the 
seeds.     Wood  hard  and  tough.     Fl.  spring. 

§  1.   PEAR.     Leaves  simple  :  flowers  in  a  simple  corymb  or  duster :  fruit  ivith  its 
base  tapering  down  to  the  stalk. 

P.  communis,  COMMON  PEAR.  Cult,  from  Eu.  :  a  smooth  tree,  with 
branches  inclined  to  be  thorny,  ovate  leaves,  and  pure  white  flowers,  the  an- 
thers purple. 

§  2.   APPLE.     Leaves  simple  :  flowers  showy,  in  a  simple  cluster  or  simple  umbel: 
fruit  sunken  (umbilicate)  at  both  ends,  especially  at  the  base. 
*  Exotic  :  leaves  simply  and  evenly  sen-ate,  ovate  or  oblong. 
P.  Mains,  COMMON  APPLE.     Cult,  from  Eu.  :  tree  with  buds,  lower  face 
of  the  leaves  when  young,  and  calyx  woolly,  flowers  white  and  tinged  with 
pink,  and  large  fruit. 
9 


130  .  CALYCANTHUS    FAMILY. 

P.  spectabilis,  CHINESE  FLOWERING-A.  Cult  from  China,  for  its 
showy  bright  rose-colored  flowers,  which  arc  double  or  semi-double ;  the  leaves 
&c.  smooth,  except  when  very  young. 

P.  pruntf61ia,  SIBERIAN  CRAB- A.  Cult,  for  the  fruit :  smooth  or 
nearly  so,  except  the  newly  developed  leaves  and  the  peduncles  ;  styles  woolly 
at  the  base  ;  fruit  yellowish.  The  better  Crab-Apples  are  perhaps  crosses  of 
this  with  the  Common  Apple. 

*  *  Wild  species,  with  some  of  the  leaves  irregularly  cut-toothed,  or  even  lotted: 
the  bright  rose-colored  flowers  and  the  greenish  fruit  very  fragrant. 

P.  COFOnaria,  AMERICAN  or  GARLAND  CRAB-A.  Glades  from  W.  New 
York  W.  &  S.  :  small  tree,  soon  smooth,  with  the  mostly  ovate  leaves  rounded 
or  obscurely  heart-shaped  nt  base  and  inclined  to  be  3-lobed. 

P.  angustif61ia,  NARROW-LEAVED  CRAB-A.  Glades  W.  &  S.,  with 
narrow-oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves  :  otherwise  too  like  the  last. 

§  3  CHOKEBERRY.  Leaves  simple,  the  upper  face  with  some  small  glands  along 
the  midrib :  flowers  (white)  in  compound  cymes  terminating  the  branches: 
styles  united  at  base :  fruit  berry -I  ike. 

P.  arbutifblia,  COMMON  CHOKEBERRY.  Low  woods  and  bogs  ;  shrub 
with  small  obovate  or  oblong  finely  serrate  leaves,  and  a  juicy  insipid  berry,  not 
larger  than  a  pea,  either  purple  or  black,  pear-shaped  or  globular. 

§  4.  ROWAN-TREE  or  MOUNTAIN- ASH.  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  of  several 
(9-17)  leaflets :  flowers  (numerous  and  white)  in  ample  compound  flat 
cymes  terminating  the  branches  of  the  season :  fruit  berry-like,  scarlet-red 
when  ripe.  Trees  often  planted  for  ornament,  especially  for  the  clusters  of 
showy  fruit  in  autumn. 

P.  Americana,  AMERICAN  MOUNTAIN-ASH.  Slender  tree  or  tall  shrub, 
wild  in  the  cooler  districts  ;  smooth  or  soon  becoming  so,  with  lanceolate 
taper-pointed  and  sharply  serrate  bright-green  leaflets  on  a  reddish  stalk,  pointed 
and  smooth  glutinous  leaf-buds,  and  berries  not  larger  than  peas. 

P.  sambUCifblia,  ELDER-LEAVED  R.  or  M.  Wild  along  the  northern 
frontiers  ;  smooth  or  nearly  so,  with  oblong  or  lance-ovate  and  blunt  or  ab- 
ruptly short-pointed  leaflets,  coarsely  serrate  with  more  spreading  teeth,  spar- 
ingly hairy  leaf-buds,  and  larger  berries. 

P.  ailCUparia,  EUROPEAN  R.  or  M.  Planted  from  En.  ;  forms  a  good- 
sized  tree,  with  oblong  and  obtuse  paler  leaflets,  their  lower  surface,  stalks,  and 
the  leaf-buds  downy;  and  the  berries  larger  (^'  in  diameter). 

20.   CYD6NIA,  QUINCE.     (Named  from  a  city  in  Crete.) 

C.  vulgaris,  COMMON  QUINCE.  Cult,  from  the  Levant  ;  small  tree, 
nearly  thornless,  with  oval  or  ovate  entire  leaves  (Lessons,  p.  55,  fig.  83)  cot- 
tony beneath  ;  flowers  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  leafy  branches  of  the  season,  in 
late*  spring,  with  leafy  calyx-lobes,  white  or  palc-ro'se  petals,  and  stamens  in  a 
single  row ;  the  large  and  hard  fruit  pear-shaped,  or  in  one  variety  apple-shaped, 
fragrant ;  seeds  mucilaginous. 

C.  Jappnica,  JAPAN  QUINCE  (also  named  PYRUS  JAPONICA).  Thorny, 
smooth,  widely  branched  shrub,  from  Japan  ;  cult,  for  the  large  showy  flowers, 
which  are  produced  in  spring,  earlier  than  the  oval  or  wedge-oblong  leaves,  on 
side  spurs,  in  great  abundance,  single  or  more  or  less  double,  scarlet-red,  or 
sometimes  with  rose-colored  or  even  almost  white  varieties ;  calyx  with  short 
and  rounded  lobes ;  fruit  green,  very  hard,  resembling  a  small  apple,  but  totally 
uneatable. 

39.  CALYCANTHACE.E3,  CALYCANTHUS  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  sepals  and  petals 
imbricated  and  indefinite  in  number  and  passing  one  into  the  other, 
stamens  few  or  many  with  anthers  turned  outwards,  all  these  parts 
on  a  hollow  receptacle  or  calyx-cup  in  the  manner  of  a  rose-hip, 


SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.  131 

enclosing  numerous  pistils  which  ripen  into  akenes.  Cotyledons 
rolled  up  from  one  margin.  Flowers  rather  large,  mostly  aromatic, 
as  is  the  wood  also. 

1.  CALYCANTHUS.     Flowers  livid-purple  or  dull  red,  solitary  in  the  axils  or 

terminating  leafy  branches,  with  loose  bracts  passing  to  colored  lanceolate 
sepals,  and  these  into  similar  thickish  petals,  which  are  borne  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  closed  calyx*tube:  within  these  are  numerous  short  stamens;  tlie 
outer  12  or  more  having  anthers  ending  in  a  tip;  the  inner  smaller  and  with 
imperfect  anthers  or  none.  Pistils  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  cup;  ovary  with  2 
ovules;  styles  slender.  Akenes  oval,  coriaceous,  enclosed  in  the  leathery  hip, 
which  becomes  about  2'  long. 

2.  CHIMONANTHUS.     Flowers  yellow  and  purplish,  along  naked  shoots,  sessile 

in  axils  of  fallen  leaves.  Bracts  and  sepals  scale-like,  ovate,  purplish  or 
brownish.  Petals  honey-yellow^  or  the  innermost  red.  Stamens  with  an- 
thers only  6. 

1.  CALYCANTHUS,  CAROLINA  ALLSPICE  or  SWEET-SCENT- 
ED SHRUB.     (Name  from  Greek  for  cup  and  foicer.)     All  wild  in  U.  S., 
and  cult.,  especially  the  first,  Which  has  the  more  fragrant  strawberry-scented 
blossoms.     Fl.  spring  and  all  summer. 

C.  fldridus.  Wild  S.  of  Virginia  in  rich  woods  :  leaves  soft-downy  be- 
neath, l'-3'  long,  oval  or  oblong. 

C.  laevigatUS.  Wild  from  S.  Pcnn.  S. :  smooth  and  green,  with  oval  or 
oblong  leaves  l'-3'  long,  and  rather  small  flowers  (!£'  across). 

C.  glailCUS.  Wild  from  Virginia  S.  :  like  the  foregoing,  but  with  mostly 
larger  and  taper-pointed  leaves,  glaucous  beneath. 

C.  OCCidentalis,  WESTERN  C.  Cult,  from  California :  smooth,  with 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong  and  slightly  heart-shaped  larger  leaves  (5' -6'  long), 
green  both  sides,  the  upper  surface  roughish ;  the  brick-red  flowers  3'  across, 
scentless  ;  akenes  hairy. 

2.  CHIMONANTHUS,  JAPAN  ALLSPICE.    (Name  in  Greek  means 
winter- floicer ;  it  flowers  in  the  winter  in  a  mild  temperate  climate.) 

C.  fragra<ns.  Shrub  with  long  branches,  which  may  be  trained  like  a 
climber,  smooth  lance-ovate  pointed  leaves,  and  rather  small  fragrant  flowers, 
hardy  S.  of  Penn.  * 

40.   SAXIPRAGrACE^S,  SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 

A  large  family  not  readily  defined  by  any  single  characters ; 
distinguished  generally  from  Rosacece  by  having  albumen  in  the 
seeds,  ovaries  partly  or  wholly  united,  and  seldom  any  stipules  ; 
the  herbs  and  most  of  the  shrubs  of  the  family  have  only  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  stamens,  and  fewer  styles  or  stigmas,  than  there 
are  petals  or  sepals.  Flowers  mostly  perfect.  —  Besides  the  plants 
described,  there  may  be  met  with  in  choice  conservatories  : 

CUNONIA  CAPENSIS,  a  small  tree  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with 
opposite  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  a  large  stipule  between  their  peti- 
oles on  each  side  : 

BAITERA  RUBIOIDES.  from  Australia,  a  slender  bu.'hy  shrub,  with 
opposite  leaves  of  3  almost  sessile  narrow  leaflets,  looking  like  6 
simple  leaves  in  a  whorl,  and  pretty  rose-colored  widely  open  flow- 
ers in  their  axils. 

I.  Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves  (includes  plants  which  have  been 
ranked  in  two  or  three  different  families).  None  of  the  following 
have  stipules,  except  Ribes.  Seeds  numerous. 


132  SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY. 

§  1.   Leave*  alternate. 

1.  RIBES.     Leaves  palmately  veined  and  lobed  ;  sometimes  with  narrow  stipules 

united  with  the  base  of 'the  petiole.  Calyx  with  its  tube  cohering  with  the 
ovary,  and  often  extended  beyond  it,  the  5  lobes  usually  colored  like  the 
petals.  Petals  and  stamens  each  5,  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  the  former 
small  and  mostly  erect.  Styles  2  or  partly  united  into  one  ; 'ovary  1-celled 
with  2  parietal  placentae,  in*  fruit  becoming  a  juicy  berry,  crowned  with  the 
shrivelled  remains  of  the  rest  of  the  flower. 

2.  ITEA.     LeaVes  pinnately  Veined,  not  lobed.     Flowers   in   a  raceme.     Calyx 

nearly  free  from  the  2-celled  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  lanceolate,  much  longer 
than  the  calyx,  and  inserted  along  with  the  5  stamens  near  its  base.  Pod 
slender,  2-celled,  splitting  through  the  style  and  the  partition. 

§  2.   Leaves  opposite.    Calyx-tube  whol/y  coherent  with  the  top-shaped  or  hemispherical 
ovary,  but  not  at  all  extended  beyond  it. 

*  Stamens  indefinite,  20-40. 

3.  DECUMARIA.     Flowers  small,  in  a  compound  terminal  cyme.     Calyx  mi- 

nutely 7-10  toothed.  Style  thick.  Petals  7  -  10,  valvate' in  the  bud.  Pod 
small,  top-shaped,  many  ribbed,  bursting  at  the  .sides  between  the  ribs. 

4.  PHILADELPHIA.     Flowers  showy,  often  corymbed  or  panicled.    Calyx  with 

4  or  5  valvate  lobes.  Petals  4  or  5,  broad,"  con  volute  in  the  bud.  "  Styles 
3-5,  usually  somewhat  united  below.  Ovary  3  -  5-celled,  becoming  a  pod, 
which  splits  at  length  into  as  many  pieces. 

#  #  Stamens  only  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  8  or  10. 

5.  DEUTZIA.     Flowers   all  alike   and   perfect,  more  or  less  panicled,  showy. 

Lobes  of  the  calyx  5.  Petals  5,  valvate  with  the  edges  turned  inward's. 
Filaments  flat,  the  5  alternate  ones  longer,  commonly  with  a  tooth  or  fork  on 
each  side  next  the  top.  Styles  3-5,  slender.  Pod  3-  5-celled. 

6.  HYDRANGEA.     Flowers  in  cymes,  commonly  of  two  sorts,  the  marginal  ones 

(or  in  high-cultivated  plants  almost  all)  enlarged  and  neutral,  consisting  of 
corolla-like  calyx  only  (Lessons,  p.  84,  fig.  167)  :  the  others  perfect,  with  a 
4-5-toothed  calyx,  as  many  small  petals  valvate  in  the  bud,  and  twice  as 
many  stamens  with  slender  filaments.  Style  2  -  5,  diverging.  Ovary  2-5- 
celled,  becoming  a  small  pod  which  opens  at  the  top  between  the  styles. 

IF.    Herbs,  forming  the  SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY  proper.     Stipules 
none  or  confluent  with  the  base  of  the  petiole.    Seeds  usually  many. 

*  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  usually  5,  and  a  cluster  of 

gland-tipped  sterile  filaments  before,  each  petal :  stiymas  mostly  4,  directly  over 
as  many  parietal  placentae. 

7.  PARNASSIA.     Flower  solitary,  terminating  a  scape-like  stem  ;  the  leaves 

mostly  from  the  root,  rounded,  smooth,  and  entire.  Calyx  free  from  the 
ovary,  of  5  sepals.  Petals  5,  veiny,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Styles  none. 
Pod  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

*  #  Stamens  only  as  many  as  the  petals,  4  or  5 :  770  sterile  Jilaments :  styles  2  and 

alternate  icilh  the  placentce  or  partition. 

8.  HEUCHERA.     Flowers  small,  in  a  long  panicle,  mostly  on  a  scape.     Calyx 

bell-shaped,  the  tube  cohering  below  with  the  1-celled'ovary,  and  continued 
beyond  it,  above  5-cleft,  and  bearing  5  small  spatulate  erect  petals  at 
the  sinuses.  Styles  slender.  Pod  1-celled,  2-beaked  at  the  apex,  opening 
between  the  beaks. 

9.  BOYKINIA.     Flowers    in    a  corymb-like   cyme.     Calyx   5-lobed,  the  tube 

cohering  with  the  2-celled  ovary  I  Petals  5,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous. 
Styles  2,  short.  Pod  2-celled,  opening  between  the  two  beaks. 

*  *  *  Stamens  twice  the  number  of  the  petals  or  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  mostly  10  j 

pod  commonly  2-lobed,  beaked,  or  2,  rarely  3-4,  nearly  separate  pods. 

•t-  Petals  entire,  mostly  5. 

10.  SAXIFRAGA.     Flowers   in   cymes  or   panicles,   or  rarely  solitary,  perfect. 

Leaves  simple  or  palmately  cut.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Pod  2- 
celled  below,  or  2  (rarely  more)  separate  pistils  and  pods,  many-seeded. 

11.  ASTILBE.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes  collected  in  an  ample  compound 

panicle,  sometimes  polygamous  or  dioecious.     Leaves  ample,  decompound. 


SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.  103 

Petals  small,  spatulate  or  linear.  Little  pods  2  or  3,  nearly  separate,  opening 
down  the  inner  suture,  several-seeded. 

12.  TIAKKLLA.      Flowers  in  a  raceme.      Calyx  colored  (white),    6-parted,  and 

in  the  sinuses  bearing  5  very  narrow  slender-clawed  petals.  Filaments  and 
styles  long  and  slender.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  several  ovules  towards  the  base 
of  the  2  parietal  placentas,  2-beaked;  one  of  the  beaks  or  carpels  growing 
much  more  than  the  other  and  making  the  larger  part  of  the  lance-shaped 
membranaceous  pod,  which  is  few-seeded  towards  the  bottom. 
H-  ••-  Petals  5,  pinnatifid,  very  delicate. 

13.  MITELLA.     Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme  or  spike,  small.     Petals  colored  like 

the  short  open  calyx  (white  or  green).  Stamens  short.  Styles  2,  very  short. 
Ovary  and  pod  globular,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae  at  the  base,  many- 
seeded,  opening  across  the  top. 

-•-  t-  •»-  Petals  none. 

14.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM.     Flowers  yellowish-green,  solitary  or  in  a  leafy  cyme. 

Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  the  tube  or  expanded  border  with '4  or 
5  blunt  lobes.  Stamens  8  or  10,  very  short.  Styles  2,  short,  recurved.  Pod 
obcordate,  thin,  its  notched  summit  rising  above  the  calyx-tube,  1-celled 
with  2  parietal  placentae,  several -many-seeded. 

1.  RIBES,   CURRANT,  GOOSEBERRY.     (An  Arabic  name.)     Leaves 
plaited  in  the  bud,  except  the  last  species,  often  clustered  in  the  axils  of 
those  of  previous  season.     Fl.  spring.     Fruit  mostly  eatable. 
§  1.    GOOSEBERRY.     Stems  commonly  with  1  or  2  thorns  below  the  leafstalks  or 

the  clusters  of  leaves,  often  with  numerous  scattered  prickles  besides,  these 

sometimes  on  the  berry  also. 

#  Cultivated  species. 

R.  specidsum,  SHOWY  FLOWERING-GOOSEBERRY,  of  California:  cult, 
for  ornament,  especially  in  England,  likely  to  succeed  in  Southern  Middle 
States,  is  trained  like  a  climber ;  has  small  and  shining  leaves,  1-3  very  hand- 
some flowers  on  a  hanging  peduncle,  the  short-tubular  calyx,  petals,  and  long- 
projecting  stamens  deep  red,  so  that  the  blossom  resembles  that  of  a  Fuchsia ; 
berry  prickly,  few-seeded. 

R.  Grossularia,  GARDEN  or  ENGLISH  GOOSEBERRY.  Cult,  from  Eu. 
for  the  well-known  fruit;  thorny  and  prickly,  with  small  obtusely  3  -  5-lobed 
leaves,  green  flowers  1  -  3  on  short  pedicels,  bell-shaped  calyx,  and  large  berry. 

*  *  Native  species  (chiefly  N.  $•  W.},  passing  under  the  general  name  of  WILD 

GOOSEBERRY,  with  greenish  or  dull-purplish  blossoms,  only  1-3  on  each 
peduncle. 

R.  hirtdllum,  the  commonest  E.,  is  seldom  downy,  with  very  short  thorns 
or  none,  very  short  peduncles,  stamens  and  2-cleft  style  scarcely  longer  than 
the  bell-shaped  calyx  ;  and  the  smooth  berry  purple,  small,  and  sweet. 

R.  rotlindif61ium,  commoner  W.,  is  often  downy-leaved  ;  peduncles 
slender,  the  slender  stamens  and  2-parted  style  longer  than  the  narrow  calyx  ; 
berry  smooth. 

R.  Cynosbati,  of  rocky  woods  N.,  is  downy-leaved,  with  slender  pedun- 
cles, stamens  and  undivided  style  not  exceeding  the  broad  calyx,  and  large 
berry  usually  prickly. 

#  *  *  Native  species  with  the  prickly  stems  of  a  Gooseberry,  but  with  a  raceme  of 

flowers  like  those  of  a  Currant. 

R.  laciistre,  LAKE  or  SWAMP  G.  Cold  bogs  and  wet  woods  N.  :  low, 
with  3  -  5-parted  leaves,  their  lobes  deeply  cut,  very  small  flowers  with  broad 
and  flat  calyx,  short  stamens  and  style,  and  small  bristly  berries  of  unpleasant 
flavor. 

§  2.    CURRANT.    No  thorns  nor  prickles,  and  the  flowers  numerous  in  the  racemes. 

*   Wild,  or  cultivated  for  the  fruit :  flowers  greenish  or  whitish. 
•»-  Leaves  without  resinous  dots  :  calyx  flat  and  open  :  berries  red  (or  ichite). 
R.  prostratum,  FETID  C.    Cold  woods  N. ;  with  reclining  stems,  deeply 
heart-shaped  and  acutely  5  -  7-lobed  leaves,  erect  racemes,  pedicels  and  pale-red 


134  SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY. 

berries  glandular-bristly ;  these  and  the  bruised  herbage  exhale  an  unpleasant, 
skunk-like  odor. 

R.  rtlbrum,  REP  C.  Cult  from  Eu.,  also  wild  on  our  northern  borders  ; 
with  straggling  or  reclining  stems,  somewhat  heart-shaped  moderately  3  -  5- 
lobed  leaves,  the  lobes  roundish,  and  drooping  racemes  from  lateral  buds  dis- 
tinct from  the  leaf-buds  ;  edible  berries  red,  or  a  white  variety. 

•«-  •«-  Leaves  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots :  flowers  larger,  with  oblony-bell-shaped 

calyx:  berries  larger,  black,  aromatic  and  spicy,  ylandular-dotied. 
R.  floridum,  WILD  BLACK  C.     Woods  N. .  leaves  slightly  heart-shaped, 
sharply  3  -  5-lobcd   and   doubly  serrate ;    racemes   drooping,  downy,  bearing 
many  whitish  flowers,  with  conspicuous  bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels. 

R.  nigrum,  GARDEN  BLACK  C.  Cult,  from  Eu. :  like  the  preceding, 
but  has  greener  and  fewer  flowers  in  the  raceme,  minute  bracts,  and  a  shorter 
calyx. 

*  *  Cultivated  for  ornament  from  far  W.  •  the  flowers  highly  colored. 

R.  sanguineum,  RED-FL.  C.,  from  Oregon  and  California  :  glandular 
and  somewhat  clammy,  with  3  -  5-lobed  leaves  whitish-downy  beneath,  nodding 
racemes  of  rose-red  flowers,  the  calyx-tube  oblong-bell-shaped,  the  berries  gland- 
ular and  insipid. 

M  R.  aureum,  GOLDEN,  BUFFALO,  or  MISSOURI  C.  :    from  W.  Missouri 

r>  Jf        to  Oregon  ;  abundantly  cult,  for  its  spicy-scented  bright-yellow  flowers  in  early 
spring  ;  smooth,  with  rounded  3-lobed  and  cut-toothed  leaves  (which  are  rolled 

Kup  in  the  bud),  short  racemes  with  leafy  bracts,  and  tube  of  the  yellow  calyx 
very  much  longer  than  the  spreading  lobes  ;  the  berries  blackish,  insipid. 

2.  iTEA.     ( Greek  name  of  Willow,  applied  to  something  widely  different. ) 
I.  Virginica,  a  tall  shrub,  in  low  pine-barrens  from  N.  Jersey  S.,  smooth, 

with  oblong  minutely  serrate  leaves,  and  racemes  of  pretty  white  flowers,  in 
early  summer. 

3.  DECUMARIA.     (Name  probably  meaning  that  the  parts  of  the  flower 
are  in  tens,  which  is  only  occasionally  the  case.) 

D.  barbara.  Along  streams  S.  :  a  tall,  mostly  smooth  shrub,  with  long 
branches  disposed  to  climb,  ovate  or  oblong  shining  leaves,  and  a  compound 
terminal  cyme  of  small  white  odorous  flowers,  in  late  spring. 

4.  PHILADELPHIA'S,  MOCK-ORANGE,  SYRINGA  (which  is  tho 
botanical  name  of  the  Lilac.     The  generic  name  is  an  ancient  one,  afterwards 
applied  to  these  shrubs  for  no  particular  reason).     Ornamental  shrubs;  na- 
tives of  the  S.  Atlantic  and  Pacific  States,  Japan,  &c. ;  the  species  mixed  or 
much  varied  in  cultivation.     The  following  are  the  principal  types. 

P.  COronarillS,  COMMON  MOCK-ORANGE.  Cult,  probably  from  Japan. 
Shrub  with  erect  branches,  smoothish  oblong-ovate  leaves  having  the  taste  and 
smell  of  cucumbers,  and  crowded  clusters  of  handsome  and  odorous  cream-white 
flowers,  in  late  spring. 

P.  latifdlius,  BROAD-LEAVED  M.  Cult.,  unknown  wild,  has  the  erect 
stems  of  the  first,  is  robust,  6°  -  12°  high,  with  the  ovate  and  toothed  5-ribbed 
.leaves  hairy  beneath,  and  large  pure-white  and  nearly  scentless  flowers  clus- 
tered, in  early  summer. 

P.  inod6rus,  SCENTLESS  M.  Wild  in  upper  districts  S. :  shrub  smooth, 
with  spreading  slender  branches,  mostly  entire  ovate-oblong  leaves,  rather  small 
flowers  scattered  at  the  end  of  the  diverging  branchlets,  and  calyx-lobes  not 
longer  than  the  ovary. 

P.  grandifldrus,  LARGE-FL.  M.  Wild  along  streams  from  Virginia  S., 
and  planted  in  several  varieties  :  tall  shrub,  with  long  recurving  branches,  ovate 
and  pointed  usually  toothed  smoothish  or  slightly  downy  leaves,  and  very  large 
pure-white  scentless  flowers,  in  early  summer,  either  single  or  in  loose  clusters 
ut  the  end  of  the  branches,  the  slender-pointed  calyx -lobes  much  longer  than  the 
ovary. 


SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.  105 

P.  Gordonianus,  cult,  from  Oregon,  is  seemingly  a  variety  of  the  last, 
verv  tall,  and  the  large  flowers  appearing  at  midsummer. 

P.  hirsutUS,  HAIRY  M.  Wild  in  N.  Car.  and  Tcnn.,  sparingly  cult.  : 
slender,  with  recurving  branches,  the  small  ovate  and  acute  sharply-toothed 
leaves  hairy,  and  beneath  even  hoary  ;  the  small  white  flowers  solitary  or 
2-3  together  at  the  end  of  short  racemose  side  branchlets. 

5.  DEUTZIA.     (Named  for  one  Deutz,  an  amateur  botanist  of  Amsterdam. ) 
Fine  flowering  shrubs  of  Japan  and  China,  with  numerous  panicles  of  white 
blossoms,  in  late  spring  and  early  summer  ;  the  lower  side  of  the  leaves,  the 
calyx,  &c.  beset  with  minute  starry  clusters  of  hairs  or  scurf. 

D.  grdcilis,  the  smallest  species,  is  2°  high,  with  lance-ovate  sharply  ser- 
rate leaves  bright  green  and  smooth,  and  rather  small  snow-white  flowers,  earlier 
than  the  rest,  often  forced  in  greenhouses  ;  filaments  forked  at  the  top. 

D.  crenata.  Commonly  planted  ;  a  tall  shrub,  rough  with  the  fine  pube- 
scence, with  pale  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  minutely  crenate-serrate  leaves,  and 
rather  dull  white  blossoms  in  summer ;  the  filaments  broadest  upwards  and 
with  a  blunt  lobe  on  each  side  just  below  the  anther.  This  is  generally  cult, 
under  the  name  of  the  next,  viz. 

D.  scabra,  with  more  rugose  and  rougher  finely  sharp-serrate  leaves,  and 
entire  taper-pointed  filaments  :  seldom  cult.  here. 

6.  HYDRANGEA.     (Name  of  two  Greek  words  meaning  water  and  vase; 
the  application  obscure.)     Fl.  summer. 

#  Cultivated  from  China  and  Japan:  house-plants  N.,  turned  out  for  summer. 

H.  Hortensia,  COMMON  HVDRANGEA,  is  very  smooth,  with  large  and 
oval,  coarsely  toothed,  bright-green  leaves,  and  the  flowers  of  the  cyme  nearly 
all  neutral  and  enlarged,  blue,  purple,  pink,  or  white. 

*  *   Wild  species,  on  shadi/  (tanks  of  rivers,  frc.,  but  often  planted  for  ornament. 

Styles  mostly  only  2  :  flowers  white,  the  sterile  enlarged  ones  turning  green- 
ish or  purplish  with  age,  persistent. 

H.  quercif61ia,  OAK-LEAVED  H.  Stout  shrub  3°  -  6°  high,  very  leafy, 
downy,  with  oval  5-lobed  large  leaves,  and  cymes  clustered  in  oblong  panicle, 
with  numerous  sterile  flowers.  Wild  from  Georgia  S.,  hardy  N.  in  cult. 

H.  radiata,  called  more  fittingly  H.  NfvEA,  having  the  ovate  or  some- 
what heart-shaped  pointed  leaves  very  white-woolly  beneath,  but  smooth  and 
green  above  ;  the  flat  cyme  with  a  few  enlarged  sterile  flowers  round  the  mar- 
gin. Wild  S.  of  Virginia. 

H.  arborescens,  wild  from  Penn.  and  111.  S.,  rarely  planted,  is  smooth, 
with  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  serrate  pointed  leaves  green  both  sides,  the 
flat  cyme  often  without  any  enlarged  sterile  flowers,  but  sometimes  with  a  full 
row  round  the  margin. 

7.  PARNASSIA,    GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS.     Wild   on  wet  banks; 
the  large  white  flower  handsome,  in  summer  and  autumn.     %. 

P.  Caroliniana,  the  only  common  species,  both  N.  £  S.,  has  the  scape  or 
stem  l°-2°  high,  bearing  one  clasping  leaf  low  down,  and  terminated  with  a 
flower  over  1'  broad,  the  many-veined  petals  sessile,  with  3  stout  small  sterile 
filaments  before  each. 

P.  pallistris,  scarce  on  northern  borders,  is  small  throughout,  with  several 
slender  filaments  before  each  few-veined  petal. 

P.  asarifblia,  along  the  Alleghanies  S.,  has  rather  kidney-shaped  leaves, 
and  petals  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  claw ;  otherwise  like  the  first. 

8.  HETJCHERA,  ALUM-ROOT,  the  rootstock  being  astringent.    (Named 
for  a  German  botanist,  Heucher.)     Wild  plants  of  rocky  woods,  chiefly  W. 
and  S.  along  the  middle  country  ;  the  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped  and  more 
or  less  lohed  or  cut,  mostly  from  the  rootstock,  often  one  or  two  on  the  tall 
stalk  of  the  panicle.     Flowers  mostly  greenish,  in  summer.     % 


136  SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY. 

*  Flowers  very  small :  stamens  and  styles  protruding. 

H.  Americana,  COMMON  A.  :  the  only  one  N.  and  E.  of  Penn.,  has 
scapes  and  loose  panicle  (2° -3°  high)  clammy-glandular  and  often  hairy, 
leaves  with  rounded  lobes,  and  greenish  flowers  in  early  summer. 

H.  villdsa,  from  Maryland  and  Kentucky  S.  along  the  upper  country,  is 
lower,  beset  with  soft  often  rusty  hairs,  has  deeper-lobed  leaves,  and  very  small 
white  or  whitish  flowers,  later  in  summer.  • 

#  #  Flowers  larger  (the  calyx  fully  4'  l°nff),  *n  a  "narrower  panicle,  greenish,  with 
f  stamens  little  if  at  all  protruding :  leaves  round  and  slightly  5  -  9-lobed. 

H.  hispida.  Mountains  of  Virginia  and  N.  W.  Tall  (scape  2° -4° 
high),  usually  with  spreading  hairs  ;  stamens  a  little  protruding. 

H.  pubescens.  From  S.  Penn.  S.  Scapes  (l°-3°  high)  and  petioles 
roughish-glandular  rather  than  pubescent ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  lobes  of 
the  calyx. 

9.  BOYKINIA.     (Named  for  the  late  Dr.  Boykin,  of  Georgia.)     % 

B.  aconitif61ia,  occurs  only  along  the  Alleghanies  from  Virginia  S.  : 
stem  clammy-glandular,  bearing  3  or  4  alternate  palmately  5-7-cleft  and  cut 
leaves  and  a  cyme  of  rather  small  white  flowers,  in  summer.  There  is  one  very 
like  it  in  Oregon  and  California. 

10.  SAXIFRAGA,  SAXIFRAGE.     (Latin   name,   means   rock-breaker; 
many  species  rooting  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.)     Besides  the  following,  there  are 
a  number  of  rare  or  local  wild  species. 

#  Wild  species,  with  leaves  all  clustered  at  the  perennial  root,  the  naked  scape 

clammy  al>ove  and  bearing  many  small  Jlowers  in  a  panicle  or  cyme,  the  two 
ovaries  united  barely  at  the  base,  making  at  length  a  pair  of  nearly  separate 
divergent  pods. 

S.  Virgini6nsis,  EARLY  S.     On  rocks  and  moist  banks  ;  with  obovate 

or  wedge-spatulate  thiekish  more  or  less  toothed  leaves  in  an  open  cluster,  scape 

3' -9'  high,  bearing  in  early  spring  white  flowers  in  a  dense  cluster,  which 

at  length  opens  into  a  loose  panicled  cyme ;  calyx  not  half  the  length  of  the 

/",  v  /       petals  ;  pods  turning  purple. 

S.  Pennsylvanica,  SWAMP  S.  In  low  wet  ground  N. ;  with  lance- 
oblong  or  oblanccolate  obtuse  leaves  (4' -8'  long)  obscurely  toothed  and  nar- 
rowed into  a  very  short  broad  petiole,  scape  l°-2°  high,  bearing  small 
greenish  flowers  in  an  oblong  cluster,  opening  with  age  into  a  looser  panicle  (in 
spring) ;  the  rcflexed  lobes  of  the  calyx  as  long  as  the  lance-linear  petals. 

S.  erbsa,  LKTTUCE  S.  Cold  brooks,  from  Penn.  S.  along  the  Alle- 
ghanies ;  the  lance-oblong  obtuse  leaves  (8'- 12'  long)  sharply  erosely  toothed  ; 
scape  l°-3°  high,  bearing  a  loose  panicle  of  slender-pedicelled  small  white 
flowers  (in  summer)  ;  with  reflexed  sepals  as  long  as  the  oval  petals,  and  club- 
shaped  filaments. 

#  *  Exotic  species,  cult,  for  ornament :  leaves  all  clustered  at  the  perennial  root : 

ovaries  2,  or  sometimes  3-4,  almost  separate,  becoming  as  many  nearly  dis- 
tinct pods. 

S.  crassifdlia,  THICK-LEAVED  S.  Cult,  from  Siberia,  very  smooth,  with 
fleshy  and  creeping  or  prostrate  rootstocks,  sending  up  thick  roundish-obovate 
nearly  evergreen  leaves,  6'  -  9'  long,  and  scapes  bearing  an  ample  at  first  com- 
pact cyme  of  large  bright  rose-colored  flowers,  in  early  spring. 

S.  sarmentosa,  BEEFSTEAK  S.,  also  called  STRAWBERRY  GERANIUM. 

Cult,  from  China  and  Japan  as  a  house-plant,  not  quite  hardy  N.,  rather  hairy, 

with  rounded  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped  and  doubly  toothed  leaves  of  fleshy 

(texture,  purple  underneath,  green-veined  or  mottled  with  white  above,  on  shaggy 

'  '  petioles,  from  their  axils  sending  off  slender  strawberry-like  runners,  by  which 

;'        the  plant  is  multiplied,  and  scapes  bearing  a  light  very  open  panicle  of  irregular 

flowers,  Avith  3  of  the  petals  small  rose-pink  and  yellow-spotted,  and  2  much 

;  -  -longer  and  nearly  white  ones  lanceolate  and  hanging. 

}      *-. 

'  v  K>    -—    L  r\4 


ORPINE   FAMILY.  137 

11.  ASTILBE.     (Name  means  not  shining.)     Also  called  HOTE!A,  after  a 
Japanese  botanist.     Fl.  summer.     ^ 

A.  decandra.  Rich  woods  along  the  Alleghanies  from  Virginia  S. :  a  tall, 
rather  pubescent  herb,  3°  -  5°  high,  imitating  Spiraea  Aruncus  (p.  121)  in  ap- 
pearance, but  coarser ;  leaflets  of  the  decompound  leaves  mostly  heart-shaped, 
cut  toothed  (2' -4'  long)  ;  flowers  greenish-white,  with  inconspicuous  petals. 

A.  Japonica,  or  HOTKIA  JAPONICA.  Cult,  from  Japan  for  ornament  : 
only  1°  — 2°  high,  with  leaflets  of  the  thrice-ternate  leaves  lance-ovate  or  oblong, 
and  crowded  white  flowers  of  considerable  beauty. 

12.  TIARELLA,  FALSE  MITREWORT.     (Diminutive  of  tiara,  a  tur- 
bun  ;  name  not  very  appropriate.)     ^ 

T.  COrdif61ia,  our  only  species,  in  rocky  woods,  especially  N. :  a  low  and 
hairy  herb,  spreading  by  summer  leafy  runners ;  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped, 
sharply  lobed  and  toothed ;  flowers  in  a  short  raceme  on  a  leafless  scape,  bright 
white,  in  spring. 

13.  MITELLA,  MITREWORT,  BISHOP'S-CAP.    (Name  means  a  lit- 
tle mitre,  from  the  shape  of  the  2 -cleft  ovary  and  young  pod.)    Delicate  plants 
of  moist  woods,  especially  N.,  spreading  by  summer  leafy  runners  or  root- 
stocks  :  fl.  late  spring  and  early  summer.     %. 

M.  diph^lla,  COMMON  or  TWO-LEAVED  M.  Hairy,  with  rounded  heart- 
shaped  and  somewhat  3  -  5-lobed  root-leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  a  pair  of 
opposite  nearly  sessile  leaves  on  the  scape  below  the  slender  raceme  of  many 
white  flowers. 

M.  Hilda,  NAKED-STALKED  M.  Mossy  woods  N.  :  a  delicate  little  plant, 
with  roundish  kidney-shaped  doubly  crenate  leaves,  and  leafless  scape  (4'  -  6' 
high)  bearing  a  few  greenish  blossoms. 

14.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM,    GOLDEN    SAXIFRAGE.      (Name  in 
Greek  means  golden  spleen.)     Fl.  spring.     ^[ 

C.  Americanum,  our  only  species,  in  springs  or  shady  wet  places  N.  : 
a  low  and  delicate  smooth  herb,  with  spreading  repeatedly  forked  stems,  tender 
succulent  small  leaves,  which  are  roundish,  obscurely  crenatc-lobed,  and  mainly 
opposite  ;  the  inconspicuous  greenish  flowers  nearly*  sessile  in  the  forks. 

41.   CRASSULACE^I,  ORPINE  FAMILY. 

Succulent  plants,  differing  from  the  Saxifrage  Family  mainly  in 
the  complete  symmetry  of  the  flowers,  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens, 
and  pistils  equal  in  number,  or  the  stamens  of  just  double  the  num- 
ber ;  the  pistils  all  separate  and  forming  as  many  (mostly  many- 
seeded)  little  pods,  except  in  Penthorum,  where  they  are  united 
together.  (Lessons,  p.  86,  fig.  168- 171.)  Penthorum,  which  is 
not  succulent,  is  jus.t  intermediate  between  this  family  and  the  fore- 
going. Several  are  monopetalous,  i.  e.  have  their  petals  united 
below  into  a  cup  or  tube. 

§  1.   Leaves  not  at  all  fleshy,  but  thin  and  membranaceous :  the  5  ovaries  united  into 
one  5-horned  '^-celled  pod:  no  scales  behind  the  ovaries. 

1.  PENTHORUM.     Sepals  5.     Petals  5,  small,  or  usually  none.     Stamens  10. 

Pod  opening  by  the  falling  away  of  the  5  beaks,  many-seeded.     Rarely  the 
parts  are  in  sixes  or  sevens. 

$  2.   Leaves  thickened  and  succulent :  ovaries  separate,  a  minute  scale  behind  each. 
#  Petals  separate  :  sepals  nearly  so  or  united  at  the  base. 

2.  SEMPER  VI VUM.     Sepals,  narrow  petals,  and  pistils  6  -12  or  even  more,  and 

stamens   twice  as   many.     Plants  usually  multiplying  by  leafv  offsets,  ou 
which  the  leaves  are  crowded  in  close  tufts  like  rosettes. 
S&F— 17 


138  ORPINE    FAMILY. 

3.  SEDUM.     Sepals,  narrow  petals,  and  pistils  4  or  5;  the  stamens  twice  as  many, 

the  alternate  ones  commonly  adhering  to  the  base  of  each  petal. 

4.  TILL^EA.     Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  few-seeded  pistils  3  or  4.     Very  small 

annuals,  with  axillary  flowers. 

5.  CKASSULA.     Sepals  or  lobes  of  the  calyx,  petals,  stamens,  and  many-seeded 

pistils  5.     Perennial  herbs  or  fleshy-shYubby  plants,  with  flowers  in  cymes 
or  clusters. 

*  *  Petals  united  by  their  edges  below,  and  bearing  the  stamens. 
t-  Calyx  b-i-left  or  o-parted :  pistils  5. 

6.  ROCHEA.     Corolla  salver-form,  longer  than  the  calyx.     Stamens  5. 

7.  COTYLEDON.     Corolla  urn-shaped,  bell-shaped,  or  cylindrical,  sometimes 

5-angled.     Stamens  10. 

•^  -»-  Calyx  and  corolla  both  4-lobed  at  summit :  pistils  4. 

8.  BRYOPHYLLUM.     Calyx  inflated ;  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  at  length  projecting 

and  spreading.     Stamens  8,  projecting.     Leaves  opposite,  petioled,  simple  or 
odd-pinnate,  crenate. 

1.  PENTHORIJM,  DITCH  STONE-CROP.     (Name  from  the  Greek, 
apparently  alluding  to  the  parts  of  the  flower  being  in  fives.)     ^ 

P.  sedoides.  Wet  places,  especially  by  roadsides  :  a  homely  weed,  about 
1°  high,  with  alternate  lanceolate  and  serrate  leaves,  and  yellowish-green  incon- 
spicuous flowers  loosely  spiked  on  one  side  of  the  branches  of  an  open  cyme,  all 
summer  and  autumn. 

2.  SEMPERVIVUM,  HOUSELEEK.     (Latin  for  Uve-for-ever.)     2/ 

S.  tect6rum,  COMMON  or  ROOF  HOUSELEEK,  the  plant  in  Europe 
usually  grown  upon  roofs  of  houses  :  propagating  abundantly  by  offsets  on 
short  and  thick  runners ;  leaves  of  the  dense  clusters  oval  or  obovate,  smooth 
except  the  margins,  mucronate  ;  those  on  the  flowering  stems  scattered,  oblong, 
clammy-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  clustered  purplish  or  greenish  flowers ;  sepals, 
petals,  and  pods  mostly  12.  Cult,  in  country  gardens,  and  on  walls,  roofs,  &c.  : 
rarely  flowering,  in  summer. 

3.  SEDUM,  STONE-CROP,  ORPINE.     (Old  name,  from  sedeo,  to  sit, 
i.  e.  upon  rocks,  walls,  &c.,  upon  which  these  plants  often  flourish,  with  little 
or  no  soil.)     The  following  are  all  smooth  perennials,  and  hardy  N.  except 
the  first  species. 

§  1.    Leaves  flat  and  broad,  oblong,  obovate,  or  rounded, 

#  The  lower  ones  at  least  whorltd  in  threes. 

S.  Sieboldii,  SIEBOLD'S  S.  Cult,  from  Japan,  mostly  in  pots ;  with 
•  slender  and  weak  or  spreading  stems,  glaucous  and  mostly  reddish-tinged  round 
and  often  concave  leaves  (!'  or  less  long),  with  a  wedge-shaped  base  and  wavy- 
toothed  margin,  all  in  whorls  up  to  the  cyme  of  rosy-purple  flowers,  which  all 
have  their  parts  in  fives. 

S.  tern&tum,  THREE-LEAVED  S.  Wild  in  rocky  woods  from  Penn.  S. 
&  W.,  and  common  in  gardens ;  with  spreading  stems  creeping  at  base  and 
rising  3'  -  6'  when  they  blossom  ;  the  lower  leaves  wedge-obovate  and  whoried  ; 
the  upper  oblong  and  mostly  scattered,  about  £'  long ; 'flowers  white,  the  first 
or  central  one  with  parts  generally  in  fives,  the  others  sessile  along  the  upper 
side  of  the  usually  3  spreading  branches  and  mostly  with  their  parts  in  fours  ; 
in  late  spring. 

*  *  All  or  most  of  the  leaves  alternate :  flowers  in  a  corymb-like  terminal  cyme, 
purple  or  purplish,  in  summer,  all  with  their  parts  in  Jives. 

S.  Tel6phium,  GARDEN  ORPINE  or  LIVE-FOR-EVER.  Cult,  from  Eu. 
in  old  country  gardens  :  erect,  al>out  2°  high,  with  oval  and  mostly  wavv- 
toothed  pale  and  thick  leaves,  small  and  dull-colored  flowers  in  a  compound 
cyme,  and  short-pointed  pods. 

S.  telephioides,  WILD  O.  or  L.  Dry  rocks  on  mountains,  chiefly  along 
the  Alleghanies  ;  6'-  12'  high,  very  like  the  last,  but  with  fewer  flowers,  and 
pods  tapering  into  a  slender  style. 


ORPINE    FAMILY.  130 

§  2.    leaves  narrmv  and  thick,  barely  flattish  or  terete  :  low  or  creeping  plants. 

S.  acre,  MOSSY  S.,  or  WALL-PEPPER.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  for  edgings  and 
rock-work,  running  wild  in  some  places  :  a  moss-like  little  plant,  forming  mats 
on  the  ground,  yellowish-green,  with  very  succulent  and  thick  ovate  small  and 
crowded  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  in  summer,  their  parts  in  fives. 

S.  pulchellum,  BEAUTIFUL  S.  Wild  S.  W.  on  rocks  ;  also  cult,  in 
gardens,  &c.  ;  spreading  and  rooting  stems  4'-  12'  long  ;  leaves  crowded,  terete, 
linear-thread-shaped  ;  flowers  rose-purple,  crowded  on  the  upper  side  of  the  4 
or  5  spreading  branches  of  the  cyme,  their  parts  mostly  iu  fours,  while  those  of 
the  central  or  earliest  flower  are  in  fives  :  in  summer. 

S.  carneum,  variegatum.  Cult,  of  late  for  borders,  &c.,  of  unknown 
origin  ;  has  creeping  stems,  and  the  small  leaves  mostly  opposite,  sometimes  in 
threes,  linear,  flattish,  acute,  very  pale  green,  and  white-edged  :  flowers  not  yet 
seen. 

4.  TILL-SDA.     (Named  for  an  Italian  botanist,  Tilti.)    Fl.  all  summer.    © 
T.  simplex,  is  a  minute  plant  of  muddy  river-banks  along   the  coast, 

spreading  and  rooting,  only  l'-2'  high,  with  linear-oblong  opposite  leaves,  and 
solitary  inconspicuous  white  flowers  sessile  in  their  axils. 

5.  CRASSULA.     (So  named  from  the  incrassated  leaves.)     House-pl-ants, 
occasionally  cult.,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope.     ^ 

C.  arborescens.  Fleshy  shrub,  with  glaucous  roundish-obovate  leaves 
(2'  long)  tapering  to  a  narrow  base,  and  dotted  on  the  upper  face  ;  the  flowers 
rather  large  and  rose-colored. 

C.  lactea,  has  greener  and  narrower-obovate  leaves,  connate  at  the  base  in 
pairs,  and  a  panicle  of  smaller  white  flowers. 

C.  falcata,  has  slightly  woody  stems,  oblong  and  rather  falcate  or  curved 
leaves  connate  at  base,  3'  -4'  long,  powdery  -glaucous,  and  a  compound  cyme  of 
many  red  sweet-scented  flowers,  the  petals  with  erect  claws  partly  united  be- 
low, and  spreading  abruptly  above  ;  so  that  the  plant  has  been  placed  under 
the  next  genus,  and  named  ROCHEA  FALCATA. 

6.  ROCHEA.      (Named  for  a  Swiss  physician,   Laroche.)      Half-shrubby 
succulent  house-plants  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.     2/ 

R.  COCCinea.  Stems  l°-2°  high,  thickly  beset  with  the  oblong-ovate 
(!'  long)  leaves  up  to  the  terminal  and  umbel-like  sessile  cluster  of  handsome 
flowers  ;  tube  of  the  scarlet-red  corolla  1  '  long. 

7.  COTYLEDON.     (From  Greek  word  for  a  shallow  cup.}     House-plants, 


C.  orbiculata.  Half-shrubby  succulent  plant,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
with  opposite  white-powdery  or  glaucous  wedge-obovate  leaves  ("21  —  4'  lon<  ), 
and  a  cluster  of  showy  red  flowers  (nearly  1'  long)  raised  en  a  slender  nuked 
petiole,  the  cylindraceous  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  recurved  lobes. 

C.  (or  Echeveria)  COCCinea,  from  Mexico,  is  shrubby  at  base,  with 
the  wedge-obovate  acute  leaves  in  rosettes,  and  alternate  and  scattered  on  the 
flowering  stems  ;  flowers  in  a  leafy  spike,  the  5-partcd  corolla  not  longer  than 
the  spreading  calyx,  5-angled  at  base,  red  outside,  yellow  within. 

8.   BRYOPHYLLUM.     (Name  of  Greek  words  for  sprout  or  bud  and 
leaf.)      y 

B.  calycinum.  A  scarcely  shrubby  succulent  plant,  originally  from 
tropical  Africa,  cult,  in  houses,  £c.,  with  opposite  petiolcd  leaves,  3  or  5  pinnate 
leaflets,  or  the  upper  of  single  leaflets,  and  an  open  panicle  of  large  and  rather 
handsome  hanging  green  flowers  tinged  with  purple  :  the  calyx  is  oblong  and 
bladdery;  out  of  it  the  tubular  corolla  at  length  projects,  arid  has  4  slightly 
spreading  acute  lobes  ;  the  leaflets  oval,  2-3  inches  long,  crcnatc;  when  laid  on 
the  soil,  or  kept  in  a  moist  place,  they  root  and  bud  at  the  notches,  and  pro- 
duce little  plants.  The  name  refers  to  the  propagation  of  the  plant  in  thL  way. 


140  WATER-MILFOIL    FAMILY. 

42.  HAMAMELACE^3,  WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  deciduous  stipules, 
small  flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  little  clusters,  the  calyx  united 
below  with  the  base  of  the  2-styled  ovary,  which  forms  a  hard  or 
woody  2-celled  and  2-beaked  pod,  opening  at  the  summit.  Sta- 
mens and  petals  when  present  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Three  wild 
plants  of  the  country,  belonging  to  as  many  genera. 

§  1.    Shrubs,  icith  perfect  or  merely  polygamous  fio^c ers,  a  regular  calyx,  and  a  single 
ovule,  becoming  a  bony  seed,  suspended  from  the  top  of  each  cell. 

1.  HAMAMELIS.     Flowers  in  small  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  expanding 

late  in  autumn,  ripening  the  seeds  late  the  next  summer.  Calyx  4-parted. 
Petals  4,  strap-shaped.  Stamens  8,  very  short;  the  4  alternate  with  the  pet- 
als bearing  anthers,  the  4  opposite  them  imperfect  and  scale-like.  Styles 
short.  Pod  with  an  outer  coat  separating  from  the  inner. 

2.  FO THERGILLA.     Flowers  in  a  scaly-bracted  spike,  in  spring,  rather  earlier 

than  the  leaves.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  slightly  5  -  7-toothed.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  about  24,  rather  showy,  the  long  and  club-shaped  filaments  bright 
white.  Styles  slender.  Pod  hairy. 

§  2.  Tree,  irith  monoecious  small  flowers,  in  dense  heads  or  clusters,  destitute  both  of 
calyx  and  corolla,  the  fertile  with  many  ovules  in  each  cell,  but  only  one  or  two 
ripening  into  scale-like  seeds. 

3.  LIQUID  AMBAR.    Heads  of  flowers  each  with  a  deciduous  involucre  of  4  bracts, 

the  sterile  in  a  conical  cluster,  consisting  of  numerous  short  stamens  with 
little  scales  intermixed;  the  fertile  loosely  racemed  or  spiked  on  a  drooping 
peduncle,  composed  of  many  ovaries  (surrounded  by  some  little  scales),  each 
with  2  awl-shaped  beaks,  all  cohering  together  and 'hardening  in  fruit 

1.  HAMAMELIS,  WITCH-HAZEL.     (An  old  Greek  name  of  Medlar, 
inappropriately  transferred  to  this  wholly  unlike  American  shrub.) 

H.  Virginica.  Tall  shrub,  of  damp  woods,  with  the  leaves  obovatc  or 
oval,  wavy-toothed,  straight-veined  like  a  Hazel,  slightly  downy ;  the  yellow 
(lowers  remarkable  for  their  appearance  late  in  autumn,  just  as  the  leaves  are 
turning  and  about  to  fall.  Seeds  eatable. 

2.  FOTHERGILLA.     (Named  for  Dr.  Fothergill  of  London,  a  friend  and 
correspondent  of  Bartram. ) 

F.  alnifblia.  Low,  rather  ornamental  shrub,  in  swamps,  from  Virginia  S., 
with  oval  or  obovate  straight-veined  leaves,  toothed  at  the  summit  and  often 
hoary  beneath,  the  white  flowers  in  spring. 

3.  LIQUIDAMBAR,  SWEET-GUM  TREE  or  BILSTED.     (Names 
allude  to  the  fragrant  terebinthine  juice  or  balsam  which  exudes  when  the 
trunk  is  wounded.) 

L.  Styraciflua,  the  only  species  of  this  country  :  a  large  and  beautiful 
tree  in  low  grounds,  from  S.  New  England  to  111.  and  especially  S.,  with  fine- 
grained wood,  gray  bark  forming  corky  ridges  on  the  branches,  and  smooth  and 
glossy  deeply  5  -  7-lobed  leaves,  which  are  fragrant  when  bruised,  changing  to 
deep  crimson  in  autumn,  their  triangular  lobes  pointed  and  beset  with  glandular 
teeth  :  greenish  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  early  spring. 

43.  HALORAGE^E,  WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY. 

Contains  a  few  insignificant  aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with  small 
greenish  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  (often  whorled)  leaves 
or  bracts,  and  a  single  ovule  and  seed  suspended  in  each  of  the 
1-4  cells  of  the  ovary. 


EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.  141 

1  MYBTOPHYLLUM.  Flowers  mostly  monracious  with  sepals  or  teeth  of  the 
calyx,  petals  when  there  are  any,  'lobes  and  cells  of  the  ovary  and  nut-like 
fruit,  and  the  sessile  stigmas  each  4;  the  stamens  4  or  8. 

2.  PROSERPINACA.     Flowers  perfect,  with  lobes  of  the  calyx,  stamens,  stig- 

mas, and  cells  of  the  3-angled  nut-like  fruit  each  3:  petals  none. 

3.  H11TUK1S.     Flowers  mostly  perfect,  with  truncate  calyx  not  continued  above 

the  adherent  ovary,  and  a  single  stamen,  slender  style,  and  seed. 

1.  MYRIOPHYLLUM,  WATER-MILFOIL.     (Botanical  name,  from 
the  Greek,  like  the  popular  name,  means  thousand-leaved.)     Plants  usually 
all  under  water,  except  their  flowering  tips  ;  all  but  the  uppermost  or  emerg- 
ing leaves  pinnately  dissected  into  fine  hair-like  divisions.    Fl.  summer.     2/ 

M.  spicatum.  Leaves  whorled  in  threes  or  fours,  those  at  the  summit  of 
flowering  stems  reduced  to  small  ovate  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers,  which 
therefore  form  an  interrupted  spike ;  petals  deciduous  ;  stamens  % ;  fruit  smooth. 

M.  verticillatum.  Like  the  first,  but  the  uppermost  leaves  longer  than 
the  flowers  and  pinnatifid. 

M.  heteroph^llum.  Chiefly  W.  &  S.  ;  with  leaves  whorled  in  fours  or 
fives,  those  under  the  flowers  ovate  or  lanceolate  and  serrate  or  merely  pinnatifid ; 
stamens  and  petals'  4  ;  fruit  roughish  on  the  back. 

M.  SCabratum.  Chiefly  S.  &  W. ;  with  leaves  and  flowers  as  in  the 
preceding,  but  more  slender,  the  leaves  under  the  flowers  linear  and  cut-toothed, 
and  the  lobes  of  the  fruit  2-ridged  and  roughened  on  the  back. 

M.  ambiguum.  Common  only  E.  :  with  mostly  scattered  very  delicate 
or  capillary  leaves,  often  perfect  flowers,  4  petals  and  4  stamens,  and  a  minute 
smooth  fruit. 

2.  PROSERPINACA,  MERMAID-WEED.      (Name  from  Latin  pro- 
ser/>o,  to  creep,  or  after  Proserpine.)     Stems  creeping  at  base  in  the  mud  or 
shallow  water,  the  upper  part  emerging  :  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  alternate 
leaves,  produced  all  summer.     2/ 

P.  palilStris.  Leaves  above  water  lanceolate  and  merely  serrate ;  fruit 
sharply  3-angled. 

P.  pectinacea.  Leaves  all  pinnately  divided  into  very  slender  divisions  ; 
angles  of  the  fruit  bluntish.  Chiefly  E.  &  S. 

3.  HIPPURIS,    MARESTAIL    (which    the  botanical  name  means  in 
Greek). 

H.  Vlllgaris.  In  ponds  and  springs  N.  £  W.,  but  rare:  stems  l°-2° 
high,  the  linear  acute  leaves  in  whorls  of  8-12,  the  upper  ones  with  minute 
flowers  in  their  axils.  ^/ 

44.  ONAGRACE^S,  EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubs,  without  stipules  ;  the  parts  of  the 
symmetrical  flowers  in  fours  (rarely  in  twos  to  fives)  throughout  ; 
the  tube  of  the  calyx  usually  prolonged  more  or  less  beyond  the 
adherent  ovary,  its  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  its  throat  bearing  the 
petals  (convolute  in  the  buH)  and  the  as  many  or  twice  as  many 
stamens  ;  styles  always  united  into  one.  Embryo  filling  the  seed  : 
no  albumen.  Comprises  many  plants  with  showy  blossoms,  culti- 
vated for  ornament;  these  almost  all  American.  (Lopezia  has 
irregular  flowers  with  only  one  perfect  stamen.) 

§  1.    Paris  of  the  flower  in  twos. 

1.  CIRCLE  A.  Delicate  low  herbs,  with  opposite  thin  leaves,  and  very  pmnll 
whitish  flowers  in  racemes.  Calyx  with  2  reflexed  lobes,  its  tube VliplHv 
prolonged  beyond  the  1-2-celled  ovary,  which  becomes  n.  1-2-seeded  littlo 
bur-like  indehiscent  fruit,  covered  with  wpak  hooked  bristles.  Petals  2,  ob- 
cordate.  Stamens  2.  Style  slender,  tipped  with  a  capitate  stigma. 


142  EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY. 

§  2.   Parts  of  the  floicer  in  fours,  or  Jrres  in  No.  8. 
*   Ovary  and  dry  nut-like  fruit  with  a  single  ovule  or  seed  in  each  cell. 

2.  GAURA.     Herbs  with  alternate  sessile  leaves,  and  small  or  smallish  flowers  in 

racemes  or  spikes      Calyx  with  slender  tube  much   prolonged  beyond   the 
4-celled  ovary.     Petals  4,  on  claws,  mostly  turned  toward  the  upper  side  of 
the  flower.     Stamens  8,  these  and  the  long  style  turned  town.     A  little  scale 
before  each  filament.     Kruit  small,  4-angled  or  ribbed,  1  -  4-seeded. 
*  *   Ovary  and  fruit  irith  many  ovults  and  seeds  in  each  of  the  cells. 

•»-  Herbs:  fruit  a  chiefly  4-celled  and  4-valved  dry  pod. 

-«-v  •*-*•  Seeds  furnished  with  a  coma  or  tuft  of  long  and  soft  hairs  at  one  end,  by  which 
they  are  widely  dispersed  by  the  wind. 

3.  EPILOBIUM.     Calyx  with  tube  scarcely  at  all  extended  beyond  the  linear 

ovary.     Petals  4.     Stamens  8. 

4.  ZAUSCHitfRIA.     Calyx  extended  much  beyond  the  linear  ovary  into  a  fun- 

nel-shaped tube,  with' an  abruptly  inflated  base  where  it  joins  the  ovary,  and 
with  4  lobes  as  long  as  the  4  oblong-obcordate  petals,  both  of  bright  scarlet 
color.  Stamens  8  and,  as  well  as  the  long  style,  projecting. 

•*H-  -t-c  Seeds  naked,  i.  e.  without  a  downy  tuft. 

=  Flowers  regular  and  symmetrical:  calyx-tube  extended  wore  or  less  beyond  the 
ovary,  the  lobes  mostly  rejiexed:  petals  4. 

5.  CLARKIA.     Calyx  -tube  continued  beyond  the  ovary  into  a  short  funnel-form 

cup.  Petals  broad,  wedge-shaped  or  rhombic,  sometimes  3-lobed,  raised  on 
a  slender  claw.  Stamens  8,  with  slender  filaments,  the  alternate  ones  short- 
er: anthers  curved  or  coiled  after  opening,  those  of  the  short  stamens  much 
smaller,  or  deformed  and  sterile.  Stigmas  4,  oval  or  oblong.  Pod  linear 
and  tapering  upwards,  4-sided.  Flowers  never  yellow. 

6.  KUCH ARlDIUil.     Calyx-tube  much  prolonged  and  slender  beyond  the  ovary. 

Petals  wedge-shaped  and  3-lobed  at  summit,  tapering  into  a  short  claw. 
Stamens  only  4,  on  slender  filaments.  Stigmas  2  or  4.  Pod  oblong-linear. 
Seeds  slightly  wing-margined.  Flowers  never  yellow. 

7.  (END THKRA.     Calyx-tube  either  much  or  little  prolonged  beyond  the  ovarv. 

Petals  usually  obovate   or  obcordate,  with  hardly  any  claw.     Stamens   8. 

Flowers  yelloV,  purple  or  white. 

=  =  Flowers  regular  and  symmetrical,  but  often  without  petals:  the  calyx-tube  not 
in  the  least  extended  beyond  the  broad  summit  of  the  ovary,  on  which  the 
green  lubes  mostly  persist :  style  usually  short. :  stigma  capitate. 

8.  JUSSIJDA.     Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  petals,  and  cells 

of  the  pod:  i.  e.  8  or  10,  rarely  12. 

9.  LUDWIGIA.     Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  cells  of  the  pod, 

almost  always  4.     Petals  4,  often  small,  or  none. 

_____  Flowers  irregular  and  unsymmetrical :  calyx-tube  not  extended. 

10.  LOPEZIA.     Flowers  small.     Calyx  with  4  linear  purplish  lobes.     Petals  with 

claws,  4,  turned  towards  the  upper  side  of  the  flower,  the  two  uppermost  nar- 
rower and  with  a  callous  gland  on  the  summit  of  the  claw,  and  what  seems 
to  be  a  fifth  small  one  (but  is  a  sterile  stamen  transformed  into  a  petal)  stands 
before  the  lower  lobe  of  the  calyx.  Fertile  stamen  only  one  with  an  oblong 
anther.  Style  slender:  stigma  entire.  Pod  globular. 
-»-  •*-  Shrubs  :  fruit  a  4-celled  berry. 

11.  FUCHSIA.     Flowers  showy;  the  tube  of  the  highly  colored  calyx  extended 

much  beyond  the  ovary, 'bell-shaped,  funnel-shaped,  or  tubular,*  the  4  lobes 
spreading.  Petals  4.  Stamens  8.  Style  long  and  thread-shaped:  stigma 
club-shaped  or  capitate. 

1.  CIRC.ZEA,   ENCHANTER'S   NIGHTSHADE.     (Named  from  Circe, 

the  enchantress,  it  is  not  obvious  why  ;   the  plants  are  insignificant  and 

inert,  natives  of  damp  woods,  flowering  in  summer. )     2/ 

C.  Lutetiana,  the  common  species,  is  l°-2°  high,  branching,  with  ovate 
and  slightly  toothed  leaves,  no  bracts  under  the  pedicels,  the  rounded  little 
fruit  2-celled  and  beset  with  bristly  hairs. 

C.  alpina,  common  only  N.  or  in  mountainous  regions,  smooth  and  deli- 
cate, 3'  -f>'  high,  with  thin  and  heart-shaped  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  minute 
bracts,  and  obovate  or  club-shaped  fruit  1 -celled  and  soft-hairy. 


EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.  143 

2.  GAURA.     (Name  in  Greek  means  superb,  which  these  plants  are  not ; 
only  one  of  them  is  worth  cultivating. )     Fl.  all  summer. 

G.  Lindheimfcri,  of  Texas,  cult,  for  ornament,  nearly  hardy  N.,  about 
3°  high,  hairy,  with  lanceolate  sparingly  toothed  leaves,  long  weak  branches 
producing  a  continued  succession  of  handsome  white  flowers  ;  the  calyx  hairy 
outside  ;  petals  nearly  1'  long.  ^ 

G.  biennis,  the  common  wild  species,  3° -8°  high,  soft-hairy  or  downy, 
with  oblong-lanceolate  obscurely  toothed  leaves,  small  white  or  flesh-colored 
flowers,  and  downy  fruit.  © 

3.  EPILOBIITM,    WILLOW-HERB.      (Name   compounded    of   three    , 
Greek  words,  meaning  violet  on  a  pod.}     Fl.  summer.     The  pods  opening 
give  to  the  winds  great  numbers  of  the  downy-tufted  seeds.     % 

§  1.  Flowers  large,  and  showy,  in  a  long  spike  or  raceme,  the  widely  spreading 
petals  on  short  claws,  the  stamens  and  long  style  bent  downwards,  and  the 
stigma  of  4  long  lobes :  leaves  alternate. 

E.  angustifblium,  GREAT  W.  or  FIRE-WEED.     One  of  the  plants  that 
spring  up  abundantly,  everywhere  northward,  where  forests  have  been  newly 
cleared  and  the  ground  burned  over:  tall  (4° -7° high)  and  simple-stemmed,    - 
smooth,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  and  a  long  succession  of  pink-purple  flowers. 

§  2.  Flowers  small  in  corymbs  or  panicles  terminating  the  branches,  with  petals, 
stamens,  and  style*  erect,  a  club-shaped  stigma,  and  all  the  lower  leaves 
opposite  :  stem  1°  -  2°  high. 

E.  coloratura.  Almost  everywhere  in  wet  places,  fl.  through  late  sum- 
mer and  autumn,  nearly  smooth  ;  with  thin  lance-oblong  leaves  generally  with 
purple  veins,  and  purplish  petals  deeply  notched  at  the  end  and  a  little  longer 
than  the  calyx. 

E.  m6lfe.  In  bogs  N.,  less  common,  soft  downy  all  over  ;  leaves  cr€»wded, 
linear-oblong,  blunt ;  petals  rose-color,  notched,  2" -3"  long.  bA,^€t*~tJ&t*4 

E.  palustre.  In  wet  bogs  N.,  slender,  minutely  hoary  all'  over ;  leavew 
linear  or  lance-linear,  nearly  entire  ;  petals  purplish  or  white,  small. 

4.  ZAUSCHNERIA.     (Named  for  Zauschner,  a  Bohemian  botanist.)    2/ 
Z.  Californica.     Cult,  for  ornament,  from  California,  flowering  through 

late  summer  and  autumn,  l°-2°  high,  the  oval  or  lanceolate  leaves  and  the  pods 
with  downy-tufted  seeds  resembling  those  of  Epilobium  ;  but  the  handsome 
scarlet  flowers  more  like  those  of  a  Fuchsia  :  these  are  single  and  sessile  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  and  alternate  leaves,  or  at  length  somewhat  racemed,  about 
2'  long. 

5.  CLARKIA.     (Named  for  Capt.  Clark,  who  with  Capt.  Lewis  made  the 
first  official  exploration  across  the  mountains  to  the  Pacific,  and  brought  home 
one  of  the  species.)     Herbs  of  Oregon  and  California,  with  alternate  mostly 
entire  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  the  upper  axils,  or  the  upper  running 
into  a  loose  raceme :  cult,  for  ornament :  fl.  summer.     © 

C.  pulchella.  About  1°  high,  with  narrow  lance-linear  leaves,  deeply 
3-lobod  petals  (purple,  with  rose-colored  and  white  varieties),  bearing  a  pair  of 
minute  'teeth  low  down  on  the  slender  claw,  the  lobes  of  the  stigma  broad  and 
petal-like.  There  is  a  partly  double-flowered  variety. 

C.  elegans.  Fully  2°  high,  more  commonly  flowered  in  the  conservatory, 
with  long  branches,  lance-ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  the  lower  petioled,  lilac-purple 
entire  petals  broader  than  long  and  much  shorter  than  their  naked  claw, 
smaller  lobes  to  the  stigma,  and  a  hairy  ovary  and  pod. 

6.  EUCHARIDIUM.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  means  charming.)     © 
E.  COncinnum,  of  California,  cult,  for  ornament;  a  low  and  branching 

plant,  like  a  Clarkia  in  general  appearance,  except  in  the  long  tube  to  the  calyx, 
and  with  ovate-oblong  entire  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  middle-sized  rose- 
purple  or  white  flowers,  in  summer. 


144  EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY. 

7.  CENOTHERA,  EVENING-PRIMROSE.  (Name  from  Greek  words 
for  wine  and  hunt;  application  obscure.)  Very  many  species,  all  originally 
American,  and  most  of  them  from  the  U.  S.,  especially  from  S.  W.  and  W. 
The  following  are  the  principal  common  ones,  both  wild  and  cult,  for 
ornament :  fl.  summer.  (Pollen-grains  loosely  connected  by  cobwebby  threads, 
strongly  3-lobed.  See  Lessons,  p.  115,  fig.  250.) 

§  1.    Stigmas  4,  long  and  slender,  spreading  in  the  form  of  a  cross :  tube  of  tlie 
calyx  beyond  the  ovary  long  and  mostly  slender. 

*  YELLOW-FLOWERED  EVENING-PRIMROSES,  properly  so-called,  the  flowers 

opening  (usually  suddenly)  in  evening  twilight,  and  fading  away  when  sun- 
shine returns,  odorous ;  the  yellow  petals  commonly  obcordate. 

•*-  Stems  elongated  and  leafy  :  pod  cylindrical  or  spindle-shaped,  sessife.     (f)  @ 

OB.  bi^nnis,  COMMON  E.  Wild  in  open  grounds,  and  the  large-flowered 
forms  cult,  for  ornament ;  erect,  2°  -  5°  high,  hairy  or  smoothish,  with  lance- 
oblong  leaves  entire  or  obscurely  toothed,  flowers  at  length  forming  a  terminal 
Icufv-bracted  spike,  and  petals  obcordate.  Runs  into  several  varieties,  of  which 
the  largest  and  finest  now  cultivated  is 

Var.  Lamarckiana,  from  S.  W.,  which  is  tall  and  stout,  with  corolla 
3'  -  4'  in  diameter  :  the  sudden  opening  at  dusk  very  striking. 

CE.  rhombip^tala.  Wild  on  our  western  limits ;  more  slender,  hoary, 
1°  -  3°  high,  the  rather  small  flowers  with  rhombic  ovate  and  acute  petals. 

CE.  Drummondii,  cult,  from  Texas ;  has  its  stems  spreading  on  the 
ground,  and  large  flowers,  like  those  of  the  first,  in  the  upper  axils,  the  lance- 
ovate  leaves,  &c.  soft-downy. 

CE.  sinuata.      Wild  from  New  Jersey  S.,  in   sandy  ground  ;    low  and 
spreading,  hairy,  with  lance-oblong  sinuate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  small  flowers 
in  their  axils,  pale  yellow  petals  turning  rose-color  in  fading,  and  slender  pods. 
•»-  -t-  Stems  short  and  prostrate  or  scarcely  any :  pod  short,  4-winged. 

CE.  triloba.  Cult,  from  Arkansas  :  leaves  pinnatifid  and  cut,  like  those 
of  Dandelion,  smooth,  all  in  a  tuft  at  the  surface  of  the  ground,  on  the  short 
crown,  which  in  autumn  is  crowded  with  the  almost  woody  pyramidal-ovate 
narrowly  4-winged  sessile  pods,  forming  a  mass  3'  -  5'  in  diameter ;  flowers 
rather  small,  the  slender  tube  of  the  calyx  4'  -  5'  long,  its  lobes  about  as  long 
as  the  obscurely  3-lobed  or  notched  pale-yellow  petals,  which  turn  purplish  in 
fading.  ®  ® 

CE.  Missouri6nsis,  the  greener-leaved  form  also  called  CE.  MACROCARPA. 
Cult,  from  Missouri  and  Texas;  finely  hoary  or  nearly  smooth,  with  many 
short  prostrate  stems  2'  -  12'  long  from  a  thick  woody  root,  crowded  lanceolate 
entire  leaves,  very  large  and  showy  flowers  in  their  axils,  opening  before  sun- 
set ;  the  tube  of  the  calyx  somewhat  enlarging  upwards,  6'  -  7'  long ;  the 
bright-yellow  corolla  4'  -  6'  across  ;  pod  with  4  very  broad  wings.  2/ 

#  *  WHITE-FLOWERED  EVENING-PRIMROSES,  usually  turning  rose-colored  in 

fading,  some  of  them  opening  in  the  daytime :  petals  broadly  obovate  or  ob- 
cordate :  flower-buds  commonly  nodding. 

CE.  taraxicifblia  (probably  a  variety  of  CE.  ACATJLTS),  from  Chili :  rather 
hairy,  at  first  stemless,  at  length  forming  prostrate  stems,  with  pinnatifid  or 
pinnate  leaves,  after  the  manner  of  Dandelion  (as  the  name  denotes),  and  very 
large  flowers  in  the  axils,  tube  of  calyx  3' -4'  long,  corolla  3'-  5'  across,  and  a 
woody  obovate  and  sharply  4-angled  sessile  pod.  @ 

CE.  specibsa,  Nutt.,  of  Arkansas  and  Texas,  not  hardy  in  cnlt.  N. ; 
pubescent,  with  erect  and  branching  stems  6'-  20'  high,  lance-oblong  cut-toothed 
leaves,  the  lower  mostly  pinnatifid  ;  flowers  somewhat  racemed  at  the  summit, 
and  opening  in  the  daytime ;  calyx-tube  rather  club-shaped  and  not  much  longer 
than  the  ovary  ;  corolla  3'  —  4'  across  ;  pod  club-shaped.  2/ 

((E.  MARGIN\TA,  a  tufted  mostly  stemless  species,  with  lanceolate  and  often 
pi-.matifid  toothed  soft-hairy  leaves,  and  peduncled  oblong-cylindrical  roughish 
rotb  ;  CE.  TRICIIOCALYX,  soft-hairy,  conspicuously  so  on  the  calyx,  with 
deeply  obcordate  petals,  long-linear  pods  with  a  thicker  closely  sessile  base  and 
smooth  seeds ;  CE.  ALBiCAtJLis,  with  ascending  stems,  smooth  or  slightly  hoary, 


> 

EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.  * 


smaller  entire  petals,  but  pods  and  seeds  like  the  foregoing  5   and  OS. 
xfFiDA,  with  petals  as  in  CE.  trichocalyx,  and  similar  pods,  but  with  striate 
and  reticulated  seeds,  —  all  handsome  white-flowered  species  of  Western  plains  'i 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  •  —  are  beginning  to  be  cultivated.) 

#  #  *  YELLOW-FLOWERED,  DIURNAL,  sometimes  called  SUNDROPS,  the  blos- 

soms opening  in  bright  sunshine  :  petals  mostly  obcordate  :  stems  leafy  : 
leaves  obscurely  toothed  or  entire.  Wild  species  of  the  country,  all  but  the 
last  occasionally  cultivated.  ~^. 

•»—  Pod  short-oblong  or  obovate,  ^-wing-angled. 

CE.  glaiica.  Wild  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky  near  and  in  the  moun- 
tains S.-:  l°-2°  high,  smooth,  pale  and  glaucous,  leafy  to  the  top  ;  leaves  ovate 
or  lance-ovate  ;  corolla  2'  or  more  in  diameter. 

•i-  •»-  Pod  club-shaped,  somewhat  4-wing-anylcd  above,  and  4  intervening  ribs. 

CE.  fruticbsa.  Wild  in  open  places  :  not  shrubby,  as  the  name  would 
implv,  hairy  or  nearly  smooth,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves,  somewhat 
corymbed  flowers  l^'-2'  in  diameter,  and  short-stalked  pods. 

CE.  linearis.  Wild  from  Long  Island  S.  near  the  coast  :  pale  or  somewhat 
hoary  with  minute  pubescence,  with  slender  and  spreading  often  bushy-branched 
stems  l'-2'  long,  linear  or  lance-linear  leaves,  and  somewhat  corymbed  flowers, 
corolla  1'-  1^'  across,  and  hoary  pods  tapering  into  a  slender  stalk.  —  A  spread- 
ing form  is  cultivated,  blooming  very  freely  through  the  summer. 

CE.  pumila.  In  fields,  &c.  :  nearly  smooth,  5'  -12'  high,  with  mostly 
simple  erect  or  ascending  stem,  oblanceolate  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers,  the 
corolla  less  than  1'  across,  and  pods  short-stalked  or  sessile. 

*  *  *  *  RED-PURPLE-FL.,  DIURNAL,  leafy  -stemmed  :  pods  club-shaped.    ©    @ 

CE.  r6S6a,  from  Mexico.  Minutely  downy,  with  slender  spreading  stems 
6'  -24'  high,  ovate  or  lance-oblong  leaves,  the  lower  sometimes  rather  pin- 
natifld,  and  flowers  1'  across  in  leafy  racemes. 

§2.  GODETIA.  Stigma  ivith  4  linear  or  short  and  broad  lobes  :  tube  of  the  calyx 
beyond  the  linear  or  spindle-shaped  ovary  inversely  conical  or  funnel-shaped  : 
leafy  -stemmed  :  flowers  open  by  day,  scentless  :  petals  broad  and  fan-shaped 
or  wedge-shaped,  the  truncate  summit  generally  eroded,  lilac-purple,  rose- 
color,  or  sometimes  white  :  anthers  erect  on  short  (the  alternate  ones  on  very 
short)  and  broadish  filaments,  curving  after  opening.  All  W.  American, 
abounding  in  Oregon  and  California,  several  in  the  gardens,  the  following 
most  common.  (T) 

CE.  purptirea.  Very  leafy  to  the  top,  rather  stout,  6'  -10'  high,  at  length 
with  many  short  branches;  leaves  pale,  lance-oblong,  entire;  corolla  1  •'-!£' 
across,  purple,  with  a  dark  eye  ;  short  and  broad  lobes  of  stigma  dark-colored  ; 
pods  short  and  thick,  closely  sessile,  rather  conical. 

CE.  rubiciinda.  Taller,  l°-2°  high,  and  linear-lanceolate  leaves  rather 
scattered  along  the  slender  branches  ;  corolla  2'  or  more  across,  lilac-purple 
with  saffron-colored  eye  (also  pale  or  rose-colored  varieties)  ;  lobes  of  stigma 
oblong,  pale  ;  pods  thickish,  cylindrical,  sessile. 

CE.  Lindleyi.  Erect  or  spreading,  8'  -16'  high,  with  slender  branches, 
narrow  lanceolate  leaves  ;  corolla  about  2'  across,  lilac-purple,  with  a  deeper  red- 
purple  spot  on  the  middle  of  each  petal  ;  lobes  of  the  stigma  linear  and  pale  ; 
pods  stender,  linear,  somewhat  tapering  at  the  ends. 

CE.  amosna.  Slender,  6'-  18'  high,  with  lance-oblong  or  lance-linear 
leaves,  and  corolla  2'  -3'  across,  rose-color  or  almost  white,  with  usually  a  deeper 
reddish  eye  ;  lobes  of  stigma  linear  ;  pods  linear. 

8.   JUSSI2EA.     (Named  for  Bernard,  the  elder  de  Jussieu.)     Leaves  entire. 
Flowers  yellow,  all  summer. 

J.  dectirrens.  Wet  grounds,  Virg.  to  111.  and  S.  Erect  stems  and  slen- 
der branches  margined  or  winged  in  lines  proceeding  from  the  bases  of  the 
lanceolate  leaves,  smooth  throughout  ;  flowers  sessile  or  short-stalked,  with  4 
lobes  of  calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals,  and  oblong-club-shaped  4-angled 
pod.  0  $ 

10 


146  EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY. 

•T.  grandifl6ra.  Marshes  S.  :  hairy,  with  stems  erect  from  a  creeping 
base,  lanceolate  acute  leaves,  flowers  2'  in  diameter,  the  5  calyx  lobes  only  half 
as  long  as  the  petals,  and  pods  cylindrical  and  stalked.  2/ 

J.  ripens.  In  water  from  S.  111.  S.  :  smooth,  with  creeping  or  floating 
and  rooting  stems,  oblong  leaves  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole,  long-peduncled 
flowers  1'  or  more  across,  with  5  calyx-lobes,  the  cylindrical  or  club-shaped  pods 
tapering  at  the  base.  ^ 

9.  LUDWIGIA,  FALSE  LOOSESTRIFE.  (Named  for  C.  G.  Ludwin, 
a  German  botanist,  rather  earlier  than  Linnaeus.)  Marsh  herbs,  with  entire 
leaves  ;  flowers  seldom  handsome,  in  summer  and  autumn.  2/ 

§  1.    Leaves  alternate,  mostly  sessile. 

*  Flowers  peduncled  in  the  upper  axils,  with  yellow  petals  (about  $'  long)  equalling 

the  leaf-Like  ovate  or  lance-ovate  calyx-lobes :  stamens  and  styles  slender : 
pud  cubical,  strongly  4-angled,  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  top  :  sterna  2°  -  3°  It  igh . 

L.  alternifdlia.  Common  E.,  the  only  one  found  far  N.  :  smoothish, 
branching,  with  lanceolate  leaves  tapering  to  both  ends,  petals  scarcely  longer 
than  calyx,  and  angles  of  pod  wing-margined. 

L.  virgata.  Fine  barrens  S.  :  downy,  with  mostly  simple  stems,  blunt 
oblong  leaves  or  the  upper  linear  and  smaller,  and  petals  twice  the  length  of  the 
reflexed  calyx. 

L.  hirtalla.  Pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  S.  :  hairy,  with  simple  stcm% 
oblong  or  lanceolate  short  and  blunt  leaves,  and  petals  twice  as  long  as  the 
barely  spreading  calyx-lobes. 

*  *  Flowers  sessile  in  the  upper  axils,  small,  and  with  pale,  ydlow  petals  about  the 

length  of  the  persistent  caly.r-/obes :  stamens  and  style  short:  leaves  on 
flowering  stems  narrow  and  'linear. 

L.  lipearis.  Swamps  from  N.  Jersey  S.  :  smooth,  loosely  branched,  1°  -3° 
high,  with  acute  leaves  on  the  flowering  stems,  but  obovate  ones  on  creeping 
runners  ;  pods  oblong-clubshaped  or  top-shaped  and  much  longer  than  the  tri- 
angular-ovate calyx-lobes. 

L.  linifdlia,  only  S.,  is  6' -12'  high,  with  blunter  leaves,  and  cylindrical 
pods  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes. 

*  #  *  Flowers  sessile,  often  clustered,  and  with  no  petals,  or  rarely  mere  rudi- 

ments :  leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  some  species  with  obovate  or  spatulate  leaves 
on  creeping  runners:  flowering  stems  mostly  2° -3°  high. 
•*-  Downy  all  over:  flowers  spiked  or  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 
L.  pildsa.     Only  S.  :  much  branched,  with  lance-oblong  leaves,  and  glob- 
ular-4-sided  pod  about  the  length  of  the  spreading  calyx-lobes. 

•*—  •*-  Smooth  or  smoothish  throughout. 

L.  cylindrica.  From  Illinois  and  N.  Car.  S. :  much  branched,  with  long 
lanceolate  and  acute  leaves  tapering  into  a  petiole,  .small  axillary  flowers,  and 
cylindrical  pods  much  longer  than  the  small  calyx-lobes. 

L.  sphserocarpa.  From  E.  New  England  S.  :  with  lanceolate  or  linear 
leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  very  small  flowers  in  the  axils,  and  globular  pods  not 
longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  with  hardly  any  bractlcts  at  their  base. 

L.  polycarpa.  From  Michigan  S. :  like  the  last,  but  smoother,  and  with 
conspicuous  slender  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  4-sided  rather  top-shaped  pod, 
which  is  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes. 

L.  capitata.  From  N.  Carolina  S.  :  with  slender  simple  stems  angled 
towards  the  top,  long  lanceolate  leaves  ;  flowers  mostly  crowded  in  an  oblong  or 
roundish  terminal  head,  and  obtusely  4-angled  pod  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes. 

L.  alata.  From  N.  Carolina  S.  :  with  simple  or  sparingly  branched  stems 
strongly  angled  above,  few  flowers,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper* wedge-lanceolate 
leaves,  and  an  inversely  pyramidal  pod  as  long  as  the  white  calyx-lobes,  with 
concave  sides  and  winged  angles. 

L.  microcarpa.  From  N.  Carolina  S.  :  the  low  stems  creeping  at  base 
nnd  3-anglcd  above,  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  with  minute  flowers  in  their 
axils,  the  short  4-anglcd  pods  not  larger  than  a  pin's  head. 


EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.  147 

§  2.  Leaves  opposite,  olmxite  or  spatulate,  long-petioled,  irith  small  and  nearly 
sessile  flowers  in  their  axils :  steins  creeping  or  floating. 

L.  pallistfis.  Common  in  ditches  and  shallow  water  :  smooth,  with  no 
petals,  or  small  and  reddish  ones  when  the  plant  grows  out  of  water,  and  oblong 
obscurelv  4-sided  pods  longer  than  the  very  short  calyx-lobes. 

L.  natans.  From  N.  Carolina  S.  :  larger  than  the  foregoing,  and  with 
yellow  petals  as  Jong  as  the  calyx-lobes,  the  pods  tapering  to  the  base. 

§  3.  Leaves  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  with  a  long-pedunch-d  flower  in  the  axil 
of  some  of  the  upper  ones  :  stems  creeping  in  the  mud. 

L.  arcuata.  From  coast  of  Virginia  S.  :  a  small  and  smooth  delicate 
plant,  with  obhmceolate  leaves  shorter  than  the  peduncle,  yellow  petals  longer 
than  the  slender  calyx-lobes,  and  club-shaped  somewhat  curved  pod. 

10.  LOPEZIA.     (Named  for  T.  Lopez,  an  early  Spanish  naturalist.) 

L.  racembsa.  Cult,  sparingly,  from  Mexico :  a  slender,  branching,  nearly 
smooth  plant,  with  alternate  ovate  or  lance-oblong  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  the 
branches  terminated  with  loose  racemes  of  small  rose-pink  or  sometimes  white 
flowers  (only  y  in  diameter),  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axil  of  leafy  bracts, 
produced  all  summer,  followed  by  very  small  round  pods.  © 

11.  FUCHSIA.     (Named  for  L.  Fuchs,  an  early  German  botanist.)     Well- 
known  ornamental  tender  shrubby  plants,  or  even  trees,  chiefly  natives  of  the 
Andes  from  Mexico  to  Fuegia,  mostly  smooth,  with  opposite  or  ternately 
whorled  leaves.     The  species  in  cultivation,  now  greatly  mixed  and  varied, 
chiefly  come  from  the  following. 

§  1.  SHORT-FLOWERED  FUCHSIAS,  or  LADIES'  EARDROPS  ;  with  the  lobes  of 
the  normally  red  calyx  longer  titan  the  tube  and  than  the  petals  ;  the  latter 
normally  violet  or  blue,  obovate.  and  refuse,  convolute  around  the  base  of 
thf  projecting  fltammts  and  still  longer  style  :  flowers  hanging  on  long 
peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

P.  COCCinea,  or  F.  GLOB6SA.  Low,  the  rather  small  scarlet  flowers  with 
globular  or  ovoid  calyx-tube  between  the  ovary  and  the  lobes,  which  also  form 
a  globular  bud  and  hardly  spread  after  opening ;  leaves  short-petioled. 

IF.  Magellanica,  from  S.  Chili  and  Fuegia  :  less  tender,  with  tube  of  the 
calyx  bell-shaped  and  much  shorter  than  the  lobes  ;  leaves  short-petioled  or  the 
upper  sessile. 

P.  macrost6mma,  from  Chili :  leaves  on  slender  petioles ;  calyx-tube 
oblong  or  short-cylindrical,  more  or  less  shorter  than  the  spreading  lobes.  — 
These  species  now  greatly  varied  in  color  ;  some  varieties  with  calyx  white  or 
light  and  the  petals  deeply  colored,  some  with  the  reverse ;  also  double-flowered, 
the  petals  being  multiplied. 

§  2.   LONG-FLOWERED  FUCHSIAS  ;  tenth  trumpet-shaped  or  slightly  funnel-shaped 
tube  of  the  calyx  2'  — 3'  long,  very  much  longer  than  the  spreading  lolxs, 
which  little  exce<d  the  acute  or  pointed  somewhat  spreading  petals  :  stamens 
and  style  little  projecting :  flowers  crowded  into  a  rather  close  drooping 
raceme  or  corymb  at  the  end  of  the  branches :  leaves  large,  5'  -  7'  long. 
P.  fulgens,  from  Mexico  :  smooth,  with  ovate  somewhat  heart-shaped  leaves, 
and  scarlet  flowers,  the  lance-ovate  calyx-lobes  often  tinged  with  green. 

P.  COrymbifl6ra,  from  Peru  :  mostly  pubescent,  with  lance-oblong  and 
taper-pointed  almost  entire  leaves,  and  red  flowers,  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes 
and  the  lance-oblong  petals  taper-pointed,  at  length  widely  spreading. 

§  3.  PANICLED  FUCHSIAS;  with  small  flowers  erect  in  a  naked  and  compound 
terminal  panicle  or  cluster :  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  petals  ivide/y  spreading. 

P.  arbor6scens,  TREE  F.,  from  Mexico  :  a  stout  shrub  rather  than  tree, 
with  oblong  or  lance-oblong  entire  leaves  acute  at  both  ends  and  usually 
whorled  ;  flowers  light  rose-color,  £'  long,  with  narrow  oblong  calyx-lobes,  and 
petals  rather  longer  than  the  tube,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  style. 


148  MELASTOMA    FAMILY. 

45.  MELASTOMACEJE,  MELASTOMA  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  opposite  and  simple  3  -  7-ribbed  leaves,  no  stipules, 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  stamens  as  petals,  both  inserted  in  the 
throat  of  the  calyx,  anthers  usually  of  peculiar  shape  and  opening 
by  a  small  hole  at  the  apex.  Flowers  usually  handsome,  but  mostly 
scentless.  A  large  order  in  the  tropics,  represented  in  northern 
temperate  regions  only  by  the  genus  Rhexia  of  the  Atlantic  States. 
None  in  common  cultivation,  but  the  following  are  those  more 
usually  met  with  in  choice  conservatories  :  — 


r6sea,  from  Mexico  :  a  low  and  bushy  almost  herbaceous 
plant,  with  unequal-sided  and  falcate  broadly  lanceolate  leaves,  apparently 
alternate  (which  comes  from  the  diminution  or  total  suppression  of  one  leaf  of 
each  pair),  producing  great  abundance  of  small  flowers  in  short  raceme-like  clus- 
ters, with  4  white  and  rose-tinged  petals,  and  8  anthers  with  curious  club-shaped 
and  tail-like  appendages. 

Heterocentron  r6seum,  from  Mexico  :  an  herb,  or  nearly  so,  with  thin 
ovate  leaves  which  are  feather-veined  rather  than  ribbed,  and  with  terminal  pani- 
cles of  handsome  bright  rose-colored  flowers  (and  a  white  variety),  of  4  petals 
and  8  very  unequal  and  dissimilar  stamens,  some  with  appendages  at  base,  some 
without. 

Cyanopliyllum  metallicum,  from  Central  America,  cultivated  in  hot- 
houses for  its  magnificent  foliage  ;  the  ovate  leaves  sometimes  fully  two  feet 
long,  purple  beneath  and  bluish  above  with  metallic  lustre.  —  Then  we  have  the 
IT.  S.  genus, 

1.  RHfiXIA,  DEER-GRASS,  MEADOW-BEAUTY.  (Name  from 
Greek  for  rupture  :  application  obscure.  )  Low  erect  herbs  of  wet  or  sandy 
ground,  commoner  S.,  often  bristly,  at  least  on  the  margins  of  the  sessile 
3  -  5-ribbed  leaves,  with  handsome  flowers  in  a  terminal  cyme  or  panicle. 
Tube  of  the  calyx  urn-shaped,  adherent  to  the  lower  part  of  the  4-celled  ovary 
and  continued  beyond  it  into  a  short  4-toothed  cup,  persistent.  Petals  4, 
obovate.  Stamens  8,  with  anthers  opening  by  a  single  minute  hole.  Style 
slender  :  stigma  simple.  Seeds  numerous  in  the  pod,  coiled  like  minute  snail- 
shells.  Fl.  summer.  If. 

#  Anthers  linear  and  curved,  with  a  sac-like  base  and  usually  a  minute  spur  : 
flowers  in  a  panicle  or  loose  cyme. 

R.  Virginica.  The  common  species  N.,  in  sandy  swamps  :  6'  -  20'  high, 
with  square  stem  almost  winged  at  the  angles,  ovate  or  lance-oval  sessile  leaves, 
and  large  pink-purple  flowers. 

R.  Mariana.  From  New  Jersey  and  Kentucky  S.  :  10'  -24'  high,  with 
terete  or  6-angled  branching  stem,  linear  or  lance-oblong  leaves  narrowed  at 
base,  and  paler  purple  flowers  hairy  outside. 

R.  glab611a.  Fine-barrens  S-  :  smooth,  with  a  simple  slender  stem,  lan- 
ceolate glaucous  leaves,  and  large  bright-purple  flowers. 

*  #  Anthers  oldong  and  straight,  destitute  of  any  appendage. 
-t-  Flowers  purple,  few  or  solitary:  leaves  small  (rarely  1'  long),  rounded-ovate, 

ciliate  ivith  long  bristles  :  stem  square,  smooth. 

R.  ciliosa.  Bogs  in  pine  barrens  from  Maryland  S.  :  stem  10'  -  12'  high  ; 
leaves  bristly  on  the  upper  face  ;  and  calyx  smooth. 

R.  serrulata.  Bogs  in  pine  barrens  wholly  S.  :  stem  3'  -6'  high;  leaves 
smooth  above  ;  calyx  bristly. 

-*-  •*-  Flowers  yellow,  small,  numerous,  not  casting  the  petals  early,  as  do  the  others  : 
stem  4-angled,  bristly,  bushy-branched  abore. 

R.  lutea.  From  North  Carolina  S.  &  W.  :  stem  1°  high,  bristly  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  or  the  lower  obovate  ;  calyx  smooth. 


LOOSESTRIFE    FAMILY.  149 

46.    MYRTACEJE,  MYRTLE  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  entire  and  mostly  aromatic  leaves 
punctate  with  pellucid  or  resinous  dots,  no  stipules,  perfect  flowers, 
calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  its  throat,  or  a  disk  bordering  it, 
bearing  the  petals  and  numerous  stamens  :  style  and  stigma  single. 
A  large  family  in  the  tropics  and  southern  hemisphere,  here  com- 
monly known  only  by  a  few  house-plants,  which  may  be  briefly 
noted  as  follows  :  — 

1.  M^rtus  commimis,   COMMON  MYRTLE,  from   the  Mediterranean 
region  :  smooth,  with  ovate  or  lance-ovate  opposite  shining  leaves,  small  in  the 
variety  usually  cultivated,  peduncles  in  their  axils  bearing  a  small  white  or 
rose-tinged  flower  (sometimes  full  double),  followed  by  a  black  berry,  containing 
several  kidney-shaped  seeds. 

2.  Eugeaiia  Jambos,  ROSE-APPLE,  from  India  :  smooth,  with  opposite 
shining  long  and  lanceolate  leaves,  and  clusters  of  large  white  flowers  with  their 
long  stamens  most  conspicuous  ;  the  calyx-tube  dilated  and  prolonged  beyond 
the  ovary,  which  forms  a  large  edible  berry,  like  a  small  apple,  scentless,  but 
when  eaten  of  a  rose-like  savor  ;  seeds  very  few,  large. 

3.  Psidium  pyriferum,  GUAVA,  of  W.  Ind. :  with  oval  feather-veined 
opposite  leaves,  and  one  or  two  white  flowers  at  the  end  of  an  axillary  peduncle ; 
the  fruit  a  large  and  pear-shaped  yellowish  berry  which  is  eatable,  and  from 
which  Guava  jelly  is  made  in  the  West  Indies. 

4.  Callistemon  lanceolatum,  of  Australia,   called  BOTTLE-BRUSH, 
on  account  of  the  appearance  of  the  flowers  (sessile  all  round  the  stem  below 
the  later  leaves)  with  their  very  long  deep  red  stamens  ;  the  5  petals  small  and 
falling  early  ;  the  fruit  a  small  many-seeded  pod  opening  at  the  top ;  the  alter- 
nate lanceolate  leaves  remarkable  for  being  turned  edgewise  by  a  twist  at  their 
base,  as  in  many  related  Myrtaceous  plants  of  Australia. 


47.  LYTHRACE.3S,  LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY. 

Differs  from  the  related  orders  in  having  the  ovary  and  pod  free 
from,  but  mostly  enclosed  in,  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  the  leaves  not 
punctate,  the  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  To  this  family  has  lately 
been  appended  the  Pomegranate,  which,  although  peculiar,  is  com- 
monly referred  to  the  Myrtle  Family,  notwithstanding  the  dotless 
leaves. 

§  1.    Ovary  coherent  with  the  calyx-tube,  becoming  a  fleshy  fruit.     Small  tree. 

1.  TUNICA.     Calyx-tube  colored  (scarlet),  thick  and  coriaceous,  its  top-shaped 

base  coherent  with  the  ovary,  above  enlarged  and  5  -  7-lobed  ;  its  throat 
bearing  the  5  -  7  petals  and  ver3r  many  incurved  stamens.  Style  slender. 
Ovary  with  many  cells  in  two  sets,  one  above  the  other,  and  very  many 
ovule's  in  each.  "Fruit  large,  globular,  crowned  with  the  calyx-lobes,  berry- 
like,  but  with  a  hard  rind :  the  numerous  seeds  coated  with  a  juicy  edible  pulp. 

§  2.    Ovary  free  from  the  calyx-tube,  becoming  a  1  -  6-celled  pod. 
*  Stamens  indefinitely  numerous.     Small  tree. 

2.  LAGERSTRCEMIA.     Calyx  6-lobed.     Petals  6,  very  wavy-crisped,  raised  on 

slender  claws,  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  borne  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  calyx,  very  long  and  slender,  6  outermost  larger  than  the  rest. 
Style  very  slender.  Pod  oblong,  thick,  many-seeded,  3 -6-celled,  only  the 
base  covered  by  the  persistent  calyx. 

*  Stamens  4-16,  only  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  inserted 
lower  down  than  the  petals.  Herbs  or  nearly  so:  calyx  mostly  with  projecting 
folds,  or  accessory  teeth  between  the  proper  teeth  or  lobe*. 


LOOSESTRIFE    FAMILY. 

•*-  Flower  regular  or  nearly  so  :  pod  many-seeded,  included  in  the  calyx. 

3.  NES^EA.     Calyx  short  bell-shaped  or  hemispherical.     Stamens  10- 14,  twice 

as  many  as  the  petals,  in  2  sets,  with  long  projecting  filaments.  Style  slen- 
der. Pod  globular,  3  -5-celled.  Leaves  mostly  whorled  in  threes  or  opposite. 

4.  LYTHRUM.     Calyx  cylindrical,  8-  12-ribbed  or  striate.    Petals  5 -7.    Stamens 

5-14.     Style  slender.     Pod  oblong,  2-celled.     Leaves  sessile. 

5.  AMMANNIA.     Calyx  short,  4-angled.     Petals  4  and  small,  or  none.     Stamens 

4,  short.     Pod  globular,  2-4-celled.     Leaves  opposite,  narrow. 
-*-  •«-  Flower  irregular :  pod  mostly  few-seeded. 

6.  CUP  HE  A.     Calyx  elongated,  mostly  many-ribbed,  gibbous,  spurred,  or  with  a 

sac-iike  projection  at  base  on  ttie  upper  side,  oblique  at  the  mouth,  which 
has  6  proper  teeth,  and  usually  as  many  intermediate  accessory  ones  or  pro- 
cesses. Petals  mostly  6,  with  claws,  and  very  unequal,  the  two  upper  ones 
larger;  sometimes  all  or  part  wanting.  Stamens  11  or  12,  unequal:  filaments 
short.  A  gland  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  on  the  upper  side.  Style  slender: 
stigma  2-lobed.  Ovary  flat,  2-celled,  but  one  cell  smaller  and  sterile  or 
empty.  Pod  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  and  bursting  through  it  on  the  lower 
side;  the  placenta  bearing  a  few  flat  seeds,  hardening,  curving,  and  at  length 
projecting  through  the  rupture. 

1.  PUNICA,  POMEGRANATE.     (The  name  means  Carthaginian.) 

P.  Granatum.  Tree  cult,  from  the  Orient,  as  a  house-plant  N.  :  smooth, 
with  small  oblong  or  obovate  obtuse  leaves,  either  opposite  or  scattered,  mostly 
clustered  on  short  branehlets  ;  the  flowers  short-stalked,  usually  solitary,  large, 
both  calyx  and  corolla  bright  scarlet,  with  5-7  petals,  or  full  double ;  the  fruit 
as  large  as  a  small  apple. 

2.  LAGERSTRCEMIA,  CRAPE-MYRTLE.     (Named  for  a  Swedish 
natural  i  s  t,  Lager&ttcem . ) 

L.  ludica,  from  E.  Indies  :  planted  for  ornament  S.,  and  in  conserva- 
tories N.  :  shrub  with  smooth  ovate  or  oval  opposite  leaves,  and  panicles  of  very 
showy  pale  rose  or  flesh-colored  large  flowers,  remarkable  for  the  wavy-crisped 
petals  and  long  silky-tufted  stamens. 

3.  NES.ZEA.      (Name  from  Greek  for  insular,  from  the  habitation  of  the 
original  species.)      ^ 

N.  verticillata.  Common  E.  and  S.  in  very  wet  places ;  smooth  or 
minutely  downy,  with  long  recurving  branches  (2°  -8°  long),  lanceolate  leaves, 
mostly  in  threes,  the  upper  with  clustered  short-stalked  flowers  in  their  axils, 
5  wedge-lanceolate  rose-purple  petals,  and  10  stamens  of  two  lengths. 

N.  salicifblia.  Cult,  from  Mexico,  not  hardy  N.  ;  low,  slightly  shrubby 
at  base,  smooth,  erect,  with  lance-oblong  or  oblanceolate  leaves,  the  upper  ones 
sometimes  alternate,  almost  sessile  flowers  in  their  axils,  with  mostly  G  obovate 
yellow  petals,  and  12  stamens  of  almost  equal  length. 

4.  LYTHRUM,  LOOSESTRIFE.    (Name  in  Greek  for  blood:  some  have 
red  flowers.)     Fl.  summer. 

L.  Salicaria,  SPIKED  L.  Sparingly  wild  N.  E.  in  wet  meadows,  and 
cult.  ;  with  stems  2°  -  3°  high,  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  and  often  with  a  heart- 
shaped  base,  in  pairs  or  threes  ;  flowers  crowded  in  their  axils  and  forming  a 
wand-like  spike,  rather  large,  with  6  or  rarely  7  lance-oblong  pink  petals,  and 
twice  as  many  stamens  of  two  lengths.  ^ 

L.  alatum.  Low  grounds  W.  &  S.  :  nearly  smooth,  slender,  2° -3°  high, 
above  and  on  the  branches  with  margined  angles,  very  leafy  ;  the  small  leaves 
oblong,  the  uppermost  not  longer  than  the  small  flowers  in  their  axils  ;  petals 
6,  purple  ;  stamens  6.  JJ. 

6.  AMMANNIA.  (Named  for  Ammann,  an  early  German  botanist.) 
Low,  insignificant  herb;;,  in  wet  places,  especially  S.,  with  small  greenish 
flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  narrow  leaves  ;  the  inconspicuous  petals  purplish, 
or  none  :  fl.  all  summer. 


LOASA    FAMILY.  151 

A.  hiimilis,  from  Mass,  to  Michigan  and  S.  ;  has  narrow  oblanccolate  or 
spatulate  loaves,  tapering  to  the  base,  and  a  very  short  style.  © 

A.  latilblia.  W.  &  S.,  taller,  the  lance-linear  leaves  with  a  broader  and 
auricled  partly  clasping  base.  © 

6.   CUPHEA.     (Name  from  Greek,  means  gibbous  or  curved,  from  the  shape 

of  the  calvx.)     Leaves  chiefly  opposite  :  h1.  all  summer. 

C.  ViSCOSissima,  CLAMMY  C.  Sandy  fields  from  Conn,  to  111.  and  S.  : 
a  rather  homely  herb,  l°-2°  high,  branching,  clammy-hairy,  with  lance-ovate 
leaves,  small  flowers  somewhat  racemed  along  the  branches,  and  ovate  pink 
petals  on  short  claws.  © 

C.  silenoides.  Cult,  from  Mexico  :  clammy-hairy,  1°  high,  with  lance- 
oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves  tapering  at  base  into  short  petiole,  and  rather  large 
flowers  somewhat  racemed  on  the  branches  ;  calyx  purplish,  almost  1  '  long, 
ovoid  at  base  and  with  a  tapering  neck  ;  petals  blood-purple  or  crimson,  rounded, 
the  2  larger  £'  in  diameter.  © 

C.  platyc^ntra.  Cult,  from  Mexico,  both  in  greenhouses  and  for  bor- 
ders, flowering  through  the  season  :  slightly  woody  at  base,  8'-  12'  high,  form- 
ing masses,  thickly  beset  with  the  ovate  or  lance-ovate  acute  smooth  and  glossy 
bright  green  leaves,  contrasting  with  the  bright  vermilion  flowers  between  each 
pair,  the  calyx  narrow  and  tubular,  almost  1'  long,  with  a  short  and  very  blunt 
spur  at  base,  the  short  border  and  teeth  dark  violet  edged  on  the  upper  side 
with  white  ;  petals  none.  2/ 

48.   LOASACE^S,  LOASA  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  rough  pubescence,  and  some  with  stinging  bristles,  no 
stipules,  a  1  -celled  ovary  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  calyx  (which 
is  little  if  at  all  extended  beyond  it),  and  mostly  with  3-5  parietal 
placenta?,  in  fruit  a  pod,  few  -  many-seeded  :  persistent  calyx-lobes 
and  true  petals  mostly  5,  and  often  an  additional  inner  set  of  pet- 
als :  stamens  commonly  numerous,  often  in  5  clusters  :  style  single. 
Natives  of  America,  mostly  S.  &  W.  :  several  cult,  for  ornament. 

#  Erect  or  spreading,  not  twining:  leaves  alternate:  petals  flat. 

1.  MENTZKLIA.     Petals  lanceolate,  spatulate,  or  obovate,  deciduous.    Filaments 

long  and  slender,  or  some  of  the  outermost  broadened  or  petal-like:  anthers 
short  and  small.     Pod  top-shaped,  club-shaped,  or  cylindrical,  straight.    Herb- 
age rougli  with  short  stiff  pubescence,  «or  bristly,  but  not  stinging. 
*  *   Twining  herbs:  leaves  opposite,  pelioled:  petals  hood-shaped  or  slipper-shaped. 

2.  BLUMENBACHIA.     Petals  5,  spreading,  and  as  many  scale-like  small  ones  or 

appendages  alternate  with  them.  Stamens  in  5  sets,  one  before  each  petal, 
with  very  slender  filaments;  also  10  sterile  filaments,  a  pair  before  each  ap- 
pendage." Ovary  and  many-seeded  pod  10-ribbed,  when  old  spirally  twisted 
and  splitting  lengthwise.  'Peduncles  axillary,  mostly  ]-flowered.  Herbage 
beset  with  sharp  bristles,  commonly  stinging  like  nettles.  Flowers  on  long 
axillary  peduncles. 


1.   MENTZELIA..    (Named  for  C.  Mentzel,  an  early  German 

Fl.  summer  or  autumn.     ©  ®     Includes  the  BART^NIA  of  Nuttall  an 

EUCNIDE. 

§  1.   Pod  3  -  9  -seeded  :  flowers  small,  yctioic,  opening  in  sunshine.     ©  ® 
M.  oligOSpdrma.     Open  dry  ground,  from  Illinois  S.  W.  :  a  rough  and 
homely  plant,  with  spreading  brittle  branches,  ovate  and  oblong  angled  or  cut- 
toothed  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  less  than   1'  broad,  with  5  wedge-oblong 
pointed  petals,  and  about  20  slender  filaments. 

§  2.  B  .\RT6xi.v  of  Nuttall,  &c.,  not  of  Muhlenberg.  Pod  mostly  Jong,  contain- 
ing mant/  or  at  least  20  cubical  or  flat  seeds  :  flowers  fa>'ge  and  showy  : 
j)etals  1'  -  2'  long  :  herbage  rough. 

,J^ 


152  CACTUS    FAMILY. 

M.  Lindleyi.  Cultivated,  from  California,  usually  under  the  name  of 
BARTONIA  AURKA.  Plant  l°-2°  high,  with  leaves  lance-ovate  in  outline 
and  deeply  pinnatifid,  their  lobes  linear ;  flowers  with  5  obovate  and  pointed 
bright  yellow  petals  opening  in  sunshine,  and  the  very  numerous  filaments  all 
slender  0 

M.  ornata,  the  BART6NIA  ORN\TA  of  Nuttall,  a  very  large-flowered 
species,  of  the  plains  of  Nebraska  and  S.  :  2° -4°  high,  with  oblong-lanceolate 
simiate-pinnatitid  leaves,  and  white  fragrant  flowers  opening  at  sunset  or  on  a 
cloud v  afternoon,  leafy-bracted  under  the  ovary,  and  with  10  lance-ovate  or 
spatulate  acute  petals,  about  2'  long,  the  5  inner  narrower,  and  the  200  -  300 
filaments  all  slender;  seeds  very  many  and  flat,  llarely  cult,  for  ornament, 
but  well  worthy  of  it.  @  ^  ? 

M.  nuda,  the  BARTONIA  NtTDA  of  Nuttall,  of  the  same  district  and  further 
south,  and  less  rare  in  cultivation  than  M.  ornata,  resembles  it,  but  has  flowers 
of  half  the  size  and  often  without  leafy  bracts  under  the  ovary ;  outer  fila- 
ments mostly  broadened  ;  seeds  wing-margined.  ©  %  1 

§  3.  EocxltDE  of  Zuccarini  Pod  short,  containing  very  many  minute  roundish 
or  oblong  seeds :  flowers  showy,  yellow,  opening  in  bright  sunshine. 

M.  16ngipes.  Cult,  from  Mexico  and  Texas  under  the  name  of  EUCNIDK 
JJARTONIOIDES  ;  a  tender  succulent  plant,  branching  and  usually  spreading  on 
the  ground,  bristly,  with  ovate  cut-toothed  or  slightly  lobed  leaves  on  slender 
petioles,  and  flowers  mostly  on  still  longer  simple  peduncles  (3' -6'  long),  the 
ft  ovate  petals  and  very  many  slender  filaments  fully  1'  long.  0 

2.  BLTJMENBACHIA.     (Named  for  the  distinguished  German  physiol- 
ogist, Bl uinenbach .     Includes  CAIOPIIORA.     Fl.  all  summer. 

B.  insignis.  Cult,  from  Chili ;  rather  curious  than  ornamental,  with 
palmatcly  about  5-parted  leaves,  small  flowers  with  white  petals  and  yellow 
red-tipped  inner  appendages  ;  the  pod  obovate,  slightly  twisted,  with  5  strongly 
projecting  placentae.  0 

B.  lateritia.  Cult,  from  South  America,  under  the  name  of  LO\SA  or 
CAIOPIIORA  LATERfriA  ;  climbing  freely ;  with  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  leaves  of 
5  or  more  lance-ovate  divisions  or  leaflets,  which  are  cut-toothed  or  some  of 
them  again  pinnatifid ;  flowers  almost  2'  across,  with  brick-red  petals;  the  long 
pod  at  length  much  twisted.  0 

49.   CACTACEJE,  CACTUS  FAMILY, 

Fleshy  plants  of  peculiar  aspect,  mostly  persistent,  destitute  of 
foliage  (with  exception  of  the  rare  Pereskia),  its  place  supplied  by 
the  green  rind  of  the  flattened,  columnar,  globular,  or  various-shaped 
stem ;  the  perfect  solitary  and  sessile  flower  with  calyx  adherent  to 
the  ovary,  its  lobes  or  sepals,  the  petals,  and  the  stamens  numerous, 
usually  in  several  ranks,  the  latter  mostly  very  numerous  ;  ovary 
1-celled  with  several  parietal  placentae ;  style  single,  with  several 
stigmas;  the  fruit  a  1-celled  and  generally  many-seeded  pulpy  berry. 
(See  Lessons,  p.  48,  fig.  76,  and  p.  96,  fig.  197.) 

We  have  three  or  four  wild  species,  several  others  in  common 
house-cultivation,  and  a  larger  number  in  choice  collections,  some 
of  which  are  hybrids. 

§  1.    No  tube  to  (Jte  flower  above  the  ovary  :  stem  jointed. 

1.  OPUNTIA.  Stem  branching,  formed  of  successive  joints,  which  are  mostly 
fltit,  bearing  at  first  some  minute  awl-shaped  bodies  answering  to  leaves, 
which  soon  fall  off,  and  tufts  of  barbed  bristles  and  often  prickles  also  in  their 
axils.  Flowers  from  the  adge  or  side  of  a  joint,  opening  in  sunshine  and 
for  more  than  one  day. 


CACTUS    FAMILY.  153 

$  2.    Tube  formed  of  (lie  united  sepals,  $c.  more  or  less  extended  beyond  the  ovary. 

*  Stems  and  branches  of  flat  and  leaf -like  joints,  with  the  margins  more  or  lexs  toothed 

w  crenate,  and  with  an  evident  woody  centre  or  midrib,  with  no  prickles  and 
no  bristles,  or  only  tufts  of  very  short  ones  in  the  notches. 

2.  EPIPHYLLUM.    Joints  of  the  branches  short  and  truncate,  very  smooth,  and 

flowering  from  the  end.  Flowers  open  in  the  daytime  and  for  several  days, 
mostly  oblique,  the  tube  not  much  lengthened;  the  sepals  and  petals  rose-red, 
rather  few,  the  innermost  and  larger  ones  about  8.  Stamens  not  very  many. 
Stigmas  erect  or  conniving. 

3.  PHYLLOCACTUS.     Leaf-like  branches  or  joints  long,  arising  from  the  side  of 

older  ones,  which  with  age  form  terete  stems.  Flowers  from  the  marginal 
notches,  slightly  if  at  all  irregular.  Stigmas  slender  and  spreading. 

*  *  Stems  or  branches  3  -  many-angled  or  grooved,  or  terete,  and  with  tubercles  or 

woolly  tufts  bearing  a  cluster  of  spines,  prickles,  or  bristles. 

4.  CEREUS.     Stem  mostly  elongated,  rarely  globular,  regularly  ribbed  or  angled 

lengthwise,  and  with  the  clusters  of  spines  or  bristles  on  the  ridges  one 
above  the  other.  Flowers  from  the  side  of  the  stem,  commonly  with  a 
conspicuous  tube,  which,  with  the  ovary  below,  is  beset  with  scale-like 
sepals  and  generally  with  woolly  or  bristly  tufts  in  their  axils.  Petals 
numerous  and  spreading. 

5.  ECHINOCACTUS.   Stem  globular,  depressed,  or  sometimes  oblong-club-shaped, 

with  many  ribs  or  ridges  bearing  clusters  of  spines  one  above  the  other. 
Flowers  naked  at  the  summit  of  the  ridges,  and  with  a  short  or  very  short 
tube:  otherwise  as  in  Cereus. 

6.  MELOCACTUS.     Stem  globular  with  a  broad  base,  or  conical,  with  many  ribs 

bearing  clusters  of  spines  as  in  Echinocactus;  but  the  flowers  small  and  im- 
mersed in  a  woolly  cylindrical  muff-like  mass  at  the  summit.  Sepals  and 
petals  united  in  a  cylindrical  tube,  which  is  often  swollen  at  the  base.  Fila- 
ments short.  Ovary  and  berry  not  scaly. 

7.  MAM1LLARIA.     Stems  globular  or  cylindrical,  mostly  tufted,  not  ribbed,  cov- 

ered with  distinct  and  strongly  projecting  nipple-shaped  tubercles,  which  are 
arranged  in  spiral  order  and  tipped  with  a  cluster  of  prickles.  Flowers  from 
the  axils  of  the  tubercles,  with  a  short  tube.  Ovary  and  berry  not  scaly. 

1.   OPUNTIA,  PRICKLY-PEAR  CACTUS,  INDIAN  FIG,  &c.     (An 

ancient  name,  transferred  to  these  American  plants.)     Fl.  summer.     Fruit 
often  eatable. 

§  1.    Stamens  not  longer  than  the  roundish,  in  ours  yellow,  widely  opening  petals. 
#  Low,  prostrate  or  spreading,  native  species,  also  cultivated. 

O.  Vlllgaris,  COMMON  PRICKLY-PEAR.  On  rocks  and  sand,  from  coast 
of  New  England  S.,  with  pale  and  rounded-obovate  flat  joints,  3'  -  6'  long, 
bearing  minute  appressed  leaves,  having  bristles  but  hardly  any  spines  in  their 
axils,  and  a  nearly  smooth  eatable  berry. 

O.  Rafinesquii.  Common  W.  &  S.  W. :  deeper  green,  with  joints  4' -8' 
long,  the  little  leaves  spreading,  several  small  spines  and  a  single  stronger  one 
in  the  clusters,  and  flower  often  with  a  reddish  centre. 

O.  Missouri6nsis.  From  Wisconsin  W.  on  the  plains  :  Avith  obovate 
joints  2' -4'  long  and  tubercled,  tufts  of  straw-colored  bristles  and  5-10  long 
and  slender  spines  ;  the  berry  dry  and  prickly. 

O.  Pe8-C6rvi.  On  the  coast  S.,  with  small  and  narrow,  almost  cylindri- 
cal, easily  separable  joints,  their  spines  in  pairs  ;  the  berry  small  and  bristly. 

*  *  Erect,  shrubby  or  tree-like,  cultivated  in  conservatories,  from  West  Indies  and 
South  America :  berry  edible. 

O.  Ficus-Indica.  Joints  obovate,  thick  and  heavy,  1°  long,  with  minute 
spines  or  none  ;  berry  obovate,  bristly. 

O.  Tuna.  Joints  oval,  4' -8'  long,  with  several  unequal  spines  in  the  tufts, 
the  longer  ones  about  1'  long. 

O.  Brasiliensis.  Tree-like,  with  a  round  straight  trunk  rising  10°  or 
more  high,  bearing  short  branches,  their  ultimate  joints  obovate  or  oblong, 
sinuate,  thinner  and  more  leaf-like  than  in  the  others,  armed  with  single  long 
and  very  sharp  spines. 


154  CACTUS    FAMILY. 

§  2.    Stamens  longer  than  the  erect  crimson  petals,  shorter  than  the  sti/le. 
O.  COCCinellifera.     Cult,  from  Mexico  and  West  Indies:  tree-like,  6°  - 
10°  high,  with  joints  of  the  branches  obovatc-ob'ong,  4'-  12'  long,  spineless  or 
nearly  so,  when  young  with  single  recurved  spines,  pale  ;  berry  red.    One  of  the 
plants  upon  which  the  cochineal  insect  feeds,  whence  the  name. 

2.  EPIPHYLLUM.     (Name  from  Greek,  meaning  upon  a  leaf,  i.  e.  the 
flower  from  the  top  of  what  seems  to  be  a  leaf.)     Fl.  usually  in  summer. 

E.  truncatum.  Cult,  from  Brazil  :  low,  bright  green,  with  drooping 
branches  ;  thf  oblong  joints  scarcely  2'  long,  the  upper  end  with  a  shallow 
notch  ;  flower  2-3'  long,  oblique,  with  petals  and  short  sepals  spreading  or 
recurved,  the  former  so  arranged  that  the  blossom  often  appears  as  if  2-lipped. 

3.  PHYLLOCACTUS.      (From    Greek  words   meaning  Leaf -Cactus.) 
Cult,  from  South  America  and  Mexico  :  fl.  summer. 

*  Flower  icith  tube  shorter  than  the  jyetals,  red,  scentless,  often  throuqh  more  than 

one  day  :  petals  and  stamens  many,  except  in  thejirst  species. 

P.  biformis.  The  least  showy  species  ;  with  slender  stems,  and  two  sorts 
of  branches,  one  ovate  or  oblong,  the  other  lanceolate ;  the  latter  producing 
a  slender  pink  flower,  2'  long,  with  about  4  slender  sepals,  as  many  narrow 
lanceolate  erect  petals  with  spreading  tips,  and  only  8-  16  stamens. 

P.  phyllanthoid.es.  Has  narrow-oblong  sinuate-toothed  leaf-like  branches, 
numerous  rose-colored  oblong  and  similar  sepals  and  petals,  the  outermost  widely 
spreading,  the  innermost  erect. 

P.  Ackerm^nni.  Like  the  preceding,  but  much  more  showy,  with  bright 
red  and  sharp-pointed  petals  spreading  and  2' -3'  long,  and  the  scattered  sepals 
small  and  bract-like. 

*  #  Flower  sweet-scented,  with  tube  4'  —  10'  long,  bearing  scattered  and  small  scaly 

sepals  or  bracts,  which  are  considerably  longer  than  the  numerous  spreading 
white  or  cream-colored  petals. 

P.  crenatUS.  Leaf-like  branches  l°-2°  long,  2' -3'  broad,  sinuatcly 
notched  ;  flower  open  in  the  daytime  and  for  several  days,  7' -8'  in  diameter, 
with  the  stout  tube  4'  -  5'  long,  the  outer  petals  or  inner  sepals  brownish. 

P.  Phyllanthus.  Branches  nearly  as  in  the  preceding  ;  but  the  flower 
opening  at  evening  and  lasting  only  till  morning,  its  slender  tube  many  times 
longer  than  the  small  petals. 

4.  CEREUS.     (Latin  name  of  a  wax-taper  or  candle,  from  the  form  of  the 
stem  of  some  columnar  species.)     The  following  are  the  commonest  in  culti- 
vation, mostly  from  Mexico  and  South  America  :  fl.  summer. 

§  1.    Stems  and  branches  long,  spreading,  creeping  or  climbing,  remotely  jointed 
more  or  less,  only  3  —  7-angled  :  very  larqe-Jlowered. 

#  Flower  red,  open  in  daytime  for  several  days:  stamens  much  declined. 

C.  speciosissimus.  The  commonest  red-flowered  Cactus  ;  with  stems 
2°  -  3°  high,  rarely  rooting,  3  or  4  broad  and  thin  wavy-margined  angles  or 
wings,  and  crimson  or  red  flowers  of  various  shades,  4'  -  5'  in  diameter,  the 
tube  shorter  than  the  petals.  —  There  are  various  hybrids  of  this  with  others. 

*  #  Flower  white  as  to  petals,  opening  at  night,  co'lapsinrj  next  morning,  frtrgranf, 

6' -9'  in  diameter  when  expanded,  the  tube  4' -5'  long:  stems  rootiny  and 
so  climbing:  prickles  short  and  Jine.     NIGHT-BLOOMING  CEREUS. 
C.  triangularis  has  sharply  triangular  stems,  minute  prickles,  and  flower 
with  glabrous  tube,  olive-green  sepals,  and  yellow  stamens. 

C.  nycticallus,  has  4-6-angled  stems  with  very  minute  prickles,  and 
flower  much  like  the  next  but  with  brownish  sepals. 

C.  grandifl6rus,  COMMON  NIGHT-BLOOMING  CEREUS,  has  terete  stems 
with  5-7  slight  grooves  and  blunt  angles,  bearing  more  conspicuous  prickles, 
long  bristles  on  the  flower-tube,  and  dull  yellow  sepals. 


CACTUS    FAMILY.  155 

§  2.  Steins  and  branches  /on//,  weak,  disposed  to  trail  or  creep,  remotely  joint  id, 
cylindrical,  with  8-12  rib*  or  grooves  and  rows  of  appwatfmaied  short  and 
Jine  prickle-clusters :  flowers  smaller. 

C.  serpentinus.  Stems  1'  or  more  in  diameter,  tapering  at  the  apex, 
about  12-ribbed,  disposed  to  stand  when  short,  not  rooting;  flower  opening  for 
a  night,  fragrant,  with  linear  petals  reddish-purple  outside,  nearly  white  inside, 
2'  long,  rather  shorter  than  the  tube. 

C.  flagellif6rmis.  Stems  long  and  slender,  prostrate  or  hanging  and 
rooting ;  flower  2'  -  3'  long,  the  narrow  sepals  and  petals  not  very  many,  rose- 
red,  open  by  day. 

§  3.  /Steins  erect,  self-supporting,  tall-growing,  cylindrical  and  column-Jike,  with 
about  8  (6  —  10)  obtuse  ribs  and  grooves,  snort  mostly  dark-colored  prickles 
9-12  in  the  cluster,  and  no  long  bristles :  flower  large,  white ;  tube  3'  —  6'  long. 

*  Flower  opening  at  midday,  collapsing  before  night. 

C.  Peruvian  US.  The  largest  species  (exeept  the  Giant  Cereus  of  Arizona), 
becoming  even  40°  high  and  thick  in  proportion,  with  rather  strong  compressed 
ribs  and  stout  prickles  ;  the  flower  6'  long,  with  greenish  sepals  and  white  or 
externally  rose-tinged  petals  proportionally  short.  — Var.  MONSTRu6sus,  in  old 
conservatories,  has  a  short  stem  with  4  —  8  irregular  and  wavy  wing-like  angles, 
sometimes  broken  up  into  tubercles. 

#  *  Flowtr  opening  at  night,  collapsing  next  day  :  tall  stem  narrower  at  the  top. 

C.  eriophorus.  Stem  jointed  at  intervals,  with  rounded  ridges  and  needle- 
like  prickles  ;  flower  G'  -  9'- long,  with  woolly  tube,  and  narrow  greenish  sepals, 
the  upper  4'  long,  longer  than  the  petals. 

C.  rep&ndus.  Stem  with  flatter  ridges,  and  with  flowers  much  as  in  the 
foregoing,  but  the  tube  not  woolly. 

C.  CSerulescens.  Stem  bluish-green,  becoming  about  3'  thick,  with 
rounded  ridges  and  stoutish  prickles ;  flower  8'  in  diameter,  with  eroded-toothed 
petals  and  olive  and  brown-purple  sepals,  the  longer  of  these  little  shorter  than 
the  smooth  tube. 

§  4.    Stem  erect  and  simple,  at  length  cylindrical,  with  20  -  25  narrow  ridges,  bear- 
ing clusters  of  short  ]>rickles  and  long  bristly  hairs. 

C.  senilis,  OLD-MAN  CACTUS.  Cult,  for  its  singular  appearance,  the  long 
white  hanging  bristles  at  the  top  likened  to  the  locks  of  an  aged  man ;  flowers 
(seldom  seen)  not  large,  with  a  very  short  tube. 

§  5.    Stems  short  and  dwarf,  globular  or  oblong,  clustered  or  branching  from  the 
Iwse:  flowei'  with  rery  short  b(  U-shaped  tube. 

C.  C8espit6sus.  Wild  on  the  plains  from  Nebraska  S.  :  3' -6'  high, 
becoming  short-cylindrical,  Avith  12-18  thick  ribs,  covered  with  the  close 
clusters  each  of  20  -  30  short  and  widely-spreading  prickles ;  flower  rose-purple, 
in  daytime,  2'  -  3'  in  diameter. 

§  6.  ECHINOPSIS.  Stem  globular  or  obovate,  very  proliferous,  resembling  Echino- 
cactus,  but  flowering  from  the  side ;  the  showy  flowers  usually  open  while 
they  last,  both  dai/  and  night,  and  with  a  long  funnel-shaped  tube,  6' -8'  long, 
to  which  an  outer  set  of  stamens  is  united  up  to  the  throat,  while  the  inner  ones 
are  separate  far  down  :  petals  and  sepals  pointed. 

#  Flower  white,  fragrant:  calyx-tube  with  tufts  of  long  brownish  wool  at  each  scale: 

globular  stem  depressed  or  sunken  at  top,  about  3'  in  dianuter. 

C.  Eyriesii.  Stem  with  about  13  acute  slightly  wavy  ridges,  and  many 
small  bristly  prickles  from  woolly  tubercles. 

C.  tubiflbrus,  or  ZUCCARINIXNUS.  Stem  broader  than  high,  sunken  at 
top,  with  1 1  very  strong  and  prominent  wavy  ridges,  the  woolly  tubercles  bear- 
ing 6-8  stout  and  dark  spines. 

#  *  Flower  delicate  rose-color :  calyx-tube  with  scattered  hairs  and  the  scales  dilate  : 

stem  somewhat  jtcar-shajK-d  or  obovate,  6'  -  12'  high. 

C.  oxygonus.  Stem  bluish,  with  about  14  acute  ridges  from  a  broad 
base,  and  as  many  very  short  and  unequal  spines  in  the  clusters. 


o  FIG-MARIGOLD    FAMILY. 

C.  multiplex.  Stem  green,  with  about  13  acute  ridges  and  10-12  rather 
long  unequal  spines. 

5.  ECHINpCACTUS.    ( Name  means  Spiny  or  Hedgehog  Cactus.)    There 
are  many  wild  species  far  S.  W.,  but  few  common  in  cultivation.     Flowers 
mostly  small,  opening  for  2  or  3  days,  closing  at  night. 

E.  Tex^nsis,  of  S.  Texas  and  Arizona,  has  stem  much  broader  than  high, 
or  globular  when  young,  becoming  1°  broad,  with  12-27  acute  wavy  ridges, 
6  or  7  very  stout  and  horn-like  reddish  recurved  spines  ;  the  central  one  larger 
and  turned  down,  sometimes  2'  long ;  flower  rose-colored,  very  woolly,  2'  long. 

E.  Ott6nis,  from  Brazil,  is  pear-shaped,  becoming  club-shaped,  2' -3' 
thick,  with  12  -  14  narrow  ridges,  clusters  of  10-  14  short  slender  prickles,  and 
yellow  flowers  with  red  stigmas. 

6.  MELOC  ACTTJS,  i.  e.  MELON-CACTUS.  One  species  is  often  brought 
from  the  West  Indies,  but  does  not  long  survive,  viz. 

M.  COmmunis,  called  TUKK'S-CAP.  Globular  or  ovate,  dark  green,  often 
1°  high,  with  12-20  ridges,  beset  with  clusters  of  short  brownish  spines  ;  the 
cylindrical  muff-like  crown  of  bristles  and  cottony  wool,  2'  -  5'  high,  in  which 
the  very  small  pink  flowers  are  half-imbedded  ;  berries  small,  red. 

7.  MAMILLARiI  A.    (Name  from  the  nipple-shaped  tubercles  which  cover 
the  stem.)    Many  wild  species  far  W.  and  S.  W.  on  the  plains  :  few  common 
in  cultivation. 

M.  longimamma,  from  Mexico,  has  the  tubercles  rising  from  a  depressed 
body,  or  apparently  almost  from  the  root,  1'  or  more  long,  loosely  spreading, 
much  longer  than  the  8-11  prickles  at  their  apex ;  flowers  large  for  the  genus, 
l£'  long,  yellow. 

M.  pusilla,  wild  in  Texas  and  S.,  with  clustered  ovate  or  globular  stems 
l'-2'  long,  oblong  or  ovate  tubercles  bearing  wool  in  their  axils,  and  tipped 
with  very  many  capillary  crisped  bristles  and  several  slender  prickles  ;  flowers 
pink,  £'  long. 

M.  gracilis,  with  globular  and  at  length  short-cylindrical  stems  l'-2' 
long,  excessively  proliferous,  the  oblong  tubercles  bearing  about  16  recurving 
white  prickles,  and  on  older  plants  1  or  2  stouter  and  longer  straight  ones  of  a 
brown  hue  ;  flowers  small,  white. 

M.  elong'ata,  with  cylindrical  clustered  stems,  covered  with  short  conical 
tubercles,  which  bear  16-30  uniform  radiating  and  recurving  slender  prickles 
in  a  starry  tuft,  and  very  rarely  a  central  one ;  flowers  small,  white. 

M.  vivipara,  wild  from  Nebraska  S.,  l'-5'  high,  simple,  or  proliferous 
in  tufts,  globular,  with  the  terete  tubercles  slightly  grooved  down  the 
upper  side,  bearing  12-30  rigid  widely  radiating  whitish  prickles,  and  3-12 
stouter  and  darker  ones ;  flower  pink-purple,  large  for  the  plant,  about  2'  in 
diameter. 

50.  MESEMBRYANTHEME^I,  FIG-MARIGOLD 
FAMILY. 

Fleshy  plants,  of  aspect  between  the  Cactus,  Purslane,  and  Orpine 
Families,  with  simple  entire  leaves,  and  calyx-tube  coherent  with 
the  compound  ovary,  which  has  4-20  styles  and  as  many  cells  : 
represented  in  cultivation  by  the  following. 

1.  MESEMBRYANTHEMUM.    Herbaceous  or  flesh y-shrubby  and  prostrate  or  low 

branching  plants,  with  very  succulent  leaves  and  mostly  handsome  flowers, 
opening  only  in  bright  light,  commonly  at  noon.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  mostly  5. 
Petals  (linear)  and  stamens  very  numerous,  on  the  calyx.  Styles,  cells  of  the 
ovary,  and  radiating  horns  or  lobes  of  the  many-seeded  pod  4  -20. 

2.  TETRAGONIA-     Low  spreading  herbs,  with  broad  and  flat  thickish  leaves,  and 

small  flowers  in  their  axils.  Calyx  usually  4-lobed.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
few  or  many.  Styles  and  1-ovuled  cells  of  the  ovary  few.  Fruit  hard  and 
nut-like,  3  -  8-horhed,  3  -  8-seeded. 


PASSION-FLOWER    FAMILY.  157 

1.  MESEMBRYANTHEMUM,    FIG-MARIGOLD.      (Name   com- 
posed of  Greek  words  signifying  flowering  at  midday.)     Cult,  for  ornament, 
chiefly  from  S.  Africa :  fl.  summer. 

#  Annual  or  biennial,  broad-leaved,  prostrate,  cultivated  in  open  around. 

M.  crystallinum,  ICE-PLANT.  Plant  remarkable  for  the  glittering  little 
excrescences  which  cover  the  herbage,  like  hoar-frost ;  leaves  soft  and  tender, 
large,  the  lower  rounded  heart-shaped  or  ovate,  upper  spatulate,  wavy ;  flowers 
sessile,  white  or  purplish,  £'  across. 

*  *  Perennial,  somewhat  woody-stemmed  house-plants,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope : 

leaves  all  opposite,  sessile  or  connate  at  base,  smooth. 

M.  dolabriforme,  HATCHET-LEAVED  F.  With  glaucous  and  dotted 
hatchet-shaped  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  opening  at  evening. 

M.  acinaciforme,  SCYMITAR-LEAVED  F.  With  pale  3-sided  sabre- 
shaped  leaves  (3'  long,  fully  £'  wide),  flattened  branches  and  peduncle,  and 
pink-purple  flower  3'  -4'  across. 

M.  spectabile.  With  glaucous  and  linear  3-sidcd  pointed  leaves,  and 
pink-purple  flower  2'  across. 

2.  TETRAGONI  A.   (Name  Greek  for  four-angled,  from  shape  of  the  fruit. ) 
T.  expansa,  NEW  ZEALAND  SPINACH.     Occasionally  cult,  as  a  Spinach : 

leaves  pale,  triangular  or  rhombic-ovate,  with  short  margined  petioles  ;  greenish 
small  flower  sessile  in  the  axils  ;  stamens  several,  in  clusters  alternate  with  the 
4  lobes  of  the  calyx.  © 

51.  PASSIPLORACE^l,  PASSION-FLOWER* FAMILY. 

Represented  mainly  by  the  Passion-flowers  described  below.  In 
conservatories  may  be  found  one  or  two  species  of  TACSONIA,  dif- 
fering from  true  Passion-flowers  in  having  a  long  tube  to  the  flower, 
but  they  are  uncommon,  and  rarely  blossom. 

1.  PASSIFLORA,  PASSION-FLOWER.  (Flower  of  the  Passion  ;  the 
early  Roman  Catholic  missionaries  in  South  America  finding  in  them  symbols 
of  the  crucifixion,  the  crown  of  thorns  in  the  fringes  of  the  flower,  nails  in 
the  styles  with  their  capitate  stigmas,  hammers  to  drive  them  in  the  stamens, 
cords  in  the  tendrils.)  Herbs  or  woody  plants  with  alternate  leaves  and  con- 
spicuous stipules,  climbing  by  simple  axillary  tendrils  ;  the  flowers  also  axil- 
lary, usually  with  3  bracts  underneath,  and  a  joint  in  the  peduncle.  Calyx 
with  a  very  short  tube  or  cup,  and  5  divisions  which  are  colored  inside  like  the 
petals,  and  often  with  a  claw-like  tip.  Petals  5  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  or 
sometimes  none  :  within  them  the  conspicuous  crown  of  numerous  filaments 
or  rays,  forming  a  double  or  more  compound  fringe.  Stamens  5,  with  nar- 
row-oblong versatile  anthers  :  their  filaments  united  in  a  tube  below  sheath- 
ing and  adhering  more  or  less  to  the  long  stalk  which  supports  the  1 -celled 
ovary.  Styles  3,  mostly  club-shaped  :  stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  berry-like, 
edible  in  several  species,  with  many  seeds,  enveloped  in  pulp,  on  3  parietal 
placentae.  Fl.  summer,  open  for  only  one  day. 

#   Wild  species  of  the  country,  herbaceous,  smooth,  with  3-lobed  leaves. 

P.  llirea.  Low  grounds,  from  S.  Penn.  to  111.  &  S.  :  slender,  low-climbing, 
with  the  short  and  blunt  lobes  of  the  leaves  entire,  and  a  greenish-yellow  flower 
of  no  beauty,  barely  1'  wide.  ^ 

P.  incarnata,  the  fruit,  called  MAYPOPS  in  S.  States,  edible,  as  large  as  a 
hen's  egg  :  trailing  or  low-climbing,  with  deeply  3-cleft  serrate  leaves,  a  pair  of 
glands  on  the  petiole  and  one  or  more  on  the  small  bracts,  the  purple  crown 
of  the  handsome  flower  (2' -3'  across)  rather  longer  than  the  pale  petals. 
Dry  ground,  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky  S.  11 

*  *  Cult,  from  South  America.     Stems  woody,  except  the  first.     (These  are  the 

commoner  species  :  there  are  a  few  hybrids  and  rarer  ones.) 


158  GOURD    FAMILY. 

•*-  Leaves  palmate! y  lobed :  flower  widely  spreading. 

P.  gracilis.  Slender  herb,  with  roundish  and  slightly  3-lohed  otherwise 
entire  leaves,  and  whitish  merely  5-clet't  flower  only  1'  in  diameter,  destitute  of 
true  petals.  Recently  introduced,  remarkable  for  the  quick  movement  of  its 
tendrils.  ® 

P.  CSertllea,  the  COMMON  or  BLUE  PASSIOX-FLOWKR  ;  with  leaves  very 
deeply  cleft  or  parted  into  5  or  7  lance-oblong  entire  divisions,  pale  ;  and  flower 
almost  white,  except  the  purple  centre  and  blue  crown  banded  with  whitish  in 
the  middle. 

P.  6dulis,  GRAN  ADI  LLA  ;  the  purplish  edible  fruit  as  large  as  a  goose-egg : 
leaves  dark  green  and  glossy,  deeply  cleft  into  3  ovate  pointed  lobes  beset  with 
callous  teeth ;  bracts  under  the  flower  also  toothed ;  the  crown  crisped,  2'  across, 
whitish  with  a  blue  or  violet  base,  as  long  as  the  white  petals. 

••-  •»—  Leaves  entire,  feather-veined :  flower  Itell-shaped. 

P.  quadrangulariS,  LARGE  GRANADILLA.  Very  large,  with  the  branches 
4-sided  and  the  angles  wing-margined;  leaves  4' -8'  long,  ovate  or  oval,  or 
slightly  heart-shaped,  bright  green,  with  2-4  pairs  of  glands  on  the  petiole; 
flower  about  3'  long,  fragrant,  crimson-purple  and  the  violet  or  blue  crown 
variegated  with  white.  Fruit  rarely  formed  here,  edible,  6'  long. 

52.   CUCURBITACE^I,  GOURD  FAMILY. 

Mostly  tendril-bearing  herbs,  with  succulent  but  not  fleshy  herb- 
age, watery  juice,  alternate  palmately  ribbed  and  mostly  lohed  or 
angled  leaves,  monoecious  or  sometimes  dioecious  flowers  ;  the  calyx 
coherent  with  the  ovary,  corolla  more  commonly  monopetalous, 
and  stamens  usually  3,  of  which  one  has  a  1-celled,  the  others 
2-celled  anthers ;  but  the  anthers  are  commonly  tortuous  and  often 
all  combined  in  a  head,  and  the  filaments  sometimes  all  united  in 
a  tube  or  column.  Fruit  usually  fleshy.  Embryo  large,  filling  the 
seed,  straight,  mostly  with  flat  or  leaf-like  cotyledons.  —  Besides 
those  here  described,  there  are  occasionally  cultivated  for  curiosity 
the  following  annuals  :  — 

MOMORDICA  ELATERIUM  or  ECBALIUM  AGRE'STE,  the  SQUIRT- 
ING CUCUMBER,  a  homely  hairy  herb  without  tendrils,  and  pro- 
ducing an  oblong  hairy  pulpy  fruit  (of  violently  purgative  qualities), 
which  when  ripe  bursts  suddenly  at  the  touch,  and  discharges  the 
contents  with  violence  (whence  the  name  Ecbalium). 

TRICHOSANTHES  COLUBRINA,  SNAKE-CUCUMBER  or  VEGE- 
TABLE SERPENT,  a  tall  climber  with  the  staminate  flowers  orna- 
mental, the  lobes  of  the  white  corolla  being  cut  into  a  lace-like 
fringe  of  long  and  very  delicate  capillary  lobes  (whence  the  name 
of  the  genus),  and  the  fruit  very  like  a  snake,  3  or  4  feet  long, 
green  and  striped,  turning  red  when  ripe. 

§  1.   Flowers  large  or  middle-sized,  on  separate  simple  peduncles  in  the  axils:  anthers 
with  limy  and  narrow  cells,  bent  up  and  down  or  contorted:  ovules  and  seeds 
many,  horizontal,  on  mostly  3  simple  or  double  placenta:  fruit  (of  the  sort 
called  a  pepo)  large^fltsliy  or  pulpy  with  a  harder  rind. 
*  Both  kinds  of  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils. 

1.  LAGENARIA.  Tendrils  2-forked.  Flowers  musk-scented,  with  a  funnel-form 
or  bell-shaped  calyx-tube,  and  5  obcordate  or  obovate  and  mucronate  white 
petals ;  the  sterile  on  a  long,  the  fertile  on  a  shorter  peduncle.  Anthers  lightly 
cohering  with  each  other.  Stigmas  3,  each  2-lobed.  Fruit  with  a  hard  or 
woody  rind  and  soft  flesh.  Seeds  margin  3d.  Petiole  bearing  a  pair  of  glands 
at  the  apex. 


GOURD    FAMILY.  1«>9 

2.  CUCURBIT  A.     Tendrils  2-5-forked.      Flowers  large,  with  a  bell-shaped  or 

short  funnel-form  5-cleft  yellow  corolla,  its  base  adherent  to  the  bell-shaped 
tube  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  from  the  bottom  of  the  tlower:  anthers  long- 
linear,  much  curved,  all  three  united  into  a  small  head.  Stigmas  3,  each 
2-lobed.  Fruit  fleshy  with  a  firmer  rind.  Seeds  mostly  margined. 

3.  CITRULLUS.     Tendrils  2- 3-forked.    Flowers  with  a  short  bell-shaped  calyx- 

tube,  and  a  deeply  5-cleft  widely  open  pale  yellow  corolla.  Stamens  with 
vt-ry  short  filaments:  anthers  lightly  cohering.  Stigmas  3,  kidney-shaped. 
Seeds  marginless,  imbedded  in  the  enlarged  pulpy  placentae. 

*  *  Sterile  flowers  clustered,  fertile  ones  solitary  in  the  axils. 

4.  CUCUMIS.      Tendrils  simple.      Corolla  of  5  almost  separate   acute   petals. 

Stamens  separate:  anthers  with  only  one  bend.  Stigmas  3,  blunt.  Fruit 
with  a  fleshy  rind.  Seeds  not  margined. 

§  2.    Flowers  small,  one  or  both  sorts  in  racemes,  panicles,  or  corymbs. 

*  Ovules  and  seeds  many,  horizontal,  on  3  placentas:  filaments  separate:   anthers 

straiyhtish  ••  tendrils  simple  :  fruit  a  small  berry. 

5.  MKLOTHRIA.     Flowers  yellow  or  greenish,  the  sterile  in  small  racemes,  the 

fertile  solitary  on  a  long  and  slender  peduncle.  Corolla  open  bell-shaped, 
5-cleft.  Anthers  slightly  united,  soon  separate.  Fertile  flower  with  calyx- 
tube  constricted  above  the  ovary. 

*  *  Ovules  and  seeds  1-4,  large   and  vertical:  filaments  monadelphoua :    anthert 

tortuous :  tendrils  3-forked:  fruit  prickly  or  bristly. 

6.  ECHINOCYS TIS.     Flowers  white,  the  sterile  in  compound  racemes  or  pani- 

cles, the  fertile  solitary  or  in  small  clusters  from  the  same  axils.  Corolla 
wheel-shaped,  of  6  narrow  petals  united  at  the  base.  Anthers  more  or  less 
united  in  a  mass.  Style  hardly  any:  sfigma  broad.  Fruit  oval  or  roundish, 
beset  with  weak  simp'le  prickles,  bursting  irregularly  at  the  top  when  ripe; 
the  outer  part  fleshy  under  the  thin  green  rind,  becoming  dry;  the  inner  part 
a  fibrous  net-work  making  2  oblong  cells,  each  divided  at  the  base  into  two 
1-seeded  compartments.  Seeds  large,  blackish,  hard-coated,  erect  from  the 
base  of  the  fruit. 

7.  SICYOS.     Flowers  greenish-white,  the  sterile  in  corymbs  or  panicles,  the  fer- 

tile (very  small)  in  a  little  head  on  a  long  peduncle,  mostly  from  the  same 
axils.  Corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped,  5-cleft.  Anthers  short,  united  in  a  litile 
head.  Style  slender:  stigmas  3.  Ovary  tapering  into  a  narrow  neck  below 
the  rest  of  the  flower,  1-celled,  becoming  a  dry  and  indehiscent,  ovate  or 
flurtish-spindle-shaped,  bur-like  fruit,  beset  with  stiff  and  barbed  bristles, 
filled  by  the  single  hanging  seed. 

1.  LAGENARIA,  BOTTLE  GOURD.    (From  the  Latin  lagena,  a  bottle.) 
Ii.  Vlllg&ris,  COMMON  GOURD,  CALABASH.     Cult,  from  Africa  and  Asia; 

climbing  freely,  rather  clammy-pubescent  and  musky-scented,  with  rounded 
leaves,  long-stalked  flowers,  white  petals  greenish-veiny,  and  fruit  of  very  various 
shape,  usually  club-shaped,  or  long  and  much  enlarged  at  the  apex  and  slightly 
at  base,  the  hard  rintl  used  for  vessels,  dippers,  &c.  ® 

2.  CTJCURBITA,   PUMPKIN   and    SQUASH.      (Latin  name.)      The 
very  numerous  cultivated  forms,  strikingly  different  in  their  fruit,  have  been 
reduced  to  three  botanical  species,  1.  C.  Pepo,   2.  C.  maxima,    3.  C.  moschata, 
which  answer  to  the  following  sections.     These  all  ®. 

§  1.  Stalks  and  somewhat  lobed  leaves  rottgh-brixlly,  almost  prickly  :  flower-stalks 
ofrtnxely  aw/led,  that  of  the  fruit  strongly  5  —  8-rid(/(d  and  icilli  intervening 
deep  tjrooves,  usually  enlarging  next  the  fruit :  hollow  interior  of  the  fruit 
traversed  by  coarse  and  separate  soft  or  pulpy  threads. 

C.  P6pO,  PUMPKIN,  Cult.,  as  now  along  with  Indian  Corn,  by  the  North 
American  Indians  before  the  coming  of  the  whites  ;  large  round  fruit  mostly 
yellow,  smooth,  the  flesh  not  hardening. 

C.  OVifera,  OKANGE-GOURD,  EGG-GOURD,  &c.  :  so  called  from  the  small, 
orange-like,  egg-shaped  or  pear-shaped,  yellow  or  white  or  variegated  fruit,  used 
for  ornament :  wild  in  Texas,  probably  the  original  of  all  this  group. 


160  GOURD    FAMILT. 

C.  verrucdsa,  WARTY,  LONG-NECK,  and  CROOK-NECK  SQUASH,  VEGE- 
TAHLE  MARROW,  &c.  Fruit  mostly  hard-fleshed  at  maturity,  the  surface 
warty,  ribbed,  or  sometimes  smooth  and  even,  from  2°  to  a  few  inches  in  length 
in  the  very  various  forms,  in  a  remarkable  one  3°  -  4°  long  and  little  thicker 
than  a  man's  arm. 

§  2.  Stalks  and  bright  green  5  -  7-/oW  leaves  pubescent  with  soft  hairs :  fruit-stalk 
5-ridyed,  prominently  enlarged  where  it  joins  the  fruit,  the  central  pulp 
hardly  thready. 

C.  mosch&ta,  MUSKY,  CHINA,  or  BARBARY  SQUASH,  &c.  Cult,  for 
the  edible  fruit,  which  perfects  only  S.,  and  is  club-shaped,  pear-shaped,  or 
long-cylindrical,  with  a  glaucous-whitish  surface. 

§  3.  Stalks  and  almost  kidney -shaped  slightly  or  obtusely  5-lobfd  leares  ronqhish- 
hairy :  flower-stalks  terete  ;  that  of  the  fruit  thick,  niany-striate  but  not  ridged 
and  yroored:  inner  pulp  copious  and  not  thready. 

C.  maxima,  GREAT  or  WINTER  SQUASH,  &c.  Fruit  rounded,  depressed, 
often  much  wider  than  high,  or  (as  in  OHIO  S.)  ovate  and  pointed,  usually 
banded  lengthwise,  varying  from  6'  to  3°  in  length  or  breadth,  the  hard  flesh 
commonly  yellow  or  orange.  The  crowned  or  TURBAN  SQUASHES  have  the 
top  of  the  fruit  projecting  beyond  an  encircling  line  or  constriction  which  marks 
the  margin  of  the  adherent  calyx-tube. 

3.  CITRULLUS,  WATERMELON.      (Name  made  from  Citrus,  Latin 
for  Orange  or  Citron.)     (T) 

C.  vulgaris,  WATERMELON.  „  Cult,  from  Asia.  Prostrate,  with  leaves 
deeply  3  -  5-lobed,  and  the  divisions  again  lobed  or  sinuate-pinnatifid,  pale  or 
hluish  ;  the  refreshing  edible  pulp  of  the  fruit,  in  which  the  dark  seeds  are  im- 
bedded, consists  of  the  enlarged  and  juicy  placentae,  which  are  reddish  or  rarely 
white.  —  The  so-called  CITRON  of  our  gardens  is  a  variety  with  a  firm  or  hard 
flesh,  used  for  preserving. 

4.  CUCUMIS,  MELON  and  CUCUMBER.     (The  Latin  name.)     © 

C.  Melo,  MELON,  MUSKMELON.  Leaves  round-heart-shaped  or  kidney- 
shaped,  the  lobes  if  any  and  sinuses  rounded  ;  fruit  with  a  smooth  rind  and 
sweet  flesh,  the  edible  part  being  the  inner  portion  of  the  pericarp,  the  thin  and 
watery  placentae  being  discarded  with  the  seeds.  The  SERPENT  MELON,  some- 
times "called  SERPENT-CUCUMBER,  is  a  strange  variety,  occasionally  met  with, 
with  a  long  and  snake-like  fruit. 

C.  sativus,  CUCUMBER.  Leaves  more  or  less  lobed,  the  lobes  acute,  the 
middle  one  more  prominent,  often  pointed ;  fruit  rough  or  muricate  when  young, 
smooth  when  mature,  eaten  unripe. 

5.  MELOTHRIA.     (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  sort  of  grape.)     ^ 
M.  petldula,  from  Virginia  S.,  is  a  delicate  low  climber,  with  roundish 

or  heart-shaped  and  5-angled  or  lobed  roughish  leaves,  minute  flowers,  in  sum- 
mer, and  oval  green  berries. 

6.  ECHINOCYSTIS,  WILD  BALSAM-APPLE.    (Name  from  Greek 
for  hedgehog  and  bladder. ) 

E.  lobata.  Low  grounds,  chiefly  N.  &  W.,  and  cult,  for  arbors  :  tall- 
climbing,  smoothish,  with  strongly  and  sharply  5-lobed  leaves,  copious  and 
rather  pretty  white  flowers,  produced  all  summer,  and  oval  fruit  2'  long,  dry 
and  bladdery  after  opening  ;  seeds  flat.  © 

7.  SICYOS,  STAR-CUCUMBER.     (Ancient  Greek  name  of  Cucumber.) 
S.  angulatus.     A  weed  in  damp  or  shady  grounds,  commoner  S.,  climb- 
ing high,  clammy-hairy,  with  roundish  heart-soaped  and  5-angled  or  slightly 
lobed  leaves,  inconspicuous  flowers,  and  little  bur-like  fruits  beset  with  decidu- 
ous barbed  prickles.     The  tendrils  are  very  active  in  their  movements,  and  in  a 
warm  day  coil  by  a  visible  motion  after  contact  with  a  solid  body.     © 


BEGONIA    FAMILY.  161 

53.   BEGONIACE^BJ,  BEGONIA  FAMILY. 

Somewhat  succulent  herbaceous  or  more  or  less  woody-stemmed 
house-plants,  of  peculiar  aspect,  with  alternate  and  unequal-sided 
leaves,  deciduous  stipules,  and  monoecious  flowers,  in  cymes  or  clus- 
ters on  axillary  peduncles,  numerous  stamens,  inferior  triangular 
ovary,  becoming  a  many-seeded  pod,  —  represented  in  choice  culti- 
vation by  the  genus 

1.  BEGONIA,  ELEPHANT'S-EAR.  (Named  for  M.  Began,  Gover- 
nor of  St.  Domingo  200  years  ago.)  Flowers  with  the  calyx  and  corolla 
colored  alike,  sometimes  dull  but  usually  handsome,  both  kinds  commonly  in 
the  same  cyme,  and  flat  in  the  bud ;  the  outer  pieces  answering  to  sepals 
mostly  2,  valvate  in  the  bud ;  the  inner,  or  true  petals,  2,  or  in  the  fertile 
flowers  usually  3  or  4,  or  not  rarely  wanting ;  in  the  sterile  flowers  surround- 
ing a  cluster  of  numerous  stamens  with  short  filaments  ;  in  the  fertile  are  3 
styles  with  thick  or  lobed  stigmas.  Ovary  and  pod  triangular,  often  3-winged. 
—  These  curious  plants  are  remarkable  for  the  readiness  with  which  they  may 
be  propagated  by  leaves  used  as  cuttings.  The  following  are  the  commonest 
pure  species.  There  are  several  rarer  ones  and  many  hybrids. 

*  Leaves  and  whole  plant  smooth  and  naked :  rather  tall-growing,  leafy-stemmed. 
•«-  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  serrate  with  bristle-tipped  teeth,  not  at  all  heart-shaped. 

B.  fuchsioides,  so-called  because  the  bright  scarlet  flowers,  hanging  on 
a  slender  drooping  stalk,  may  be  likened  to  those  of  Fuchsia  ;  the  crowded  and 
small  green  and  glossy  leaves  only  a  little  unequal-sided  at  base. 

•«-  •«-  Leaves  very  obliquely  heart-shaped  or  half  heart-shaped  at  base,  almost  entire. 

B.  nitida,  with  obliquely  heart-shaped  glossy  leaves  green  both  sides,  and 
with  large  light  rose-colored  flowers. 

B.  sanguinea,  with  large  and  fleshy  obliquely  ovate-heart-shaped  leaves, 
having  a  narrow  revolute  margin,  pale  green  above,  red  beneath,  as  are  the 
stalks  ;  the  flowers  white,  not  showy. 

B.  maculata,  cult,  under  the  name  of  B,  ARGYROSxfGMA,  both  names 
referring  to  the  silvery-white  spots  scattered  over  the  upper  face  of  the 
leaves,  which  are  narrower  and  more  oblong  than  in  the  preceding,  purplish 
or  crimson  beneath,  the  margin  cartilaginous  but  not  revolute,  the  flowers  white 
or  flesh-colored. 

B.  COCCinea,  with  scarlet  flowers,  as  the  name  denotes,  and  oblong  half 
heart-shaped  leaves  glossy  above,  and  green  both  sides  or  purple  at  the  margin, 
which  is  a  little  wavy-toothed. 

*  #  Leaves  slightly  bristly-hairy  above  and  more  so  on  the  sharp  teeth :   stems 

'     elongated,  naked,  bearing  tubers  or  bulblets  in  the  axils. 

B.  Evansiana  (or  B.  DfscoLOR),  an  old-fashioned  species  from  China, 
now  rare,  almost  hardy  even  N.,  producing  all  summer  showy  rose-colored 
flowers  in  the  open  ground ;  the  ovate  and  heart-shaped  pointed  leaves  not  very 
oblique,  red  beneath. 

*  *  #  Leaves  smooth  and  naked  above,  brist/e-bearing  on  the  toothed  or  cut  margins 

and  long  petioles :  stems  fleshy,  erect  or  ascending ;  flowers  with  the  2  colored 

sepals,  but  seldom  any  petals. 

B.  manicata,  a  handsome  species  of  the  conservatory,  remarkable  for  the 
purple  bristle-bearing  scales  or  fringes  on  the  apex  or  upper  part  of  the  petiole, 
and  similar  smaller  tufts  on  the  ribs  of  the  lower  face  of  the  large  and  broadly 
ovate-heart-shaped  leaves  ;  flowers  small,  but  numerous  and  elegant,  in  an  open 
panicle  on  a  very  long  naked  peduncle,  flesh-colored. 

B.  phyllomaniaca,  has  the  stem  thickly  beset  with  leaf-like  scales  or 
little  adventitious  leaves,  from  which  the  plant  may  be  propagated,  both 
leafstalks  and  peduncles  bristly,  the  large  leaves  ovate-heait-shaped  and  tapering 
to  a  narrow  point,  their  margins  cut-toothed,  and  rather  large  but  not  showy 
flowers. 

S  &  F— 18 


1G2  PARSLEY    FAMILY. 

*  *  *  *  Leaves,  or  especially  the  petioles,  and  the  peduncles  or  scapes,  bristly- 

hairy,  these  all  fro  in  a  fleshy  tuberous  or  creeping  rootstock. 

•+-  Leaves  large,  obliquely  heart-shaped,  toothed  or  merely  wavy-ma  rgint-d,  variously 
silvered  or  variegated  altove,  reddish  or  purple  beneath :  flowers  rather  large 
but  not  showy  :  cultivated  for  their  foliage,  now  much  dossed  and  inixtd. 
B.  Hex,  the  most  prized  and  now  the  commonest  species  of  the  group,  with 
the  leaf  silver-banded  or  silvery  all  over  the  upper  face,  and  smooth  pale  rose- 
colored  flowers. 

B.  Griffith!!,  like  the  preceding,  but  leaves  and  stalks  more  downy-hairy, 
and  the  almost  white  flowers  hairy  outside. 

B.  xanthina,  with  leaves,  &c.  much  as  in  the  two  preceding,  but  the 
flowers  yellow. 

•»-  •«-  Leaves  deeply  about  7-cleJl :  flowers  with  only  the  2  sepals,  no  petals. 
B.  heracleifblia,  with  rather  large  and  rounded  hardly  oblique  leaves, 
smooth  above  and  sometimes  variegated,  the  lobes  broad  lanceolate  and  cut- 
toothed,  and  small  pale  rose  or  whitish  flowers. 


54.   UMBELLIFERZE,  PARSLEY  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  some  innocent  and  many  of  them  aromatic,  others  acrid- 
narcotic  poisons,  with  small  flowers  in  umbels,  calyx  adherent  to 
the  2-celled  ovary  which  has  a  single  ovule  hanging  from  the  sum- 
mit of  each  cell,  5  minute  calyx-teeth  or  none,  5  petals,  5  stamens, 
and  2  styles ;  the  dry  fruit  usually  splitting  into  2  seed-like  portions 
or  akenes :  seed  with  hard  albumen  and  a  minute  embryo.  Eryn- 
gium  and  one  or  two  others  have  the  flowers  in  heads  instead  of 
umbels.  Stems  usually  hollow.  Leaves  alternate,  more  commonly 
compound  or  decompound.  Umbels  mostly  compound :  the  circle 
of  bracts  often  present  at  the  base  of  the  general  umbel  is  called 
the  involucre  ;  that  at  the  base  of  an  umbellet,  the  involuted. 

The  flowers  being  much  alike  in  all,  the  characters  have  to  be 
taken  from  the  form  of  the  fruit,  and  much  stress  is  laid  upon  the 
receptacles  of  aromatic  oil  (vtttte  or  oil-tubes)  which  are  found  in 
most  species  and  give  characteristic  flavor.  The  family  is  too  dif- 
ficult for  the  beginner.  So  that  only  the  common  cultivated,  and 
the  most  conspicuous  or  noteworthy  wild  species  are  given  here. 
For  the  remainder  the  student  is  referred  to  the  Manual,  and  to 
Chapman's  Southern  Flora. 

§  1.    Fruits  covered  with  little  scales  or  tubercles,  crowded  (as  are  the.  flowers)  in  a 
head  instead  of  an  umbel,  and  with  a  jwinted  scaly  bract  under  each  flower. 

1.  EKYNGIUM.     Flowers  blue  or  white,  with  evident  awl-shaped  calyx-teeth, 

and  top-shaped  fruit  without  any  ribs.  Leaves  in  our  species  simple  and 
with  bristly  or  prickly  teeth. 

§  2.   Fruits  covered  with  bristly  prickles,  bur-like  :  umbels  compound. 

2.  SANICULA.     Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish,  so  short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile 

that  the  umbellets  appear  like  little  heads,  each  with  some  perfect  an'd  fertile 
and  some  staminate  flowers.  Fruits  ovoid  or  globular,  not  readily  splitting 
in  two,  not  ribbed,  completely  covered  with  short  hooked  prickles.  Leaves 
palmately  parted. 

8.  DAUCUS.  Flowers  white  or  cream-color,  in  a  regular  compound  umbel:  the 
petals  unequal,  or  those  of  the  marginal  flowers  larger.  Prickles  in  rows  on 
the  ribs  of  the  short  fruit,  which  splits  in  two  when  ripe.  Leaves  pinnately 
compound  or  decompound. 


PARSLEY    FAMILY.  1G3 

§  3.    Fruits  naked  (not  prifkly),  splitting  when  ripe  and  dry  into  two  one-seeded  pieces 
or  carpels,  each  usually  with  b  ribs  or  some  of  them  may  be  wings. 

*  Umbels  simple  or  sometimes  proliferous,  one  over  the  other.     Leaves  simple. 

4.  HYDROCOTYLE.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  line 
of  junction  of  the  two  carpels:  no  oil-tubes.  Leaves  rounded. 

*  *  Umbels  compound.  Fruits  mostly  with  oil-tubes  in  the  form  of  lines  or  stripes,  one 
or-  more  in  the  intervals  between  the  ribs,  and  some  on  the,  inner  face,  sometimes 
also  under  the  ribs. 

•»-  Fruit  wingless. 

•M.  Seed  concave  on  the  inner  face  :  marginal  jloicers  larger  and  irregular. 
6.    CORIANDRUM.      Fruit  globular,  not  readily  splitting  in  two,  indistinctly 
many-ribbed:    a  pair  of  large  oil-tubes  on  the   inner   face  of  each  carpel. 
Flowers  white.     Leaves  pinnately  compound.     Plant  strong-scented. 

•*-*•  -4-v  Seed  deeply  grow:ed  doiun  the  inner  face :  flowers  all  alike,  white. 

6.  OSMORRHIZA.     Fruit  long  and  slender,  club-shaped,  or  tapering  at  the  base, 

somewhat  sweet-aromatic:  no  obvious  oil-tubes.  Leaves  twice  or  thrice 
ternate.  Root  sweet-aromatic. 

7.  CONIUM.     Fruit  short,  broadly  ovate,  rather  strong-scented,  compressed  at  the 

sides,  each  carpel  with  5  strong  and  more  or  less  wavy  ribs:  oil-tubes  many 
and  minute.  Leaves  pinnately  decompound. 

+*•»-*••*-«•  Seed  slightly  if  at  all  hollowed  out  on  the  inner  face. 

8.  CICIITA.     Fruit  globular  and  contracted  on  the  sides,  each  carpel  with  5  broad 

and  thickened  blunt  ribs,  and  an  oil-tube  in  each  interval:  the  slender  axis 
between  the  carpels  splitting  in  two.  Flowers  white.  Leaves  pinnately 
decompound,  not  aromatic.  Fruit  aromatic. 

8.  S1UM.  Fruit  globular  or  short-oblong  and  contracted  on  the  sides,  each  carpel 
with  5  strong  or  corky  ribs,  and  commonlv  2  or  more  oil-tubes  in  the  narrow 
intervals.  No  4xis  or  hardly  any  left  when  the  carpels  separate.  Flowers 
white.  Leaves  pinnate.  Not  aro'matic. 

10.  APIUM.     Fruit  ovate  or  broader  than  long,  flattened  on  the  sides,  each  carpel 

5-ribbed  and  a  single  oil-tube  in  the  intervals:  axis  left  when  the  carpels  sep- 
arate not  splitting  in  two.  Flowers  white. 

11.  CARUM.     Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  flattish  on  the  sides;   each  carpel  with  5 

narrow  ribs,  and  a  single  oil-tube  in  the  intervals:  the  axis  from  which  the 
carpels  separate  splitting  in  two.  Flowers  mostly  white.  Leaves  decom- 
pound. Fruit  or  foliage  aromatic. 

12.  FCENICULUM.     Fruit  oblong;  the  two  carpels  with  a  broad  flat  face,  5  stout 

ribs,  and  a  single  oil-tube  in  the  intervals  between  the  ribs.  Flowers  yellow. 
Leaves  decompound :  the  leaflets  slender  thread-shaped.  Whole  plant  sweet- 
aromatic. 

•*-  •«-  Fruit  winged  or  wing-margined  at  lite  junction  of  the  two  carpels,  which  are  flat 
on  the  face  and  flat  or  Jlattish  and  3-ribbed  ori  tiie  back.  Leaves  pinnately  or 
ternately  compound. 

•M-  Wing  double  at  tfie  margins  of  the  fruit. 

13.  LEVISTICUM.     Fruit  ovate-oblong,  with  a  pair  of  thickish  marginal  wings, 

and  single  oil-tube  in  each  interval.  Involucre  and  involucels  conspicuous, 
the  bracts  of  the  latter  united  by  their  margins.  Flowers  white.  Plant 
sweet-aromatic. 

14.  ARCHANGELICA.     Fruit  ovate  or  short-oblong,  with  thin  or  thickish  margi- 

nal wings,  and  many  small  oil-tubes  adherent  to  the  surface  of  the  seed.  In- 
volucels of  separate  mostly  small  bracts:  involucre  hardly  any.  Flowers 
white  or  greenish. 

•*•*++  Wing  surrounding  the  margin  of  the  fruit  single,  splitting  in  two  only  when  the 
ripe  carpels  separate. 

15.  HERACLEUM.     Fruit,  including  the  thin  and  broad  wing,  orbicular,  very  flat, 

and  the  three  ribs  on  the  back  very  slender:  the  single  oil-tubes  in  the  "inter- 
vals reaching  from  the  summit  only  half-way  down.  Flowers  white,  the 
marginal  ones  larger  and  irregular.  Leaves  ternately  compound.  Plant 
strone-ccented. 

16.  PASTINACA.     Fruit  oval,  very  flat,  thin-winged:  the  single  oil-tubes  running 

from  top  to  bottom.  Flowers  yellow,  tbe  marginal  ones  not  larger.  Leaves 
pinnately  compound. 


1G4  PARSLEY   FAMILY. 

1.  ERYNGIUM,  ERYNGO.     (Ancient  name,  of  obscure  meaning).     Fl. 
in  summer. 

E.  yuccsefdlium,  BUTTON-SNAKEROOT.  Sandy  and  mostly  damp  ground, 
from  New  Jersey  S.  &  W.  :  stout  herb,  2°  -  3°  high,  smooth,  of  aspect  quite 
unlike  most  Umbelliferous  plants,  having  linear  and  tapering  grass-like  leaves, 
parallel-veined  in  the  manner  of  an  Endogen,  and  fringed  with  bristles,  a  few 
globular  thick  heads  in  place  of  umbels,  a  very  short  involucre,  and  white 
flowers.  11 

E.  Virginianum.  Wet  grounds  from  New  Jersey  S. :  with  lance-linear 
rather  veiny  leaves  showing  some  distinction  between  blade  and  petiole,  the 
former  with  rigid  teeth,  and  involucre  longer  than  the  bluish  heads.  ©  There 
are  several  other  species  from  North  Carolina  S. 

2.  SANICULA,  SANICLE.    (Latin  name,  from  sano,  to  heal.)    Common 
vcO-'n       in  thickets  and  open  woods.     Flowers  greenish,  crowded  in  small  and  head- 
L,  I  «  |  I       like  umbellets,  in  summer.     2/ 

S.  Canaddnsis.  Stems  l°-2°  high  ;  leaves  thin,  palmately  3-5-parted 
into  wedge-obovate  or  oblong  sharply  cut  and  toothed  divisions,  the  side  ones 
often  2-lobed  ;  umbellets  rather  few-flowered,  with  the  sterile  flowers  in  the 
centre  almost  sessile ;  styles  shorter  than  prickles  of  the  bur-like  fruit. 

S.  Marilandica.  Stems  2° -3°  high  ;  leaves  of  firmer  texture,  with  nar- 
rower divisions  and  rigid  teeth  ;  umbellets  with  many  flowers,  the  sterile  ones 
on  slender  pedicels,  fertile  ones  with  long  styles. 

3.  DAUCUS,  CARROT.     (Ancient  Greek  name. )     Fl.  in  summer. 

D.  Carbta,  COMMON  C.  Cult,  from  Europe  for  the  root,  occasionally  run 
wild :  leaves  cut  into  fine  divisions ;  umbel  concave  and  dense  in  fruit,  like 
a  bird's  nest ;  involucre  of  pinnatifid  leaves.  © 

4.  HYDROCOTYLE,  WATER-PENNYWORT.     (From  Greek  words 
for  water  andjfflrf  dish.)    Low  and  small  very  smooth  herbs,  growing  in  water 
or  wet  places,  mostly  with  creeping  or  rooting  stems,  and  simple  rounded 
leaves  either  kidney-shaped  or  peltate.     Fl.  all  summer.     11 

*  Leaves  peltate  from  the  centre,  on  long  petioles  which,  as  well  as  the  peduncles, 

rise  from  slender  running  rootsiocks  :  fruit  sharp-margined. 

H.  umbellata.  Along  the  coast  and  rivers  from  Mass.  S.  :  flowers  many 
in  the  umbel,  on  slender  pedicels  ;  petioles  and  peduncles  3'  -  8'  high. 

H.  interrupta.  Same  range,  smaller  than  the  other,  with  few  flowers  on 
short  pedicels  in  each  of  the  little  umbellets  growing  one  above  the  other  to  form 
an  interrupted  spike. 

*  *  Leaves  not  peltate;  peduncles  and  pedicels  both  short:  stems  slender,  branched. 
H.  Americana.      Shady  damp  places  ;    leaves  thin,  small,  crenate  and 

lobed,  on  short  petioles,  with  minute  flowers  in  their  axils. 

There  are  two  larger,  long-petioled,  but  less  common  species  from  Pennsyl- 
vania S.,  viz.  H.  REPANDA  and  H.  RANUNCULO!DES. 

6.   CORIANDRUM,  CORIANDER.     (Name  from  Greek  word  for  bug: 
the  herbage  has  a  bedbug-like  scent.) 

C.  sativum.  Cult,  from  the  Orient,  for  the  aromatic  coriander-seed :  low, 
with  small  umbels  of  few  rays  ;  fl.  summer.  © 

6.   OSMORRHIZA,  SWEET  CICELY,  not  the  European  plant  of  that 

name,  which  is  MYRRHIS  ODOR\TA,  with  much  more  sweet-scented  fruit. 

(Name,  Greek  for  scented  root,  the  root  being  sweet-aromatic.)     Rich  moist 

woods,  common  N.  :  fl.  late  spring  and  summer.     1}. 

O.  longistylis,  the  smoother  species,  with  the  sweeter  root,  has  slender 
styles,  and  ovate  cut-toothed  short-pointed  leaflets,  which  are  slightly  downy. 

O.  brevistylis,  has  conical  styles  not  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  ovary, 
and  downy-hairy  taper-pointed  almost  pinnatifid  leaflets. 


PARSLEY   FAMILY.  165 

7.  CONIUM,  POISON  HEMLOCK.     (Greek  name  of  the  Hemlock  by 
which  criminals  and  philosophers  were  put  to  death  at  Athens. ) 

C.  maculatum,  SPOTTED  H.  Waste  grounds,  run  wild,  from  Eu.  : 
a  smooth,  branching  herb,  with  spotted  stems  about  3°  high,  very  compound 
leaves  with  lanceolate  and  pinnatifid  leaflets,  ill-scented  when  bruised :  a  virulent 
poison,  used  in  medicine  :  fl.  summer.  (2) 

8.  CICUTA,  WATER-HEMLOCK.     (Ancient  Latin  name  of  the  true 
Hemlock,  transferred  to  some  equally  poisonous  plants.)     Fl.  summer,     ^f 

C.  maculata,  SPOTTED  COWBANE,  MUSQUASH-ROOT,  BEAVER-POISON, 
&c.  Tall  smooth  stem  sometimes  streaked  with  purple,  but  seldom  really 
spotted  ;  leaflets  lance-oblong,  coarsely  toothed  or  sometimes  cut-lobed,  veiny, 
the  main  veins  mostly  running  into  the  notches  ;  fruit  aromatic  when  bruised  ; 
root  a  deadly  poison. 

9.  SI UM,  WATER-PARSNIP.     (Old  name,  of  obscure  meaning.)     y 
S.  lineare,  the  common  species,  in  water  and  wet  places :  tall,  smooth, 

with  grooved-angled  stems,  simply  pinnate  leaves,  the  long  leaflets  linear  or 
lanceolate,  very  sharply  serrate  and  taper-pointed,  and  globular  fruit  with 
wing-like  corky  ribs  :  fl.  all  summer.  Root  and  herbage  also  poisonous. 

10.  APIUM,  CELERY,  &c.     (Old  Latin  name.)     One  species  cult.:  viz. 
A.  grav^OlenS.     A  strong-scented,  acrid,  if  not  poisonous  plant,  of  the 

coast  of  Europe ;  of  which  the  var.  DIJLCE,  GARDEN  CELERY,  is  a  state  rendered 
bland  and  the  base  of  the  leafstalks  enlarged,  succulent  and  edible  when 
blanched,  through  long  cultivation  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  3-7  coarse 
and  wedge-shaped  cut  or  lobed  leaflets  or  divisions ;  umbels  and  fruits  small. 
Var.  RAPA.CEUM,  TURNIP-ROOTED  CELERY,  is  a  state  with  the  root  enlarged 
and  eatable.  ® 

11.  C  ARUM,  CARAWAY,  £c.    ( Name  perhaps  from  the  country,  Caria.) 
§  1.    TRUE  CARAWAY,  with  finely  pinnately  compound  leaves,  and  ivhite  floivers. 
C.  Carui,  GARDEN  CARAWAY  :  cult,  from  Eu.,  for  the  caraway-seed,  the 

oblong  highly  aromatic  fruit ;  stem-leaves  with  slender  but  short  thread-shaped 
divisions. 

§  2.   PARSLEY  or  PETROSEL!NUM,  uitk  coarser  leaves  and  greenish  Jlowers. 
C.  Petroselimim  (or  PETROSELINUM  SATIVUM),  PARSLEY:  cult,  from 
Eu.,  especially  the  curled-leaved  state,  for  the  pleasant-flavored  foliage,  used  in 
cookery,  chiefly  the  root-leaves,  which  have  ovate  and  wedge-shaped  3-lobed  and 
cut-toothed  divisions ;  fruit  ovate.     © 

12.  FCENICUIiUM,  FENNEL.     (Name  from  the  Latin  fa>mtm,  hay.) 
P.  vulgare,  COMMON  F.     Cult,  from  Eu.,  for  the  sweet-aromatic  foliage 

and  fruit :  stout  very  smooth  herb  4°  —  6°  high  ;  leaves  with  verv  numerous 
and  slender  thread-shaped  divisions ;  large  uml>el  with  no  involucre  or  involu- 
cels  ;  fruit  £'  or  J'  long,  in  late  summer.  %. 

13.  LEViSTICUM,  LOVAGE.      (Ancient  Latin  name.)     One  species. 
Xi.  officinale,  GARDEN  L.     Cult,  in  old  gardens,  from  Eu.  :  a  tall,  very 

smooth,  sweet- aromatic  herb,  with  large  ternately  or  pinnately  decompound 
leaves,  coarse  wedge-oblong  and  cut  or  lobed  leaflets,  a  thick  root,  and  small 
many-flowered  umbels.  ^ 

14.  ARCH  ANGELIC  A.     (Genus  established  on  a  species  of  Angelica.) 
Fl.  summer.      ^ 

A.  atropurptirea,  GREAT  A.  Moist  deep  soil  N.  :  strong-scented, 
smooth,  with  very  stout  dark-purple  stem  3°  -  6°  high,  large  leaves  termite]  v 
compound,  and  the  divisions  with  5-7  pinnate  leaflets,  which  arc  ovate  au'd 


106  GINSENG    FAMILY. 

cut-serrate  ;  petioles  with  large  inflated  membranaceons  base  ;  flowers  greenish- 
white  ;  fruit  smooth  and  thin  winged. 

A.  hirSUta.  Dry  ground,  commoner  S.  :  stem  2°  -  5°  high,  rather  slen- 
der, downy  at  top,  as  are  the  mnl>els  and  broadly  winged  fruits  ;  leaflets  thiek- 
ish,  ovate-oblong,  serrate  ;  flowers  bright  white. 

15.  HERACLETJM,  COW-PARSNIP.      (Named  after  Hercules.)     Fl. 
summer.     If. 

H.  lanatum,  DOWXY  C.,  wrongly  called  MASTERWORT.  Damp  rich 
ground  N. :  very  stout,  4°  -  8°  high,  woolly-hairy  when  young,  unpleasantly 
strong-scented,  with  large  cut  and  toothed  or  lobed  leaflets,  some  of  them  heart- 
shaped  at  base,  and  broad  umbels  with  white  flowers  and  large  fruits. 

16.  PASTIN  AC  A,  PARSNIP.     (Latin  name,  from  pastus,  food.) 

P.  sativa,  COMMON  P.  Run  wild  in  low  meadows,  and  then  rather 
poisonous,  cult,  from  Eti.  for  the  esculent  strong- seen  ted  root :  tall,  smooth, 
with  grooved  stem,  coarse  and  cut-toothed  or  lobed  leaflets,  and  umbels  of  small 
yellow  flowers.  (2) 

55.   ARALIACE^,  GINSENG  FAMILY. 

Like  the  foregoing  family,  but  often  shrubs  or  trees,  usually  more 
than  two  styles  and  cells  to  the  ovary  and  fruit,  the  latter  a  berry 
or  drupe.  Besides  a  few  choice  and  uncommon  shrubby  house- 
plants,  represented  only  by  the  two  following  genera.  The  flowers 
in  both  are  more  or  less  polygamous,  and  the  lobes  or  margin  of 
the  calyx  very  short  or  none.  Petals  and  stamens  5. 

1.  ARALIA.     Flowers  in  simple  or  panicled  umbels,  white  or  greenish:  the  petals 

lightly  overlapping  in  the  bud.  Styles  2  -  5,  separate  to  the  base,  except  in 
sterile  flowers.  Leaves  compound  or  decompound.  Root,  bark,  fruit,  &c. 
warm-aromatic  or  pungent. 

2.  HKDHRA.     Flowers  in  panicled  or  clustered  umbels,  greenish  :  petals  valvate 

in  the  bud.  Ovary  5-celled:  the  5  styles  united  into  a  conical  column. 
Leaves  simple,  palmately  3-5-lobed  or' angled.  Woodv  steins  climbing  by 
rootlets. 

1.   ARALIA.      ("Derivation  obscure  :    said  to  be  a  Canadian  name  under 
which  a  species  was  sent  from  Quebec  to  the  Garden  of  Plants  at  Paris.)     % 

§  1.  WILD  SAUSAPARILLA,  &c.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous  with  both  fertile 
and  sterile  on  the  same  plant :  umbels  more  them  one  :  fruit  black  or  dark 
purple,  spicy :  seeds  or  cells  and  stylts  5. 

#  Large  and  leafy-stemmed,  with  very  compound  leaves  sometimes  2°  or  3°  across, 

and  with  many  tunltels  in  a  large  com/wind  panicle  :  fl.  in  summer. 

A.  spinosa,  ANGELICA  TREE,  HERCULES'  CLUB.  River-banks  from 
Penn.  S.,  and  planted  :  a  shrub  or  low  tree,  of  peculiar  aspect,  the  simple  stout 
trunk  rising  6°  -  20°  high  and  beset  with  prickles,  bearing  immense  leaves  with 
ovate  serrate  leaflets,  and  corymbed  or  panicled  umbels. 

A.  racembsa,  SPIKENARD.  Woodlands  in  rich  soil,  with  herbaceous 
stems  3°  -  5°  high  from  a  thick  aromatic  root,  not  prickly,  widely  spreading 
branches,  heart-ovate  leaflets  doubly  serrate  and  slightly  downy,  and  racemcd- 
paniclcd-umbels. 

*  #  Smaller :  short  stems  scarcely  woody  at  base :  few  umbels :  Jl.  early  summer. 

A.  hispida,  BRISTLY  SARSAPARILLA.  Rocky  places  :  bristly  stems  1°- 
2°  high,  leafy  below,  naked  and  bearing  corymbed  umbels  above  ;  'leaves  twice 
pinnate,  the  leaflets  oblong-ovate  and  cut-toothed. 

A.  nudicatllis,  COMMON  WILD  S.  Low  ground:  the  aromatic  horizontal 
slender  roots  running  .3°-  5°  long,  used  as  a  substitute  for  officinal  Sarsaparilla  ; 
the  smooth  proper  stem  rising  only  2'  -  4'  inches,  bearing  a  single  long-stalked 


DOGWOOD    FAMILY,  107 

leaf  of  5  ovate  or  oval  serrate  leaflets  on  each  of  the  3  divisions  of  the  petiole, 
and  a  short  peduncle  with  2-7  umbels. 


£NG.     Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  on  sejmate  simple-stemmed  plants,  in 
a  single  slender-stalked  umbel,  below  it  a  single  whorl  of  digitate  leaves: 


§  2.  GINSENG. 
a  single  j 
styles  and  cells  of  the  fruit  2  or  3. 

A.  quinquefblia,  GINSENG.  Rich  woods  N. :  root  spindle-shaped,  warm- 
aromatic,  4' -9'  long;  stem  1°  high;  leaflets  5  at  the  end  of  each  of  the  3 
petioles,  slender-stalked,  thin,  obovate-oblong,  pointed,  serrate ;  fl.  in  summer ; 
fruit  red. 

A.  trifblia,  DWARF  G.  or  GROUND-NUT.  Low  woods,  N. :  4' -8'  high 
from  a  deep  globular  pungent-tasted  root ;  leaflets  3  or  sometimes  5  sessile  on 
the  end  of  each  of  the  3  petioles,  narrow-oblong  and  obtuse :  fl.  in  spring ;  fruit 
orange-yellow. 

2.   HEDERA,  IVY.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.)    Fl.  late  summer. 

H.  H&Lix,  TRUE  or  ENGLISH  IVY,  from  Europe.  Woody  climber,  with 
evergreen  glossy  rounded  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped  and  3-lobed  or  3-angled 
leaves,  or  in  some  varieties  more  deeply  3  -  7-cleft,  yellowish-green  flowers,  and 
blackish  berries  ;  covers  shaded  walls,  &c.,  adhering  by  its  rootlets,  but  scarcely 
stands  far  N.  without  some  protection. 

56.   CORNACE.2E,  DOGWOOD  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  one  or  two  mere  herbs,  with  simple  leaves,  small 
flowers,  calyx-tube  in  the  perfect  or  pistillate  ones  coherent  with  the 
surface  of  the  1  -  2-celled  ovary,  which  is  crowned  with  the  small 
calyx-teeth  or  minute  cup,  bearing  the  petals  (valvate  in  the  bud) 
and  stamens  of  the  same  number :  style  and  stigma  single  :  ovule 
and  seed  solitary  in  the  cells,  hanging  from  the  summit:  fruit  a 
small  drupe  or  berry. 

GARRYA  ELLIPTICA,  a  singular  Californian  shrub,  with  thick  op- 
posite leaves,  and  dioecious  greenish  flowers  in  hanging  catkin-like 
spikes,  is  rarely  cultivated  or  planted. 

1.  CORNUS.     Flowers  perfect,  in  cymes,  close  clusters,  or  heads  (with  or  with- 

out a  corolla-like  involucre).  Minute  teeth  of  the  calyx,  petals,  and  sta- 
mens 4.  Style  slender:  stigma  terminal.  Berry-like  little  drupe  with  a 
2-celled  2-seeded  stone.  Leaves  entire,  opposite  except  in  one  species, 
deciduous.  Bark  very  bitter,  tonic. 

2.  AUCUBA.     Flowers  direcious,  dull  purple,  in  axillary  panicles.    Teeth  or  lobes 

of  the  calyx  and  petals  4.  Stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  4,  with  short  fila- 
ments and  oblong  anthers.  Fertile  flowers  with  a  1-celled  ovary,  becoming 
an  oblong  red  berry  in  fruit:  style  short:  stigma  capitate.  Leaves  opposite, 
coriaceous  and  glossy,  evergreen,  smooth,  more  or  less  toothed. 

3.  NYSSA.     Flowers  polygamous  or  direcious,  greenish,  crowded  or  clustered  on 

the  summit  of  an  axillary  peduncle,  the  sterile  ones  numerous,  the  fertile 
2-8  in  a  bracted  cluster,  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  of  5  or  more  lobes 
or  teeth.  Petals  small  and  narrow,*  or  minute,  or  none.  Style  slender  or 
awl-shaped,  bearing  a  stigma  down  the  whole  length  of  one  "side,  revolnte. 
Ovary  and  stone  of  the  drupe  1-celled  and  1-seeded.  Trees,  with  deciduous 
alternate  leaves,  often  crowded  on  the  end  of  the  branchiets,  either  entire, 
angled,  or  few-toothed. 

1.   C6RNUS,  COKNEL  or  DOGWOOD.     (Name  from  cornu,  horn,  from 
the  hardness  of  the  wood.)     Fl.  late  spring  and  early  summer. 

§  1.  Flowers  greenish,  crowded  in  a  head  or  close  cluster,  whi'-h  is  surrounded  by 
a  showy  corolla-like  (white  or  rare/y  pinkish)  4-leave.d  involucre:  fruit 
bn(/ht  red. 

C.  Canad^nsis,  DWARF  CORNKL,  BUNCH-BERRY.  Damp  woods  N.  : 
a  low  herb,  the  stems  syringing  from  creeping  slender  subterranean  shoots 


168  DOGWOOD    FAMILY. 

which  are  slightly  woody,  bearing  4-6  ovate  or  oval  leaves  at  the  summit,  as 
if  in  a  whorl,  below  the  stalked  flower-head  ;  petal-like  leaves  of  the  involucre 
ovate  ;  fruits  globular,  in  a  cluster,  rather  eatable. 

C.  florida,  FLOWERING  DOGWOOD.  Rocky  woods,  also  planted  for  orna- 
ment:  tree  12° -30°  high,  with  ovate  pointed  leaves,  petal-like  leaves  of  the 
involucre  (1^'long)  obcordate  or  obovate  and  notched,  and  oval  fruits  in  a 
head.  According  to  common  tradition  flowering  just  at  the  proper  time  for 
planting  Indian  Corn. 

§  2.   Flowers  yellow  (earlier  than  the  leaves],  in  a  small  ymbel,  surrounded  by 

a  small  and  dull-colored  involucre  of  4  scales:  fruit  bright  red. 
C.  Mas.     Sparingly  planted  from  Eu. :  a  tall  shrub  or  low  tree,  with  oval 
pointed  leaves  and  handsome  oblong  fruit,  the  pulp  eatable  and  pleasantly  acid. 

§  3.    Flowers  white  in  open  and  flat  cymes,  without  involucre,  in  early  summer : 
fruit  small,  globular,  not  eatable,  blue  or  white,  in  an  exotic  species  black. 
*  Branches  of  the  previous  year  red  or  purple,  especially  in  spring. 

C.  sanguinea,  EUROPEAN  RED-OSIER  D.  Sometimes  planted  from  Eu. : 
erect,  with  ovate  leaves  rather  downy  beneath,  and  black  or  dark  purple  fruit. 

C.  Stolonifera,  WILD  RED-OSIER  D.  Shrub  3° -6°  high,  in  wet  places 
N.,  spreading  by  prostrate  or  subterranean  running  shoots,  smooth,  with  ovate 
abruptly  pointed  leaves  roughish  both  sides  and  whitish  beneath,  small  cymes, 
and  white  or  lead-colored  fruit. 

C.  sericea,  SILKY  D.  or  KINNIKINNIK  (the  dry  bark  smoked  by  the  In- 
dians W.)  :  in  wet  places,  has  dull  red  branches,  the  shoots,  cymes,  and  lower 
face  of  the  narrow  ovate  or  oblong  pointed  leaves  silky-downy  ;"  fruit  bluish. 
*  *  Branches  broivnish  or  gray. 

C.  asperifolia,  ROUGH-LEAVED  D.  Dry  soil  from  Illinois  S.  :  shrub 
3°  -  5°  high,  with  branches  and  small  oblong  or  ovate  leaves  pubescent,  upper 
face  of  the  latter  rough,  the  lower  downy  ;  cymes  small  and  flat ;  fruit  bluish. 

C.  Stricta,  STIFF  D.  Wet  grounds  S. :  shrub  8° -15°  high,  with  ovate 
or  lance-ovate  taper-pointed  leaves  smooth  and  green  both  sides,  loose  flat 
cymes,  and  pale  blue  fruit. 

C.  pani.CU.lata,  PANICLED  D.  Moist  grounds,  common  N.  :  shrub  3° -8° 
high,  much  branched,  smooth,  with  ash-colored  bark,  lance-ovate  pointed  leaves 
acute  at  base  and  whitish  beneath,  and  proportionally  large  and  numerous  con- 
vex cymes,  often  panicled ;  fruit  white. 

*  *  *  Branches  green  streaked  with  brownish  or  ivhitish. 

C.  circinata,  ROUND-LEAVED  D.  Wooded  hillsides,  &c. :  shrub  3° -10° 
high,  with  warty-dotted  branches,  pretty  large  round-oval  and  short-pointed 
leaves  downy  beneath,  small  flat  cymes,  and  light  blue  fruit. 

C.  alternif61ia,  ALTERNATE-LEAVED  D.  Hillsides  and  banks  of  streams  : 
shrub  or  tree  8° -25°  high,  with  streaked  alternate  and  spreading  branches, 
ovate  or  oblong  taper-pointed  leaves  acute  at  base  and  only  minutely  pubescent 
beneath,  mostly  alternate,  but  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches  ;  cymes  large 
and  flat,  very  open ;  fruit  bright  blue  on  reddish  stalks. 

2.  AUCUBA.     The  Japanese  name  of  the  species  commonly  cultivated  as 
a  house-plant,  viz. 

A.  Jap6nica.  Shrub,  with  large  ovate-oblong  leaves  bright  green  and 
usually  marbled  with  yellow,  the  flowers  inconspicuous,  but  the  red  berries 
when  formed  handsome. 

3.  NYSSA,    TUPELO,    PEPPERIDGE,    SOUR   GUM-TREE.     (The 
Greek  name  of  a  Nymph,  of  no  very  obvious  application  to  these  trees.  J 
Fl.  spring.    Fruit  acid. 

*  Sterile  flowers  in  loose  clusters  :  fruit  blue,  not  eatable. 

N.  multifl6ra,  COMMON  TUPELO  or  SOUR  GUM,  in  rich  woods,  N.  &  S. : 
tree  30°  -  50°  high,  with  horizontal  branches  and  Beech-like  spray,  ovate  or 
obovate  leaves  entire  and  smooth  or  glossy  when  old,  fertile  flowers  3  -  8  on  the 


HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.  169 

slender  peduncle,  and  dark  blue  oval  fruit  £'  long.     Wood  tough,  hard  to  split. 
Leaves  changing  to  bright  crimson  in  autumn. 

N.  aquatic  a,  WATER  TUPELO,  of  the  S.,  in  pine-barren  swamps  ;  with 
smaller  leaves  than  in  the  preceding  ( 1'  -  2'  long)  and  varying  from  lance-oblong 
to  roundish,  short  peduncles,  the  fertile  1  -  2-flowered,  and  smaller  oval  fruit. 

N.  uniflbra,  LARGE  TUPELO  ;  in  water,  from  Virg.  and  Kentucky  S. : 
large  tree,  with  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  often  with  a  few  sharp  teeth, 
4'  -  6'  long,  on  slender  petioles,  downy  beneath ;  fertile  peduncles  long  and 
1 -flowered  ;  fruit  oblong,  about  1'  long.  Wood  soft :  roots  very  spongy,  used 
for  corks. 

*  *  Sterile  flowers  in  a  head:  oblancj  fruit  red  and  eatable. 

N.  capitata,  OGEECIIEE  LIME  ;  so  called  from  the  acid  fruit  (!'  or  more 
long)  :  in  swamps  far  S.  :  a  small  tree,  with  oblong  or  obovate  leaves  (3' -5' 
long)  downy  beneath ;  fertile  flowers  solitary  on  very  short  peduncles. 


II.  MONOPETALOUS  DIVISION.  Includes  the  orders  of 
this  class  which  have  both  calyx  and  corolla,  and  the  latter  in  one 
piece,  that  is,  the  petals  united  more  or  less  into  one  body. 

57.  CAPRIPOLIACE^!,  HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  calyx  adherent  to  the  2  -  5-celled 
ovary  (the  teeth  or  limb  above  it  sometimes  nearly  obsolete  or  ob- 
scure), stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (or  in  Linneea 
one  fewer)  and  borne  on  its  tube,  and  opposite  leaves  without 
stipules.  Yet  in  some  species  of  Viburnum  there  are  little  append- 
ages imitating  stipules  on  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Seeds  with  a 
small  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

§  1.   Perennial  herbs,  with  bell-shaped  or  tubular  corolla,  prominent  awl-shaped  or 
linear  lobes  to  the  calyx,  and  a  slender  style  tipped  with  a  capitate  stigma. 

1.  LINN^EA.     A  pair  of  flowers  nodding  on  the  summit  of  a  slender  scape-like 

peduncle.  Corolla  narrow  bell-shaped,  with  5  almost  equal  rounded  lobes. 
Stamens  4,  two  of  them  shorter.  Ovary  and  small  pod  3-celled,  but  perfect- 
ing a  seed  in  only  one  cell.  Creeping  evergreen  herb. 

2.  TRIOSTEUM.    Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  single  or  in  a  cluster. 

Corolla  oblong-tubular,  with  5  short  almost  equal  lobes,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  leaf-like  lobes  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  equal.  Fruit  fleshy,  orange  or 
red,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes,  containing  3  bony  seeds  or 
rather  nutlets.  Erect  and  coarse  leafy  herbs;  their  leaves  narrowed  at  base, 
but  united  around  the  simple  stem. 

§  2.   Shrubby,  with  tubular  or  bell-shaped  corolla,,  slender  style,  and  capitate  stigma. 

#  Teeth  of  the  calyx  very  short  on  the  2  -  ^-celled  ovary  :  fruit  a  berry  :  leaves  simple, 

entire,  or  rarely  wavy  or  lobed  on  some  vigorous  young  shoots. 

.3.  SYMPHORICARPUS.  Flowers  small,  in  close  clusters  or  interrupted  spikes. 
Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  4  or  5  equal  roundish  lobes  and  as  many  short 
stamens  in  the  throat.  Ovary  4-celled,  but  the  berry  only  2-seeded,  two  cells 
being  empty.  Low  upright  shrubs,  with  oval  short-petioled  leaves. 
4.  LONICERA.  Corolla  tubular,  funnel-form,  or  oblong,  more  or  less  irregular, 
being  gibbous  or  bulging  on  one  side  at  base,  and  the  5  lobes  not  all  alike,  but 
in  one  species  nearly  so.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  becoming  a  sev- 
eral-seeded berry.  Twining  or  upright  shrubs. 

*  #  Teeth  or  lobes  of  the  calyx  slender,  on  the  summit  of  the  slender  or  taper-pointed 

ovary,  which  becomes  a  many-seeded  2-valved  pod :  leaves  simple,  serrate. 

6.  DIERVILLA.  Corolla  funnel-form,  almost  regular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5. 
Ovary  narrow,  sometimes  linear  and  stalk-like.  Low  upright  shrubs,  with 
flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  loose  clusters  or  cymes. 


170  HONtY3UCKLE    FAMILY. 

$  3.  Shrubs  or  some  low  trees,  with  small  flowers  in  broad  cymes,  short  and  widely 
open  deeply  b-lobed  regular  corolla,  1-3  sessile  stigmas,  and  berry-like  fruit, 
containing  1-3  seeds  or  rather  seed-like  stones.  Calyx-teeth  on  (he,  ovary  very 
short  or  obscure :  stamens  5. 

6.  VIBURNUM.     Leaves  simple.     Fruit  containing  a  single  flat  or  flattish  stone. 

7.  SAMBUCUS.     Leaves  pinnate,  and  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaflets  serrate. 

Fruit  containing  3  seeds  or  rather  small  seed-like  stones. 

1.   LINN^IA,    TWIN-FLOWER.      (Named  for  Linnceus.}      Only  one 

species, 

,  jt\#i*~  Jj.  borealis.     Mossy  woods  and  cold  bogs  N.  :    creeping  stems  bearing 
•  ~        round-oval  and  sparingly  crenate  somewhat  hairy  small  leaves,  and  in  early 
f  ;  *       summer  the  sweet-scented  flowers  ;  corolla  purple  and  whitish,  hairy  inside. 

&"'%.  TRIOSTEUM,  FEVER  WORT,    HORSE-GENTIAN.     (Greek  for 
three  bones,  from  the  3  bony  seeds  or  rather  stones.)     The  root  has  been  used 
in  medicine,  arid  the  seeds  Yor  coffee.     In  rich  soil :  fl.  early  summer. 
T.  perfoliatum,  the  common  species,  is  softly  hairy,  2°  -  4°  high,  with 
oval  leaves  abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  and  brownish-purple  flowers. 

T.  angUStifdlium,  chiefly  S,,  a  smaller  and  bristly-hairy  plant,  with  nar- 
rower lanceolate  leaves  more  tapering  at  base,  and  greenish  or  cream-colored 
flowers. 

3.  SYMPHORICARPUS.      (Name  from   the  Greek,   denotes   crmoded 
fruits.)     Wild  on  rocky  banks,  especially  W.  &  S.,  and  cult,  for  the  orna- 
mental insipid  berries.      Flowers  white  or  slightly  rose-color,  produced  all 
summer. 

S.  racem6sus,  SNOWBERRY.  Clusters  of  flowers  in  interrupted  leafy 
spikes  (rather  than  racemes)  terminating  the  branches;  berries  snow-white,  in 
autumn.  Common  in  gardens. 

S.  Vlllgaris,  CORAL-BERRY,  INDIAN  CURRANT.  Short  clusters  of  flowers 
in  the  axils  of  most  of  the  leaves  ;  berries  small,  dark  red. 

4.  LONICBRA,  HONEYSUCKLE,  WOODBINE.     (Named  for  an  old 
German  herbalist,  Lonitzer,  latinized  Lonicerus.) 

§  1.    TRUE  HONEYSUCKLES,  with  twining  stems  (in  one  wild  species  slightly  so). 
*  Corolla  with  very  long  tube  and  5  short  almost  regular  lobes. 

L.  sempervirens,  TRUMPET  H.  Wild  from  New  York  S.,  and  com- 
monly cult.  Leaves  evergreen  (as  the  name  denotes)  only  at  the  S.,  thickish, 
pale  beneath,  the  lower  oblong,  the  uppermost  pairs  united  round  the  stem  ; 
flowers  scentless,  in  spiked  whorls,  2'  long,  scarlet  with  yellow  inside  (also 
a  yellow  variety),  produced  all  summer;  berries  red. 

*  *  Corolla  strongly  flipped;  lower  lip  narrow,  up/ter  one  brood  and  4-lobed. 
•*-  The  2  to  4  uppermost  pairs  of  leaves  united  round  the  stem  in  the  form  of  an  oval 
or  rounded  disk  or  shallow  cup,  the  flowers  sessile  in  their  axils,  or  partly  in 
leafless  spiked  whorls  beyond :  berries  red  or  orange. 

**  European  Honeysuckles,  cultivated  for  ornament :  flowers  purple  and  white  or 
turning  yellowish  inside,  sweet-scented,  in  summer. 

L.  Caprifblium,  COMMON  EUROPEAN  H.,  has  leaves  smooth  on  both 
sides,  and  flowers  usually  only  in  early  summer. 

L.  Etrtisca,  ITALIAN  or  PERPETUAL  H.,  has  the  leaves  downy  beneath 
and  blunter,  and  flowers  through  the  summer. 

*+  •*-+  Wild  species,  with  flowers  smooth  and  nearly  scentless,  except  the  first  species, 
in  late  spring  or  early  summer:  leaves  smooth  (except  one  variety)  and 
glaucous  or  whitish  beneath. 

L.  grata,  SWEET  WILD  H.  Wild  in  Middle  States  and  S.,  sometimes 
cult. :  leaves  obovate  ;  corolla  white  with  a  pink  or  purple  slender  tube,  fading 
yellowish,  fragrant. 


HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.  17l 

L.  flava,  YELLOW  H.  Wild  N.  W.  and  along  the  Alleghanies  ;  low- 
climbing  ;  the  broad  and  thickish  leaves  very  white-glaucous  both  sides ;  flowers 
light  yellow. 

L.  parviflbra,  SMALL  H.  Low  and  bushy,  with  oblong  leaves  green 
above,  but  very  white-glaucous  beneath;  the  corolla  (less  than  1'  long)  stronglv 
gibbous  at  base,  greenish-yellow  or  whitish  and  tinged  with  purple :  in  the  vaf. 
Douglasii,  found  only  N.  W.,  nearly  crimson,  and  the  greener  leaves  downv 
beneath  or  ciliate. 

+•»••«-«.•«-»•  Wild  species  with  clammy-pubescent  orange-colored  flowers. 

L.  hirstlta,  HAIRY  H.  Moist  or  rocky  grounds  N.  &  W.  :  with  oval  and 
large  dull  green  leaves,  the  lower  face  and  branches  downy-hairy. 

•H-  1-  Leaves  all  separate  and  short-petioled,  not  glaucous,  pubescent :  flowers  in 
pairs  on  axillary  peduncles. 

L.  Japdnica  (commonly  so  called,  L.  CONF^SA,  DC.),  JAPAN  or  CHINESE  H. 
Commonly  cult. ;  the  slender  downy  stems  twining  freely,  with  oval  dull  green 
leaves,  and  flowers  very  fragrant  at  evening ;  corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  reddish 
outside,  white  inside  turning  yellow. 

§  2.  FLY-HONEYSUCKLES,  upright  or  straggling  bushes,  never  twining,  with 
leaves  all  distinct  to  the  base,  and  a  fair  of  flowers  on  the  summit  of  an 
axillary  peduncle,  the  two  berries  sometimes  united  into  one. 

*  Four  large  leafy  bracts  surrounding  two  cylindrical  (%'  long)  yellowish  flowers. 
L.  involucrata.     Wild  from  Lake  Superior  to  California,  and  sparingly 
planted  :  shrub  2°  -  5°  high,  downy  when  young,  with  ovate  or  oblong  leaves 
3'  -  5'  long,  on  short  petioles,  clammy  flowers,  and  berries  quite  separate. 

*  *  The  two  or  four  bracts  under  tlie  ovaries  small  or  minute. 

-•-  Planted  for  ornament  from  Europe :  flowers  rose  or  pink-red,  profuse  and  showy . 

L.  Tartarica,  TARTARIAN  H.  Much-branched  shrub  5°  -  8°  high,  smooth, 
with  oval  heart-shaped  leaves,  short  corolla,  and  red  berries  uniting  at  base  as 
they  ripen  :  fl.  spring. 

•*-  •*-  Wild  species,  in  moist  cold  woods  or  bogs  N. :  flowers  yellowish. 

Ij.  Ciliata,  EARLY  FLY-H.  Straggling,  3°  -  5°  high,  with  oval  or  oblong 
and  partly  heart-shaped  leaves  thin  and  downy  beneath  when  young,  slender 
peduncles,  honey-yellow  corolla  ($'  long)  with  short  nearly  equal  lobes  and  very 
unequal-sided  base,  and  separate  red  berries  :  fl.  early  spring. 

L.  Oblongifblia,  SWAMP  F.  Upright,  2°  -  5°  high,  with  oblong  leaves, 
long  and  slender  peduncles,  deeply  2-lipped  corolla  (^'  long)  in  early  summer, 
and  purple  berries. 

L.  CSertllea,  MOUNTAIN  F.,  the  rarest  species,  l°-2°  high,  with  oval 
leaves,  very  short  peduncle,  moderately  5-lobed  corolla,  and  two  ovaries  united 
to  form  one  blue  berry. 

5.   DIERVILLA,  BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE.     (Named  for  one  Dierville, 
who  took  the  common  species  from  Canada  to  France.) 

*  Wild  species,  on  rocks  and  hills,  with  pale  or  honey-yellow  and  slender  funnel- 

form  corolla,  not  showy,  and  oblong  pod. 

D.  triflda,  COMMON  B.  ;  everywhere  N.,  l°-4°  high,  with  oblong-ovate 
taper-pointed  leaves  on  distinct  petioles,  mostly  3-flowered  peduncles,  and  slen- 
der pointed  pods  :  fl.  all  summer. 

D.  sessilifdlia,  only  along  the  Alleghanics  S.,  has  lance-ovate  sessile 
leaves,  many-flowered  peduncles,  and  short-pointed  pods  :  fl.  summer. 

*  #  Planted  for  ornament  from  Japan  and  China  ;  the  showy  rose-colored  corolla 

broadly  funnfl-form  with  an  abruptly  narrowed  base,  very  slender  stalk-like 
ovary  and  linear  pod. 

.     D.  Jap6nica.     Shrub  2°  -  5°  high,  loaded  with  the  handsome  flowers  in 
late  spring  ;  corolla  1 '  or  more  long  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed. 


172  HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY. 

6.  VIBURNUM,  ARROW-WOOD,  &c.  (Ancient  Latin  name,  of  un- 
certain meaning. )  Flowers  white,  or  nearly  so,  in  spring  or  early  summer  : 
fruit  ripe  in  autumn. 

§  1 .   Flowers  all  alike,  small,  and  perfect. 
*  Cult .  or  planted  from  S.  Europe,  with  evergreen  smooth  entire  leaves. 

V.  Tinus,  LAURESTINUS.  Not  hardy  N.,  but  a  common  house-plant, 
winter-flowering,  or  planted  out  in  summer ;  leaves  oblong ;  fruit  dark  purple. 

#  *  Wild  species,  some  occasionally  planted:  leaves  deciduous,  at  least  N. 

•«-  Leaves  not  lobed  nor  coarsely  toothed,  smooth  or  with  some  minute  scurf:  fruit 

black  or  with  a  bluish  bloom. 

•*-»•  Leaves  glossy,  finely  and  evenly  serrate  with  very  sharp  teeth. 
V.  Lentago,    SHEEP-BERRY.      Tree  15° -30°   high,  common   in   moist 
grounds,  chietiy  N. ;    leaves  ovate,  conspicuously  pointed,  on  long  margined 
petioles  ;  cyme'broad,  sessile ;  fruit  oval,  £'  or  more  long,  sweet,  eatable. 

V.  prunifdlium,  BLACK  HAW.  Dry  soil,  from  Conn,  to  111.  and  S. : 
hardly  so  tall  as  the  preceding,  with  smaller  and  oval  mostly  blunt  leaves. 

**  •«-*•  Leaves  entire  or  with  a  few  wavy  or  crenate  small  teeth,  thickish. 
V.  obovatum.     Along  streams  from  Virginia  S. :    shrub  with  obovate 
leaves  seldom  over  1'  long,  and  small  sessile  cymes. 

V.  ntldum,  WITHE-ROD.  Swamps,  from  New- England  to  Florida;  with 
leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  almost  lanceolate,  not  glossy ;  cyme  on  a  peduncle ;  fruit 
roundish. 

•*-  •*-  Leaves  coarsely  toothed,  strongly  feather-veined,  the  veins  prominently  marked, 
straight  ana  simple  or  nearly  so  :  fruit  small :  cyme  peduncled. 

V.  dentatum,  ARROW-WOOD  (the  stems  having  been  used  by  the  Indians 
to  make  arrows).  Common  in  wet  soil,  5°-  10°  high,  smooth,  with  ash-colored 
bark,  pale  and  broadly  ovate  evenly  sharp-toothed  leaves,  on  slender  petioles, 
and  bright  blue  fruit. 

V.  m611e,  SOFT  A.  From  Kentucky  S.,  soft-downy,  with  less  sharply 
toothed  oval  or  obovate  leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  and  blue  oily  fruit. 

V.  pubdscens,  DOWNY  A.  Rocky  grounds,  N.  &  W. ;  a  low  and  strag- 
gling shrub,  with  ovate  or  oblong  and  acute  or  taper-pointed  leaves,  having 
rather  few  coarse  teeth,  their  lower  surface  and  the  very  short  petioles  soft-downy ; 
fruit  dark  purple. 

•*-•»--»-  Leaves  both  coarsely  toothed  and  somewhat  3-lobed,  roundish,  3  -  5-ribbed 
from  the  base  and  veiny  :  cymes  slender-peduncled,  small :  fruit  red. 

V.  acerif61ium,  MAPLE-LEAVED  A.  or  DOCKMACKIE.  Shrub  3° -6° 
high,  in  rocky  woods,  with  3-ribbed  and  3-lobed  leaves  soft-downy  beneath,  their 
pointed  lobes  diverging  ;  stamens  slender. 

V.  pauci£L6rum.  Cold  woods,  only  far  N.  or  on  mountains ;  with  almost 
smooth  leaves  5-ribbed  at  base  and  3-lobed  at  summit ;  cyme  few-flowered ; 
fruit  sour. 

§  2.  Flowers  round  the  margin  of  the  ct/me  neutral  (without  stamens  or  pistils)  and 
very  much  larger  than  the  fertile  ones,  Hydrangea-like  and  showy :  petioles 
bearing  evident  appendages  which  imitate  stipules :  fruit  red,  sour. 

V.  Opulus,  CRANBERRY-TREE.  Tall  and  nearly  smooth  shrub,  with  gray 
bark,  scaly  buds,  3  -  5-ribbed  and  strongly  3-lobed  leaves,  the  lobes  pointed  and 
commonly  few-toothed,  and  cymes  peduncled.  The  wild  form  in  low  grounds 
N.  &  E. ;  the  juicy  acid  fruit  bright  red,  used  as  a  substitute  for  cranberries 
(whence  the  name  of  HIGH  CRANBERRY-BUSH).  The  long-cultivated  form 
from  Europe,  planted  for  ornament,  under  the  name  of  GUELDER  ROSE  or 
SNOWBALL-TREE,  has  most  of  the  flowers  of  the  cyme  changed  into  enlarged 
corollas. 

V.  lantanoides,  HOBBLE-BUSH  (popular  name  from  the  straggling  or 
reclining  branches  taking  root  at  the  end,  and  forming  loops  ;  the  botanical 
name  because  the  leaves  resemble  the  V.  LANTANA  or  WAYFARING-TREE  of 


MADDER    FAMILY.  173 

Europe,  occasionally  planted  (but  that  has  no  enlarged  neutral  flowers)  :  cold 
moist  woods  N.,  with  naked  buds,  large  round-ovate  leaves  heart-shaped  at  base 
and  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex,  closely  serrate,  and  pinnately  many-veined, 
the  veins  and  netted  veinlets  prominent  underneath  and  covered,  like  the  stalks 
and  branchlets,  with  rusty  scurf ;  cymes  showy,  very  broad,  sessile ;  fruit  not 
eatable,  coral-red  turning  crimson. 

7.   SAMBUCUS,  ELDER.     (From  Greek  name  of  an  ancient  musical  in- 
strument, supposed  to  have  been  made  of  Elder  stalks.) 
S.  Canad£nsis,  COMMON  or  BLACK-BERRIED    ELDER.     Alluvial  soil, 

fence-rows,  &c.     Stems  woody  only  towards  the  base,  5°-  6°  high,  with  white 

pith,  7-11  oblong  smooth  or  smoothish  leaflets,  the  lowermost  often  3-parted ; 

flat  cymes  in  early  summer,  and  small  black-purple  fruit. 

S.  ptlbens,  RED-BERRIED  E.     Rocky  woods  chiefly  N.,  with  more  woody 

stems  and  warty  bark,  yellow-brown  pith,  fewer  and  more  lanceolate  leaflets 

downy  underneath,  panicle-like  or  convex  cymes,  in  spring,  followed  by  bright 

red  berries. 

58.   RUBIACE^E,  MADDER  FAMILY. 

Like  the  preceding  family,  but  with  stipules  between  the  opposite 
(or  sometimes  ternately  whorled)  entire  leaves,  or  else  (in  the  true 
Madder  Family)  the  leaves  whorled  without  stipules.  An  immense 
family  in  the  tropics,  and  here  represented  by  several  wild  and  a 
few  commonly  cultivated  species.  (The  commonest  in  choice  con- 
servatorjes,  not  here  described,  are  BURCHELLIA  CAPE'NSIS,  a  shrub 
with  a  head  of  orange-scarlet  flowers,  the  corolla  almost  club-shaped ; 
MANETTIA  CORDIFOLIA,  a  twiner  with  ovate  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  leaves,  and  long  tubular  somewhat  4-sided  scarlet  corollas, 
or  M.  BfcoLOR,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  and  corolla  red  toward  the 
ba?e,  yellow  toward  the  summit ;  PENTAS  CARNEA,  with  ovate- 
oblong  hairy  leaves,  and  terminal  cyme  of  handsome  flowers,  with 
salver-form  flesh- colored  corolla,  hairy  in  the  enlarged  throat  and 
5-lobed.) 

I.  MADDER   FAMILY   PROPER.     Leaves  in  whorls,  without 
stipules.    Ovary  2-celled,  forming  a  small  and  twin,  fleshy  or  berry- 
like,  or  else  dry  and  sometimes  bur-like,  2-seeded  fruit.    Calyx  above 
the  ovary  obsolete. 

1.  RUBIA.    Like  the  next,  but  the  divisions  of  the  corolla  and  the  stamens  5. 

Fruit  berry-like. 

2.  GALIUM.    Flowers  small  or  minute,  mostly  in  clusters,  with  a  wheel-shaped 

4-parted  (or  sometimes  3-parted)  corolla,  and  as  many  short  stamens. 
Styles  2.  Slender  herbs,  with  square  stems,  their  angles  and  the  edges  of  the 
leaves  often  rough  or  almost  prickly. 

II.  CINCHONA   FAMILY,  &c.      Leaves  opposite,  or  some- 
times in  threes  or  fours,  and  with  stipules. 

§  1.    Only  a  single  ovule  and  seed  in  each  cell. 

#  Low  herbs,  icith  narrow  funnel-form  or  salver-form  corolla,  its  lobes  (valvate  in  the 
bud)  and  the  stamens  4. 

3.  DIODIA.     Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  narrow  leaves.    Stipules  sheath- 

ing, dry,  fringed  with  long  bristles.  Ovary  2-celled,  in  fruit  splitting  into 
2  hard  arid  dry  closed  nutlets.  , 


174  MADDKR    FAMILY. 


4.  MITCHELL  A.  Flowers  in  pairs  at  the  end  of  branches,  the  two  ovaries  united 
into  one,  which  in  fruit  forms  a  2-eyed  scarlet  berry.  Corolla  densely  white- 
bearded  inside,  white  or  purplish-tinged  outside.  Style  1:  stigmas  4,  slender. 
Seeds,  or  rather  little  stones,  4  to  each  of  the  two  flowers.  Stipules  small, 
uot  fringed. 

*  *  Shrubs  or  small  trees  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  overlapping  in  the  bud. 

6.  CEPHALANTHUS.  Flowers  many  and  small,  crowded  in  a  close  round  head 
raised  on  a  peduncle.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular  with  4  very  short 
lobes.  Stamens  4.  Style  long  and  much  protruded,  tipped  with  a  capitate 
stigma.  Fruit  small,  dry  and  hard,  inversely  pyramidal,  at  length  splitting 
into  2  or  4  closed  one-seeded  portions. 

6.  COFFEA.     Flowers  in  small  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.     Calyx  4-5- 

toothed.  Corolla  with  a  short  tube  and  4  or  5  spreading  lobes  of  about  the 
same  length.  Stamens  4  or  6,  with  linear-oblong  anthers.  Style  bearing 
2  slender  stigmas.  Ovary  2-celled,  becoming  a  small  berry,  containing  2  hard 
plano-convex  seeds  with  a  groove  down  the  face  (coffee),  enclosed  in  a  loose 
parchment-like  hull. 

$  2.    Several  or  many  ovules  and  seeds  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary  and  fruit. 
*  Shrubs  or  low  trees,  all  except  the  first  exotic  house-plants. 

7.  PINCKNEYA.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  compound  cyme.     Calyx  with  5  lobes, 

4  of  them  small  and  lanceolate,  the  fifth  often  transformed  into  a  large  bright 
rose-colored  leaf!  Corolla  hairy,  with  a  slender  tube  and  6  oblong-linear 
recurving  lobes.  Stamens  5,  protruding.  Fruit  a  globular  2-celled  pod,  filled 
with  very  many  thin-winged  seeds. 

8.  GARDENIA.     Flowers  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  branches  or  nearly  so,  large, 

very  fragrant.  Calyx  with  5  or  more  somewhat  leaf-like  lobes.  Corolla 
funnel-shaped  or  salver-shaped,  with  5  or  more  spreading  lobes  convolute  in 
the  bud,  and  as  many  linear  anthers  sessile  in  its  throat.  Style  1  :  stigma 
of  2  thick  lobes.  Fruit  fleshy,  surmounted  by  the  calyx-lobes,  ribbe.d  down 
the  sides,  many-seeded. 

9.  BOUVARDIA.  "Flowers  in  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branches.     Calyx  with 

4  slender  lobes.  Corolla  with  a  long  and  slender  or  somewhat  trumpet-shaped 
tube,  and  4  short  spreading  lobes,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Anthers  4,  almost 
sessile  in  the  throat.  Style  1:  stigma  of  2  flat  lips.  Pod  small,  globular, 
2-celled.  Seeds  wing-margined. 

*  *  Low,  native  herbs. 

10.   HOUSTONIA.     Corolla  salver-form  or  funnel-form,  the  4  lobes  valvate  in  the 

bud.     Stamens  4.     Style  1:  stigmas  2.     Pod  short,  2-celled,  the  upper  part 
ddJL  r^smS  moi"6  or  less  free  from  the  4-lobed  calyx,  opening  across  the  top,  and 

ripening  rather  few  saucer-shaped  or  thimbaO^shaped  pitted  seeds  in  each  cell. 

Stipules  short  and  entire,  sometimes  a  mere  margin  connecting  the  bases  of 

the  opposite  leaves. 

1.  RtlBIA,  MADDER.     (Name  from  Latin  ruber,  red,  alludes  to  the  red 
roots,  which  furnish  the  well-known  red  dye.  ) 

R.  tinctdria,  COMMON  or  DYERS'  M.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for  the  red  roots, 
branching  from  the  ground,  1°  -  2°  high,  with  angles  of  the  stems  and  edges  of 
the  lance-oblong  or  oblanceolate  leaves  (mostly  in  sixes)  very  rough  ;  flowers 
greenish,  in  summer  ;  berry  black.  ^ 

2.  GALIUM,  BEDSTRAW  or  CLEAVERS.      (Name  from  Greek  for 
milk,  which  some  species  in  Europe  were  used  to  curdle.)      Fl.  summer. 
The    following    all  wild   species.      Several   have   a  red   root  like   that  of 
Madder. 

§  1.   Fruit  a  black  berry,  like  that  of  Madder:  but  the  parts  of  the  white  flower 
are  only  4.      Only  in  Southern  States,  in  dry  sandy  soil.      y. 

Q.  hispidlllum.  Spreading  stems  l°-2°  long;  leaves  in  fours,  £'  or 
Ics.;  in  length,  lance-ovate  ;  peduncle  1  -  3-flowered  ;  berry  roughish. 

G.  uniflbrum.  Smooth,  slender,  l°high;  leaves  linear  ;  flowers  mostly 
solitary. 


MADDER    FAMILY.  175 

§  2.    Frail  dry  when  ripe,  small. 

*  Smooth  :  leaves  with  strong  midrib  but  no  side  ribs  or  nerves :  flowers  ivhite, 

loosely  clustered  at  the  end  of  spreading  brunches. 

G.  asprdllum,  HOUGH  BEDSTRAW.  Low  thickets:  3°  -  5°  high,  as  it 
were  climbing,  the  backwardly  prickly-roughened  angles  of  the  stem  and  edges 
and  midrib  of  the  lance-obiong  pointed  leaves  adhering  to  contiguous  plants  ; 
leaves  in  whorls  of  6  on  the  stem  and  of  4  or  5  on  the  branchlets  :  flowers 
numerous. 

G.  trifidum,  SMALL  B.  Swamps  and  low  grounds,  6'  -  2°  high,  roughish 
or  sometimes  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  varying  from  linear  to  oblong,  4  -  6  in  the 
whorls  ;  flowers  rather  few,  their  parts  often  3. 

*  *  Fruit  smooth  or  slightly  bristly :  leaves  3-nerved :  flowers  white,  in  a  narrow 

and  long  terminal  panicle.      3£ 

G.  boreale,  NORTHERN  B.  Rocky  banks  of  streams  N. ;  l°-2°  high, 
smooth,  erect,  with  lance-linear  leaves  in  fours. 

*  *  *  Fruit  a  little  bur,  being  covered  ivilh  hooked  prickles. 

+-  Leaves  mostly  B  or  8  in  a  whorl,  with  midrib  and  no  side  nerves :  flowers  whitish 
or  greenish  :  stems  reclining  or  prostrate,  bristly-rough  backwards  on  the  angles. 

G.  Aparine,  CLEAVERS  or  GOOSE-GRASS.  Low  grounds  :  leaves  in 
eights,  lanceolate,  rough-edged,  1 '  -  2'  long  ;  peduncles  axillary,  1  -  2-flowered  ; 
fruit  large.  © 

G.  trifldrum,  SWEET-SCENTED  BEDSTRAW.  Woodlands,  especially  N.  : 
leaves  mostly"  in  sixes,  lance-oblong,  bristle-pointed  ;  peduncles  terminating  the 
branches,  3-nowered.  Sweet-scented  in  drying.  "^ 

•«-  •«-  Leaves  all  in  fours,  more  or  less  3  nerved :  flowers  not  white :  stems  ascending, 
about  1°  high,  rather  simple,  not  prickly-roughened.  ^ 

G.  pi!6sum.  Commonest  S.,  in  dry  thickets  :  leaves  oval,  dotted,  downy, 
1 '  long ;  flowers  brown-purple  or  cream -colored,  all  pcdicelled,  the  peduncle 
2-3-times  forked.  Var.  PUXCTICUI^SUM  is  a  smooth  form  S. 

G.  cirC86zans,  WILD  LIQUORICE,  the  root  being  sweetish:  common  in 
thickets  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  ciliate ;  peduncles  once  forked,  their 
long  branches  bearing  short-pedicelled  dull  or  brownish  flowers  along  the  sides, 
the  fruit  reflexed. 

G.  lanceolatum,  like  the  preceding,  common  N. ;  but  with  lanceolate  or 
lance-ovate  tapering  leaves,  2'  long. 

3.  DIODIA,  BUTTON- WEED.     (Name  from  Greek  for  a  thoroughfare, 
being  humble  weeds,  often  growing  by  the  wayside.)      Fl.  all  summer,  white 
or  whitish. 

D.  Virginica.  Sandy  banks  from  Maryland  S.  ;  with  spreading  stems 
1°  -  2°  long,  broadly  lanceolate  sessile  leaves,  salver-shaped  corolla  |'  long, 
2-parted  style,  and  oblong  fruit  crowned  with  2  calyx-teeth.  ^/ 

D.  t6res.  Sandy  fields  from  N.  Jersey  and  Illinois  S.  ;  with  slender  stems 
3'  -  0'  long,  linear  and  rigid  leaves,  small  corolla  rather  shorter  than  the  long 
bristles  of  the  stipules,  undivided  style,  and  obovate  little  fruit  crowned  with 
the  4  short  calyx-teeth.  (T) 

4.  MITCHELL  A,  PARTRIDGE-BERRY.    ( Named  for  Dr.  J.  Mitchell, 
who  corresponded  from  Virginia  with  Linnaeus.)     Fl.  in  early  summer.     ^ 
M.  ripens,  the  only  species,  common  in  woods  ;  a  little  herb,  creeping  over 

the  ground,  with  the  small  evergreen  leaves  round-ovate,  very  smooth  and 
glossy,  bright  green,  sometimes  with  whitish  lines,  short-petioled ;  the  flowers  * 
pretty  and  sweet-scented ;   the  scarlet  fruit  remaining  over  winter,  eatable,  but 
dry  and  almost  tasteless. 

6.   CEPHALANTHTTS,  BUTTON-BUSH.     (Name  from  Greek  words 
for  head  and  flower. )     Fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

C.  OCCidentalis,  the  only  species,  is  a  tall  shrub,  common  along  the  bor 


176  MADDER    FAMILY. 

ders  of  ponds  and  streams,  with  lance-oblong:  or  ovate-pointed  leaves,  on  petioles, 
either  in  pairs  or  threes,  and  with  short  stipules  between  them ;  the  head  of 
white  flowers  about  1'  in  diameter. 

6.  COFFEA,  COFFEE-TREE.     (The  Arabic  name  somewhat  altered.) 
C.  Arabica,  the  species  which  produces  Coffee,  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree, 

sometimes  cult,  in  conservatories,  with  smooth  and  glossy  oblong  leaves,  bearing 
fragrant  white  flowers  in  their  axils,  followed  by  the  red  berries,  containing  the 
pair  of  seeds. 

7.  PINCKNEYA,  GEORGIA  BARK  or  FEVER-TREE.     (Named 
by  Michaux  in  honor  of  Gen.  Pinckney.) 

P.  ptlbens,  the  only  species,  is  a  rather  downy  small  tree  or  shrub,  in  wet 
pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Georgia,  with  large  oval  'leaves,  slender  stipules,  and 
purplish  flowers  of  little  beauty,  but  the  great  calyx-leaf  commonly  produced  is 
striking.  This  plant  is  of  the  same  tribe  with  the  CINCHONA  or  PERUVIAN 
BARK,  and  has  similar  medicinal  (tonic)  properties.  Fl.  early  summer. 

8.  GARDENIA,  CAPE  JESSAMINE.    Not  an  appropriate  name,  as  the 
species  so  called  does  not  belong  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.     (Named  for 
Dr.  Garden  of  South  Carolina,  who  corresponded  with  Linnoms.) 

G.  fl6rida,  CAPE  JESSAMINE.  A  favorite  house-plant  from  China,  2° -4° 
high,  with  smooth  and  bright-green  oblong  leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  large  and 
showy  very  fragrant  flowers,  the  white  corolla  5  -  9-lobcd,  or  full  double,  and 
large  oblong  orange-colored  berry  5  -  6-angled  and  tapering  at  the  base. 

9.  BOUVABDIA.     (Named  for  Dr.  Bouvard,  director  of  the  Paris  Gar- 
den of  Plants  over  a  century  ago. ) 

B.  triph^lla.  Shrubby  or  half-shrubby  house-plants,  blossoming  through 
the  winter,  and  in  grounds  in  summer,  from  Mexico,  with  ovate  or  oblong- 
ovate  smoothish  leaves,  in  threes  or  the  upper  in  pairs,  and  scarlet  corolla, 
minutely  downy  outside,  nearly  1'  long. 

B.  leiantha,  now  commoner  and  winter-blooming,  has  more  downy  leaves 
and  smooth  deep-scarlet  corolla. 

10.  HOUSTONIA.     (Named  by  Linnreus  for  a  Dr.  Houston,  an  English 
physician,  who  botanized  on  the  coast  of  Mexico,  where  he  died  early.) 

#  Delicate  little  plants,  ivith  \-flowered  peduncles,  /lowering  from  early  spring  to 

summer :  corolla  salver-form :  pod.  somew/iat  2-lobed,  its  upper  half  free  : 
seeds  with  a  deep  hole  occupying  tlieface. 

H.  caerillea,  COMMON  H.  or  BLUETS.  Moist  banks  and  grassy  places, 
3'-  5'  high,  smooth  and  slender,  erect,  with  oblong  or  spatulate  leaves  only  3"  or 
4"  long,  very  slender  peduncle,  and  light  blue,  purplish,  or  almost  white  and 
yellowish-eyed  corolla,  its  tube  much  longer  than  the  lobes.  ® 

H.  minima.  Dry  hills  from  111.  S.  W.  :  roughish,  l'-4'  high,  at  length 
much  branched  and  spreading  ;  with  leaves  ovate,  spatulate,  or  the  upper  linear, 
earlier  peduncles  slender,  the  rest  short,  and  tube  of  the  purplish  corolla  not 
longer  than  its  lobes  and  those  of  the  calyx.  (T)  (2) 

H.  rotundifblia.  Sandy  soil  from  North  Carolina  S. :  with  prostrate  and 
creeping  leafy  stems,  peduncles  shorter  than  the  roundish  leaves  and  recurved 
in  fruit ;  corolla  white.  Ij. 

*  *  Erect,  leafy -stemmed,  5'-  20'  high,  with  flowers  in  terminal  clusters  or  cymes, 

in  summer  :  corolla  funnel -form  :  seeds  rather  saucer-shaped.      If. 

H.  purpurea.  Wooded  or  rocky  banks,  commoner  W. :  smooth  or  slightly 
downy,  with  ovate  or  lanceolate  3-5-ribbed  leaves,  pale  purple  flowers,  and 
upper  half  of  globular  pod  free  from  the  calyx. 


VALERIAN    FAMILY.  177 

Var.  longifdlia,  the  common  one  N.  ;  slender  or  low,  with  1 -ribbed  leaves, 
those  of  the  stem  varying  from  lance-oblong  to  linear. 

H.  angustilblia.  Dry  bunks  from  111.  S.  £  W.,  with  tufted  erect  stems, 
narrow-linear  and  acute  1 -ribbed  leaves,  crowded  short-pedicelled  flowers,  lobes 
of  the  white  corolla  densely  bearded  inside,  and  only  the  top  of  the  obovate  pod 
rising  above  the  calyx. 

59.  VALERIANACEJE,  VALERIAN  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules,  calyx  coherent  with  the 
ovar}r,  which  has  only  one  fertile  one-ovuled  cell  but  two  abortive  or 
empty  ones,  and  stamens  always  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
(1-3,  distinct),  and  inserted  on  its  tube.  Style  slender:  stigmas 
1-3.  Fruit  small  and  dry,  indehiscent ;  the  single  hanging  seed 
with  a  large  embryo  and  no  albumen.  Flowers  small,  in  clusters 
or  cymes. 

*  Lobes  of  the  calyx  many  and  slender,  but  hardly  seen  when  in  flower,  being  rolled 
up  inwards  around  the  base  of  the  corolla;  in  fruit  they  unroll  and  appear 
a$  long  plumose  bristles,  resembling  a  pappus,  like  thistle-down. 

1.  VALERIANA.     Corolla  with  narrow  of  funnel-form  tube  usually  gibbous  at 

the  base  on  one  side,  but  not  spurred,  its  5  spreading  lobes  a'lmost  e"qual. 
Stamens  3.  Akene  1-celled,  the  minute  empty  cells  early  disappearing. 
Root  strong-scented. 

2.  CENTRANTHUS.     Corolla  as  in  the  preceding,  but  with  a  spur  at  the  base. 

Stamen  only  one. 

*  #  Lobes  of  the  calyx  of  a  few  short  teeth  or  mostly  hardly  any. 

3.  FEDIA.     Corolla  funnel-form,  with  5  equal  or  rather  unequal  spreading  lobes. 

Stamens  mostly  3.  Akene-like  fruit  with  one  fertile  and  two  empty  cells,  or 
the  latter  confluent  into  one. 

1.  VALERIANA,  VALERIAN.    (Name  from  valere,  to  be  well,  alluding 
to  medical  properties,  the  peculiar-scented  root  of  some  species  used  in  medi- 
cine.)    Fl.  early  summer,  often  dioacious,  white  or  purplish.     ^ 

#  Garden  species  from  Europe,  producing  the  medicinal  Valerian-root. 

V.  oflficinalis,  the  commonest  in  gardens,  2° -3°  high,  a  little  downy,  with 
leaves  of  11  to  21  lanceolate  or  oblong  cut-toothed  leaflets,  and  rootstocks  not 
running. 

V.  Phu,  is  smoother,  with  root-leaves  simple,  stem-leaves  of  5  -  7  entire 
leaflets  or  lobes,  and  rootstock  horizontal. 

*  *  Wild  species  N.  and  chiefly  W. :  all  rather  rare  or  local. 

V.  pauciflora.  Woodlands,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  S.  W. ;  l°-2°  high, 
smooth,  with  thin  ovate  and  heart-shaped  toothed  root-leaves,  stem-leaves  of 
3-7  ovate  leaflets,  rather  few  flowers  in  the  crowded  panicled  cyme,  and  long 
slender  corolla. 

V.  sylvatica.  Cedar  swamps  from  Vermont  W.  &  N. ;  with  root-leaves 
mostly  ovate  or  oblong  and  entire,  stem-leaves  with  5-11  lance-oblong  or  ovate 
almost  entire  leaflets  ;  corolla  funnel-form. 

V.  edulis.  Alluvial  ground  from  Ohio  W. ;  l°-4°high,  with  a  large 
spindle-shaped  root  (eaten  by  the  Indians  W.),  thickish  leaves  mostly  from  the 
root  and  minutely  woolly  on  the  edges,  those  of  the  root  lanceolate  or  spatulate, 
of  the  stem  cut  into  3-7  long  and  narrow  divisions. 

2.  CENTRANTHUS,  SPURRED  VALERIAN.     (From  Greek  words 
for  spur  and  flower.)     Fl.  summer.     ^ 

C.  rtlber,  RED  S.  or  JUPITER'S-BEARD.      Cult,  for  ornament,  from  S. 
Eu.  :  a  very  smooth  rather  glaucous  herb,  l°-2°  high,  with  lance-ovate  nearly 
entire  leaves,  all  the  upper  ones  sessile,  and  cymes  of  small  flowers  in  a  narrow 
panicle,  the  corolla  very  slender,  ^'  long,  red,  rarely  a  white  variety. 
12 


178  TEASEL    FAMILY. 

3.  FEDIA,  CORN  SALAD,  LAMB-LETTUCE.  (Origin  of  the  name 
obscure.)  Our  species  are  all  very  much  alike  in  appearance,  smooth,  with 
forking  stems  6' -20'  high,  tender  oblong  leaves  either  entire  or  cnt-lobed 
towards  the  base,  and  small  flowers  in  clusters  or  close  cymes,  with  leafy 
bracts,  and  a  short  white  or  whitish  corolla,  in  early  "summer.  They 
belong  to  the  section  (by  most  botanists  regarded  as  a  separate  genus) 
VALERIAXELLA.  ©  @ 
P.  Olitdria,  COMMON  CORN  SALAD  of  Eu.,  sparingly  naturalized  in 

the  Middle  States,  has  fruit  broader  than  long,  and.  a  thick  corky  mass  at  the 

back  of  the  fertile  cell. 

P.  Pagopyrum,  from  New  York  W.  in  low  grounds,  has  ovate- triangular 

smooth  fruit  shaped  like  a  grain  of  buckwheat  when  dry  (whence  the  specific 

name),  the  confluent  empty  cells  occupying  one  angle,  and  much  smaller  than 

the  broad  and  flat  seed. 

P.  radiata,  common  from  Penn.  and  Michigan  S.,  has  fruit  mostly  downy 

and  somewhat  4-anglcd,  the  parallel  narrow  empty  cells  contiguous  but  with 

a  deep  groove  between  them. 


60.   DIPSACE^I,  TEASEL  FAMILY. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  family  by  having  the  flowers  strictly 
in  heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  as  in  the  next  family,  —  from 
which  it  differs  in  the  separate  stamens,  hanging  seed,  &c.  All 
are  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

1.  DIPSACUS.     Coarse  and  stout  herbs,  with  stems  and  midrib  of  leaves  often 

prickly,  and  the  heads  with  rigid  prickly-pointed  bracts  or  chafl'  under  each 
flower,  under  the  whole  a  conspicuous  leafy  involucre.  Each  flower  more- 
over has  an  involucel  in  the  form  of  a  little  calvx-like  body  enclosing  the 
ovary  and  akene.  Calyx  continued  beyond  the  ovary  into  a  mere  truncate 
short  cup-like  border.  Corolla  slender,  with  4  short  lobes.  Stamens  4. 
Style  slender. 

2.  SCABIOSA.     Less  coarse,  not  prickly;  the  short  heads  surrounded  by  a  softer 

green  involucre;  a  short  scale  or  soft  bristle  for  a  bract  under  each  flower. 
Corolla  funnel-form,  4-5-cleft,  oblique  or  irregular  ;  the  outer  ones  often 
enlarged.  Stamens  4.  Style  slender.  Involucel  enclosing  the  ovary  and 
the  calyx  various. 

1.  DIPSACUS,  TEASEL.    ( Name  from  Greek  word  mean  ing  to  thirst-  the 
united  bases  of  the  leaves  in  the  common  species  catch  some  rain-water.) 
Fl.  summer. 

D.  sylv^stris,  WILD  T.  Run  wild  along  roadsides,  4° -5°  high,  prickly, 
with  lance-oblong  leaves,  the  upper  ones  united  round  the  stem,  large  oblong 
heads,  purplish  or  lilac  corollas,  and  slender-pointed  straight  chaff  under  each 
flower,  (a) 

P.  fullbnum,  FULLER'S  T.  Less  prickly  than  the  other,  with  involucre 
hardly  longer  than  the  flowers,  the  awn-like  tips  of  the  rigid  chaff  hooked  at 
the  end,  which  makes  the  teasfl  useful  for  carding  woollen  cloth  :  cultivated  in 
fields  for  this  purpose,  sometimes  escaping  into  waste  places  and  roadsides.  @ 

2.  SCABIOSA,  SCABIOUS.     (From  Latin  word  for  *™r/J/,  perhaps  from 
use  of  the  plants  to  cure  skin-diseases.)    Fl.  summer.    One  European  species 
is  commonly  cultivated  for  ornament,  viz. 

S.  atropurptirea,  SWEET  S.,  or  when  with  dark  purple  or  crimson 
flowers  called  MOUKNING  BRIDE  ;  the  flowers  are,  sometimes  rose-colored'or  even 
white:  plant  1°- 2°  high,  with  obovate  or  spatulato.  and  toothed  root-leaves, 
pinniuely-partert  stem-leTves,  the  cup  or  involucel  enclosing  the  ovary  8-grooved, 
c:\lyx  proper  with  5  l:>ng  bristles  surmounting  the  akcne ;  the  outer  corollas 
enlared. 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  179 


61.   COMPOSITJE,  COMPOSITE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  or  a  very  few  shrubs,  known  at  once  by  the  "  compound 
flower,"  as  it  was  termed  by  the  older  botanists,  this  consisting  of 
several  or  many  flowers  in  a  head,  surrounded  by  a  set  of  bracts 
(formerly  likened  to  a  calyx)  forming  an  involucre,  the  stamens  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (almost  always  5)  and  inserted  on 
its  tube,  their  anthers  syngenesious,  i.  e.  united  in  a  ring  or  tube 
through  which  the  style  passes.  Calyx  with  its  tube  incorporated 
with  the  surface  of  the  ovary,  its  limb  or  border  (named  the  pappus) 
consisting  of  bristles,  either  rigid  or  downy,  or  of  teeth,  awns,  scales, 
&e.,  or  of  a  cup  or  crown,  or  often  none  at  all.  Corollas  either 
tubular,  funnel-form,  &c.  and  lobed,  or  strap-shaped  (ligulate),  or 
sometimes  both  sorts  in  the  same  head,  when  the  outermost  or  mar- 
ginal row  has  the  strap-shaped  corollas,  forming  rays  (whicli  an- 
swered to  the  corolla  of  the  supposed  compound  flower),  the  separate 
flowers  therefore  called  ray-flowers;  those  of  the  rest  of  the  head,  or 
disk,  called  disk-flowers.  The  end  of  the  stalk  or  branch  upon 
which  the  flowers  are  borne  is  called  the  receptacle.  The  bracts,  if 
there  are  any,  on  the  receptacle  (one  behind  each  flower)  are  called 
the  chaff  of  the  receptacle ;  the  bracts  or  leaves  of  the  involucre 
outside  the  flowers  are  commonly  called  scales-  Style  2-clelt  at 
the  apex.  Ovary  1-celled,  containing  a  single  ovule,  erect  from 
its  base,  in  fruit  becoming  an  akene.  Seed  filled  by  the  embryo 
alone.  For  the  flowers  and  fruit,  and  the  particular  terms  used  in 
describing  them,  see  Lessons,  p.  106-108,  fig.  219-221,  p.  112, 
fig.  229,  230  ;  p.  130,  fig.  291  -  29G. 

The  largest  family  of  Flowering  Plants,  generally  too  difficult  for 
the  beginner ;  but  most  of  the  common  kinds,  both  wild  and  culti- 
vated, are  here  briefly  sketched.  For  fuller  details  as  to  the  wild 
ones,  with  all  the  species,  the  student  will  consult  the  Manual,  and 
Chapman's  Southern  Flora.  There  are  two  great  divisions  which 
include  all  the  common  kinds. 


I.  Head  with  only  the  outermost  flowers  strap-shaped,  and  those 
never  perfect,  i.  e.  they  are  either  pistillate  or  neutral,  always  with- 
out stamens,  or  else  with  strap-shaped  corollas  entirely  wanting. 
Plants  destitute  of  milky  or  colored  juice. 

A.  No  strap-shaped  corollas  or  true  rays. 

§  1.  Thistles  or  Thistle-like,  the  heads  with  very  many  flowers,  nil  alike  and  mostly 
perfect.  Branches  of  the  style  short  or  united,  even  to  the  tip.  Scabs  of  the 
involucre  many-ranked^  these-  or  the  leaves  commonly  tipped  with  prii  kly  or 
bristly  points. 

#  Pappus  of  many  long-plumed  bristles:  receptacle  with  bristles  between  the  flowers. 

1.  CYNARA.     Scales  of  the  involucre  of  the  great  heads  thickened  and  fleshy 

towards  the  base,  commonly  notched  at  the  end,  with  or  without  a  prickle. 
Akene*  slightly  ribbed.     Otherwise  much  as  in  the  next. 

2.  CIRSIUM.     Scales  of  the    involucre    not  fleshy-thickened,  prickly-tipped  or 

•else  merely  pointed.     Akenes  fiattish,  not  ribbed.     Filaments  of  the  ttumens 
separate. 


180  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

*  #  Pappus  of  naked,  rough  or  short-barbed  bristles,  or  none. 
•»-  Filaments  of  the  stamens  united  into  a  tube.     Leaves  white-variegated. 

3.  SILYBUM.     Scales  of  the  involucre  with  the  upper  part  leaf-like  and  spread- 

ing, spiny.  Receptacle  beset  with  bristles.  Akenes  flattened:  pappus  of 
many  rather  short  and  rigid  bristles  minutely  bearded  on  their  edges. 

H — i—  Filaments  separate. 

4.  ONOPORDON.    Heads  and  flowers  as  in  true  Thistles,  No.  2.    Receptacle  naked 

and  honeycombed.  Akenes  4-angled,  wrinkled:  pappus  of  many  slender 
bristles  united  at  base  into  a  horny  ring.  Stems  strongly  leaf-winged. 
6.  LAPPA.  Scales  of  the  globular  involucre  abruptly  tippled  with  a  spreading 
slender  awl-shaped  appendage,  mostly  hooked  at  its  point.  Receptacle  bristly. 
Akenes  flattened,  wrinkled:  pappus  of  many  short  and  rough  bristles,  their 
bases  not  united,  deciduous.  Leaves  and  stalks  not  prickly. 

6.  GARTH  AM  US.     Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  leaf-like  and  spreading,  middle 

ones  with  ovate  appendage  fringed  with  spiny  teeth  or  little  spines,  innermost 
entire  and  sharp-pointed.  Receptacle  beset  with  linear  chaff.  Akenes  very 
smooth,  4-ribbed :  pappus  none.  Leaves  with  rigid  or  short  spiny  teeth. 

7.  CNICUS  and  8.  CENTAUREA;  see  next  division. 

§  2.  Thistle-like  or  Scabious-like,  with  many-ranked  imbricated  trales  to  the  involucre, 
many-flowers,  and  the  two  branches  of  the  style  united  into  one  body  almost  or 
quite  to  the  tip,  as  in  §  1 :  but  the  outer  flowers  of  the  head  different  from  the 
rest  and  sterile,  except  in  a  few  species  of  Centaurea.  Receptacle  beset  with 
bristles. 

7.  CNTCUS.    Outer  flowers  smaller  than  the  rest,  slender-tubular,  sterile.     Scales 

of  the  involucre  tipped  with  a  long  spine-like  appendage  which  is  spiny-fringed 
down  the  sides.  Akenes  short-cylindrical,  many-ribbed  and  grooved,  crowned 
with  10  short  and  horny  teeth,  within  which  is"  a  pappus  of  10  long  and  rigid 
and  10  short  naked  bris'tles.  Leaves  prickly-toothed. 

8.  CENTAUREA.     Outer  flowers  sterile  and  with  corolla  larger  than  the  rest, 

often  funnel-shaped  and  with  long  sometimes  irregular  lobes,  forming  a  kind 
of  false  ray;  but  these  are  wanting  in  a  few  species.  Involucre  various,  but 
the  scales  commonly  with  fringed,  sometimes  with  spiny  tips.  Akenes  flat  or 
flattish :  pappus  of  several  or  many  bristles  or  narrow  scales,  or  none. 

§  3.  Bur-like  or  achenium-like  in  the  fruit,  which  is  a  completely  closed  involucre 
containing  only  one  or  two  flowers,  consisting  of  a  pistil  only,  with  barely  <t 
rudiment  of  corolla,  therefore  very  different,  from  most  plants  of  the  family  ; 
but  the  staminate  flowers  are  several  and  in  a  flat  or  top-shaped  involucre. 
Heads  tiierefore  monaicious,  or  rarely  dioecious :  no  pap2ms.  Coarse  and 
homely  weeds. 

9.  XANTHIUM.     Heads  of  staminate  flowers  in  short  racemes  or  spikes,  their 

involucre  of  several  scales  in  one  row :  fertile  flowers  below  them,  clustered 
in  the  axils,  two  together  in  a  2-celled  hooked-prickly  bur. 

10.  AMBROSIA.    Heads  of  staminate  flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes  terminating  the 

stem  or  branches,  their  involucre  of  several  scales  united  in  flattish  or  top- 
shaped  cup;  fertile  flowers  clustered  below  the  staminate,  only  one  enclosed 
in  each  small  achenium-like  involucre,  which  is  naked,  or  with  a  few  tubercles 
or  strong  points  near  the  top  in  a  single  row. 

§  4.  Plants  not  thistle-like  nor  bur-like. 
*  Two  kinds  of  flowers  in  the  same  head,  the  outer  ones  with  pistils  only. 

+-  Pappus  none  or  a  minute  border  or  cup :  no  chaff  among  the  flowers :  scales  of  the 
involucre  dry,  often  with  scarious  margins,  imbricated.  Sitter-aromatic  or 
rather  acrid  plants. 

11.  TANACETUM.     Heads  of  many  yellow  flowers ;  the  marginal  ones  with  pistil 

only  and  a  3-5-toothed  corolla.  Akenes  angled  or  ribbed,  with  a  flat  top, 
crowned  with  a  cup-like  toothed  or  lobed  pappus.  Very  strong-scented 
herbs,  with  heads  in  a  corymb. 

12.  ARTEMISIA.     Heads  small,  of  few  or  many  yellow  or  dull  purplish  flowers, 

some  of  the  marginal  ones  pistillate  and  fertile,  the  others  perfect,  but  some- 
times not  maturing  the  ovary.  Akenes  obovate  or  club-shaped,  small  at  the 
top,  destitute  of  pappus.  Bitter-aromatic,  and  strong-scented  plants,  with 
bends  in  panicles. 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  181 

^_  -K-  Pappus  none  at  all  to  the  outer  pistillate  find  fertile  flowers,  but  of  some  slender 
bristles  in  the  central  and  perfect  yet  seldom  fruit-bearing  flowers :  scales  of 
the  involucre  woolly. 

13.  FILAGO.     Heads   small  crowded   in  close   clusters,  of  many  inconspicuous 

flowers,  each  fertile  pistillate  flower  in  the  axil  of  a  thin  and  dry  chaffy  scale, 
and  with  a  very  slender  thread-like  corolla;  the  central  flowers  with'a  more 
expanded  4  -  5-toothed  corolla.    Low  herbs,  clothed  with  cottony  wool :  leaves 
entire. 
•*-  -H-  -i-  Pappus  of  all  the  flowers  composed  of  bristles :  no  chaff  among  the  flowers. 

14.  ERECHTHITES.     Heads  of  many  whitish  flowers,  with  a  cylindrical  involucre 

of  many  narrow  and  naked  scales  in  a  single  row :  outer  flowers  with  very 
slender  corolla:    inner  with  more  open  tubular  corolla.      Akenes  narrow: 
pappus  of  copious  very  fine  and  soft  naked  white  hairs.     Rank  coarse  herb. 
87.   ERIGERON.   One  species  has  such  short  and  inconspicuous  rays  that  it  may  be 
looked  for  here. 

15.  GNAPHALIUM.     Heads  of  very  many  whitish  or  yellowish  flowers,  surrounded 

by  an  involucre  of  many  ranks  of  dry  and  white  or  otherwise  colored  (not 
green)  scarious  and  persistent  scales  woolly  at  base;  the  flowers  all  fertile, 
the  outer  ones  with  pistil  and  very  slender  corolla,  the  central  ones  perfect 
and  with  more  expanded  5-toothed  corolla.  Pappus  a  row  of  very  slender 
and  roughish  bristles.  Cottony  herbs. 

16.  ANTENNARIA.     Like  Gnaphalium,  but  the  plants  nearly  or  quite  dioecious : 

the  staminate  flowers  with  a  simple  style,  but  the  ovary  sterile,  and  their 
pappus  of  stouter  bristles  which  are  thickened  at  the  summit  and  there  more 
or  less  barbed  or  plumed. 

*  *  Only  one  kind  of  flowers  in  the  head. 

-»-  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  papery  or  scarious,  often  colored  (i.  e.  not  green), 
not  withering.     (Everlastings.) 

-M-  Many  flowers  in  the  head:  scales  of  the  involucre  in  many  ranks. 

16.  ANTENNARIA.    Flowers  dioecious,  in  one  plant  all  pistillate,  with  very  slender 

corollas  and  a  pappus  of  long  and  very  fine  hair-like  naked  bristles;  in  the  other 
staminate  (with  a  simple  imperfect  style),  and  the  pappus  of  thicker  bristles 
enlarging  and  somewhat  plumed  or  barbed  at  their  summit.  Leaves  and 
stems  cottony. 

17.  RHODANTHE.    Flowers  perfect,  with  open  5-toothed  yellowish  corollas.    In- 

volucre (silvery  or  rose-colored),  smooth,  obovate  or  top-shaped.  Akenes 
woolly:  pappus  of  numerous  plumose  bristles.  Leaves  and  stems  smooth 
and  naked. 

18.  AMMOBIUM.     Flowers  perfect,  with  yellow  5-lobed  corollas,  surrounded  by  a 

silvery-white  involucre.  Chaffy  scales  on  the  receptacle  among  the  flowers. 
Akenes  flattish-4-sided :  pappus  of  4  teeth,  two  of  them  prolonged  into  a 
bristle.  Leaves  and  stems  white-cottony,  the  latter  with  leaf-like  wings. 

•4-f  -M-  Only  3  or  4  flowers  in  each  head. 

19.  HUME  A.    Flowers  perfect,  purplish,  surrounded  by  a  few  dry  and  scarious 

scales  of  the  involucre :  no  chaff  on  the  small  receptacle.  Akenes  smooth : 
no  pappus.  Herbage  green,  not  cottony:  the  small  heads  drooping  in  au 
ample  compound  panicle. 

••—I-  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  dry  and  scarious  or  papery :  flowers  all  perfect. 
•«-*  Flowers  yellow,  with  chaff  between  them :  akenes  flat,  bearing  2-4  awns  or  bristles. 
53.   BIDENS,  and  52.  COREOPSIS:  a  few  species  have  no  ray-flowers. 

•M-  ••-«•  Flowers  yellow :  no  chaff:  akenes  not  flat :  pappus  of  copious  very  soft  andflnt 
down-like  bristles. 

80.   SENECIO,  one  or  two  species  which  are  destitute  of  ray-flowers. 

•»-»•  •*•+  -4-t-  Flowers  not  yellow  nor  orange  :  no  chnff among  them. 
a*   Branches  of  the  style  slender  and  rough  all  over  with  minute  bristles. 

20.  VERNONIA.     Heads  corymbed,  with  an  involucre  of  many  imbricated  scales, 

and  15  to  30  or  more  rose-purple  flowers.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  slender.  Akenes 
cylindrical,  several-ribbed:  pappus  of  copious  hair-like  bristJes,  surrounded 
at  base  by  an  outer  set  of  very  short  and  fine  scales  or  scale-like  bristles. 
Leaves  alternate. 


182  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

b.    Branches  of  the  sd/le  long   and  slender  or  mostly  rather  club-shaped,  smooth  or 
very  minutely  puberulent  under  a  lens. 

21.  LIATRIS.     Heads  of  several  or  many  rose-purple  flowers,  surrounded  by  a 

more  or  less  imbricated  involucre,  L'obes  of  the  corolla  rather  long.  Akenes 
slender,  about  10-ribbed :  pappus  of  many  long  and  slender  bristles,  which  are 

?lumose  or  else  beset  with  a  short  beard* or  roughness  for  their  whole  length. 
,eaves  alternate,  entire. 

22.  KUHNIA.     Heads  small,  of  10-25  dull  cream-colored  flowers,  surrounded  by  a 

few  lanceolate  scales  of  the  involucre.  Corolla  slender,  barely  5-toothed. 
Akenes  cylindrical,  many-striate:  pappus  a  row  of  white  plumose  bristles. 
Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

23.  MIKANIA.     Heads  of  4  flesh-colored  flowers,  with  an  involucre  of  only  4 

scales.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Akenes  5-angled:  pappus  a  row  of  hair-like 
naked  (barely  roughish)  bristles.  Leaves  opposite;  stem  twining.' 

24.  EUPATORIUM.     Heads  of  3  or  more  flowers,  and  an  involucre  of  several  or 

many  scales.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Receptacle  flat  or  merely  convex.  Akenes 
5-angled:  pappus  a  row  of  hair-like  naked  (barely  rough )* bristles. 

25.  CONOCLINIUM.     Heads,  &c.  as  in  the  preceding^  but  the  receptacle  conical. 

Flowers  many,  blue  or  blue-purple.     Leaves  opposite. 

26.  AGERATUM.     Like  the  preceding;  but  the  receptacle  flattish,  and  the  pappus 

of  a  few  chaffy  scales,  mostly  tapering  into  a  slender  stiff  rough  bristle. 
Leaves  opposite. 

17.  PIQUERIA.  Heads  verv  small,  of  3-5  white  flowers,  and  involucre  of  4  or  5 
scales.  Akenes  5-angfed :  pappus  none.  Leaves  opposite,  3-ribbed. 

C.    Branches  of  the  style  smooth,  with  a  conical  or  flat  unusally  minutely  hairy  tip. 

28.  C  AC  ALIA.     Heads  corymbed,  with  5-30  white  or  whitish  flowers.     Scales  of 

the  involucre  a  single  row,  with  a  few  small  bractlets  at  base.  Corolla 
5-cleft.  Akenes  oblong,  smooth:  pappus  of  very  many  fine  and  soft  down- 
like  naked  bristles.  Leaves  alternate. 

40.  BELLIS.  A  cultivated  state  of  the  Daisy,  with  quilled  (monstrous)  flowers 
may  be  sought  here. 

B.    With  strap-shaped  corollas  or  rays  at  the  margin  of  the  head. 
§  1.   Herbage  not  spotted  with  large  translucent  or  colored  strong-scented  glands. 
*  Pappus  of  copious  hair-like  bristles:  no  chaff  on  (he  receptacle  among  the  flowers. 
•«-  Rays  yellow,  except  in  one  or  ttco  species  o/*Senecio  and  one  Solidago,  pistillate. 

29.  TUSSILAGO.     Ray-flowers  very  numerous  and  in  many  rows,  fertile,  with 

narrow  ligules ;  the  tubular  disk-flowers  few  in  the  centre,  and  not  fertile. 
Scale  of  the  involucre  nearly  in  one  row.  Pappus  fine  and  soft.  Head  soli- 
tary on  a  scaly-bracted  scape. 

80.  SENECIO.  Ray-flowers  several  in  a  single  row,  or  sometimes  none:  the  disk- 
flowers  (as  in  all  the  following)  perfect  and  fertile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in 
a  single  row,  or  often  with  small  bractlets  at  the  base.  Pappus  very  fine  and 
soft.  Heads  mostly  in  corymbs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple  or  compound. 

31.  ARNICA.     Ray-flowers  several  or  many  in  a  single  row.     Scales  of  the  invo- 

lucre nearly 'equal  in  2  rows.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  rough  rather  rigid 
bristles.  Akenes  slender.  Heads  few  and  rather  large.  Leaves  opposite. 

32.  INULA.     Ray-flowers  very  numerous  in  one  row,  with  narrow  ligules.     Outer 

scales  of  the  involucre  leaf-like.  Pappus  of  many  slender  roughish  bristles. 
Akenes  narrow.  Heads  large  and  broad,  the  tubular  perfect  flowers  very 
numerous,  their  anthers  with  two  tails  at  the  base.  Leaves  alternate. 

33.  CHRYSOPSIS.     Ray-flowers  numerous  in  one  row,  scales  of  the  involucre 

narrow,  not  leaf-like.  Pappus  of  many  roughish  slender  bristles,  with  also  an 
outer  row  of  very  short  and  stout  or  chaff-like  bristles.  Akenes  flattened, 
hairy.  Heads  single  or  corymbed.  Leaves  alternate. 

34.  SOLIDAGO.     Ray-flowers  1  -  8,  or  rarely  10  -  16,  the  tubular  disk-flowers  sev- 

eral, rarely  many.  Involucre  oblong,  its  scales  imbricated  and  appressed,  of 
unequal  lengths.  Pappus  a  row  of  slender  roughish  bristles.  Akenes  nar- 
row, terete,  many-ribbed.  Heads  in  panicled  racemes,  corymbs,  or  clusters, 
mostly  small.  L'eaves  alternate. 

+-  ^_  Jtayg  white,  purple,  blue,  tfc.  never  yellow,  the  flowers  of  the  disk  mostly  yellow. 

ASTKKS  and  the  like.     Leaves  alternate,  simple.     Akenes  flattened  or  fluttish. 

85.   CALLISTEPHUS.     Ray-fl,>wers  very  numerous,  usually  in  more  than  one  row, 

or  in  cultivated  varieties  in  several  rows.     Involucre  in  several  rows,  more  or 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  183 


large  and  broad.     Leaves  sessile,  coarsely  toothed.     Root  annual. 

36.  ASTER.     Ray-flowers  more  or  le*s  numerous  in  one  row.    Involucre  imbricated 

Pappus  of  Very  numerous  slender  roughish  bristles  ;  no  cup  or  crown  of 
short  bristles  outside.  Heads  usually  panicled  or  corymbed.  Root  usually 
perennial. 

37.  ERIGERON.     Ray-flowers  numerous,  narrow,  and  commonly  occupying  more 

than  one  row.  'involucre  more  simple  than  in  Aster,  the  scales  narrower, 
appressed,  mostly  of  equal  length  and  occupying  only  one  or  two  rows,  with- 
out any  leaf-like  tips;  and  the  pappus  more  *  scanty  /often  some  minute  short 
and  sometimes  chaff-like  bristles  at  the  base  of  the  long  ones. 

*  *  Pappus  not  of  long  hair-like  bristles,  either  a  little  cup  or  crown,  or  of  a  few 
scales,  teeth,  awns,  cj-c.,  or  none  at  all. 

•»-  A^  chaff  on  the  receptacle  among  the  flowers,  except  in  41-43  and  some  cultivated 
and  altered  forms  o/'44.     Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

4-t-  Akenes  flat :  rays  pistillate,  not  yellow,  at  least  in  our  species. 

38.  BOLTONIA.    Flowers  resembling  those  of  36  and  37.     Receptacle  conical  or 

hemispherical.  Akenes  very  flat,  obovate  or  obcordate  with  a  callous  margin 
or  wing:  pappus  of  several'minute  and  short  bristles,  and  commonly  2  or  3 
short  awns.  Leafy-stemmed,  tall,  branching  herbs,  with  pale-green  thickish 
and  chieflv  entire  leaves  often  turned  edgewise. 

89.  BRACHYCOME.  Flowers  like  those  of  36  or  37.  Receptacle  conical.  Akenes 
flat,  wingless :  pappus  a  ring  of  minute  short  bristles  or  narrow  scales  united 
into  a  short  crown. 

40.  BELLIS.     Heads  with  numerous  white,  reddish,  or  purple  ravs.    Receptacle 

high  conical.  Akenes  flat,  obovate,  Avingless:  no  pappus.  Low  herbs,  with 
solitary  peduncled  heads,  and  entire  or  merely  toothed  leaves. 

41.  ACHILL'EA.     Heads  mostly  with  few  and  white  (rarely  rose-red  or  yellow) 

rays.  Receptacle  small,  flattish,  chaffy.  Akenes  oblong,  margined:  no 
pappus. 

•w-  4-t-  Akenes  not  flat,  nor  boat-shaped:  pappus  n  short  crown  or  none  :  rays  pistillate 
and  fertile  except  in  42. 

42.  MARUTA.     Rays  neutral,  white;  otherwise  almost  exactly  as  in  the  next. 

43.  ANTHEMIS.     Rays  pistillate  and  fertile,  numerous,  white  or  sometimes  yellow. 

Involucre  of  many  small  close-pressed  scales.  Receptacle  convex,  with  some 
slender  chaff,  at  least  at  the  centre.  Akenes  terete,  mostly  ribbed.  Leaves 
once  to  thrice  pinnately  divided. 

44.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,   fncluding   LEUCANTHEMUM    and    PYRETHRUM. 

Rays  pistillate  and  fertile,  numerous.  Receptacle  convex  or  flat,  without 
chaff,  except  in  some  double-flowered  varieties.  Disk-flowers  mostly  with  a 
flattened  tube.  Pappus  none.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Anthemis. 

4-4-  ++  •*-+.  Akenes  top-shaped  or  oblong,  not  flattened  nor  incurved :  pappus  of  5  -  10 
conspicuous  thin  chaffy  scales  with  midrib  more  01*  less  extended  into  a  biistle 
or  anm :  rays  i,i  one  row,  not  very  numerous,  wedge-shaped,  3  -  5-cleft  or  lobed, 
yellow  or  partly  reddish  or  brownish-purple,  never  white:  involucre  of  separate 
scales. 

45.  HELENIUM.    Rays  pistillate.    Involucre  of  a  few  small  and  narrow  spreading 

or  reflexed  scales.  Receptacle  globular  or  conical.  Heads  mostly  corymbed. 
(Akene  and  pappus,  Lessons,  p.  130,  fig.  294.) 

46.  GAILLARDIA.     Rays  neutral,  often  partycolored.    Involucre  of  two  or  more 

rows  of  loose  leafy-tipped  scales.  Receptacle  convex.  Disk-flowers  often 
purple :  the  styles  with  very  slender  hispid  branches.  Heads  solitary  011  slen- 
der terminal  peduncles. 

4-*  4-t.  4-t-  •*-<•  Akenes  short,  not  incurved,  covered  with  extremely  long  soft-silky  hairt 
(which  must  not  be  confounded  with  pappus),  hiding  the  minute  pnppus  of  many 
delicate  little  scales :  rays  numerous  in  one  row,  neutral,  yellow  wifh  dark- 
colored  spot  at  base,  nearly  entire :  involucre  of  2  or  3  rows  of  short  scales 
united  in  a  cup. 

47.  GAZANIA.    Head  solitary  on  a  long  terminal  peduncle,  large  and  showy,  the 

rays  expanding  only  in  sunshine  or  bright  daylight.  Receptacle  flat.  Dish- 
flo'wers  yellow :  their  style  abruptly  thickened  below  the  two  short  branches. 


184  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 


incurved  or  boat-shaped,  rough-tubercled  on  the  back:  no  pap- 
pus :  rays  numerous  in  more  than  one  row :  flowers  all  yellow  or  orange. 

48.  CALENDULA.     Heads  showy,  solitary  terminating  the  branches,  with  the  very 

numerous  rays  pistillate  and  fertile,  expanding  in  sunshine  or  bright  daylight*; 
the  disk-flowers  sometimes  few  in  the  centre  and  sterile.  Involucre*  of  nu- 
merous short  green  scales.  Receptacle  flat.  Akenes  all  that  mature  belong- 
ing to  the  ray-flowers,  strongly  incurved,  some  of  them  even  horse-shoe- 
shaped,  or  coiled  into  a  ring,  and  (especially  the  outer  ones)  with  thickened 
margins. 

H—  •»-  A  chaff  on  the  receptacle  behind  each  flower. 

•*-*•  Only  the  ray-flowers  fertile  or  maturing  their  akenes ;  those  of  the  disk,  even  if 
apparently  perfect,  always  sterile:  flototrs  all  yellow.     Coarse  tall  herbs. 

49.  POLYMNIA.     Heads  rather  small  or  middle-sized,  with  about  5  leaf-like  scales 

to  the  involucre,  and  some  thin  and  small  inner  ones,  few  or  several  ray- 
flowers  producing  turgid  obovate  or  partly  triangular  akenes  with  no  pappus. 
Herbage  clammy-pubescent  and  rather  'strong-scented :  all  but  the  upper- 
most leaves  opposite,  and  their  petioles  winged  or  dilated  and  stipule-like  at 
the  clasping  base. 

60.  SILPHIUM.  Heads  mostly  large,  with  numerous  somewhat  leafy-tipped  or 
green  scales  to  the  involucre  imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows,  numerous  ray- 
flowers  producing  very  broad  and  flat  akenes  (parallel  with  the  scales  of  the 
involucre),  which  have  commonly  a  wing-like  margin  and  2  teeth  or  a  notch 
at  the  top.  Juice  resinous. 

•»-*•  *+  Disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile,  tJiose  of  the  ray  pistillate  and  fertile  or  neutral. 
a.   Akenes  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre  and  chaff  of  the  recep- 
tacle, or  in  53  sometimes  very  slender.     Leaves  generally  opposite  :  involucre 
double,  the  outer  mostly  leaf-like,  the  inner  of  erect  scales. 

51.   DAHLIA.    Rays  in  the  natural  flowers  neutral  or  in  the  common  species  more 
or  less  pistillate,  but  in  the  gardens  most  or  all  of  the  flowers  are  changed  into 
lys.     Inner  involucre  of  numerous  more  or  less  united  scales.     Akenes 


oblong,  obscurely  2-horned  or  notched  at  the  apex. 
COREOPSIS.     Rays  usually  8, 


52.  COREOPSIS.  Rays  usually  8,  neutral,  mostly  yellow,  or  brown-purple  at  base. 
Involucre  commonly  of  about  8  outer  loose  or  leaf-like  scales  and  as  many 
erect  inner  ones.  Chaff  slender,  deciduous  with  the  flat  akenes,  which  have 
mostly  a  pappus  of  2  teeth  or  awns,  the  latter  not  barbed  downwards. 

63.  BIDENS.  Like  Coreopsis,  but  several  without  ravs,  and  some  with  slender  or 
needle-shaped  akenes ;  all  bear  2  or  more  rigid  persistent  awns,  which  are 
barbed  downwards! 

b.  Akenes  flattened  if  at  all  contrary  to  the  scales  if  the  involucre  and  the  chaff  of 
the  receptacle,  having  the  latter  usually  embracing  or  folded  round  their  outer 
margin. 

=  Rays  deciduous  after  floivering,  yellow,  sometimes  brown-purple  at  base  in  60,  61, 
or  white  in  one  of  55.  Leaves  either  opposite  or  alternate  in  same  genus,  in 
54  -  56. 

54.  ACTINOMERIS.     Rays  neutral,  few  or  several.    Involucre  of  several  nearly 

equal  scales.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical.  Akenes  flat,  oval,  wing-mar- 
gined: pappus  of  2  persistent  smooth  awns.  Leaves  simple,  serrate,  often 
decurrent  into  wings  on  the  stem. 

55.  VERBESINA.    Rays  few  (in  ours  1-5),  pistillate.    Involucre  of  few  erect 

scales.  Receptacle  rather  flat.  Akenes  flat,  winged  or  wingless :  pappus  of 
2  persistent  awns.  Leaves  simple,  decurrent  into  wings  on  the  stem. 

58.  XIMENESIA.  Rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  spreading. 
Receptacle  flattish  or  convex.  Akenes  of  the  ray  wrinkled  and  wingless ; 
those  of  the  disk  flat  and  wing-margined,  with  two  slender  awns  united  to 
the  wing.  Leaves  mostly  with  winged  petioles  which  are  dilated  and  clasp- 
ing at  the  base. 

67.  HELIANTHUS.  Rays  several  or  many,  neutral.  Scales  of  the  involucre  im- 
bricated. Receptacle  flat  or  convex.  Akenes  flattish,  more  or  less  4-angled 
or  lenticular,  marginless:  pappus  of  2  thin  chaffy  scales  corresponding  with 

:  the  outer  and  inner  angle  of  the  akene,  and  sometimes  with  minute  inter- 
mediate ones,  all  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit.  (Lessons,  p.  130,  fig.  293.) 
Leaves  simple,  entire  or  serrate :  steins  riot  winged. 

58.  HELTOPSIS.  Rays  10  or  more,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  .in  2  or  3 
rows,  the  inner  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical.  Akenes  4-angled, 
somewhat  cubical :  no  pappus.  Leaves  opposite,  petiokd,  triple-ribbed. 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  185 

59.  RUDBECKIA.     Rays  several  or  numerous,  neutral.     Scales  of  the  involucre 

in  about  2  rows, 'spreading.  Receptacle  conical  or  columnar.  Chaff  soft. 
Akenes  short,  4-angular,  marginless,  flat  at  the  top:  pappus  none  or  a  short 
even  cup-border  or  border.  Leaves  alternate. 

60.  LEPACHYS.     Like  59,  but  akenes  flattened,  wing-margined  on  the  inner  and 

sometimes  on  the  outer  edge,  1  -  2-toothed  at  summit.  Disk  grayish.  Chair' 
short  and  truncate.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  compound. 

61.  DRACOPIS.     Like  60,  but  involucre  of  some  very  small  linear  scales,  and 

akenes  terete,  tapering  to  base,  minutely  striate,  blunt  at  top,  and  the  attach- 
ment at  one  side  of  the  base.    Leaves  alternate,  mostly  entire,  clasping. 
=  =  Rays  rather  persistent,  long,  drooping,  pistillate  but  sterile,  rose-purple. 

62.  ECHINACEA.     Rays  numerous.     Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow  and  spread- 

ing.    Receptacle  coiycal ;  the  persistent  and  rigid  spiny-tipped  chaff  longer 
than  the  purplish  disk-corollas.     Akenes  thick  and  short,  4-sided,  and  with  a 
toothed  border  for  a  pappus.     Leaves  chiefly  alternate,  3  -  5-ribbed. 
=  =  =  Rays  persistent  on  the  fruit,  becoming  dry  and  papery,  broad,  pistillate  and 
fertile,  of  various  colors. 

63.  ZINNIA.     Rays  several.     Receptacle  conical;  the  oblong  chaff  not  longer  than 

the  velvety-tipped  disk-corollas.  Akenes  oblong  or  linear,  flattened,  or  those 
of  the  ray  3-sided ;  pappus  of  a  chaffy  awn  or  tooth  on  each  angle,  or  some- 
times hardly  any.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  and  entire.  Heads  solitary, 
terminating  the  stem  or  branches. 

§  2.  Herbage,  involucres,  cf-c.  dotted  icith  large  pellucid  or  colored  glands  or  oil- 
receptacles  imbedded  in  their  substance,  making  the  plants  strong-scented: 
involucre  of  one  row  of  scales  united  into  a  bell-shaped  or  cylindrical  cup :  no 
chaff  on  thejlattish  receptacle:  Jlowers  yellow  or  orange. 

64.  TAGETES.     Rays  pistillate.     Involucre  without  bractlets  at  base.     Akenes 

elongated,  flat,  somewhat  4-sided:  pappus  of  2  or  more  unequal  rigid  chafty 
scales,  often  united  into  a  tube  or  cup,  sometimes  tapering  into  awns.  Herbs 
very  glabrous. 

65.  DYS6DIA.     Ravs  pistillate,  mostly  short.    Involucre  with  some  loose  bractlets 

at  the  base.  Receptacle  beset  with  short  chaffy  bristles.  Akenes  slender, 
4-angled  :  pappus  a  row  of  chaffy  scales  dissected  into  numerous  rough 
bristles,  so  as  to  appear  at  first  sight  as  if  capillary.  Leaves  opposite. 

II.  Head  with  all  the  flowers  strap-shaped  and  perfect.  Plants 
with  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate.  (No  chaff  on  the  receptacle 
in  any  of  the  following.) 

§  1.   Pappus  of  many  minute  chaffy  scales,  forming  a  short  crown  or  cup. 

66.  CICHORIUM.     Head  of  several  blue  flowers.     Involucre  double ;  the  outer  of 

5  short  and  spreading,  the  inner  of  about  10  erect  scales.  Akenes  short,  with 
broad  summit.  Stems  twiggy,  leafy  mostly  towards  the  base.  (Lessons, 
p.  107,  fig.  222;  the  akene,  p.  130,  fig'.  292.) 

§  2.   Pappus  of  rather  numerous  and  stout  long-plumose  bristles. 

6Y.  TR  AGOPOGON.  Head  large,  of  many  yellow  or  purplish  flowers.  Involucre 
of  about  12  lanceolate  rather  fleshy  scales  in  a  single  row,  somewhat  united  at 
the  base.  Akenes  terete,  slender,  roughish,  tapering  into  a  long  beak,  which 
bears  the  rigid  long-plumed  bristles  of  the  pappus,  5  of  these  longer  and  naked  at 
the  summit.  Stems  leafy;  leaves  entire,  parallel-veined,  clasping  at  the  base. 

68.  LEONTODON.      Head  rather  small,  of  many  yellow  flowers.     Involucre  of 

many  narrow  equal  erect  scales,  and  a  few"stiort  bractlets  at  base.  Akenes 
spindle-shaped :  pappus  a  single  row  of  tawny  plumose  bristles.  Leaves  all 
at  the  root  or  base  of  the  scapes. 

§  3.    Pappus  of  very  many  slender,  but  rather  stiff"  and  rough,  naked  and  tawny  bristles. 

69.  HIERACIUM.     Heads  small  or  smallish,  of  12  or  more  yellow  flowers.     Scales 

of  the  involucre  unequal  and  in  more  than  one  row.  Akenes  short,  oblong  or 
columnar,  not  beaked :  the  fragile  bristles  of  the  pappus  not  very  copious. 
Stems  naked  or  leafy. 

70.  NABALUS.     Heads  usually  nodding,  of  5-40  greenish-white  or  yellowish  often 

purple-tinged  flowers.    Involucre  cylindrical,  of  5-15  linear  scales  in  a  sirglo 
row  and  a  few  short  bractlets  at  base.     Akenes  cylindrical:  pappus  of  very 
copious  straw-colored  or  brownish  bristles.     Stems  leafv. 
S&F— 19 


186  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

§  4.   Pappus  of  extremely  copious  and  fine  soft  hair-like  naked  bristles. 
*  Mature  akenes  tmth  the  pappus  raised  on  a  very  long  slender  stalk-like  leak. 

71.  PYRRHOPAPPUS.     Head  of  yellow  flowers  as  in  the  next;  but  the  pappus 

rusty  red  and  with  a  minute  ring  of  soft  down  underneath  it.  Stems  branch- 
ing and  leafy  near  the  base,  the  long  peduncles  naked. 

72.  TARAXACUM.     Head  of  very  many  yellow  flowers  on  a  slender  hollow  and 

wholly  naked  scape.  Involucre  double,  the  inner  of  numerous  narrow  scales 
in  a  single  row,  the  outer  of  short  loose  scales.  Akenes  terete  or  spindle- 
shaped,  strongly  ribbed  and  tubercled  on  the  ribs,  much  shorter  than  its 
slender  beak  which  elevates  at  maturity  the  soft  and  white  pappus.  (Les- 
sons, p.  130,  fig.  296.) 

73.  LACTUCA.     Heads  of  several  variously  colored  flowers.    Involucre  of  several 

lanceolate  or  ovate  imbricated  scales  of  unequaMength.  Akenes  flat,  ab- 
ruptly contracted  into  the  slender  beak  which  elevates  the  very  'white  soft 
pappus.  Stems  leafy. 

#  #  Akenes  with  a  short  and  thick  beak  or  none  :  heads  many-flowered. 

74.  MULGEDIUM.    Involucre  as  in  73.     Flowers  blue  or  bluish.     Akenes  flat- 

tened, short-beaked.     Stems  leafy. 

75.  SONG  HITS-     Involucre  as  in  73,  or  with  narrow  and  more  equal  scales,  and 

tumid  at  base.  Flowers  yellow.  Akenes  flat  and  short,  without  a  beak  to 
support  its  very  soft  white  pappus.  Stems  branching  and  leafy.  (Lessons, 
p.  130,  fig.  295.) 

1.  CYNARA,  ARTICHOKE.     (Ancient  Greek  name.)     Two  species  oc- 
casionally cult,  from  the  Old  World,  as  esculents.     2/ 

C.  Seolymus,  TRUE  ARTICHOKE,  with  stout  stems,  slightly  prickly 
leaves  mostly  once  or  twice  pinnatitid  and  cottony  beneath,  the  ovate  and  usu- 
ally pointless  scales  of  the  involucre  and  the  receptacle  of  the  young  flower  heads 
ileshy,  and  edible  when  cooked. 

C.  Cardunculus,  CARDOON,  has  the  leaves  moi-e  deeply  and  compoundly 
divided  and  prickly,  the  less  fleshy  scales  of  the  head  prickly-tipped  ;  the  fleshy 
leafstalks  and  midrib  eaten  after  being  blanched  in  the  manner  of  celery. 

2.  CIRSIUM,  TRUE  THISTLE.     (Old  Greek  name.)     Flowers  purple 
or  pink,  occasionally  yellow  or  white,  in  summer.     ©   2/ 

§  1.   All  the  scales  of  the  head  armed  with  spreading  prickly  tips. 
C.  lanceolatum,  COMMON  THISTLE.     Nat.  from  Eu.  in  pastures,  &c. ; 
the  base  of  the  rough  deeply  pinnatitid  leaves  running  down  the  stem  in  lobed 
prickly  wings  ;  fl.  purple.     © 

§  2.   All  or  most  of  the  scales  of  the  head  appressed,  the  innermost  not  prickly- 
pointed,  the  outer  with  a  short  prickle  or  point,  or  none. 

*  Leaves  green  both  sides  or  a  little  cottony  or  cobwebby  underneath. 

C.  arv6nse,  CANADA  T.  A  vile  pest  in  fields  and  meadows  N.,  nat.  from 
Eu. :  spreading  by  deep  running  roots  as  well  as  by  seed  :  numerous  short- 
pcduncled  heads  only  1'  long,  with  rose-purple  flowers  ;  leaves  moderately  pin- 
natifid,  weak-prickly.  2/ 

C.  horridulum,  YELLOW  T.  Wild  near  the  coast  in  sandy  ground  ; 
has  very  prickly  leaves,  rather  large  heads  surrounded  at  base  by  an  involucre 
or  whorl  of  leaf-like  very  prickly  bracts,  and  yellowish  or  purplish  flowers. 

C.  pumilum,  PASTURE  T.  Wild  in  dry  fields,  l°-3°  high,  with  lance- 
oblong  pinnatifid  leaves,  single  very  large  heads  (almost  2'  across)  of  fragrant 
(purple  or  rarely  white)  flowers,  sometimes  leafy-bracted  at  base.  © 

C.  mtlticum,  S\VAMP  T.  Wild  in  swamps  and  low  ground;  3° -8°  high, 
with  deeply  divided  leaves,  few  or  no  prickles,  and  rather  large  naked  heads, 
most  of  the  scales  pointless  ;  flowers  purple.  2/ 

*  *  Leaves  white-cottony  underneath  :  flowers  purple,  rarely  white.     Wild  species. 

C.  altissimum,  TALL  T.  Fields  from  Penn.  and  S. ;  3°- 10°  high,  branch- 
ing, leafy  up  to  the  rather  small  heads,  the  oblong  leaves  wavy  or  only  slightly 
pinnatifid,  except  the  lowest.  ©  y. 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  187 

C.  Virginianum,  .VIRGINIA  T.  Chiefly  S.  &  W.  on  plains  and  barrens, 
with  rather  simple  steins  1°  -3°  high,  ending  in  a  long  naked  peduncle;  leaves 
lanceolate  and  slightly  or  not  at  all  pinnatifid  ;  head  small.  ty 

C.  discolor,  TWO-COLORED  T.  Low  grounds,  3°  -  6°  high,  branching 
and  leafy,  with  rather  small  heads,  and  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves  green  above 
white  beneath,  their  lobes  narrow  and  prickly  pointed.  (2; 

3.  SILYBUM,  MILK  THISTLE.     (An  ancient  Greek  name.) 

S.  Marianum,  the  only  species,  cult,  in  some  gardens  and  rarely  running 
wild,  from  the  Old  World,  well  marked  by  its  white-blotched  or  veined  smooth 
leaves  with  clasping  baseband  merely  sinuate  prickly  margins ;  flowers  purple, 
in  late  summer.  ©  (2) 

4.  ONOPORDON",  COTTON  or  SCOTCH  THISTLE.     (The  ancient 
Greek  name.) 

O.  Acanthium.  Nat.  from  Eu.  in  waste  places  :  tall,  white-cottony,  with 
weak  prickles  on  the  sinuate-pinnatifid  leaves  and  the  broad  leaf-like  wings  of 
the  stem  and  brandies  ;  flowers  purple,  late  summer.  © 

5.  LAPP  A,  BURDOCK.     (Name  from  a  Greek  word  meaning  to  lay  hold 
of,  from  the  burs  or  hook-awncd  heads.) 

L.  offieinalis,  var.  MAJOR,  the  COMMON  B.,  with  large  leaves  loosely 
cottony  beneath,  or  somewhat  naked,  the  lower  heart-shaped,  upper  ovate,  is 
common  in  manured  soil  and  barnyards.  Var.  MINOR  is  smaller  and  smoother, 
with  leaves  tapering  at  the  base,  often  cut-toothed  or  cleft.  Fl.  mostly  purple, 
all  summer  and  autumn.  ©  (f) 

6.  CARTHAMUS,    SAFFLOWER,    FALSE    SAFFRON.      (Arabic 
name  of  the  plant,  from  the  properties  of  the  orange-colored  flowers,  which 
arc  used  in  dying  or  coloring  yellow,  as  a  substitute  for  true  Saffron.) 

C.  tinctdrius,  the  only  common  species,  cult,  in  country  gardens,  from  the 
Orient ;  smooth,  6'  - 12'  high,  with  ovate-oblong  leaves  and  large  head,  in 
summer.  © 

7.  CNICUS,  BLESSED  THISTLE.     ( Greek  name  of  a  kind  of  Thistle. ) 
C.  benedictus,  the  only  species,  scarce  in  waste  places  S.,  from  Eu. ;  has 

much  branched  loosely  woolly  stems,  leafy  up  to  the  rather  small  heads  of  yel- 
lowish flowers,  and  pale  pinnatifid  leaves  with  slightly  prickly  edges. 

8.  CENTAUREA,    CENTAUREA   or    STAR-THISTLE.     (Ancient 
name,  after  Chiron  the  Centaur.)     Fl.  summer. 

§  1 .  Flowers  all  alike  in  the  head,  the  marginal  ones  not  enlarged  and  ray-like : 
pappus  of  very  short  bristles  :  scales  of  head  with  dark-fringed  appendage. 

C.  nigra,  BLACK  C.  or  KNAPWEED.  A  coarse  weed,  in  fields  and  waste 
places  E.,  nat.  from  Eu. ;  stem  2°  high ;  leaves  roughish,  lance-oblong,  the 
lower  with  some  coarse  teeth  ;  flowers  purple.  2/ 

§  2.  Marginal  flowers  more  or  less  enlarged,  forming  a  kind  of  false  ray,  and 
sterile:  pappus  of  bristles  :  scales  of  head  with  fringed  appendage. 

C.  Cineraria,  or  CANDIDISSIMA,  a  low  species,  cult,  from  S.  Eu.  with 
very  white-woolly  twice  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  purple  flowers,  the  outermost 
little  enlarged  :  not  hardy  N.  2/ 

C.  Americana.  Cult,  from  Arkansas  and  Texas  :  smooth,  with  stout 
stem  l°-2°  high,  oblong  or  lance-oblong  leaves,  the  upper  entire,  very  large 
head  of  showy  pale  purple  flowers,  the  outer  ones  much  enlarged,  and  the  scales 
with  large  scarious-fringed  appendage.  © 

C.  Cyanus,  BLUEBOTTLE  or  CORNFLOWER.  In  gardens,  from  Eu.,  spar- 
ingly running  wild  ;  loosely  cottony,  with  stem-leaves  linear  and  mostly  entire, 


188  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

solitary  long-stalked  head,  the  outer  flowers  very  large  and  blue,  with  white  or 
rose-colored  varieties.     (I)  ® 

C.  montana.  Cult,  from  En.  :  low  and  stout  stems  from  creeping  root- 
stock,  leaves  laucc-oblong,  head  larger,  but  flowers  similar  to  last.  2/ 

§  3.  AMBERn6A.  Marginal  sterile  flowers  many  :  pappus  of  narrow  chaff,  or 
none:  scales  of  head  naked  and  smooth.  Cult,  for  ornament,  from  Asia. 

C.  Odorata,  or  AMBKRBOI,  SWEET  SULTANA.  Smooth,  with  mostly  pin- 
natifid  leaves,  long-stalked  head  of  yellow  fragrant  flowers,  the  outer  ranks 
enlarged,  and  chaffv-bristled  pappus.  (T) 

C.  moschata,  MUSK-SCENTED  S.,  has  rose-purple  or  white  musk-scented 
flowers,  the  outer  little  enlarged,  and  no  pappus.  (T)  - 

9.  XANTHIUM,  COCKLEBUR,  CLOTBUR,     (Name  from  the  Greek 
for  yellow,  the  plants  said  to  yield  that  color.)     Coarse  and  vile  weeds,  with 
stout  and  low  branching  stems,  alternate  and  petioled  merely  toothed  or  lobed 
leaves,  and  obscure  greenish  flowers,  produced  all  summer.     (T) 

X.  Strumarium,  COMMON  C.  Barnyards  and  waste  manured  ground  : 
rough,  l°-2°  high,  with  broadly  triangular-heart-shaped  toothed  or  slightly 
lobed  leaves  on  long  petioles  ;  the  fruit  a  bur  fully  £•'  long,  with  2  straightish 
beaks  at  the  apex. 

Var.  echinatum,  on  sandy  shores,  has  a  turgid  bur  1'  long,  with  incurved 
beaks  and  more  numerous  prickles,  beset  with  glandular  bristles. 

X.  spinosum,  SPINY  C.  Sandy  shores  and  waste  places,  E.  &  S. 
Hoary ;  the  branching  stems  armed  with  slender  triple  prickles  at  the  base  of 
the  narrow  short-petioled  leaves ;  bur  small,  with  a  single  beak-like  tip. 

10.  AMBROSIA,  RAGWEED.     (The  classical  name  means  food  for  the 
Gods:  perhaps  sarcastically  applied  to  these  miserable  weeds.)    Leaves  oppo- 
site or  the  upper  alternate,  mostly  lobed  or  cut :  flowers  greenish,  all  summer 
and  autumn.     © 

A.  triflda,  GREAT  RAGWEED.  Tall  coarse  herb  along  low  borders  of 
streams,  4° -10°  high,  rough,  with  opposite  deeply  3-lobed  leaves  on  margined 
petioles,  the  lobes  lance-ovate  and  serrate,  staminate  heads  in  racemes,  their  in- 
volucres 3-ribbcd  on  one  side,  the  fertile  one  or  fruit  obovatc  and  with  5  or  6 
ribs  ending  in  a  tubercle  or  spiny  point. 

A.  bidentata.  Prairies  from  111.  S.,  l°-3°  high,  hairy,  very  leafy;  the 
leaves  alternate,  closely  sessile,  lanceolate,  and  with  a  short  lobe  or  tooth  on  one 
side  near  the  base ;  heads  in  a  dense  spike,  the  top-shaped  involucre  of  the  sterile 
ones  with  a  large  lanceolate  appendage  on  one  side. 

A.  artemisisefblia,  ROMAN  WORMWOOD,  HOGWEED,  or  BITTERWEED. 
Waste  places  and  roadsides,  l°-3°  high,  hairy  or  roughish  ;  with  twice  pin- 
natifid  leaves  either  opposite  or  alternate,  pale  or  hoary  beneath,  staminate 
heads  in  panicled  racemes  or  spikes,  the  small  roundish  fruit  with  about  6  little 
teeth  or  spines. 

11.  TANACETTJM,  TANSY.     (Old  name,  said  to  be  a  corruption  of 
Athanasia,  undying,  from  the  durable  flowers.)     Fl.  all  summer.     ^ 

T.  VUlgare,  COMMON  TANSY,  from  Eu. :  cult,  in  old  gardens,  and  a  road- 
side weed,  2° -4°  high,  smooth,  strong-scented  and  acrid,  with  deep  green  1-3- 
pinnately  compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  and  winged  margins  of  the  petiole  cut- 
toothed  ;  in  var.  CR^SPUM,  leaves  more  cut  and  crisped. 

T.  Balsamita,  COSTMARY  :  a  garden  herb,  from  Eu.,  1°  -  2°  high,  smooth, 
with  pleasant  scent,  the  pale  leaves  oblong  and  nearly  toothed,  and  small  heads 
of  pale  yellow  flowers. 

12.  ARTEMISIA,  WORMWOOD.      (Dedicated  to  Artemis,  the  Greek 
Diana.)     Fl.  summer. 

#  Leaves  hoary  or  cottony,  at  least  underneath.     2/ 

A.  Absinthium,  COMMON  WORMWOOD,  from  Eu. ;  in  old  gardens  and 
a  roadside  weed ;  strong-scented,  silky -hoary,  with  stems  2° -4°  high  and  rather 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  189 

woody  at  base,  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  parted  leaves  with  lanceolate  lobes,  and 
nodding  hemispherical  heads. 

A.  VUlgaris,  MUGWORT  of  En.  ;  in  old  gardens  and  roadsides,  with 
pinnatifid  leaves  green  above  and  cottony-white  beneath,  their  lance-linear 
divisions  mostly  cut  and  cleft,  and  small  heads  in  open  panicles. 

A.  Ludoviciana,  WESTERN  M.,  is  wild  from  Michigan  W.  and  S.  "W., 
with  lanceolate  leaves  mostly  cottony-white  on  both  sides,  many  of  them  entire 
or  merely  toothed,  and  larger  heads  in  narrow  or  spike-like  panicles. 
*  *  Leaves  (and  whole  plant)  smooth  and  green  or  nearly  so, 
•*-  Not  very  Jine  or  finely  cut. 

A.  bidnnis,  BIENNIAL  WORMWOOD.  Gravelly  banks  and  shores  N.  W., 
extending  E.  along  railroads;  l°-3°  high,  with  small  greenish  heads  much 
crowded  in  the  axils  the  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  leaves,  their  lobes  linear,  in  the 
lower  cut-toothed.  ©  @ 

A.  Dracunculus,  TARRAGON,  is  sparingly  cult,  from  Eu.  for  the  aro- 
matic (lance-linear  entire)  leaves,  used  as  a  condiment.  1}. 

-•-  H-  Very  Jine  thread-like,  or  capillary  diinsions  to  the  1  —  3-pinnately  divided 
leaves  :  heads  loosely  panicled. 

A.  Abrotanum,  SOUTHERNWOOD,  from  S.  Eu. ;  cult,  in  gardens  for  the 
pleasant-scented  foliage,  3°  -  5°  high,  woody-stemmed.  ^Z 

A.  caudata,  is  a  wild  Wormwood  along  the  sandy  coast  and  lake  shores, 
2°  -  4°  high.  © 

13.  FILAGO,  COTTON-ROSE.     (Latin  name,  from  the  cottony  hairs.) 

F.  Germanica,    GERMAN   C.  or  HERBA  IMPIA  of  the  old  herbalists, 
branches  with  a  new  generation  of  clustered  heads  rising  out  of  the  parent  clus- 
ter at  the  top  of  the  stem  (as  if  undutifully  exalting  themselves) ;  stems  5'  -  10' 
high,  crowded  with  the  lanceolate  erect  and  entire  cottony  leaves.     Old  dry 
fields  from  New  York  S. ;   fl.  summer  and  autumn.     (T)  * 

14.  ERECHTHITES,  FIREWEED.     (Ancient  name  of  some  Ground- 
sel, after  Erechthcus.)     Fl.  summer  and  autumn.     (T) 

E.  Ilieracif61ia,  one  of  the  plants  called  FIREWEED,  because  spi-inging 
up  Avhere  woods  have  been  cleared  and  ground  burned  over,  especially  N. :  very 
rank  and  coarse  herb,  often  hairy,  l°-5°  high,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong  cut- 
toothed  leaves,  the  upper  with  auricled  clasping  base,  and  panicled  or  coryrnbed 
heads  of  dull  Avhite  flowers,  in  fruit  with  copious  white  and  very  soft  downy 
pappus. 

15.  GNAPHALIUM,    EVERLASTING,    IMMORTELLE,     CUD- 
WEED.     (Name  from  Greek,  meaning  lock  of  wool.)      Fl.  summer  and 
autumn. 

§  1.    Wild  species,  with  crowded  small  heads,  the  slender  pistillate  fiowers  very 
numerous  and  occupying  several  rows. 

#  Scales  of  the  involucre  white  or  yellowish-white  :  stem  erect,  1°  -  2°  hi(jh  :  heads 

many,  coryrnbed.     Common  in  old  fields,  copses,  $°c. 

G.  polycephalum,  COMMON  EVERLASTING.      Leaves  lanceolate,  with 
narrowed  base  and  wavy  margins,  the  upper  surface  nearly  naked  ;  the  perfect 
flowers  few  in  the  centre  of  each  head.     ® 

G.  deciirrens,  DECURRENT  E.,  equally  common  from  New  Jersey  to 
Michigan  and  N. ;  leaves  lance-linear,  cottony  both  sides,  the  base  partly  clay- 
ing and  extending  down  on  the  stem ;  many  perfect  flowers  in  the  centre  of  each 
head.  ^ 

*  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  tawny-purplish  or  whitish,  not  at  all  showy  or  pdal- 

like :  heads  small,  crowded  in  sessile  clusters :  stems  spreading  or  ascendim/, 

3'  -  20'  high.     ® 

G.  uligindsum,  Low  CUDWEED.  A  most  common,  insignificant  little 
weed  in  wet  places,  especially  roadsides,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  and  in- 
conspicuous heads  in  terminal  clusters. 


190  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

G.  purpdreum,  PURVLISH  C.  In  sand  or  gravel  along  and  near  tlic 
sea-shore  :  taller,  -with  oblong-spatulatc  or  lanceolate  leaves  green  above  and 
white-cottony  beneath,  and  purplish  heads  in  axillary  clusters,  or  spiked  along 
the  upper  part  of  the  stem. 

§  2.  Ornamented  exotic  IMMORTELLES  in  the  gardens,  these  in  strictness  named 
HELICHRYSUM,  with  pistillate  flowers  fewer  or  in  a  single  marginal  row. 

G.  bracteatum,  or  HELICHRYSUM  BRACTEATUM,  from  Australia :  tall, 
smoothish  or  slightly  downy,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  large  heads  terminating  the 
branches  and  with  some  leaf-like  bracts  on  the  peduncle,  the  permanent  and 
very  numerous  scales  of  the  involucre  very  showy  and  petal-like,  spreading  in 
many  ranks,  golden  yellow,  and  with  white  varieties.  ®  ® 

G.  (or  H.)  macranthum,  from  Australia,  is  less  tall  (l°-2°  high),  with 
roughish  stem  and  lance-oblong  or  spatulate  leaves  green  throughout,  and  the 
showy  solitary  heads  nearly  2'  across ;  the  scales  of  the  involucre  rose-red,  or 
white  on  the  upper  face.  ^  © 

16.  ANTENNARIA,    EVERLASTING,     IMMORTELLE.       (Name 
from  the  club-shaped  pappus  of  the  staminate  flowers,  which  resembles  the 
antennas  of  certain  insects.)     ^ 

A.  margaritacea,  PEARLY  EVERLASTING.  Dry  fields  and  woods, 
especially  N.,  fl.  in  summer :  stem  about  2°  high,  leafy  to  the  top ;  the  leaves 
lance-linear ;  heads  in  a  broad  corymb,  the  fertile  ones  with  a  few  imperfect 
staminate  flowers  in  the  centre  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  pearly  white,  rounded. 

A.  plantaginifolia,  PLANTAIN-LEAVED  E.  Dry  knolls  and  slopes,  11. 
early  spring:  in  patches,  spreading  by  runners  and  offsets;  the  root-leaves 
spatulate  or  obovate  and  tufted  ;  flowering  stems  4'  —  8'  high,  with  few  and  small 
lanceolate  leaves  ;  heads  in  a  small  corymb,  the  fertile  ones  with  narrow  and 
acutish,  the  staminate  with  white  and  rounded  scales. 

17.  RHODANTHE.      (Name  from  Greek  words  for  rose  and  flower,  from 
the  rose-colored  pearly  heads,  which  in  cultivation  are  sometimes  white.)     (T) 
R.  Manglesii,    cult,  in  gardens  for  ornament,   from  Australia  :    a  low 

smooth  herb,  with  oblong  and  alternate  clasping  entire  leaves,  and  loosely 
corymbed  showy  nodding  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  the  pearly  involucre  obovate 
or  obconical,  smooth,  rose  or  white,  very  ornamental,  in  summer. 

18.  AMMOBIUM.    (Name  from  Greek  words  meaning  living  in  sand.}    (T) 
A.  alatum,  of  Australia,  cult,  for  ornament :  1°  -3°  high,  rather  cottony, 

with  root-leaves  oblong  and  tapering  downwards  into  a  petiole,  stem-leaves 
small  and  lanceolate,  and  extended  down  the  branches  and  stems  in  the  form  of 
leaf-like  wings  ;  heads  solitary  with  pearly  white  involucre  surrounding  yellow 
flowers. 

19.  HUMEA.     (Named  for  Lady  Hume.)     From  Australia,  cult,  for  orna- 
ment.    ® 

H.  dlegans.  Tall,  3°  -  6°  high  when  in  flower,  with  simple  stem  thickly 
set  with  the  alternate  lance-ovate  and  clasping  green  leaves,  the  summit  branch- 
ing into  a  large  drooping  panicle,  its  branches  slender,  bearing  very  numerous 
and  small  purplish  heads. 

20.  VERNONIA,  IRON- WEED.     (Named  for  a  Mr.  Vernon,  of  Eng- 
land, who  travelled  in  this  country.)     El.  autumn.     2/ 

V.  Noveborac^nsis,  NEW  YORK  or  COMMON  IRON-WEED.  Near  the 
coast  and  along  rivers  :  3°  -  6°  high,  with  lanceolate  serrate  leaves,  crowded 
along  the  whole  height  of  the  stem,  heads  in  a  broad  corymb,  and  scales  of  in- 
volucre with  slender  awl-shaped  or  awn-like  tips. 

V.  fasciculata,  only  W.  &  S.  in  prairies,  &c.,  has  the  scales  of  involucre 
blunt  and  pointless,  except  perhaps  some  of  the  lowest. 

V.  angUStifblia,  only  S.,  has  narrow  linear  and  more  scattered  leaves. 


ou 


ir^r* 

« 

COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  101 


21.  LIATRIS,  BUTTON-SNAKEROOT  or  BLAZING-STAR.     (An 

unexplained  name.)     Chiefly  in  pine-barrens  or  sandy  soil.    Fl.  late  summer 

and  autumn.     11 

§  1  .  Stem  commonly  wand-like  and  simple,  rising  from  a  round  conn  or  short  tuber, 
very  leafy  with  narrow  and  entire  often  grass-like  leaves  :  heads  spiked  or 
racemed,or  occasionally  branching  into  a  panicle,  with  imbricated  involucre  : 
lobes  of  the  rose-purple  corolla  long  and  slender. 

*  Bristles  of  the  jxippus  plainly  plumose  to  the  naked  eye. 
•«-  Heads  small,  only  4  -  5  -flowered. 

L.  tenuifdlia,  in  S.  pine-barrens,  has  very  slender  mostly  thread-shaped 
leaves,  stem  2°  -4°  high,  very  slender  raceme,  and  scales  of  involucre  erect  and 
pointed. 

L.  61egans,  from  Virginia  S.  ;  2°  high,  often  hairy  or  downy,  with  com- 
pact spike,  short  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  and  scales  of  involucre  with  spread- 
ing rose-purple  tips. 

•»-  •*-  Heads  large  and  fewer,  cylindrical,  many-flowered. 

L.  squarrbsa,  COMMON  BLAZING-STAR;  from  Penn.  S.  &  W.  ;  l°-3° 
high,  with  linear  leaves,  few  heads  about  1  '  long,  and  scales  of  involucre  with 
spreading  leaf-like  tips. 

L.  cylindracea,  from  W.  Canada  S.  W.,  smaller  than  the  preceding, 
6'  -  18'  high,  the  narrow  heads  with  short  and  rounded  appressed  tips. 
*  *  Bristles  of  the  pappus  not  plainly  plumose  to  the  naked  eye. 
H-  Heads  30  -  40-JJowered,  commonly  an  inch  broad. 

L.  SCari6sa,  with  stout  stem  2°  -  5°  high,  lanceolate  leaves,  or  the  lower 
spatulate-oblpng,  and  very  numerous  scales  of  the  involucre  with  rounded  tips, 
often  scarious  or  purple  on  the  margins. 

•*-  t-  Heads  3  -  \5-Jlowered,from  y  to  \'  long:  stem  2°  -  5°  high. 

L.  pycnostachya,  in  prairies  W.,  with  linear  or  lance-linear  leaves,  and 
a  very  dense  spike  of  about  5-flowered  heads,  the  scales  of  the  involucre  with 
recurving  purplish  tips. 

L.  spicata,  the  commonest  species  ;  in  low  grounds,  with  8  -  1  2-flowrercd 
heads  crowded  in  a  long  spike,  the  oblong  and  blunt  scales  of  involucre  without 
any  obvious  tips. 

L.  graminifblia,  in  wet  pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  S.,  has  7-12- 
flowered  heads  in  a  looser  spike  or  raceme,  the  rigid  appressed  scales  blunt  or 
slightly  pointed. 

L.  gracilis,  from  N.  Carolina  S.,  with  spi'eading  leaves,  the  lower  lance- 
oblong  and  long-petioled,  the  others  linear  and  short,  and  3  -  7-flowered  small 
heads  on  spreading  pedicels. 

§  2.   No  tuber  or  corm  :  leaves  brood:  heads  small,  in  a  corymb. 
L.  odoratissima,  VANILLA-PLANT  of  low  pine-barrens  S.  (also  wrongly 
called  HOUND'S-TONGUE)  :  2°-3°  high,  very  smooth,  with  pale  obovatc  or  ob- 
long leaves  which  are  vanilla-scented  in  withering,  the  heads  7  -  8-flowercd,  in- 
volucre of  few  scales,  and  pappus  not  plumose. 

22.  KUHNIA.     (Named  by  Linnams  for  Dr.  Kuhn  of  Pennsylvania.) 

K.  eupatorioides,  the  only  species  from  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  S., 
is  a  rather  homely  herb,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  and  paniclcd  or  corymbed  small 
heads  of  flowers,  in  autumn.  2/ 

23.  MIKANIA,  CLIMBING  HEMPWEED.     (Named  for  a  Bohemian 
botanist,  Prof  Mikan.) 

M.  scandens,  a  rather  handsome  plant,  climbs  over  bushes  in  low  grounds, 
with  triangular-heart-shaped  or  halberd-shaped  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  pur- 
plish flowers,  in  summer.  ")± 


44* 


192  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

24.   EUPATOIIITJM,  THOROUGHWORT,  BONESET.     (Old  name, 
dedicated  to  Eupator  Mithridates,  who  is  said  to  have  used  the  European  spe- 
cies in  medicine.     Most  of  the  species  are  American.)     2/ 
E.  glechonopll^'llum,  of  Chili,  and  one  or  two  other  somewhat  woody- 
stemmed  and  white-flowered  species  are  cultivated  in  greenhouses  for  winter- 
blooming.  —  The  following  are  the  commonest  wild  species ;  fl.  late  summer 
and  autumn. 

§  1 .    Leaves  3  —  6  in  a  whorl :    heads  5  —  1 ^-flowered,  cylindrical,  the  purplish 

scales  closely  imbricated  in  several  rows :  flowers  flesh-colored. 

j    I       E.  purpureum,  PURPLE  T.  or  JOE-PYE  WEED.      Low  grounds,  with 
L   J*  &•  simple  stems  3°  -  1 2°  high,  with  or  without  purplish  spots  or  dots,  very  veiny 
oblong-ovate  roughish- toothed  and  pointed  leaves  on  petioles,  and  dense  com- 
pound corymbs. 

§2.   Leaves  opposite  (or  only  the  uppermost  alternate]  and  sessile  :  heads  corymbed, 

the  scales  more  or  less  imbricated :  flowers  white. 
#  Leaves  united  at  base  around  the  stem  in  pairs  (cbnnate-perfoliate) . 

E.  perfbliatum,  THOROUGHWORT  or  BONESET.  Low  grounds  every- 
where (the  bitter  infusion  used  as  a  popular  medicine),  2° -4°  high,  hairy;  the 
lanceolate  leaves  taper-pointed,  serrate,  very  veiny  and  somewhat  wrinkled, 
5'  -  8'  long ;  the  very  numerous  heads  crowded  in  a  dense  corymb,  10  -  30- 
flowered. 

*  *  Leaves  separate  at  base :  heads  mostly  5  -  8-flowered. 

E.  Sessilif61ium,  on  shady  banks,  is  smooth,  4°  -  6°  high,  with  lance- 
ovate  serrate  leaves  (3' -6'  long)  tapering  from  a  rounded  closely  sessile  base  to 
a  slender  point,  and  small  heads  in  very  compound  flat  corymbs. 

E.  pubescens,  in  dry  soil  chiefly  near  the  coast,  only  2°  high,  with  ovate 
acute  and  toothed  downy  leaves,  and  7-8  flowers  in  the  heads. 

E.  rotundifblium,  in  similar  places  and  like  the  foregoing,  but  with 
roundish-ovate  blunt  leaves  more  deeply  toothed,  and  5-flowered  heads. 

E.  teucrifolium,  in  low  groimds  near  the  coast,  roughish-pubescent, 
with  ovate-oblong  or  lance-oblong  veiny  deeply  few-toothed  leaves  and  small 
corymbs. 

E.  £lbum,  in  sandy  soil  from  New  Jersey  S.,  2°  high,  is  roughish-hairy, 
with  oblong-lanceolate  coarsely  toothed  and  strongly  veiny  leaves,  and  heads 
crowded  in  the  corymb,  the  lanceolate  and  pointed  scales  of  the  involucre  white 
above  and  larger  than  the  flowers. 

E.  altissimum,  in  dry  soil  from  Penn.  to  111.  and  S.,  is  stout  and  tall, 
3° -7°  high,  downy,  with  lanceolate  leaves  (resembling  those  of  some  Golden- 
rods)  tapering  to  both  ends  and  conspicuously  3-nerved,  either  entire  or  toothed 
above  the  middle  ;  corymbs  dense  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  blunt. 

E.  hyssopifdlilim,  in  dry,  sterile  soil,  from  Mass.  S.,  l°-2°  high, 
smoothish,  with  narrow  linear  or  lanceolate  blunt  1  -  3-nerved  leaves. 

§  3.  Leaves  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite,  all  long-petioled :  corymbs  compound : 
flowers  12-15  in  the  head,  small,  white. 

E.  Ser6timim,  in  low  grounds  from  Maryland  to  111.  &  S.,  minutely 
pubescent,  tall  (3°  — 6°  high),  bushy -branched  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and 
taper-pointed,  triple-ribbed,  coarsely  toothed,  5' -6'  long;  the  involucre  very 
downy. 

§  4.  Leaves  opposite,  petioled,  triple-ribbed:  heads  in  corymbs,  8 - 30- flowered,  the 
scales  of  the  involucre  equal  and  almost  in  one  row :  flowers  white. 

E.  ageratoid.es,  WHITE  SNAKE-ROOT.  Common  in  woods,  especially 
N.,  2°  -  3°  high,  smooth,  with  broadly  ovate  long-petioled  coarsely  and  sharply 
toothed  thin  leaves  (4'-  5'  long),  and  heads  of  handsome  pure-white  flowers  in 
compound  corymbs. 

E.  aromaticum,  like  the  preceding,  but  commoner  S.  and  only  near  the 
coast ;  more  slender,  usually  less  smooth,  with  thicker  leaves  more  bluntly 
toothed  on  short  petioles,  the  corymbs  usually  less  compound. 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  193 

25.  CONOCLINIUM,  MIST-FLOWER.     (Name  from  Greek,  means 
conical  receptacle,  in  which  alone  it  differs  from  Eupatorium,  i.  e.  from  such 
species  as  those  of  the  last  section.)     2/ 

C.  CCelestinum,  in  rich  soil  from  Penn.  to  111.  and  S.,  sometimes  cult, 
for  ornament,  l°-2°  high,  with  triangular-ovate  or  slightly  hea.rt-shaped 
coarsely  toothed  leaves,  and  a  flat  corymb  of  small  heads  of  blue-purple  flowers, 
in  autumn. 

26.  AGERATUM.    (An  ancient  Greek  name,  which  means  not  growing  old, 
probably  applied  originally  to  some  sort  of  Everlasting.) 

A.  conyzoides,  the  variety  with  azure-blue  flowers  called  A.  MEXICANUM, 
cult,  for  ornament  from  Trop.  Amcr. ;  2° -3°  high,  soft-downy,  with  ovate  or 
somewhat  heart-shaped  petioled  leaves,  and  corymbed  heads  of  azure-blue  flow- 
ers, produced  all  summer  and  autumn.  © 

27.  PIQTJERIA.     (Named  for  an  obscure  Spanish  botanist,  Piquerio.) 

P.  trinervia,  from  Mexico,  cult,  for  winter-blooming ;  smooth,  2°  -  3° 
high,  branched,  with  lance-oblong  3-nerved  sparingly  serrate  leaves,  and  loose 
panicled  corymbs  of  very  small  white-flowered  heads  ;  much  used  for  dressing 
larger  cut  flowers.  © 

28.  C  AC  ALIA,  INDIAN   PLANTAIN.      (Ancient  name,  of  uncertain 
meaning.)     Natives  of  rich  soil,  fl.  mostly  in  late  summer.     ^ 

*  Receptacle  flat :  involucre  with  some  bracts  at  the  base. 

C.  suaveolens,  from  Conn,  to  Wisconsin  and  S.,  but  rare ;  3° -5°  high, 
with  halberd-shaped  serrate  leaves  on  winged  petioles,  and  rather  large  heads  of 
20  -  30  flowers. 

*  *  Receptacle  pointed  in  the  middle:  involucre  ^-flowered,  of  5  scales,  naked. 

C.  reniformis,  GREAT  I.,  from  New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  S.  along  the 
mountains,  4°  -  9°  high,  with  large  and  green  repand-toothed  petioled  leaves, 
the  lower  kidney-shaped,  the  upper  fan-shaped. 

C.  atriplicifblia,  PALE  I.  Commoner  S. :  pale  or  glaucous,  with  coarsely 
toothed  or  angled  leaves,  the  lower  almost  kidney-shaped,  the  upper  wedge-shaped. 

C.  tuberbsa,  TUBEROUS  I.  Wet  prairies  W.,'  with  angled  stem  and 
green  thickish  5  -  7-nerved  mostly  entire  leaves,  the  lower  lance-oval  and  taper- 
ing into  long  petioles,  the  upper  short-petioled.  Flowers  in  early  summer. 

29.  TITSSILAGO,  COLTSFOOT.    (Name  from  the  Latin  tussis,  a  cough, 
for  which  the  plant  is  a  popular  remedy. )     ^ 

T.  Farfara,  the  only  species,  is  wild  along  brooks,  damp  roadsides,  and 
near  dwellings  N.,  probably  introduced  from  Europe,  spreading  very  much  by 
its  creeping  (mucilaginous  and  bitter)  rootstocks,  which  send  up,  in  earliest 
spring,  scaly-bracted  scapes,  3'  -  6'  high,  bearing  a  single  Dandelion-like  head, 
followed  by  the  rounded  and  somewhat  angled  or  toothed  heart-shaped  or  kid- 
ney-shaped leaves,  which  are  cottony  beneath  when  young. 

30.  SENECIO,    GROUNDSEL.      (Name  from  the  Latin  senex,  an  old 
man,  referring  to  the  hoary  hairs  of  many  species,  or  to  the  white  hairs  of  the 
pappus.) 

§  1.     Wild  species,  chiefly  of  low  or  wet  grounds,  with  yellow  flowers. 

*  No  ray-flowers,  introduced  from  Eu. :  fl.  all  summer.     (T) 
S.  vulgaris,  COMMON  GROUNDSEL  ;    a  low  weed  in  waste  or  cultivated 
grounds  E.,  corymbose,  nearly  smooth,  with  pinnatifid  and  toothed  leaves. 

*  *   With  ray-flowers,  native  herbs  :  fl.  spring  and  early  summer. 
S.  lobatus,  BUTTERWEED.      Low  banks  of  streams   S.  &   S.  W.,  very 
smooth,  l°-.'J°  high,  with  tender  lyrate-pinnatifid  or  pinnate  and  variously 
lobed  leaves,  small  heads  in  naked  corymbs,  and  about  12  conspicuous  rays,    (t) 
13 


194:  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

S.  aureus,  GOLDEN  EAGWORT  or  SQUAW-WEED.  Cottony  when  young, 
becoming  smooth  with  age,  sometimes  quite  smooth  when  young-,  with 'simple 
stems  l°-3°  high,  root-leaves  simple  and  in  different  varieties  either  round, 
ohovate,  heart-shaped,  oblong,  or  spatulate,  crenate  or  cut-toothed,  on  slender 
petioles,  lower  stem-leaves  lyrate,  upper  ones  sessile  or  clasping  and  cut-pin- 
natifid;  corymb  umbel-like ;  rays  8 -12.  ^ 

§  2.   Exotic  species,  cultivated  for  ornament  from  the  Old  World. 

#  EMILIA,  or  CACALIA,  of  the  older  botanists,  with  no  rays,  but  many  orange- 

red  disk-flowers  in  a  very  simple  cup-like  involucre :  akenes  with  5  acute. 

and  hispid-ciliate  angles.     © 

S.  SOnchif61ia,  TASSEL-FLOWER  :  cult,  as  a  summer  annual,  from  India, 
very  smooth  or  a  little  bristly,  pale  or  glaucous,  l°-2°  high,  with  root-leaves 
oboVate  and  petioled,  stem-leaves  sagittate  and  partly  clasping,  and  rather  showy 
heads  in  a  naked  corymb,  in  summer. 

#  *  Heads  ivith  no  rays  and  only  6-12  disk-floivers,  small,  yellow :  stem  extensively 

climbing,  more  or  less  twining. 

S.  SCandens,  cult,  as  house  plant  under  the  name  of  GERMAN  IVY,  but  is 
from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  resembles  Ivy  only  in  the  leaves,  which  are 
round-heart-shaped  or  angled  and  with  3  —  7  pointed  lobes,  soft  and  tender  in 
texture,  and  very  smooth  :  the  flowers  seldom  produced.  ^ 

#  *  *  CINERARIA.     Heads  with  rays  and  numerous  disk-flowers :  not  climbers. 

+-  Flowers  all  yellow.     2/ 

S.  Cineraria,  or  CINER\RIA  MARfxiMA,  of  Mediterranean  coast,  an  old- 
fashioned  house-plant,  ash-white  all  over  (whence  the  name  Cineraria  and  the 
popular  one  of  DUSTY  MILLER)  with  a  woolly  coating  ;  the  branching  stems 
somewhat  woody  at  base ;  leaves  pinnately  parted  and  the  divisions  mostly 
sinuate-lobed  ;  the  small  heads  in  a  dense  corymb. 

S.  Kfcempferi,  of  "Japan  and  China,  is  most  probably  the  original  of  the 
FARFtiGiUM  GRANDE,  lately  introduced  into  the  gardens,  where  it  hardly  ever 
flowers  :  it  is  cultivated  for  the  foliage,  the  thick  and  smooth  rounded  and  angled 
rather  kidney-shaped  root-leaves  blotched  with  white ;  some  of  the  flowers  more 
or  less  2-lipped.  If. 

-*-  •»—  Ray-flowers  purple,  violet,  blue,  or  varying  to  white,  those  of  the  dislc  of 
similar  colors  or  sometimes  yellow. 

S.  Heretieri,  or  CINERARIA  LANATA,  from  Teneriffc,  with  woody  base 
to  the  stem,  rounded  heart-shaped  5  -  7-lobed  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  very 
white-cottony  beneath  but  soon  smooth  and  green  above,  and  peduncle  bearing 
solitary  rather  large  head  of  purple  flowers,  is  a  less  common  house-plant  than 
the  next.  11 

S.  cruentUS,  the  COMMON  CINERARIA  of  the  greenhouses,  from  Tene- 
riffe,  is  herbaceous,  smoothish,  with  the  heart-shaped  and  angled  more  or  less 
cut-toothed  leaves  green  above  and  usually  crimson  or  purple  underneath,  the 
lower  with  wing-margined  petioles  dilated"  into  clasping  auricles  at  the  base ; 
heads  numerous  in  a  flat  corymb,  the  handsome  flowers  purple,  crimson,  blue, 
white,  &c.  Jl 

S.  elegans,  PURPLE  EAGWORT,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  a  smooth  herb, 
with  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  with  half  clasping 
base,  the  lobes  oblong  and  often  sinuate-toothed ;  heads  corymbcd,  with  yellow 
or  purple  disk-flowers  and  purple  or  rarely  white  rays.  (£)  And  a  full-double 
Tariety,  having  the  disk-flowers  turned  into  rays.  2/ 

31.  ARNICA.  (Old  name,  thought  to  be  a  corruption  of  Ptarmica.)  The 
common  European  species  is  used  in  medicine.  The  following  probably  has 
similar  properties.  2/ 

A.  nudicatllis,  so  called  for  the  naked  stem,  which  bears  only  1  or  2  pairs 
of  small  leaves,  although  l°-3°  high,  the  main  leaves  being  clustered  at  the 
root,  thickish,  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  3-5-ncrvi'd,  mostly  entire,  hairy  ;  heads 
several,  loosely  corymbed,  pretty  large  and  showy,  in  spring.  Low  pine-barrens 
from  S.  Pcnn.  S. 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  105 

32.  INUL A,  ELECAMPANE.     (Ancient  Latin  name.)    Fl.  summer.    ^ 
I.  Hel6nium,  COMMON  ELECAMPANE.      In  old  gardens  and  nat.  from 

Eu.  by  roadsides;  a  stoiit  herb,  with  stems  3° -5°  high  from  a  thick  mucilagi- 
nous root  (used  in  medicine),  large  entire  leaves  woolly  beneath,  those  from  the 
root  ovate  and  petioled,  the  others  partly  clasping;  heads  large,  but  the  rays 
very  narrow. 

33.  CHRYSOPSIS,  GOLDEN  ASTER.     (Name  from  two  Greek  words 
meaning  golden  in  appearance,  from  the  yellow  flowers.)     Low  herbs,  wild 
chiefly  S.  &  W.,  in  dry  and  barren  or  sandy  soil :  fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

C.  graminifblia,  from  Delaware  S.  :  silvery-silky,  with  long  lance-linear 
and  grass-like  shining  nerved  leaves,  and  single  or  few  heads.  ^ 

C.  falcata,  on  the  coast,  from  Cape  Cod  to  New  Jersey  :  only  4'  -  10'  high, 
woolly,  clothed  to  the  top  with  short  and  linear  3-nerved  rigid  leaves,  which  are 
often  curved  or  scythe-shaped  (whence  the  specific  name) ;  heads  small, 
corymbed.  JJ. 

C.  gOSS^pina,  from  Virginia  S. :  white-cottony  all  over  (whence  the  name), 
with  oblong  obtuse  rarely  toothed  leaves,  and  few  pretty  large  heads,  y. 

C.  Mariana,  the  commonest  species,  from  Long  Island  S.  :  silky  with  long 
and  weak  hairs,  or  smoothish  when  old,  with  oblong  leaves,  and  a  few  corymbed 
heads  on  glandular  peduncles.  ^[ 

C.  villosa,  from  Wisconsin  S.  &  W. :  coarsely  hairy  and  somewhat  hoary, 
leafy  to  the  top,  with  corymbed  branches  bearing  single  heads  on  short  pedun- 
cles, and  narrow-oblong  leaves.  ^ 

34.  SOLIDAGO,  GOLDEN-ROD.     ( Old  name,  from  Latin  word  to  make 
whole,  from  supposed  healing  qualities. )     There  are  very  many  species,  flow- 
ering through  late  summer  and  autumn.      See  Manual  and  Chapman's  S. 
Flora.    The  following  are  a  few  of  the  very  commonest.     ]^ 

§  1.  Heads  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  feather-veined  leaves. 

S.  bicolor.  Pale  and  downy  or  hairy,  with  oblong  or  lance-oblong  scarcely 
toothed  leaves,  and  small  heads  with  cream-colored  or  nearly  white  ray-flowers*! 

S.  latifblia,  of  shaded  banks  N.  :  smooth,  with  broadly  ovate  pointed  and 
sharply  serrate  thin  leaves,  and  bright  yellow  ray-flowers. 

S.  Cfiesia  is  like  the  last,  but  with  more  branched  and  glaucous  stems,  and 
lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  sessile  leaves. 

§  2.   Heads  in  racemes  forming  a  terminal  panicle. 
*  Leaves  ftather-veined,  not  3-ribbed. 

S.  argtlta.  Smooth,  with  the  lowest  and  root-leaves  oblong  or  lance-oval 
pointed  and  sharply  toothed,  the  upper  narrower  and  entire ;  the  slender  one- 
sided naked  racemes  widely  spreading  or  drooping. 

S.  altissima,  badly  named,  as  it  is  mostly  only  2°  -  4°  high,  one  of  the 
earliest-flowering  Golden-rods,  with  rough-hairy  stem,  small  lance-ovate  or 
oblong  and  sen-ate  very  veiny  leaves,  and  one-sided  recurving  racemes  of  small 
heads  of  bright-yellow  flowers. 

*  *  Leaves  feather-veined  and  indistinctly  triple-ribbed,  entire  or  nearly  so,  grayish. 
S.  nemoralis,  in  dry  open  ground,  flowering  soon  after  midsummer,  only 

1°  -2°  high,  pale  with  very  minute  down  ;  the  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  oblan- 
ceolate  ;  one-sided  dense  racemes  numerous  and  at  length  recurving,  and  flowers 
bright  golden-yellow. 

*  *  *  Leaves  plainly  either  3-ribbed  or  triple-ribbed :  racemes  one-sided,  crowded, 

spreading  or  recurving  and  forming  an  ample  panicle. 

S.  Canad6nsis,  has  rough-hairy  stems,  lanceolate  and  usually  serrate 
pointed  leaves  rather  downy  beneath  but  rough  above,  and  small  heads  with 
short  rays. 

S.  gigant^a  is  smooth  or  smoothish,  especially  the  stem,  and  with  larger 
heads  and  rays  than  the  preceding. 


196  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

§  3.   Heads  much  crowded  in  a  terminal  compound  corymb. 

S.  rigida,  in  dry  soil,  a  tall  and  stout  species,  minutely  hoary-downy  and 
roughish,  the  thick  oval  or  oblong  leaves  with  a  strong  midrib  ;  the  remarkably 
large  heads  as  many  as  30-flowered. 

S.  lanceolata,  along  river-banks,  only  2°  -  3°  high,  very  bushy-branched, 
nearly  smooth,  with  lance-linear  3  -  5-nerved  leaves,  and  dense  flat  corymbs  of 
small  heads  sessile  in  clusters,  the  small  rays  15-20,  the  disk-flowers  fewer. 

S.  tenuifolia,  in  sandy  ground,  usually  near  the  coast ;  like  the  preceding, 
but  more  slender,  with  narrow  linear  mostly  1-nerved  dotted  leaves,  and  nar- 
rower or  club-shaped  heads,  the  small  rays  6-12. 

35.  CALLISTEPHUS,  CHINA-ASTER.     (Name  from  Greek  words 
meaning  beautiful  crown.)     Fl.  all  summer.     (T) 

C.  Chinensis,  the  well-known  CHINA-ASTER,  of  the  gardens,  a  native  of 
China  and  Japan,  has  numerous  varieties  of  various  colors,  the  lines t  full- 
double. 

36.  ASTER,  STAR  WORT,  ASTER.     (Name,  aster,  a  star.)     This  vast 
genus  (with  which  SERICOCARPUS  and  DIPLOPAPPUS  may  be  here  included) 
is  too  difficult  for  beginners,  and  those  who  are  prepared  for  their  study  will 
naturally  use  the  Manual  for  the  northern  species,  and  Chapman's  Southern 
Flora  for  the  few  that  are  peculiarly  southern.     We  barely  mention  the  com- 
monest and  more  distinct  or  striking  of  our  40  or  50  wild  species.     Fl.  late 
summer  and  autumn.     ^ 

§  1.    With  heart-shaped  and  petioled  leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones. 

*  Heads  in  open  corymbs,  middle-sized :  rays  white  or  nearly  so  and  rather  few. 

In  woodlands,  rather  early -Jlowering. 

A.  COrymb6sus,  COUYMBED  ASTER.  Rather  slender,  with  thin  coarsely- 
toothed  and  sharp-pointed  leaves,  which  are  considerably  longer  than  broad, 
and  only  6-9  rays. 

A.  macroph^llllS,  LARGE-LEAVED  A.  Larger  and  stouter,  2° -3°  high, 
with  broader  and  thickish  rather  rough  leaves,  and  more  rigid  corymbs  of  larger 
heads,  with  12-24  rays. 

#  *  Heads  panicled,  numerous  and  small.     In  woodlands,  Sfc. 

A.  cordifdlius,  HEART-LEAVED  A.,  is  smooth  or  smoothish,  much 
branched,  with  thinnish  serrate  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  very  numerous 
loosely  panicled  small  heads,  the  rays  pale  blue  or  whitish. 

A.  undlllatus,  WAVY-LEAVED  A.,  is  minutely  downy,  with  the  leaves  only 
slightly  toothed  or  Avavy,  the  lowest  heart-shaped  and  on  margined  petioles,  the 
upper  abruptly  contracted  into  short  and  broadly  winged  petioles  with  dilated 
and  clasping  base,  or  else  sessile  by  a  heart-shaped  base ;  the  heads  larger  and 
in  narrow  or  raceme-like  panicles,  and  with  rather  showy  purple-blue  rays. 

§  2.  With  lower  leaves  never  heart-shaped,  the  upper  ones  sessile  and  partly  clasp- 
ing by  a  heart-shaped  or  auricled  base :  htads  large  or  rather  large,  showy, 
the  numerous  rays  purple  or  blue. 

#  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  at  all  leafy,  but  with  short  greenish  tips,  rigid,  close- 

pressed  in  many  ranks,  the  outer  successively  shorter :    rays  deep-colored : 
leaves  entire  or  nearly  so.     Dry  grounds. 

A.  patens,  SPREADING  A.  Rough  with  short  hairiness,  l°-3°  high,  with 
long  widely  spreading  branches,  and  single  large  heads  terminating  the  slender 
minutely-leaved  branchlets ;  all  the  stem-leaves  clasping,  usually  lance-oblong 
or  lance-ovate,  the  larger  ones  often  contracted  above  the  heart-shaped  base, 
rough-edged ;  rays  deep  puq)le-violet. 

A.  laevis,  SMOOTH  A.  Well-known  by  its  perfect  smoothness,  pale,  often 
glaucous,  with  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate  leaves,  heads  middle-sized  in  a  rather 
close  panicle,  involucre  of  close-pressed  whitish  scales  with  abrupt  green  tips, 
and  rays  sky-blue. 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  197 

#  #  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  leafy  but  loose  and  slender,  all  of  about  the  same 

length,  clammy-glandular,  leaves  entire. 

A.  NoV8B-Angliae,  NEW  ENGLAND  A.,  but  everywhere  common  in  low 
grounds  ;  the  stout  hairy  stem  4°  -  8°  high,  thickly  beset  to  the  top  with 
lanceolate  minutely  downy  leaves,  which  all  have  an  auricled  clasping  base  ; 
heads  many  and  large  in  a  crowded  corymb ;  the  rays  very  numerous  and 
narrow,  violet-purple,  or  in  var.  R6sEUS  rose-purple  or  reddish. 

#  *  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  about  equal  in  length,  loose  and  'with  more  or  less 

leaf-like  spreading  tips,  or  the  outermost  wholly  green :  leaves  serrate  in  the 
middle  or  sometimes  nearly  entire :  heads  loosely  corymbed  or  panicled. 
Low  grounds. 

A.  prenanthoides.  In  rich  woodlands  chiefly  N.  &  W. ;  only  l°-2° 
high,  almost  smooth,  with  lance-ovate  leaves  coarsely  toothed  in  the  middle, 
tapering  above  into  a  long  point,  and  below  into  a  portion  narrower  than  the 
abruptly  dilated  heart-shaped  clasping  base  ;  rays  pale  blue. 

A.  puniceus,  RED-STEMMED  A.  In  wet  grounds,  mostly  3°  -  6°  high, 
loosely  branched,  rough-hairy,  commonly  purple-tinged,  with  lance-oblong  or 
lanceolate  sparingly  serrate  rough  leaves,  the  base  auricled  and  partly  clasping ; 
scales  of  involucre  slender ;  rays  long,  bright  or  pale  blue. 

A.  longifblius,  LONG-LEAVED  A.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  1°  -  4°  high, 
with  lanceolate  or  linear  often  entire  taper-pointed  rather  firm  and  glossy  leaves, 
more  leaf-like  scales  to  the  involucre,  and  bright  blue-purple  rays. 

§  3.  With  leaves  none  of  them  heart-shaped,  those  of  the  stem  all  sessile :  heads  very 
small  and  numerous,  racemed  or  panicled :  involucre  imbricated  in  few  or 
several  rows :  the  scales  with  green  tips,  the  outer  successively  shorter. 

#  In  dry  open  ground,  about  1°  high  :  rays  white :  scales  of  the  involucre  rigid  and 

whitish,  with  abrupt  and  spreading  conspicuous  green  tips. 

A.  ericoides,  HEATH-LIKE  A.  Smooth  or  rather  hairy,  with  lanceolate 
or  linear-awl-shaped  leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  and  scales  of  the  involucre  broadest 
at  base,  the  green  tips  acute. 

A.  multifldrus,  MANY-FLOWERED  A.  Very  common  in  sterile  dry  soil, 
pale  or  slightly  hoary  with  fine  close  down,  much  branched  and  bush-like,  with 
spreading  linear  leaves  rough  or  ciliate  on  their  margins,  the  upper  sessile  or 
partly  clasping  by  a  broad  base ;  scales  of  involucre  spatulate,  the  green  tip 
shorter  than  the  whitish  lower  portion. 

#  *  In  low,  moist,  or  shady  places,  1°— 3°  high:  scales  of  Involucre  with  short  and 

close-pressed  green  or  greenish  tips. 

A.  Tradescanti.  Nearly  smooth,  with  slender  stems,  linear  or  lance- 
linear  leaves,  and  very  small  and  numerous  heads  closely  racemed  along  the 
upper  side  of  the  flowering  branches,  the  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow  linear 
and  acute  ;  rays  white. 

A.  miser.  Rather  hairy,  with  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  thin  leaves  taper- 
ing to  each  end  and  sharply  toothed  about  the  middle,  heads  loosely  racemed  or 
scattered  on  diverging  branches,  and  with  linear  rather  blunt  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre ;  rays  pale  blue-purple  or  white. 

A.  dumbsus,  BUSHY  A.  Smooth  or  almost  so,  loosely  bushy-branched, 
with  mostly  linear  entire  or  slightly  serrate  rough-edged  leaves,  and  loosely 
racemed  flowering  branchlets  bearing  solitary  or  few  heads  ;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear-spatulate  and  blunt,  closely  imbricated  in  several  rows ;  rays  usually 
light  purple-blue,  sometimes  nearly  white. 

§  4.  With  small  and  very  rigid  linear  sessile  leaves,  a  large  head  solitary  at  the 
end  of  the  simple  stem  or  few  branches,  the  involucre  of  narrow  rigid  scales 
closely  imbricated  in  very  many  rows,  without  green  tips,  and  sfiowy  violet- 
blue  rays. 

A.  linariifdlius,  of  the  older  botanists,  strictly  DiPLOpAppus  LINARII- 
F6Lius  (having  a  double  pappus,  the  outer  of  very  short  bristles) ;  common  in 
open  gravelly  or  sandy  ground,  6'  -  20'  high ;  the  spreading  leaves  with  rough 
margins,  strong  midrib,  and  no  veins. 


103  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

37.  ESIGEHON,  FLEABANE.     (Name  of  Greek  words,  for  spring  and 
old  man,  suggested  probably  by  the  hoary  appearance  of  some  vernal  species.) 
ERIGERON  SPECIOSUM  of  Oregon   is    occasionally  cultivated   as  a  garden 

perennial,  is  more  showy  than  any  of  the  following,  which  are  the  common 
wild  species  of  the  country. 

§  1.   Hays  conspicuous  :  heads  more  or  less  corymbed :  stem  erect. 
*  Hays  purple  or  purplish,  very  numerous  (50-  150)  :  pappus  simple.      2/ 

E.  Philaddlphicum,  COMMON  F.  Low  grounds  :  2°  high,  rather  hairy, 
with  oblong  mostly  entire  and  partly  clasping  stem-leaves,  spatulatc  and  toothed 
root-leaves,  and  several  heads  ;  the  rays  very  many  and  narrow,  pale  reddish- 
purple  :  fl.  summer. 

E.  bellidifolium,  DAISY-LEAVED  F.  or  ROBIX'S  PLANTAIN.  Moist 
ground,  soft-hairy,  1°  -2°  high,  with  a  cluster  of  rather  large  roundish  root- 
leaves  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  the  stem-leaves  rather  few  and  small ;  heads 
1-9  and  long  peduncled,  rather  large,  with  about  50  linear  light  bluish-purple 
rays  :  fl.  late  spring. 

*  *  Rays  white,  only  about  30,  rather  broad :  pappus  simple.     11 
E.  vemum.     Low  grounds  from  Virginia  S.  ;  smooth,  with  oval  or  spatu- 
late  leaves  all  at  the  root,  slender  scape  1°  -  2°  high,  with  a  few  small  heads  : 
fl.  spring. 

*  *  *  Rays  white  or  nearly  so,  50  or  more,  narrow :  pappus  double,  the  outer  of  a 
row  of  minute,  chaffy  bristles  or  little  scales.     (I)  (2) 

E.  Strig6sum,  SMALLER  DAISY-FLEABANE.  Fields  :  2°  -  4°  high, 
smoothish,  or  roughish  with  minute  close-pressed  hairs  ;  leaves  entire,  the 
lower  spatulate  and  slender-petioled,  the  upper  lanceolate ;  rays  pretty  long  : 
fl.  all  summer. 

E.  annuum,  LARGER  DAISY-FLEABAXE.  Fields  and  waste  places;  a 
common  weed,  3° -5°  high,  branched  above,  roughish  with  spreading  hairs; 
leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  the  lower  ones  coarsely  toothed ;  rays  rather  short, 
often  tinged  with  purple  :  fl.  all  summer. 

§  2.   Rays  inconspicuous,  scarcely  longer  than  the  cylindrical  bell-shaped  involucre 
and  the  simple  pappus,  numerous,  in  more  ikan  one  row. 

E.  Canadense,  HORSEWEED  or  BUTTERWEED.  A  common  weed  in  waste 
or  cult,  ground,  bristly  hai^y  ;  with  erect  strict  stem  1°  -  5°  high,  linear  leaves, 
only  the  lowest  ones  cut-lobed,  and  very  small  panicled  heads  of  whitish  flowers, 
all  summer.  © 

38.  BOLTONIA.     (Named  for  J.  Bolton,  an  English  botanist.)     Wild 
plants  of  low  grounds  S.  &  W.,  resembling  Asters  except  in  the  akenes  and 
pappus  :    ray-flowers  blue-purple  or  nearly  white ;    disk-flowers  yellow ;   in 
autumn.     2/ 

B.  diflfusa,  of  Illinois  &  S.,  has  small  heads  loosely  panicled  on  the  slender 
open  branches,  which  bear  small  awl-shaped  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  lance- 
linear  ;  pappus  of  several  bristles  and  2  short  awns. 

B,  glastifolia,  from  Penn.  S.  &  W.,  has  fewer  larger  and  corvmbed  heads, 
lanceolate  partly  erect  leaves,  broadly  winged  akenes,  and  2  or  3  short  awns  in 
the  pappus. 

B.  asteroides,  from  Penn.  S.,  less  common,  is  very  like  the  last,  but 
with  narrow  margins  to  the  akenes  and  no  awns  (only  a  few  short  bristles)  in 
the  pappus. 

39.  BRACHYCOME.     (Name  in  Greek  means  short  tuft,  from  the  pap- 
pus, in  which  respect  mainly  it  differs  from  the  Daisy-genus.' ) 

B.  iberidifblia,  cult,  for  ornament,  from  Australia,  has  slender  branching 
stems  nearly  1°  high,  pinnately  parted  leaves  with  very  slender  divisions,  and 
handsome  heads  with  violet-blue  ray-flowers  and  similar  or  darker  purple 
centre,  produced  all  summer.  (I) 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  190 

40.  BELLIS,  DAISY.     (The  old  Latin  name  of  the  Daisy,  from  Idlus, 
pretty.)     (Fl.  spring  and  summer.) 

B.  integrif61ia,  WESTERN*  WILD  DAISY  :  in  open  grounds  from  Kentucky 
R.  W.,  has  branching  spreading  stems  4' -10'  long,  hearing  some  lanceolate- 
oblong  or  spatulate  leaves,  and  terminal  slender-ped uncled  heads  with  pale 
blue-purple  rays.  ©  ® 

B.  per&inis,  TRUE  or  ENGLISH  DAISY,  cult,  from  Eu.,  mostly  in  double- 
flowered  varieties,  i.  e.  with  many  or  all  the  disk-flowers  changed  into  rays,  or, 
in  the  common  quilled  form,  all  into  tubes  (pink  or  white)  :  in  the  natural  state 
the  centre  is  yellow,  the  rays  white  and  more  or  less  purplish  or  crimson-tipped 
underneath  ;* head  solitary  on  a  short  scape;  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  all 
clustered  at  the  root.     y. 

41.  ACHILLEA,  YARROW,  SNEEZEWORT.    (Named  after AchiUes.) 
Leafy-stemmed,  with  small  heads  in  corymbs.      2/ 

A.  Millefblium,  COMMON  Y.  or  MILFOIL,  abounds  over  fields  and  hills, 
10'  -  20'  high,  with  leaves  twice  pinnately  parted  into  very  slender  and  crowded 
linear  3  -  5-cleft  divisions,  heads  crowded  in  a  close  flat  corymb,  with  4  or  5 
short  rays,  white,  sometimes  rose-colored  :  all  summer. 

A.  Ptarmica,  SXEEZEWORT.  Hun  wild  from  Eu.  in  a  few  places,  cult,  in 
gardens,  especially  a  full-double  variety,  which  is  prettv,  fl.  in  autumn  ;  leaves 
simple,  lance-linear,  sharply  cut-serrate;  heads  in  a  loose  corymb,  with  8-12 
or  more  rather  long  bright  white  rays. 

« 

42.  MARUTA,  MAYWEED.    (Meaning  of  the  name  uncertain.)    Native 
of  the  Old  World. 

M.  Cotula,  or  AXTIIEMIS  COTULA,  the  COMMON  MAYWEED,  along  road- 
sides, especially  E. ;  low,  strong-scented  and  acrid,  with  leaves  thrice  pinnately 
divided  into  slender  leaflets  or  lobes,  rather  small  heads  terminating  the  branches, 
with  white  rays  and  yellow  centre ;  all  late  summer.  (i> 

43.  AN  THEMIS,  CHAMOMILE.     (Ancie.nt  Greek  name,  from  the  pro- 
fusion of  flowers.)     Natives  of  Old  World:  fl.  summer.     Peduncles  bearing 
solitary  or  very  few  heads. 

A.  arv^nsis,  FIELD  C.  Resembles  Mayweed  and  grows  in  similar  places, 
but  rare,  is  not  unpleasantly  scented,  has  fertile  rays  and  a  minute  border  of 
pappus.  0  (2) 

A.  nobilis,  GARDEN  C.,  yields  the  Chamomile-flowers  of  the  apothecaries, 
spreads  over  the  ground,  very  finely  divided  foliage  pleasantly  strong-scented  ; 
rays  white  ;  pappus  none.  "!}. 

A.  tinctdria,  YELLOW  C.,  is  cult,  for  ornament,  but  hardly  common  : 
2°  -  3°  high,  with  pinnately  divided  and  again  pinnatifid  or  cut-toothed  leaves, 
and  heads  as  large  as  those  of  Whiteweed,  with  golden-yellow  flowers,  or  the 
rays  sometimes  white.  ^ 

44.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,    including  LKT-CAXTHEMI-M    and    PYRE- 
THRLM.     (Name  means  golden  flowei-s  in  Greek;    but  they  are  of  various 
colors.)     All  natives  of  Old  World. 

§  1.   LEUCANTIIEMTM    or    WHITEWEED    and   FEVERFEW  :   tfte  ray-flowers 
white,  those  of  the  centre  mostly  yellow.      ^ 

C.  Leucanthemum,  or  LEUCANTHEMUM  VULGARE,  the  too  common 
WHITEWEED  or  OX-EYE  DAISY,  filling  meadows  and  pastures,  and  difficult  to 
eradicate  ;  has  stems  nearly  simple  and  erect  from  the  creeping  base  or  root- 
stock,  bearing  cut-toothed  or  slightly  pinnatifid  leaves  below  (the  lowest  spatu- 
late, upper  partly  clasping),  the  naked  summit  bearing  the  single  showy  head, 
in  earlv  summer.     ^ 

C.  (or  L.)  Parthdnium,  or  PYRETHRUM  PARTHENIUJI,  FEVERFKW. 
Cult,  in  old  gardens,  and  running  wild;  with  branching  leafy  stems  1°-3C 


200  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

high,  leaves  twice  pinnatcly  divided  into  rather  coarse  ovate  leaflets,  and  loose 
corymbs  of  rather  small  heads,  in  summer.  A  double-flowered  variety  has  the 
disk-corollas  transformed  into  white  or  whitish  tubes. 

C.  parthenioides,  UOUBLE-FL.  or  PARSELY-LEAVED  FEVERFEW,  from 
China  ;  probably  a  low,  finer-leaved,  and  much  altered  full  double  variety  of  the 
foregoing,  with  pure  white  flowers  all  in  the  form  of  rays,  produced  through  the 
summer  and  autumn. 

§  2.    CHRYSANTHEMUMS  of  the  gardens  ;  the  flowers  of  various  colors,  but  only 
in  certain  varieties  white. 

C.  rbseum,  from  Persia  and  N.  Asia,  with  simple  stems  bearing  once  or 
twice  pinnately  divided  smooth  leaves  with  linear  divisions,  and  at  the  naked 
summit  single  heads  as  large  as  those  of  Whiteweed,  but  with  pale  rose  or  bright 
pink-red  rays  (and  in  some  varieties  full  double),  is  coming  into  ornamental 
cultivation  :  the  pulverized  flower-heads  form  the  well-known  Persian  Insect 
powder  :  fl.  summer.  If. 

C.  Indicum,  parent  of  the  CHINESE  CHRYSANTHEMUMS,  flowering  in 
late  autumn,  of  numerous  forms  and  colors,  mostly  full-double,  &c.  from  China 
and  Japan.  2/ 

C.  COronarium,  SUMMER  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  with  yellow  or  sometimes 
whitish  flowers,  cult,  from  N.  Africa  ;  smooth,  with  branching  stems,  twice 


pinnately  parted  leaves  with  auriclcd  and  clasping  base,  and  lanceolate  or  linear 
cut-toothed  divisions  ;  the  involucre  of  broad  and  s 


scarious  scales.     (T) 


45.  HELENIUM,  SNEEZEWEEP.     (The  old  Greek  name  of  some  very 
different  plant  named  after  Helen.)     North  American  herbs. 

H.  autumnale,  the  commonest  species,  wild  in  low  grounds,  l°-4°  high, 
with  lanceolate  toothed  leaves,  their  base  often  decurrent  on  the  stem,  and  a 
corymb  of  showy  yellow-flowered  heads,  the  rays  often  drooping,  in  au- 
tumn. 2/ 

46.  GAILLARDIA.     (Named  for  CfaWard,  a  French  amateur  of  botany. ) 
North  American  low  or  spreading  herbs  :  fl.  all  summer. 

G.  lanceolata,  wild  from  Carolina  S.  in  pine  barrens,  has  narrow  mostly 
entire  lanceolate  leaves,  commonly  small  and  few  yellow  rays,  and  purple  disk- 
flowers.  ©  11 

G.  pulch^lla,  wild  from  Louisiana  W.  and  cult,  for  ornament  (one  form 
called  G.  PJCTA),  has  broader  leaves,  some  of  them  cut-toothed  or  lobed,  and 
showy  heads  with  the  large  rays  mostly  brownish  crimson-purple  with  yellow 
tips.  ©^ 

G.  aristata,  wild  from  Missouri  W.,  and  cult.,  is  more  downy  than  the 
last,  less  branched,  with  large  showy  rays  yellow  throughout,  or 'their  base 
brown-purple.  ^ 

47.  GAZANIA.      (Named  for  a  learned  ecclesiastic  of  the  middle  ages, 
Theodore  de  Gaza.)    South  African  plants  of  the  conservatory,  and  flowering 
all  summer  when  bedded  out. 

G.  rigens,  also  named  SPLENDENS,  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with  short 
stems  spreading  on  the  ground,  bearing  spatulate  entire  or  some  pinnatifid 
leaves,  which  are  nearly  smooth  and  green  above,  but  very  silvery  with  white 
cotton  underneath,  and  a  large  showy  head,  the  orange  rays  over  1'  long,  and 
with  a  dark  eye-spot  ac  base.  ^ 

48.  CALENDULA,  MARIGOLD.      (Name  from  the  Latin  calendce  or 
calends ;  flowering  through  the  months.) 

C.  Officinalis,  GARDEN  MARIGOLD,  of  the  Old  World ;  cult,  in  country 
gardens,  1°  high,  spreading,  with  green  and  succulent  oblong  and  entire  sessile 
leaves,  rather  unpleasantly  scented,  and  large  head  of  yellow  flowers,  produced 
all  summer,  sometimes  nearly  full-double,  most  of  the  corollas  being  strap- 
shaped.  (T) 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  201 

49.  POI/tfMNIA,  LEAF-CUP.     (These  coarse  and  inelegant  plants  are 
oddly  dedicated  to  one  of  the  Muses.)     Fl.  summer  and  autumn.     2/ 

P.  Canadensis,  common  in  shaded  ravines  N.,  is  3°  -  5°  high,  clammy- 
hairy,  with  thin  leaves,  the  lower  pinnatifid,  the  upper  3  -  5-lobed  or  angled, 
and  the  few  pale-yellow  and  broad  rays  of  the  small  heads  shorter  than  the 
involucre. 

P.  Uvedalia,  in  rich  soil  from  New  York  to  111.  and  S.,  is  roughish-hairy, 
stout,  4° -10°  high,  with  large  ovate  and  angled  or  lobed  leaves,  the  upper 
ones  sessile,  and  rays  of  the  pretty  large  head  10-15,  bright  yellow,  longer  than 
the  involucre. 

50.  SILPHIUM,  ROSIN-PLANT.     (Ancient  Greek  name  of  some  very 
different  plant.)     FL  summer  and  autumn,     y. 

§  1.    Leaves  alternate,  large,  most  of  them  petiolcd. 

*  The  stout  and  rough  flowering  stems  (3°  -  6°  high )  leafy  up  to  the  few  large  heads : 

scales  of  involucre  ovate,  with  tapering  and  spreading  rigid  tips. 

S.  laciniatum,  ROSIN-WEED  or  COMPASS-PLANT,  of  prairies,  from  Michi- 
gan W.  &  S.,  so  called  because  the  rough-hairy  deeply  pinnatitid  root-leaves  (of 
ovate  outline)  incline  to  present  their  edges  N.  &  S. 

*  *  The  slender  smooth  flowering  stems  (4°  -  10°  high)  leafy  only  near  the  base, 

dividing  above  into  a  panicle  of  many  smaller  heads. 

S.  terebinthinaceum,  PRAIRIE-DOCK,  so  called  from  the  appearance 
of  the  large  root-leaves,  which  are  ovate  or  heart-oblong  and  l°-2°  long,  besides 
the  slender  petiole,  the  margins  somewhat  toothed  :  common  W. 

S.  compositum,  from  North  Carolina  S.,  is  more  slender  and  smaller,  with 
round  heart-shaped  leaves  either  toothed  or  cut,  or  divided. 

§  2.   Leaves  or  many  of  them  in  whorls  of  3  or  4  along  the  terete  steins,  rather  small, 
entire  or  coarsely  toothed. 

S.  trifoliatum,  of  S.  &  W.,  has  the  smooth  stem  4° -6°  high,  lanceolate 
roughish  leaves,  and  small  heads. 

S.  AsteriSGUS,  of  dry  soil  S.,  is  rough-hairy,  with  fewer  and  larger  heads. 

§  3.   Leaves  opposite  and  clasping  or  connate :  stems  leafy  to  the  top. 

S.  integrifblium,  in  prairies  from  Michigan  W.  &  S. ;  roughish,  2°  -  4° 
high,  with  lance-ovate  partly  heart-shaped  and  entire  distinct  leaves. 

S.  perfoliatum,  CUP-PLANT,  of  rich  soil  W.  &  S.  :  with  very  smooth 
square  stems  4°  -  9°  high,  around  which  the  ovate  coarsely  toothed  leaves  are 
connate  into  cup  which  holds  \rater  from  the  rains, 

51.  DAHLIA.      (Named  for  a  Swedish  professor,  Dahl,  contemporary  with 
Linnaeus.)     ^     Two  or  three  Mexican  species,  of  which  the  most  familiar  is 
D.  variabilis,  COMMON  DAHLIA  of  the  gardens,  with  pinnate  leaves,  ovate 

serrate  leaflets,  and  large  heads,  much  increased  in  size  and  altered,  of  all  colors : 
roots  fascicled  and  tuberous  (Lessons,  p.  32,  fig.  60). 

52.  COREOPSIS,  TICKSEED.     (Named  from  Greek  word  for  bug,  from 
the  shape  of  the  akenes. )    Many  wild  species  :  several  cult,  for  ornament :  these 
are  the  commonest.     Fl.  summer.     (See  Lessons,  p.  106,  107,  fig.  219,  220.) 

§  1.   Rays  broad,  coarsely  3  -  ^-toothed :  outer  involucre  not  longer  than  the  inner : 
akenes  orbicular  or  oval,  incurved  when  mature.     Chiefly  cultivated. 

*  ©  d)  Disk-flowers  and  lower  part  of  the  rays  dark-colored  or  brown-purple : 

akenes  in  these  species  wingless  and  nearly  naked  at  top  :  leaves  compound. 
C.  tinct6ria,  of  Arkansas,  &c.,  the  commonest  COREOPSIS  or  CALLIOPSIS 
of  all  country  gardens  ;  smooth,  with  lower  leaves  twice-pinnately  divided  into 
narrow  leaflets,  numerous  heads,  and  lower  half  or  sometimes  almost  the  whole 
of  rays  brown-purple  :  in  one  variety  they  are  changed  to  tubes. 


202  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

C.  Drummondii,  of  Texas,  is  low  and  spreading,  rather  hairy,  with  leaves 
of  3  — 7  oval  leaflets,  or  some  of  them  simple,  heads  on  long  peduncles,  and  very 
broad  rays  golden  yellow  with  small  dark  spot  at  base. 

*  *  (T)  Disk-flowers  yellow :  rays  yellow  with  a  darker  and  purplish-streaked  spot 

near  the  base :  akenes  winged  and  2-toothed. 

C.  COronata,  of  Texas,  is  low,  with  slender-petioled  leaves  oblong  or  spatu- 
late,  or  some  of  them  3  -  5-parted,  and  very  long  peduncle ;  rays  broad  and 
handsome. 

*  *  *  ^  Disk-flowers  and  rays  (!'  long]  entirely  yellow ;  akenes  orbicular,  much 
incurved  and  broadly  winged  when  ripe,  crowned  with  2  little  teeth  or  scales. 

C.  lanceolata.  Wild  W.  &  S.,  and  cult,  in  gardens  ;  1°  -  2°  high,  smooth 
or  sometimes  downy,  in  tufts,  with  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  entire  leaves 
mostly  crowded  at  the  base,  and  long  slender  peduncles  :  flowers  in  early 
summer. 

C.  auriculata.  Wild  W.  &  S.,  and  in  some  gardens ;  taller,  sometimes 
with  runners  or  suckers  at  base,  leafy  to  ^ar  the  top ;  upper  leaves  oblong, 
lower  roundish  and  sometimes  am'icled  at  base  or  with  3-5  lobes  or  leaflets. 

§  2.  Rays  entire  or  nearly  so,  oblong  or  lanceolate :  akenes  oblong,  with  a  vert/ 
narrow  wing  or  border,  not  incurved,  and  obscurely  if  at  all  '2-toothed  at  the 
apex :  scales  of  outer  involucre  narrow  and  entire :  heads  rather  small,  the, 
flowers  all  yellow,  ^ 

*  Low,  1°  — 3°  high,  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  really  opposite  and  sessile,  but  divided 

into  3  leaflets,  thus  seeming  to  be  6  in  a  whorl.      Wild  chiefly  in  S.  States, 
all  but  theflrst  are  cult,  in  gardens. 

C.  Senifolia,  has  seemingly  6  lance-ovate  and  entire  leaflets  in  a  whorl, 
(i.  e.  two,  but  each  3-divided)  smooth  or  downy. 

C.  verticillata,  has  the  pair  cut  into  once  or  twice  pinnate  almost  thread- 
shaped  divisions,  smooth. 

C.  delphinifblia,  very  like  the  last,  but  with  fewer  lance-linear  divisions. 

*  *  Tall,  leafy  to  the  top,  with  evidently  opposite  petioled  leaves. 

C.  tripteris.  Rich  ground  W.  &  S.,  with  simple  stems  4°  -  9°  high,  leaves 
of  3-5  lanceolate  entire  leaflets,  corymbed  heads,  very  short  outer  involucre, 
and  blunt  rays. 

§  3.  Rays  oval  or  oblong,  golden  yellow,  slightly  notched :  akenes  wingless,  not  in- 
curved, bearing  2  awns  or  teeth  for  a  pappus  :  outer  invo'uc.re  conspicuous 
and  resembling  leaves :  branching  plants  of  wet  grounds,  with  thin  leaves 
mostly  of  3-7  pinnate  toothed  or  cut  veiny  leaflets ;  resembling  the  next 
genus,  but  the  awns  not  downwardly  barbed.  (T)  ® 

C.  trichosperma.  Swamps  mostly  near  the  coast,  1°  -2°  high,  with  3-7 
lanceolate  or  linear  cut-toothed  leaflets  or  divisions,  numerous  heads,  and  nar- 
row-oblong or  linear  wedge-shaped  marginless  akenes  with  2  stout  teeth. 

C.  aiirea,  only  S.,  has  upper  leaves  often  simple,  lower  nearly  as  in  the  fore- 
going, and  shorter  wedge-obovate  akenes  with  2  or  4  short  chaft-like  teeth. 

C.  arist6sa,  from  Illinois  S.,  has  more  compound  leaves  with  oblong  or 
lanceolate  often  pinnatifid  leaflets,  and  broad-obovate  very  flat  akenes  slightly 
margined  and  bristly  ciliate,  the  pappus  of  2  long  and  slender  awns,  or  some- 
times 3  or  4,  or  in  one  variety  none  at  all. 

53.  BIDENS,  BUR-MARIGOLD,  BEGGAR-TICKS.  (Latin  for  two- 
toothed,  from  the  usually  2  awns  of  the  pappus.)  Our  species  ©  or  ©  ; 
fl.  summer  and  autumn.  The  akenes  adhering  to  the  dress  or  to  the  fleece 
of  animals  by  their  barbed  awns. 

§  1.    Akenes  broad  and  flat,  with  bristly  ciliate  margins. 
*  Coarse  and  very  homely  weeds,  commonly  without  any  rays. 

B.  frondbsa,  COMMON  BKGGAR-TICKS.  Coarse  weed  in  low  or  manured 
grounds,  2° -6°  high,  branched,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  3-5  broad  lanceolate 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  203 

coarsely  toothed  leaflets,  outer  involucre  much  longer  than  the  head,  and  wcdge- 
obovate  akcnes  ciliatc  with  upturned  bristles,  and  2-awned. 

B.  connata,  SWAMF  B.  Low  grounds;  smooth,  l°-2°  higli,  with  simple 
lanceolate  and  taper-pointed  leaves,  or  the  lower  3-divided  and  de-current  on  the 
petiole,  smaller  heads,  narrow  wedge-shaped  akencs  minutely  and  downwardly 
ciliatc  and  hearing  about  3  awns. 

*  *  Loiv  smooth  herbs,  with  showy  golden  yellow  rays  1'  long. 

B.  chrysanthemoid.es,  LARGER  BUR-MARIGOLD.  Shallow  water  or 
wet  places,  6'  -  30'  high,  with  simple  lanceolate  sessile  serrate  leaves,  outer 
involucre  shorter  than  the  rays,  and  wedge-shaped  akcnes  with  almost  prickly 
downwardly  barbed  margins  and  2-4  awns. 

§  2.   Akenes  linear  or  needle-shaped. 

B.  Beekii,  WATER  B.  Immersed  in  water,  N.  and  W.,  the  single  short- 
pcduncled  heads  rising  above  the  surface,  and  with  showy  rays  ;  leaves  cut  into 
very  numerous  fine  hair-like  divisions ;  awns  of  the  stout  akcnes  4-6,  barbed 
near  the  tip. 

B.  bipinnata.  Dry  soil,  from  Conn,  to  111.  and  S.,  1°  -  3°  high,  branched, 
with  1  -  3-pinnatcly  parted  petioled  leaves,  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets,  small  heads, 
short  pale-yellow  rays,  and  slender  akenes  with  3-4  barbed  awns. 

54.  ACTINOMERIS.     (Greek-made  name,  alluding  to  the  irregularity 
of  the  rays  in  the  commonest  species.)     2/ 

A.  squarrbsa,  common  in  low  rich  soil  from  W.  New  York  S.  &  W. ;  with 
branching  stems  4° -8°  high,  lance-oblong  leaves  tapering  to  both  ends,  nu- 
merous rather  corymbed  heads,  spreading  involucre,  4-10  irregular  rays,  and 
broadly  winged  akenes  :  fl.  Sept. 

A.  helianthoides,  in  open  grounds  W.  &  S.,  resembles  a  Sunflower  as 
the  name  denotes,  l°-3°  high,  with  more  hairy  lance-ovate  sessile  leaves,  few 
and  larger  heads,  erect  involucre,  8-15  regular  rays,  and  slightly  winged 
akenes  :  fl.  summer. 

55.  VERBESIWA,  CROWNBEARD.    (Origin  of  name  obscure.)    Ours 
are  tall  (4° -7°  high)  branching  herbs  in  rich  soil,  with  compound  corymbs 
of  small  heads  :  fl.  summer,     j/ 

V.  Siegesbeckia,  from  S.  Penn.  to  111.  £  S.,  has  4-winged  stems,  smooth- 
ish,  large  and  thin  ovate  and  opposite  leaves  pointed  at  both  ends,  yellow  flow- 
ers, and  wingless  akencs. 

V.  Virginica,  of  same  range,  has  stem,  less  winged,  smaller  lance-ovate  alter- 
nate leaves  soft-downy  beneath,  white  flowers,  and  narrowly  winged  akenes. 

56.  XIMINESIA.     (Named  for  J.  Ximines,  a  Spanish  apothecary.) 

X.  encelioides,  of  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  cult,  for  ornament,  2°  high, 
spreading,  rather  hoary,  at  least  the  lower  face  of  the  oblong  or  heart-shaped 
clasping  serrate  leaves  ;  the  bright  yellow  heads  somewhat  corymbed,  showy, 
the  rays  deeply  3-toothed  :  fl.  all  summer.  © 

57.  HELIANTHUS,  SUNFLOWER  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek). 
The  following  are  the  commonest  of  the  numerous  species,  many  of  which  are 
difficult. 

§  1.  ©  Receptacle  flat  and  very  broad :  disk  brownish  :  leaves  alternate,  broad 
and  triple-ribbed,  petioled :  fl.  summer.  Cult,  for  ornament :  icild  only  far 
S.  W. :  fl.  all  summer. 

H.  anmiUS,  the  GREAT  COMMON  SUNFLOWER  of  the  gardens,  with  huge 
heads  ;  leaves  green,  roughish,  not  hoary. 

H.  argophyllus,  of  Texas,  cult,  for  its  hoary-white  foliage ;  heads  smaller. 
§  2.    2J.  Receptacle  and  disk  convex  :  heads  middle-sized  or  rather  small:  flower- 
ing throughout  late  summer  and  autumn. 


204  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

*  Disk  dark  purple,  contrasting  with  the  yellow  rays. 

•*- Leaves  long   and  linear,   l-nerved,    entire,   sessile:    heads   small  and  mostly 
corymbed :  involucre  of  leaf-like  spreading  scales. 

H.  anglistifblius,  of  pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  S.,  has  slender  rough 
stems  2°  -  6°  high,  lower  leaves  opposite  and  rough. 

H.  orgy  alls,  of  Kansas  and  Arkansas,  cult.,  has  stems  (6°  - 10°  high),  and 
crowded  very  narrow  alternate  leaves  smooth  :  fl.  late. 

•»—  •*-  Leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  opposite:  stems  1°  —3°  high,  bearing  solitary  or 
Jew  long-peduncled  rather  large  heads:  involucre  of  short  close  scales. 

H.  heterophyllus,  of  low  pine-barrens  S. ;  rather  hairy,  with  lowest 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  upper  ones  lance-linear  and  few ;  scales  of  involucre 
lanceolate. 

H.  rigidus,  of  dry  prairies  W.  &  S. ;  rough,  with  thick  firm  leaves  lance- 
obiong  or  the  lower  oval ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate  or  oblong,  blunt. 

#  *  Disk  yellow  as  well  as  the  rays,  or  hardly  dingy -brownish. 
•*-  Scales  of  the  involucre  short  andbroadh/  lanceolate,  regularly  imbricated,  without 
leaf-like  tips :  leaves  nearly  all  opposite  and  nearly  entire. 

H.  OCCidentalis,  of  dry  barrens  from  Ohio  W.  £  S.  :  somewhat  hairy, 
with  slender  simple  stems  1°  — 3°  high,  sending  off  runners  from  base,  naked 
above,  bearing  1-5  heads ;  lowest  leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate ;  upper  ones 
narrow,  small  and  distant. 

H.  mollis,  of  same  situations,  is  soft  white-woolly  all  over,  2°  -  4°  high, 
leafy  to  the  top,  the  leaves  heart-ovate  and  partly  clasping. 

-1—  ••—  Scales  of  the  involucre  looser  and  leafy-tipped :  stems  leafy  to  the  top. 

•*-*•  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  and  not  triple-ribbed. 

H.  gigant^US,  common  in  low  grounds  N. ;  rough  and  rather  hairy,  3°  - 
10°  high,  with  lanceolate  serrate  nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  pale  yellow  rays. 

-*-*•  •*-»•  Leaves  mainly  opposite,  except  in  the  last,  3-ribbed  at  base  or  triple-ribbtd. 

H.  divaricatus,  common  in  dry  sterile  soil,  has  smooth  stem  l°-3°  high, 
rough  ovate-lanceolate  leaves  tapering  to  a  point  and  3-nerved  at  the  rounded 
sessile  base. 

H.  hirsiltus,  only  W.,  differs  from  the  pi*eceding  in  its  rough-hairy  stem 
1°  -  2°  high,  and  leaves  with  narrower  base  more  or  less  petioled. 
"  H.  Strumbsus,  common  in  low  grounds,  has  mostly  smooth  stems  3°  -4° 
high,  broadly  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate  leaves  rough  above  and  whitish  or  white- 
downy  beneath,  their  margins  beset  with  fine  appressed  teeth,  and  petioles  short 
and  margined. 

H.  decapdtalus,  so  named  because  (like  the  preceding)  it  commonly  has 
10  rays;  common  along  streams,  has  branching  stems  3° -6°  high,  thin  and 
bright-green  smoothish  ovate  leaves  coarsely  toothed  and  abruptly  contracted 
into  margined  petioles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  long  and  loose. 

H.  tuberbsus,  JERUSALEM  ARTICHOKE  (i.  e.  Girasole  or  SunfloAver  in 
Italian,  corrupted  in  England  into  Jerusalem] :  cult,  for  the  tubers  and  run 
wild  in  fence-rows,  probably  a  state  of  a  wild  S.  W.  species  ;  5° -7°  high,  with 
triple-ribbed  ovate  petioled  leaves,  rough-hairy  as  well  as  the  stems,  all  the 
upper  ones  alternate,  the  running  rootstocks  ending  in  ovate  or  oblong  edible 
tubers. 

58.   HELl6PSIS,  OX-EYE.     (Greek-made  name,  from  the  likeness  to 
Sunflower. ) 

H.  Isbvis,  our  only  species,  common  in  rich  or  low  grounds,  resembles 
a  Sunflower  of  the  last  section,  but  has  pistillate  rays  and  4-sided  akenes  with- 
out pappus  :  l°-4°  high,  smooth;  leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  triple-ribbed, 
petioled,  serrate ;  head  of  golden-yellow  flowers  terminating  the  branches,  in 
summer. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  205 


59.  RUDB^JCKIA,  CONE-FLOWER.     (Named  for  £««&«*,  father  and 
son,   Swedish   botanists.)      The   following   are  the  commonest  speciesx  all 
natives  of  this  country  :    fl.  summer. 

§  1.  Disk  broadly  conical,  dark-colored,  the  soft  chaff  not  pointed:  rough-hairy 
plants  l°-2°  high,  leaf;/  below,  the  naked  summit  of  the  stems  or  branches 
bearing  single  showy  heads  :  leaves  simple.  11 

R.  specibsa,  from  Penn.  W.  &  S.,  and  cult,  in  some  gardens  ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  3  -  5-nerved,  petioled,  coarsely- 
toothed  or  cut. 

R.  hirta,  common  in  open  ground  W.  &  S.,  introduced  into  meadows  E. 
with  clover-seed  ;  stems  stout  and  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  nearly  entire,  triple-  A-/^X 
ribbed,  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  the  upper  sessile. 

§  2.  Disk  conical,  dark-purple,  the  chaff  awn-pointed  :  lower  leaves  often  pinnately 
parted  or  3-cle/l.  © 

R.  triloba,  from  Penn.  to  111.  &  S.  ;  hairy,  2°  -  5°  high,  much  branched, 
with  upper  leaves  lance-ovate  and  toothed,  and  the  numerous  small  heads  with 
only  about  8  rays. 

§  3.  Disk  globular,  pale  dull  brownish  (receptacle  sweet-scented),  the  chaff  blunt 
and  downy  at  the  end  ;  lower  leaves  3-parted.  ^ 

R.  SUbtomentbsa,  of  the  prairies  and  plains  W.  ;  somewhat  downy,  with 
leafy  steins  3°  -  5°  high,  ovate  or  lance-ovate  serrate  upper  leaves  and  short- 
peduncled  heads. 

§  4.   Disk  oblong,  or  in  fruit  cylindrical  and  1'  long,  greenish  yellow,  the  chaff  very 
blunt  and  downy  at  the  end  :  leaves  all  compound  or  cleft.     ^ 

R.  laciniata,  COMSION  CONE-FLOWER,  in  low  thickets;    3°  -7°.  high, 
smooth,  branching  above  ;  lowest  leaves  pinnate  with  5-7  cut  or  cleft  leaflets,  "*     )  g. 
upper  ones  3  -  5-parted,  or  the  uppermost  undivided  ;   heads  long-peduncled, 
with  linear  drooping  rays  l'-2'  long. 

60.  LEPACHYS.     (Supposed  to  be  formed  from  Greek  words  for  thick 
and  scale.  }     Receptacle  anise-scented  when  crushed.     Fl.  summer. 

L.  pinnata,  in  dry  soil  from  W.  New  York  W.  &  S.  :  minutely  roughish 
and  slightly  hoary  ;  the  slender  leafy  stems  3°  -  5°  high,  bearing  leaves  of  3  -  7 
lanceolate  leaflets,  and  somewhat  corymbed  heads  with  the  oval  or  oblong  disk 
much  shorter  than  the  oblong  drooping  yellow  rays  ;  akenes  scarcely  2-toothed, 
flattish,  the  inner  edge  hardly  wing-margined.  % 

L.  columnaris,  of  the  plains  W.  of  the  Mississippi  ;  cult,  for  ornament  ; 
l°-2°  high,  with  single  or  few  long-peduncled  heads,  their  cylindrical  disk  often 
becoming  2'  long,  and  longer  than  the  5-8  broad  drooping  rays,  these  either 
yellow,  or  var.  PULCHERRIMA,  with  the  base  or  lower  half  brown-purple  ;  akenes 
1  -  2-toothed  at  top  and  winged  down  one  edge.  2J. 

61.  DRACOPIS.     (Name  refers  in  some  obscure  way  to  a  Dragon.)     © 

D.  amplexicaulis,  wild  far  S.  W.,  sometimes  cult,  for  ornament  ;  smooth, 
l°-2°  high,  with  clasping  heart-shaped  pale  leaves,  and  long-peduncled  heads, 
like  those  of  the  preceding,  the  broad  rays  mostly  shorter  than  the  cylindrical 
disk,  and  either  yellow  or  the  lower  part  brown-purple. 

62.  ECHINACEA,  HEDGEHOG  CONE-FLOWER.   (Name  means  like 
a  hedgehog,  viz.  receptacle  with  prickly  pointed  chaff.)     Fl.  summer.     2/ 

E.  purpiirea,  in  prairies  and  open  grounds  from  W.  Penn.  W.  &  S.  : 
stems  l°-2°  high  from  a  thick  and  black  pungent-  tasted  root  (called  Black 
Sampson  by  quack-doctors),  bearing  ovate  or  lanceolate   5-nerved  and  veiny 
leaves,  the  lower  long-petioled,  and  terminated  by  a  large  head;  rays  15-20, 
dull  rose-piirple. 

E.  angustifolia,  from  Wisconsin  S.,  is  a  more  slender  form,  with  narrow 
lanceolate  3-nerved  entire  leaves,  and  12-15  brigh  tar-colored  rays. 


206  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

63.  ZINNIA.     (Named  for  a  German  professor,  Zinn.)     Commonly  cul- 
tivated for  ornament :  fl.  all  summer. 

Z.  61egans,  the  favorite  GARDEN  ZINNIA,  from  Mexico,  with  ovate  heart- 
shaped  half-clasping  leaves,  and  very  large  heads  of  rose-colored,  purple,  violet, 
red,  or  white  flowers,  2  -3' in  diameter,  of  late  also  full-double  like  a  small 
Dahlia ;  chaff  of  receptacle  crested-toothed  at  tip ;  akcnes  barely  2-toothed  at 
summit.  © 

Z.  multiflbra,  from  Mexico,  &c.,  now  not  common  in  gardens,  being  less 
showy,  has  ovate-lanceolate  leaves,  hollow  peduncle  much  enlarged  under  the 
head,  obovate  red-purple  rays,  blunt  entire  chaff,  and  1-awned  akenes.  (j) 

Z.  angustifblia,  cult,  as  Z.  A^REA,  from  Mexico,  is  widely  and  copiously 
branched,  rough-hairy,  Avith  lanceolate  leaves,  many  small  heads,  oval  orange- 
yellow  rays,  and  conspicuously  pointed  chaff. 

64.  TAGSTES,  FRENCH  or  AFRICAN  MARIGOLD,  but  from  South 
America  and  Mexico.     (Mythological  name.)     Fl.  all  summer.     (I) 

#  Plant  anise-scented,  with  entire  leaves,  small  corymbed  heads,  and  few  rai/s. 

T.  lueida,  now  rather  uncommon  in  gardens,  has  glossy  lanceolate  serrate 
leaves,  and  orange  flowers. 

*  *   Plant  strong-scented :  leaves  pinnate  :  leaflets  cut-toothed :  head  larqe. 

T.  er6cta,  LARGE  AFRICAN  M.,  with  lanceolate  leaflets,  inflated  club- 
shaped  peduncles,  and  heads  of  orange  or  lemon-colored  flowers,  often  full  double. 

T.  patula,  FRENCH  M.,  with  finer  lance-linear  leaflets,  cylindrical  pedun- 
cles, and  narrower  heads,  the  rays  orange  or  with  darker  stripes. 

T.  signata  is  a  more  delicate  low  much-branched  species,  with  finely  cut 
leaves,  slender  peduncles,  and  smaller  heads,  the  5  rays  purple-spotted  or  spotted 
and  striped  with  darker  orange  at  base. 

65.  DYSODIA,  FETID  MARIGOLD.      (Name,  in  Greek,  denotes  the 
ill-scent  of  the  plant. )     Fl.  late  summer  and  autumn. 

D.  chrysanthemoides.  Roadsides  and  river-banks  W.  &  S.  W.  :  a  low 
weed,  nearly  smooth,  with  spreading  branches,  opposite  pinnately  parted  and 
finely  cut  leaves,  and  few  yellow  rays  scarcely  exceeding  the  involucre.  0 

66.  CICHORIUM,  SUCCORY,  CICHORY,  or  CHICORY.     (Arabic 
name  of  the  plant.)     Fl.  all  summer. 

C.  IntybUS,  COMMON  C.  Nat.  from  Eu.  by  roadsides,  &c.  mainly  E.  : 
leaves  runcinate,  rough-hairy  on  the  midrib,  or  the  upper  ones  on  flowering 
stems  small  and  bract-like,  entire ;  showy  blue  flowers  opening  only  in  the 
morning  and  in  cloudy  weather  ;  deep  root  used  as  substitute  for  coffee.  2/ 

C.  Endivia,  ENDIVE,  cult,  from  East  Indies,  for  autumn  salad;  leaves 
smooth,  slightly  or  deeply  toothed,  or  much  cut  and  crisped,  flowering  stems 
short  and  leafy.  @  © 

67.  TRAGOPOGON,  SALSIFY.      (Greek  name  for  goafs-beard,  from 
the  pappus.)     Fl.  early  summer. 

T.  porrifblius,  COMMON  S.  or  OYSTER-PLANT.  Cult,  from  En.  for  the 
edible  tap-root,  sometimes  running  wild  :  smooth  and  pale,  2° -4°  high,  branch- 
ing, with  long  leaves  tapering  from  a  clasping  base  to  a  slender  apex,  very  large 
heads  on  hollow  peduncle  much  thickened  upwards,  and  deep  violet-purple 
flowers.  (2) 

68.  LEONTODON,  HAWKBIT.     (Greek  name  for  lion-tooth,  from  the 
runcinate  leaves  of  some  species. ) 

L.  autumnale,  FALL,  DANDELION  or  HAWKBIT.  Nat.  from  Europe  in 
meadows  and  lawns  E.  :  leaves  pinnatifid  or  laciniate;  scapes  slender,  8'-  12' 
high,  branching ;  peduncles  thickish  and  scaly-bracted  next  the  small  head  : 
fl.  summer  and  autumn.  J 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  207 

69.  HIERACIUM,  HAWKWEED  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek). 
Wild  plants  of  the  country,  in  dry  ground  :  fl.  summer  and  autumn.      2/ 
H.  Canadense,  chiefly  N.,  has  simple  stems  l°-3°  high  and  leafy  up  to 

the  corymbed  summit ;  lanceolate  or  oblong  acute  leaves  with  a  few  coarse  teeth, 
and  rather  large  heads  with  loose  imbricated  involucre. 

H.  panic  ulatum,  in  woods,  has  slender  and  branching  leafy  stems  2°  -  3° 
high,  lanceolate  scarcely  toothed  leaves,  a  loose  panicle  of  very  small  12  -  20- 
flowered  heads  on  slender  peduncles,  the  involucre  very  simple. 

H.  SCabrum,  in  more  open  grounds,  is  roughish-hairy,  with  rather  stout 
simple  stem  (2° -3°  high),  bearing  obovate  or  oval  nearly  entire  leaves,  and 
a  narrow  panicle  of  many  small  heads,  the  40  -  50-flowered  involucre  and  stiff 
peduncles  thickly  beset  with  dark  glandular  bristles  ;  akenes  not  tapering. 

H.  longipifum,  in  prairies  W.,  is  so  named  from  the  exceedingly  long 
(often  1')  straight  bristly  hairs  of  the  stem;  has  narrow  oblong  entire  leaves, 
panicle  and  20  -  30-flowered  involucre  between  the  last  and  the  next,  and  akenes 
spindle-shaped. 

H.  Gronbvii,  common  in  sterile  soil,  with  slender  stems  leafy  and  very 
hairy  below,  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  panicle  narrow,  small  heads,  slender 
peduncles  and  20  -  30-flowered  involucre  sparingly  glandular-bristly,  and  spindle- 
shaped  akenes  with  very  tapering  summit. 

H.  venbsum,  RATTLESNAKE- WEED  ;  common  in  dry  sandy  ground,  very 
smooth  or  with  a  few  hairs  ;  with  leaves  chiefly  at  the  root,  obovate  or  oblong, 
thin,  purple-tinged  beneath  and  purple-veiny  above;  scape  slender,  l°-2°  high, 
forking  into  2-7  slender  peduncles  bearing  small  about  20-flowered  heads ; 
akenes  linear,  not  tapering. 

70.  NABALUS,  RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.     (Name  from  Greek  word 
for  a  harp,  alluding  probably  to  the  lyrate  leaves  of  some  species.)     Roots 
tuberous  or  spindle-shaped,  bitter.     Fl.  late  summer  and  autumn,     y. 

*  Peduncles  and  5  —  12-flowered  heads  smooth :  leaves  very  variable. 

ff.  altissimUS,  TALL  R.  or  WHITE-LETTUCE.  Rich  woods  N.,  3° -6° 
high,  with  long  and  narrow  leafy  .panicle,  petioled  leaves  inclined  to  be  ovate- 
triangular  ;  heads  5  -  6-flowered ;  pappus  dirty  white. 

N.  albus,  COMMON  WHITE-LETTUCE,  in  open  woods,  chiefly  N.  and  W., 
is  glaucous,  with  more  corymbed  panicles  of  8-  12-flowered  heads,  usually  more 
cut  or  divided  leaves,  and  cinnamon-colored  pappus. 

N.  Fraseri,  LION'S-FOOT,  or  GALL-OF-THE-EARTH,  is  commonest  in  dry 
soil  E.  and  S.,  l°-4°  high,  with  narrow-corymbed  panicles  of  8 -12-flowered 
heads,  and  pappus  dull  straw-color. 

*  *  Peduncles  and  12  -  40-Jlowered  heads  hairy.     Chiefly  West,  on  plains,  $-c. 

N.  racembsus  has  smooth  wand-like  stem  2°  -  5°  high,  lance-oblong 
slightly  toothed  leaves,  the  upper  ones  partly  clasping,  and  a  narrow  spiked 
panicle  of  about  12-flowered  heads. 

N.  asper  is  similar,  but  rough-pubescent,  the  12  -  14-flowered  heads  mostly 
erect  and  larger. 

N.  crepe dinius,  only  W.,  is  smoother,  with  stout  stem  5° -8°  high, 
wide  corymbed  panicles  of  20  -  40-flowered  heads,  brown  pappus,  and  broad 
leaves  6'  -  12'  long  on  winged  petioles. 

71.  PYRRHOPAPPUS,   EALSE    DANDELION.      (Name  means  m 
Greek  fame-colored  pappus ;    this  and  the  leafy  stems  obviously  distinguish 
this  genus  from  the  next. )     ©  ® 

P.  CaroliniamiS,  in  sandy  fields  from  Maryland  S.  :  l°-2°  high,  with 
oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves  often  pinnatifid  or  cut,  the  upper  partly  clasping ; 
fl.  spring  and  summer. 

72.  TARAXACUM,  DANDELION.     (Greek  name  referring  to  medici- 
nal properties  of  the  root.)     ©   2/ 

T.  Dens-lebnis,  COMMON  D.,  in  all  fields,  &c.,  from  spring  to  autumn. 
Inner  involucre  closes  after  blossoming  till  tho  akenes  mature  and  the  beak 


208  LOBELIA    FAMILY. 

lengthens  and  elevates  the  pappus  ;  then  the  involucre  is  reflexed,  the  pappus 
spreads,  and  with  the  fruit  is  blown  away  by  the  wind. 

73.  LACTIJCA,  LETTUCE.    (Ancient  Latin  name,  from  the  milky  juice.) 
L.  saliva,  GARDEN  LETTUCE.     Cultivated  from  Europe,   the  broad  and 

tender  root-leaves   used   for   salad ;    stem-leaves   heart-shaped   and  clasping ; 
flowers  yellow.     ©  @ 

L.  Canad6nsis,  WILD  LETTUCE.  Open  grounds,  3°  -  9°  high,  with 
lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves  often  pinnatifid,  sometimes  entire ;  flowers  pale 
yellow,  sometimes  purple  or  reddish.  ® 

74.  MULGEDIUM,   FALSE   or   BLUE    LETTUCE.      (Name  from 
Latin  mulgeo,  to  milk.)     Fl.  summer,  in  thicket-borders,  &c. 

M.  acuminatum,  from  New  York  to  111.  &  S. ;  3°  -  6°  high,  with  ovate 
or  lance-ovate  barely  serrate  leaves  on  winged  petioles,  blue  flowers,  and  bright 
white  pappus.  © 

M.  JFloridanum,  from  Penn.  W.  &  S. ;  like  the  first,  but  with  all  the 
leaves  or  the  lower  ones  lyrate  or  runcinate,  uppermost  partly  clasping.  ® 

M.  leuCOphSBUm,  in  low  grounds  :  resembles  Wild  Lettuce,  and  with 
equally  variable  lanceolate  or  oblong  often  irregularly  pinnatifid  leaves,  very 
compound  panicle  of  pale  blue  or  bluish-white  flowers,  and  tawny  pappus.  ® 

75.  SONCHUS,    SOW-THISTLE.      (Ancient  Greek  name.)      Coarse 
weeds,  with  soft-spiny-toothed  ruucinate-pinnatifid  leaves :  nat.  from  Eu. : 
fl.  summer. 

S.  oleraceus,  COMMON  S. ;  in  manured  soil  and  damp  waste  places ;  1°  - 
5°  high,  acute  auricles  to  the  clasping  base  of  the  leaves,  pale  yellow  flowers, 
and  akenes  wrinkled  transversely.  © 

S.  asper,  like  the  last,  but  the  leaves  less  divided  and  more  spiny-toothed, 
the  auricles  of  their  clasping  base  rounded,  and  akenes  smooth  with  3  nerves  on 
each  side.  ® 

S.  arvensis,  FIELD  S.  Less  common  E. ;  1°  -  2°  high  from  creeping 
root-stocks,  with  larger  heads  of  bright  yellow  flowers,  and  bristly  peduncles 
and  involucre.  ^£ 

62.   LOBELIACE^l,  LOBELIA  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  milky  acrid  juice,  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  scat- 
tered racemed  or  panicled  flowers  ;  the  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the 
many-seeded  ovary  and  pod  ;  the  corolla  irregularly  5-lobed  and 
mostly  split  down  as  it  were  on  the  upper  side  ;  the  5  stamens 
united  into  a  tube  commonly  by  their  filaments  and  always  by  their 
anthers;  style  only  one. 

Downingia  61egans,  under  the  older  name  of  CLINT6NIA  ELEGANS,  and 
D.  pulchella,  formerly  CLiNrdNiA  PULCHELLA,  are  delicate  little  annu- 
als from  California,  sparingly  cultivated.  They  resemble  small  Lobelias,  with 
very  bright  blue  flowers,  but  are  known  by  the  very  long  and  slender  1-celled 
pod,  and  short  tube  of  corolla  not  much  split  down.  The  first  has  the  2  narrow 
lobes  approaching  each  other  opposite  the  3-lohed  lip  which  has  a  whitish  centre. 
The  second  has  a  larger  corolla,  with  centre  of  the  3-lobed  lip  yellow  and  white, 
and  the  2  other  lobes  widely  diverging.  —  The  other  common  plants  of  the 
order  belong  to 

1.  LOBELIA  (named  after  the  herbalist  De  I' 0!>el  or  Lotel}.  Tube  of  the 
calyx  and  2-ccllcd  pod  short.  Corolla  split  down  on  one  side,  the  5  lobes 
more  or  less  irregular  or  unequal.  Two  or  all  5  anthers  bearded  at  top. 


CAMPANULA    FAMILY.  209 

#  Exotic,  cultivated  for  ornament. 

L.  Erinus,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  common  low  and  spreading  little 
Lobelia  of  conservatories  and  summer  gardens,  with  abundant  small  flowers 
azure-blue,  usually  white  in  the  throat,  and  narrow  toothed  upper  leaves  :  (V)  or 
continued  by  cuttings. 

L.  laxiflbra,  from  Mexico,  cultivated  in  conservatories  under  the  name  of 
SiPHoclMPYLUS  nf  COLOR  ;  tall,  with  curved  and  large  red  and  yellow  flowers, 
hanging  on  long  slender  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  oblong  or  lanceolate 
toothed  leaves.  2/ 

*  *   Wild  species  of  the  country,  one  or  two  of  them  sometimes  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment ;  fl.  summer :  growing  in  ivet  or  low  grounds,  except  two  of  them. 
•*-  Corolla  deep  red :  stems  tall  and  simple. 

L.  cardinalis,  CARDINAL-FLOWER,  with  lance-oblong  leaves  and  erect 
raceme  of  large  and  showy  flowers,  which  are  very  rarely  rose-colored  or  even 
white.  ©  11 

•*-  •*-  Flowers  blue  or  with  some  white  in  the  throat. 

L.  inflata,  INDIAN  TOBACCO.  Somewhat  hairy,  9' -18'  high,  much 
branched,  with  ovate  toothed  leaves,  and  spike-like  leafy  racemes  of  small 
flowers,  the  pale  blue  corolla  only  2"  long,  and  pod  inflated.  ©  Common  in 
fields  :  a  noted  quack  medicine. 

L.  syphilltica,  GREAT  BLUE  L.  Slightly  hairy,  l°-3°  high,  leafy,  with 
ovate-oblong  irregularly  toothed  leaves,  dense  leafy  raceme,  hairy  calyx,  and 
corolla  almost  1'  long.  11 

L.  pub^rula,  chiefly  S.  £  W.  ;  minutely  soft-downy,  with  blunter  and 
finer-toothed  leaves,  and  rather  1-sided  spike  of  smaller  deeper-blue  flowers.  2/ 

L.  spic&ta,  in  sandy  or  gravelly  damp  or  dry  soil ;  smoothish,  with  long 
and  wand-like  stems  l°-3°  high,  obovate  lowest  leaves,  narrow  and  small 
upper  ones,  and  close  naked  raceme  of  very  small  flowers.  ©  ^ 

L.  Kalmii,  of  wet  banks  N. ;  smooth,  with  branching  stems  5'  -  12'  high, 
obovate  root-leaves,  few  and  lanceolate  or  linear  stem-leaves,  a  loose  raceme 
of  slender-pedicelled  and  small  but  handsome  bright-blue  flowers,  and  obovate 
pods.  ©  11 

63.   CAMPANULACE.2E,  CAMPANULA  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers, 
with  regular  5-lobed  (blue  or  white)  corolla  and  5  stamens  borne 
on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube  which  is  adherent  to  the  2-5- 
celled  many-seeded  ovary  and  pod  ;  style  1  ;  stigmas  as  many  as 
the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  separate  in  all  our  plants  of  the 
order,  which  by  this  and  by  the  regular  corolla  (valvate  in  the  bud) 
are  distinguished  from  the  preceding. 

1.  SPECULARIA.   Corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped.     Stigmas  3.    Pod  linear  or  nar- 

row oblong,  opening  by  a  lateral  valve  or  short  cleft  into  each  cell.     Other- 
wise as  in  the  next. 

2.  CAMPANULA.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  or  of  various  shapes.     Stigmas  and  cells 

of  the  short  pod  3-5,  each  cell  of  the  latter  opening  by  a  lateral  valve  or 
short  cleft. 

3.  PLATYCODON.     Corolla  very  broadly  open  from  a  narrow  base,  balloon-shaped 

in  the  bud.     Pod  top-shaped,  5-celled,  opening  at  the  top  into  3  -  5-valves. 

1.   SPECULARIA,  VENUS'S  LOOKING-GLASS.      (Old  Latin  name 
of  European  species  is  Speculum  Veneris.)     El.  all  summer.     © 

S.  Speculum,  GARDEN  V.,  cult,  from  Eu.  for  ornament,  is  a  low  herb, 
with  oblong  leaves,  pretty  blue  flowers  terminating  the  spreading  branches,  and 
linear  triangular  pod. 

S  &  F— 20 


210  HEATH    FAMILY. 

S.  perfoliata,  a  wild  weedy  plant  in  sterile  or  sandy  ground,  with  simple 
stems  3' -20'  high,  furnished  throughout  with  round-heart-shaped  clasping 
leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  their  axils,  only  the  later  ones  expanding  a  small 
blue  corolla  ;  pod  oblong. 

2.  CAMPANULA,  BELLFLOWER  or  HAREBELL.     (Diminutive  of 
Italian  or  late  Latin  name  for  bell.)    Fl.  summer.    (Lessons,  p.  102,  fig.  207.) 

#   Wild  species  of  the  country,  all  with  3  stigmas  and  3-celled  pod\ 

C.  Americana,  TALL  WILD  B.  Rich  moist  ground  especially  W.,  with 
stem  3°  -  6°  high,  thin  lance-ovate  taper-pointed  serrate  leaves,  and  long  loose 
spike  of  flowers,  the  almost  wheel-shaped  light-blue  corolla  1'  broad,  and  long 
curved  style.  (T)  ® 

C.  aparinoides,  SMALL  MARSH  B.  Grassy  wet  places,  with  delicate 
weak  stem  8' -20'  high,  and  rough  backward  on  the  angles,  bearing  small  lance- 
linear  leaves  and  a  few  small  flowers  on  diverging  peduncles,  the  bell-shaped 
corolla  3" -4"  long.  ^ 

C.  rotundifolia,  COMMON  HAREBELL.  On  precipices  and  rocky  banks 
N.,  with  tufted  spreading  slender  stems  5' -12'  high,  round  or  heart-shaped 
root-leaves,  dying  early,  but  narrow  mostly  linear  stem-leaves  (the  specific  name 
therefore  unfortunate),  and  a  few  slender-peduucled  flowers,  the  blue  bell-shaped 
corolla  6''  -  8"  long.  % 

*  #  European  species  of  the  gardens  :  flowers  mostly  blue,  with  white  varieties. 
-«-  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  pod  3  :  no  appendages  to  calyx.     2/ 

C.  Carpathica.  Smooth,  tufted,  6'-10'  high,  with  roundish  or  ovate 
petioled  small  leaves,  slender  1 -flowered  peduncles,  and  open  bell-shaped  corolla 
about  1'  long. 

C.  rapunculoides.  Weedy,  spreading  inveterately  by  the  root,  rather 
hahy,  the  erect  leafy  stems  l°-2°  high,  with  lowest  leaves  heart-shaped  and 
petioled,  upper  lance-ovate  and  sessile,  nodding  flowers  in  the  axil  of  bracts 
forming  a  leafy  raceme,  and  tubular-bcll-shaped  corolla  1'  long. 

C.  Trachelium.  Roughish-hairy,  2° -3°  high,  with  more  coarsely  toothed 
and  broader  leaves  than  the  last,  and  rather  larger  bell-shaped  corolla. 

C.  persicsefolia.  Smooth,  with  upright  stems  l°-2^°  high,  and  bearing 
small  lance-linear  leaves,  root-leaves  broader,  all  beset  with  mimite  close  teeth  ; 
the  flowers  nearly  sessile  and  erect,  rather  few  in  a  sort  of  raceme,  the  open  bell- 
shaped  corolla  l|'  -2'  long,  sometimes  double. 

•t-  •»-  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  pod  5  :  calyx  ivith  reflexed  leafy  appendages,  (f)  ® 

C.  Medium,  CANTERBURY  BELLS.  Erect,  branching,  hairy,  with  coarse 
toothed  leaves,  and  oblong-bell-shaped  flowers  2'  -  3'  long,  often  double. 

3.  PLATYCODON.     (A  Greek-made  name,  means  broad  bell/lower.)     If. 
P.  gr andifl.br um.     Cult,  from  Siberia ;   very  smooth,  pale  or  glaucous, 

rather  low  and  spreading,  with  lance-ovate  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  terminal 
peduncle  bearing  a  showy  flower,  the  bi'oadly  expanded  5-lobed  corolla  fully 
2'  broad,  blue  or  white,  sometimes  double,  in  summer. 

64.  EBICACE^S,  HEATH  FAMILY. 

Very  large  family,  chiefly  of  shrubs,  difficult  to  define  as  a  whole  ; 
the  leaves  are  simple  and  mostly  alternate ;  the  flowers  almost  all 
regular,  and  with  as  many  or  twice  as  many  stamens  as  there  are 
petals  or  lobes  of  the  corolla ;  their  anthers  2-celled,  each  cell  more 
commonly  opening  by  a  pore  or  hole  at  the  end  ;  ovary  mostly 
with  as  many  cells  as  there  are  lobes  to  the  corolla  ;  style  only  one, 
and  seeds  small. 

EPACRIS  is  a  genus  and  the  type  of  a  family  or  sub-order  of 
Heath-like  shrubs,  of  Australia,  some  of  them  cult,  in  conservatories. 


HEATH    FAMILY.  211 

Epacrises  and  the  like  differ  from  Heaths  in  their  stamens  (often 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla)  having  one-celled  anthers.  The 
Heath  Family  comprises  the  following  subordinate  families:  — 

I.  WHORTLEBERRY  FAMILY,  known  by  having  the  tube 
of  the   calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  on  which  the  monopetalous 
corolla  and  the  stamens  are  therefore  mounted.     All  are  shrubs, 
with  scaly  buds.     Fruit  a  berry  or  berry-like. 

1.  GAYLUSSACIA.     Stamens  10:  anthers  with  the  cells  opening  by  a  chink  at 

the  blunt  or  tapering  top.  Ovary  10-celled  with  one  ovule  in  each  cell,  form- 
ing a  berry-like  fruit  containing'  10  apparent  seeds,  or  properly  little  stones. 
Flowers  in  lateral  racemes;  branchlets  and  leaves  beset  with  resinous  or 
clammy  dots  or  atoms. 

2.  VACCINuJM.     Stamens  10  or  8:  anthers  tapering  up  into  a  tube  with  a  hole 

at  the  top.  Ovary  with  several  or  many  ovules  in  each  cell,  forming  a  pulpy 
many-seeded  (rarely  rather  few-seeded)  berry. 

3.  CHIOGENES.     Stamens  8:  anthers  with  short  cells  minutely  2-pointed,  and 

opening  by  a  large  chink  down  to  the  middle.  Ovary  4-celled,  in  fruit  a  white 
many-seeded  berry. 

II.  HEATH  FAMILY  PROPER  ;  shrubs  or  small  trees   with 
calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 

§  1.  HEATHS:  the  corolla  persisting  dry  and  scarious  long  after  the  flowers  open, 
enclosing  the  pod;  the  evergreen  leaves  needle-shaped  or  minute.  Lobes  of 
calyx  and  corolla  4:  stamens  8.  No  scaly  leaf-buds. 

4.  ERICA.   Corolla  of  various  shapes,  4-toothed  or  4-cleft,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Pod  loculicidal.     Leaves  needle-shaped  or  linear  with  margins  revolute. 

5.  CALLUNA.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-parted,  much  shorter  and  less  conspicuous 

than  the  4  colored  and  scarious-persistent  sepals;  below  these  2  or  3  pairs  of 
bracts,  the  inner  ones  scale-like.  Pod  septicidal.  Leaves  very  short  and 
small,  opposite,  crowded,  and  imbricated. 

^  2.    Corolla  deciduous  (not  remaining  dry  after  flowering). 

#  Monopetalous  (or  in  No.  16  with  two  of  the  petals  nearly  separate). 

t~  Fruit  berry-like,  containing  5-10  seeds  or  very  small  stones:  calyx  dry  underneath. 

6.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.     Corolla  urn-shaped,  5-toothed,  enclosing  the  10  sta- 

mens ;  their  anthers  opening  at  the  top,  and  2-awned  on  the  back.  Leaves 
alternate. 

-t-  -i—  Fruit  a  dry  and  many-seeded  pod, 

•»-».  But  enclosed  in  the  calyx  which  becomes  thick  and  fleshy,  so  that  the  fruit  imitates 
a  berry,  but  has  a  dry  pod  inside. 

7.  GAULTHERIA.     Corolla  oblong  or  short-cylindrical,  5-toothed.     Anthers  10, 

4-a  \vned  or  4-pointed  at  top,  opening  only  there.  Leaves  alternate,  broad, 
often  spicy-aromatic,  evergreen. 

^  -w-  •*•*  Calyx  dry  and  separate  from  the  pod. 

a.   Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-lobed  ;  anthers  opening  lengthwise,  not  appendaged. 

8.  EPIG/EA.     Sepals  5,  thin  and  scale-like,  ovate-lanceolate,  style  slender.    Leaves 

evergreen,  reticulated,  roundish. 

b.  Corolla  cylindrical,  urn-shaped,  ovate,  or  globular,  very  rarely  bell-shaped^  the 
orifice '  s -toothed ;  anthers  opening  wholly  or  mainly  at  the  top.  All  belonged  to 
ANDROMEDA  of  Linn&us,  now  divided  as  follows. 

9.  CASSANDRA.     Calyx  of  5  ovate  and  acute  rigid  sepals  overlapping  in  the 

bud,  and  a  pair  of  similar  bractlets  at  its  base.  Corolla  almost  cylindrical. 
Anthers  with  tubular  tips  to  the  cells,  and  no  awns  on  the  back.  P'od  flattish 
from  above,  when  ripe  splitting  into  an  outer  layer  of  6  valves  and  an 
inner  cartilaginous  one  of  10  valves.  Shrub,  with  leaves  rather  scurfy. 
10.  LEUCOTHOE.  Calyx  of  5  almost  separate  sepals  a  little  overlapping  in  the 
bud.  Corolla  ovate-oblong  or  almost  cylindrical.  Anthers  without  tubular 
tips.  Pod  flattish  from  above,  5-valved,  loculicidal.  Shrubs. 


212  HEATH    FAMILY. 

11.  ANDROMEDA.     Calyx  valvate  in  the  early  bud;  no  bractlets.    Corolla  various. 

Pod  globular  or  short-ovate,  5-valved,  loculicidal.     Shrubs. 

12.  OXYDENDRUM.     Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud;  no   bractiets.      Corolla  ovate. 

Anthers  awnjess.     Pod  conical  or  pyramidal,  5-valved,  loculicidal.     Tree. 

C.  Corolla  (usually  large)  open-bell-shaped,  saucer-shaped,  funnel-form,  cfr.,  b-lobed 
or  cleft  :  anthers  short,  without  awns  or  other  appendages,  opening  only  by 
holes  at  the  top :  filaments  long  and  slender,  as  is  also  the  style :  pod  stpticidal  : 
leaves  entire. 

=  No  scaly  buds  :  bracts  green,  firm,  and  persistent. 

13.  KALMIA.     Corolla  broadly  open,  slightly  5-lobed,  and  with  10  pouches  in 

which  the  10  anthers  ai-e  lodged  until  extricated  by  insects,  when  the  bent 
elastic  filaments  fly  up  and  discharge  the  pollen.  Pod  globular.  Leaves 
evergreen.  Flowers  in  umbels  or  corymb-like  clusters. 

=  =  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  from  large  scaly  terminal  buds,  their  thin  scale- 
like  bracts  or  bud-scales  fulling  as  the  blossoms  are  developed.  Calyx  often 
minute  or  obsolete. 

14.  RHODODENDRON.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-form,  or  various.     Stamens 

10,  often  curved  to  the  lower  side.  Leaves  evergreen,  or  rarely  deciduous. 
Pod  mostly  oblong. 

15.  AZALEA.     Stamens  5,  or  rarely  more,  and  leaves  deciduous :  otherwise  nearly 

as  in  Rhododendron.  And  the  characters  run  together,  so  that  Azaleas  would 
hardly  be  kept  distinct,  except  that  they  are  so  familiar  in  cultivation. 

16.  RHODORA.   Like  Azalea,  but  the  corolla  strongly  irregular,  the  upper  part 

3-lobed,  the  lower  of  2  almost  or  quite  separate  petals ;  and  stamens  10. 

*  *   Polypetalous  or  nearly  so:  the  (tvhite)  corolla  of  5  equal  petals, 
-t-  Widely  spreading,  oval  or  obovate :  leaves  evergreen  :  jlowers  in  a  terminal  umbel. 

17.  LEIOPHYLLUM.     Stamens  10 :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.    Pod  2-3-celled. 

Leaves  small,  smooth  both  sides,  glossy,  mostly  opposite. 

18.  LEDUM.     Stamens  5-10:  anthers  opening  by  holes   at  top.     Pod   5-celled. 

Leaves  alternate,  thinnish,  rusty-woolly  underneath.     Flowers  from  scaly 
terminal  buds,  as  in  Azalea. 
-t-  -i-  Petals  less  spreading :  leaves  deciduous :  Jlowers  in  hoary  racemes. 

19.  CLETHRA.     Sepals  and  obovate-oblong  petals  5.     Stamens  10:  anthers  arrow- 

shaped  and  reflexed  in  the  bud,  the  hole  at  the  top  of  each  cell  then  at  the 
bottom.     Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex.    Pod  3-valved,  3-celled,  enclosed  in  the 
calyx.    Leaves  alternate,  serrate,  feather-veined,  deciduous. 
. 

III.  PYROLA  FAMILY ;  evergreen  herbs  or  nearly  so,  with 
calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  corolla  of  separate  petals,  anthers  turned 
outwards  in  the  bud,  soon  inverted,  when  the  holes  by  which  they 
open  are  at  top.     Seeds  innumerable,  with  a  loose  cellular  coat. 

20.  PYROLA.     Flowers  in  a  raceme  on  a  scape  which  bears  rounded  leaves  at 

base.  Petals  roundish,  more  or  less  concave.  Stamens  10,  with  awl-shaped 
filaments.  Style  long.  Valves  of  pod  cobwebby  on  the  edges. 

21.  MONESES.     Flower  solitary,  with  orbicular  widely  spreading  ( sometimes  only 

4)  petals,  conspicuously  2-horned  anthers,  large  5-rayed  stigma  on  a  straight 
style,  and  pod  as  in  the  next  genus :  otherwise  like  Pyrola. 

22.  CHfMAPHILA.    Flowers  several  in  a  corymb  or  umbel,  with  orbicular  widely- 

spreading  petals,  2-horned  anthers  on  filaments  enlarged  and  hairy  in  the 
middle.  Very  short  top-shaped  style  covered  bv  a  broad  orbicular  stigma, 
and  valves  of  pod  smooth  ou  the  edges.  Stems  leafy  below:  leaves  narrow, 
smooth  and  glossy. 

IV.  INDIAN  PIPE  FAMILY ;  herbs  destitute  of  green  foli- 
age, parasitic  on  roots  of  other  plants  ;  commonly  represented  by 
one  common  genus,  viz. 

23.  MONOTROPA.     Calyx  or  2  or  more  deciduous  bract-like  scales.     Corolla  of 

4  or  5  erect  spatulate  or  wedge-shaped  petals,  resembling  the  scales  of  the 
stem.  Stamens  8  or  10:  anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  across  the  top, 
style  stout:  stigma  depressed.  Pod  4  -  5-celled,  seeds  innumerable,  minute, 
resembling  fine  sawdust. 


HEATH    FAMILY.  213 

1.  GAYLTJSSACIA,  HUCKLEBERRY  or  AMERICAN  WHORTLE- 
BERRY.     (Named  for  the  French  chemist  Gay-Lussac.)      Flowers  white 
tinged  with  reddish,  in  late  spring  :  the  edible  fruit  ripe  late  in  summer,  that 
of  the  first  species  largely  gathered  for  tke  market. 

G.  resinbsa,  COMMON  or  BLACK  H.  Low  or  rocky  ground,  common  ex- 
cept 8.  W.,  1°  -  3°  high,  clammy-resinous  when  young,  with  rigid  branches, 
oval  leaves,  short  one-sided  racemes  in  clusters,  rather  cylindrical  corolla,  and 
black  fruit  without  a  bloom. 

G.  frondbsa,  BLUE-TANGLE  or  DANGLEBERRY.  Low  grounds  from  New 
England  8.,  with  diverging  slender  branches,  pale  leaves  white  beneath,  slen- 
der racemes  and  pedicels,  short  corolla,  and  sweet  blue-black  fruit  with  a  bloom. 

G.  dumbsa,  DWARF  H.  Sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  rather  hairy  or  bristly, 
with  thiekish  rather  shining  oblong  leaves,  long  racemes,  leaf-like  oval  bracts 
to  the  pedicels,  bell-shaped  corolla,  and  insipid  black  fruit. 

2.  VACCINIUM,  CRANBERRY,  BLUEBERRY,  &c.    (Ancient  Latin 
name,  of  obscure  meaning.)     Berry  edible.     (Lessons,  p.  104,  fig.  216.) 

§  1.  BLUEBERRIES,  beyond  New  England  commonly  called  HUCKLEBERRIES  ; 
with  leaves  deciduous  at  Least  in  the  Northern  States ;  flowers  in  spring  in 
clusters  from  scaly  buds  separate  from  and  rather  earlier  than  the  leaves  ; 
corolla  oblong  or  short  cylindrical,  ^-toothed,  enclosing  the  10  anthers,  berries 
ripe  in  summer,  sweet,  blue  or  black  ivitli  a  bloom,  each  of  the  5  many-seeded 
cells  divided  into  two. 

V.  Pennsylvanicum,  DWARF  EARLY  BLUEBERRY.  Dry  or  barely 
moist  grounds  N.  and  E.  :  6' -15'  high,  with  green  angular  branches,  mostly 
lance-oblong  leaves  bristly-serrulate  and  smooth  and  shining  both  sides,  the 
sweet  berries  earliest  to  ripen. 

V.  Canad6nse,  CANADA  B.  Low  grounds  only  N.,  is  taller,  l°-2°  high, 
the  broader  entire  leaves  and  branchlets  downy. 

V.  vacillans,  Low  PALE  B.  Dry  woodlands,  less  northern ;  l°-3°  high, 
with  yellowish  branches,  smooth  and  pale  or  glaucous  leaves  obovate  or  oval 
and  entire,  and  berries  ripening  later  than  the  first. 

V.  tQn^llum,  SOUTHERN  B.  Low  grounds  from  Virginia  S. ;  l°-3°  high, 
with  greenish  branches  rather  pubescent,  obovate-oblong  or  oblanceolate  leaves 
scarcely  serrulate  and  often  pubescent,  £'-  1'  long. 

V.  corymbbstim,  COMMON  SWAMP  B.  N.  &  S.  in  wet  or  low  grounds  : 
3°  -  10°  high,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaves,  either  smooth  or  downy,  pale  or  green, 
and  sweetish  berries  ripening  in  late  summer ;  in  one  downy-leaved  variety  pure 
black  without  a  bloom. 

§  2.  EVERGREEN  BLUEBERRIES  of  the  South,  in  low  pine  barrens,  procumbent 
or  only  1°  -  2°  high,  with  5-toothed  corolla  and  10  stamens. 

V.  myrsinites,  with  stems  6'  -  20'  high,  lanceolate  or  lance-obovate  leaves 
\'  -  1'  long  and  mostly  pale  beneath,  and  black  or  blue  berries. 

V.  crassifblium,  with  procumbent  slender  stems,  thick  and  shining  oval 
or  oblong  leaves  £'  or  less  in  length,  their  margins  revolute,  globular-bell-shaped 
corolla,  and  black  berries. 

§  3.  FARKLEBERRY  and  DEERBERRY  ;  erect  shrubs  with  single  axillary  or 
racemed  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  in  early  summer,  open-bdl-shaped 
corolla,  10  stamens,  anthers  with  very  slender  tubes  and  2  awns  on  the  back, 
and  insipid  berries  ripening  late,  each  of  their  5  cells  divided  into  two,  and 
maturing  few  seeds. 

V.  arbbreum,  FARKLEBERRY.  Open  woods  from  Virg.  and  S.  111.  S.  : 
8°-  15°  high,  evergreen  far  S.,  with  oval  glossy  leaves,  anthers  included  in  tho 
5-toothed  white  coi'olla,  and  black  mealy  berries. 

V.  stamineum,  DEERBERRY  or  SQUAW-HUCKLEBERRY.  Dry  woods, 
N.  &  S.  :  2°  -  3°  high,  rather  downy,  with  dull  and  pale  ovate  or  oval  leaves, 
anthers  much  longer  than  the  greenish  or  whitish  5-clcft  corolla,  and  laryo 
greenish  berries. 


214  HEATH    FAMILY. 

§  4.  CRANBERRY  ;  creeping  or  trailing  very  slender  hardly  woody  plants,  with 
smalt  evergreen  leaves  whitish  beneath,  single  flowers  in  summer,  borne  on 
slender  erect  pedicels,  pale  rose  corolla  deeply  parted  into  4  narrow  re  flexed 
divisions,  8  anthers  with  very  long  tubes  but  no  awns  on  the  back,  and  acid 
red  berrt/  4-celled,  ripe  in  autumn. 

V.  Oxyc6ccus,  SMALL  C.  Cold  peat-bogs  N.  &  E. :  a  delicate  little  plant, 
flowering  at  the  end  of  the  stems,  the  ovate  acute  leaves  (only  4'  long)  with 
strongly  revolute  margins,  berry  only  half  as  large  as  in  the  next,  often  speckled 
with  white,  seldom  gathered  for  market. 

V.  macrocarpon,  LARGE  or  AMERICAN  C.  Bogs  from  Virginia  N. ; 
with  stems.  1°  to  3°  long,  growing  on  so  that  the  flowers  become  lateral,  ob- 
long obtuse  leaves  sometimes  ^'  long,  and  with  less  revolute  margins,  and 
berries  £'  or  more  long ;  largely  cultivated  for  the  market  E. 

3.  CHIOGENES.     ( Greek-made  name,  alluding  to  the  snow-white  berries. ) 

C.  hispidula,  CREEPING  SNOWBERRY.  Cool  peat-bogs  and  low  mossy 
woods  N. ;  with  nearly  herbaceous  slender  creeping  stems,  very  small  ovate 
pointed  evergreen  leaves,  their  lower  surface  and  the  branchlets  beset  with  rusty 
bristles,  minute  axillary  flowers  in  late  spring,  and  white  berries  ripe  in  summer : 
these  and  the  foliage  have  the  flavor  of  Aromatic  Wintergreen. 

4.  'ERICA,  HEATH.     (Ancient  Greek  name.)      All  belong  to  the  Old 
World.     The  Heaths  of  the  conservatories,  blooming  in  winter,  belong  to 
various  species  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope.    Of  the  European  species  one  bears 
the  winter  well-at  the  North,  and  is  planted,  viz. 

E.  carnea  (in  the  form  called  E.  HERBACEA),  of  the  Alps  ;  a  low  under- 
shrub,  with  linear  blunt  leaves  whorled  in  fours,  and  rosy  or  bright  flesh-colored 
flowers,  with  narrow  corolla  rather  longer  than  calyx,  in  early  spring. 

5.  CALLUNA,  HEATHER,  LING.    (Name  from  Greek,  to  sweep,  brooms 
being  made  from  its  twigs  in  Europe.) 

C.  vulgaris,  COMMON  H.  of  North  Europe,  seldom  planted,  very  sparingly 
found  wild  in  E.  New  England  and  Nova  Scotia,  &c. :  fl.  summer. 

6.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,    BEARBERRY  (the  name  in  Greek). 

A.  Uva-Ursi,  COMMON  B. ;  trailing  over  rocks  and  bare  hills  N.,  forming 
mats,  with  thick  smooth  and  entire  obovate  or  spatulate  evergreen  leaves,  and 
small  scaly-bracted  nearly  white  flowers  in  a  short  raceme,  in  early  spring,  fol- 
lowed by  the  red  austere  berries.     Leaves  used  in  medicine,  astringent  and 
i  somewhat  mucilaginous. 

7.  GAULTHERIA,    AROMATIC    WINTERGREEN,    &c.      (Named 
for  Dr.  Gaulthier  or  Gaultier  of  Quebec,  over  130  years  ago.) 

G.  prpciimbens,  CREEPING  W.,  BOXBERRY,  CHECKERBERRY,  &c.  ; 
common  in  evergreen  and  low  woods,  spreading  by  long  and  slender  mostly 
subterranean  runners,  sending  up  stems  3'  -  5'  high,  bearing  at  summit  a  few 
obovate  or  oval  leaves  and  in  summer  one  or  two  nodding  white  flowers  in  the 
axils,  the  edible  red  "berries  "  lasting  over  winter  :  these  and  the  foliage  famil- 
iar for  their  spicy  flavor,  yielding  the  oil,  of  wintergreen 

G.  Shallon,  in  the  shade  of  evergreen  woods  of  Oregon,  £c.,  and  sparingly 
planted,  a  shrub  spreading  over  the  ground,  with  glossy  ovate  slightly  heart- 
shaped  leaves  about  3'  long,  and  flowers  in  racemes. 

8.  EPIGJEA.     (Name  in  Greek  means  on  the  ground,  from  the  growth.) 
E.  ripens,  TRAILING  ARBUTUS,  GROUND  LAUREL,  or,  in  New  England, 

MAYFLOWER.    Sandy  or  some  rocky  woods,  chiefly  E.,  under  pines,  &c. ;  pros- 

V  MX*     I  \AAVW  /BxA^uW1^      H 


HEATH    FAMILY.  215 

trate,  with  rusty-bristly  shoots,  somewhat  heart-shaped  leaves  slender-petioled, 
and  small  clusters  of  rose-colored  or  almost  white  spicy-fragrant  flowers  in  early 
spring. 

9.  CASSANDRA,   LEATHER-LEAF.     (A  mythological  name.) 

C.  calyculata.     Wet  bogs  N.  and  mostly  E. ;  low  much  branched  shru! 
with  small  and  nearly  evergreen  dull  oblong  leaves  sprinkled  with  some  fine 
scurf  or  scaly  atoms,  and  small  white  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves 
forming  one-sided  leafy  racemes,  in  early  spring. 

10.  LEUCOTHOE.      (Mythological  name.)      Flowers  white,  in  naked 
scaly-bracted  racemes  or  spikes,  which  are  formed  in  summer  and  open  the 
next  year. 

§  1 .  Evergreens  on  moist  banks  of  streams,  with  very  smooth  and  glossy  finely 
and  sharply  serrate  leaves ;  the  rather  catkin-like  dense  raceines  sessile  in 
their  axils  ;  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  short  pedicels  ;  flowers  in  spring, 
exhaling  the  scent  of  Chestnut-Mossoms. 

Jj.  CatesbaBi,  abounds  from  Virginia  S.  along  and  near  the  mountains, 
with  long  recurving  branches,  ovate-lanceolate  and  very  taper-pointed  leaves  on 
conspicuous  petioles,  and  narrowish  sepals. 

L.  axillaris,  belongs  to  the  low  country  S.,  flowers  very  early,  has  broader 
less  pointed  leaves  on  very  short  petioles,  and  broad-ovate  sepals. 

§  2.  Deciduous-leaved,  ivith  one-sided  looser  racemes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
flowering  in  late  spring  or  summer  after  the  membranaceous  leaves  are 
developed  ;  bractlets  close  to  the  calyx,  acute. 

L.  racembsa.  Low  grounds  E.  &  S. ;  erect,  4°  -  8°  high,  with  oblong 
acute  serrulate  leaves  a  little  downy  beneath,  long  and  upright  racemes,  and 
4-awned  anthers. 

11.  ANDROMEDA.    (Mythological  name.)    Flowers  white,  rarely  tinged 
with  rose,  mostly  in  spring. 

§  1 .  Flowers  in  naked  one-sided  racemes  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  formed 
in  summer  and  opening  early  the  next  spring :  leaves  evergreen. 

A.  floriblinda.  Along  the  Alleghanies  S.  and  planted  for  ornament ; 
3°  -  10°  high,  very  leafy,  the  lance-oblong  acute  leaves  serrulate  with  very  fine 
bristly  teeth,  abundance  of  handsome  flowers,  the  ovate-urnshaped  corolla 
strongly  5-angled  ;  anthers  2-awned  low  on  the  back. 

§  2.    Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters:  leaves  evergreen :  stamens  2-awned. 

A.  polif61ia.  Cold  wet  bogs  N.  ;  6' -18'  high,  smooth  and  glaucous; 
with  lanceolate  entire  revolute  leaves  white  beneath,  flowers  in  a  simple  termi- 
nal umbel,  the  corolla  almost  globular. 

A.  nitida.  Low  pine-barrens  from  North  Carolina  S. ;  2° -6°  high,  very 
smooth,  with  3-angled  branchlets,  ovate  or  oblong  and  entire  glossy  leaves, 
abundant  honey-scented  flowers  in  numerous  axillary  clusters,  and  ovate- 
cylindrical  corolla. 

§  3.  Flowers  in  umbel -like  clusters  on  wood  of  the  previous  year,  in  late  spring  or 
earl  if  summer :  leaves  mostly  deciduous,  but  often  thickish  or  coriaceous :  pods 
5-angled  by  a  prominent  rib  or  ridge  at  the  lines  of  opening. 
*  Flowers  %'  or  more  long,  nodding,  smooth,  clustered  mostly  on  leafless  shoots  : 

stamens  2-awned.     Smooth  ornamental  shrubs,  2°  -4°  'high. 

A.  specibsa.  Low  barrens  S.,  barely  hardy  N.  in  cultivation ;  with  oval 
or  oblong  blunt  and  serrate  leaves,  often  mealy-whitened  ;  corolla  open  bell- 
shaped. 

A.  Mariana,  STAGGER-BUSH  (the  foliage  said  to  poison  lambs  and  calves). 
Low  grounds  E.  &  S. ;  with  glossy  oval  or  oblong  entire  veiny  leaves,  and 
leaf-like  lanceolate  sepals  half  the  length  of  the  almost  cylindrical  corolla. 


216  HEATH    FAMILY. 

*  *  Flowers  very  small,  with  globular  and  scurfy-pubescent  corolla.     Rusty  pu- 

bescent or  scurfy  shrubs,  4°  -  10°  high. 

A.  ferruginea.  Low  sanely  grounds  S.  with  thick  and  rigid  mostly  ever- 
green rusty  obovate  leaves,  the  margins  revolute. 

A.  ligustrina.  Low  grounds  E.  &  S. ;  with  thin  and  green  obovate-oblong 
leaves,  and  pauicled  clusters  of  small  flowers. 

12.  OXYDENDRIJM,  SORREL-TREE,  SOUR-WOOD.     (Both  the 
Greek-made  and  English  names  refer  to  the  sour-tasted  leaves.)    One  species. 
O.  arbbreum.     Rich  woods,  Penn.  to  Ohio  and  S. ;  tree  15° -40°  high, 

smooth,  with  oblong-lanceolate  pointed  serrulate  leaves  (resembling  those  of  the 
Peach),  on  slender  petioles,  and  white  flowers  in  long  one-sided  racemes  clus- 
tered in  a  loose  panicle  at  the  end  of  the  branches  of  the  season,  in  early 
summer. 

13.  KALMIA,  AMERICAN  or  MOUNTAIN  LAUREL.      (Named  for 
Peter  Kalm,  pupil  of  Linnaeus,  who  travelled  in   this   country   before   the 
middle  of  the  last  century.)     Ornamental  shrubs,  scarcely  found  W. :  foliage 
thought  to  poison  cattle.     Fl.  spring  and  early  summer. 

K.  Iatif61ia,  LARGE  MOUNTAIN-L.,  also  CALICO-BUSH,  SPOON-WOOD,  £c., 
In  Middle  States.  Common  N.  in  damp  grounds  and  along  the  mountains  S., 
where  it  forms  very  dense  thickets,  4° -10°  or  even  20°  high,  with  mostly 
alternate  lance-ovate  leaves  bright  green  both  sides  ;  the  large  and  showy 
clusters  of  rose-color  or  white  or  crimson-spotted  flowers  terminal  and  clammy, 
in  early  summer. 

K.  angustif61ia,  NARROW-LEAVED  or  SHEEP  L.,  LAMKILL.  Low  or 
dry  grounds ;  2° -3°  high,  with  narrow-oblong  short-petioled  leaves  opposite  or 
in  threes  and  pale  beneath,  and  corymbs  of  smaller  crimson-purple  flowers  lat- 
eral (in  late  spring),  their  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit. 

K.  glatica,  PALE  L.  Cold  bogs  N. ;  l°-2°  high,  with  2-edged  branches, 
opposite  sessile  oblong  or  linear  leaves  white  beneath  and  with  revolute  margins, 
the  corymbs  of  lilac-purple  flowers  terminal,  in  spring. 

14.  RHODODENDRON,  ROSE-BAY.     (The  name  in  Greek  means 
Rose-tree.)     Very  ornamental  shrubs  or  small  trees.     Calyx  in  our  species 
small  or  minute. 

*  Leaves  thick  and  evergreen,  smooth :  branches  stiff  and  erect :  flowers  in  early 

summer  from  very  large  terminal  buds:  corolla  broadly  bell-shaped. 

R.  maximum,  GREAT  R.  or  WILD  LAUREL.  Mountain-sides,  abundant 
through  the  Alleghanies,  and  N.  sparingly  to  Maine  and  Canada ;  6°  -  20° 
high,  with  lance-oblong  leaves  (4' -10'  long)  narrowish  below,  clammy  pedi- 
cels, and  pale  rose  or  nearly  white  corolla  (!'  broad)  greenish  in  the  throat,  on 
the  upper  side  more  or  less  spotted  with  yellow  or  reddish :  fl.  midsummer. 

R.  Catawbi6nse,  CATAWBA  R.  High  Alleghanies  from  Virginia  S.,  and 
planted  ;  3°  -  6°  high,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaves  rounded  at  both  ends  and 

Sale  beneath  (3' -5'  long),  usually  rusty  pedicels,  and  large  purple  corolla: 
.  early  summer.     This,  hybridized  with  other  less  hardy  species,  especially 
with  the  next,  and  with  the  tender  R.  arboreum  of  the  Himalayas  (cult,  in 
conservatories)  gives  rise  to  most  of  the  various  Rhododendrons  of  ornamental 
grounds. 

R.  P6nticum,  from  Pontus,  &c.,  hardy  when  planted  N.  only  as  a  low 
shrub,  has  obovate-lanceolate  leaves  tapering  to  the  base,  and  a  very  open  bell- 
shaped  purple  corolla,  in  late  spring. 

*  *  Leaves  evergreen,  but  thinnish  ;  branches  slender  and  spreading  or  drooping : 

JJowers  in  early  summer. 

R.  punctatum,  DOTTED  R.  Along  the  mountains  E.  from  N.  Carolina 
S.,  and  sparingly  planted ;  4°  -  6°  high,  with  oblong  or  lance-oblong  leaves 
acute  at  both  ends,  2' -4'  long,  and  sprinkled,  like  the  branchlets  and  outside 
of  the  rather  small  short  funnel-shaped  rose-colored  corolla,  with  rusty  dots  or 
atoms. 


HEATH    FAMILY.  217 

*  *  *  Leaves  tardily  deciduous,  thickish :  flowers  borne  on  the  naked  shoots  in 

earliest  spring :  corolla  almost  wheel-shaped,  briyht  rose-purple. 

R.  Datiricum,  cult,  from  Siberia;  a  low  shrub,  with  small  oblong  leaves 
(!'  -2'  long)  sprinkled  with  minute  dots,  becoming  rusty  beneath. 

15.  AZALEA.     (Name  in  Greek  means  arid ;  not  applicable  to  these  orna- 
mental shrubs,  which  grow  in  low,  wet,  or  shady  grounds.) 

§  1.  CHINESE  AZALEAS,  with  thickish  almost  or  quite  evergreen  leaves,  rather 
leafy  calyx,  short-tubed  corolla  approaching  to  bell-shaped,  and  often  10 
stamens,  —  therefore  in  strictness  rather  Rhododendrons  : 

A.  Indica,  cult,  from  China  and  Japan,  &c.,  is  however  the  AZALEA  of 
florists,  flowering  in  late  winter  and  early  spring  in  conservatories,  with  red, 
purple,  pink,  Avhite  or  variegated  showy  flowers,  green  rather  shining  leaves, 
and  shoots  beset  with  appressed  awl-shaped  rusty  bristles. 

§  2.  TRUE  AZALEAS  or  FALSE  HONEYSUCKLES,  with  deciduous  leaves,  slen- 
der cylindrical  tube  to  the  corolla,  the  chiefly  5  stamens  and  the  style  long 
and  protruded :  hardy  ornamental  shrubs. 

*  Flowers  developed  later  than  the  leaves,  in  summer,  very  fragrant. 
A.  viscbsa,  CLAMMY  A.     Swamps  E.  &  S. ;   4° -10°  high,  Avith  bristly 
branchlets,  oblong-obovate  mostly  smooth  leaves   commonly  pale  or  whitish 
beneath,  often  glossy  above,  and  white  or  rosy-tinged  very  clammy  flowers. 

*  *  Flowers  developed  with  or  rather  before  the  thin  and  veiny  mostly  pubescent 

leaves,  in  late  spring,  slightly  fragrant. 

A.  nudifldra,  PURPLE  A.  or  PINXTER-FLOWER.  Swamps,  chiefly  E.  &  S. ; 
3°  -  6°  high,  with  oblong  or  obovatc  leaves  ;  branchlets  and  narrow  tube  of  the 
rose  or  pink-red  corolla  rather  glandular-pubescent,  and  calyx  very  small. 

A.  calendulacea,  FLAME-COLORED  A.  In  and  near  the  Alleghanies, 
especially  S.,  and  cult,  in  hybrid  forms ;  has  yellow  or  flame-colored  corolla  and 
iarger  calyx-lobes  than  the  preceding. 

A.  P6ntica,  planted  from  the  Old  World,  a  native  of  the  Caucasus ;  has 
larger  (2'  or  more  broad)  golden  or  orange-yellow  flowers,  terminating  naked 
branches,  the  tube  clammy-downy. 

16.  RHODORA.     (Name  made  from  the  Greek  word  for  Rose,  from  the 
color  of  the  flowers  and  general  likeness  to  Rhododendron.) 

R.  Canadensis.  Cold  wet  grounds,  from  Penn.  N.  &  E. :  low  shrub,  with 
handsome  rose-pink  flowers  in  spring,  somewhat  earlier  than  the  pale  rather 
hairy  leaves. 

17.  LEIOPHYLLTJM,    SAND -MYRTLE.     (Name  from  the  Greek, 

meaning  smooth  leaf. N 

L.  buxif61ium.  In  sand,  from  New  Jersey  S. ;  evergreen  shrub  a  few 
inches  high,  much  branched,  with  oval  or  oblong  Myrtle-like  leaves  (from  4'  to 
near  %'  long),  and  umbels  of  small  white  flowers  in  late  spring. 

18.  LEDUM,  LABRADOR  TEA.      (An  old  Greek  name.)      Fl.  early 
summer. 

L.  Iatif61ium,  COMMON  or  BROAD-LEAVED  L.  Low  and  damp  or  wet 
grounds  from  Penn.  N. ;  2°  -  5°  high,  with  oblong  leaves,  usually  5  stamens, 
and  oblong  pods. 

19.  CLETHRA,    WHITE    ALDER.      (Old  Greek  name  of  Alder,  from 
some  resemblance  in  the  foliage.)     Fl.  in  summer. 

C.  alnif61ia,  the  only  common  species,  in  low  grounds,  3° -10°  high,  with 
Aved^e-obovate  sharply  serrate  straight-veined  leaves,  and  upright  panicled 
racemes  of  fragrant  small  flowers. 


218  HOLLY    FAMILY. 

20.  PYROLA,  WINTERGKEEN,  SHIN-LEAF.     (Old  name,  diminu- 
tive of  Pyrns,  the  Pear-tree,  the  application  not  obvious.)     Flowers  mostly 
greenish-white,  in  summer.) 

*  Flowers  nodding,  the  petals  partly  expanding,  the  hanging  style  more  or  less 

curved,  tipped  with  a  narroio  stigma,  and  stamens  ascending. 

P.  rotundifdlia.  Damp  or  sandy  woods  ;  has  thick  and  shining  round 
leaves  on  short  petioles,  many-flowered  raceme,  and  blunt  anthers  :  a  variety  in 
bogs  has  rose-purple  flowers. 

P.  elliptica.  Rich  woods  N.  ;  has  thinnish  and  dull  upright  leaves  on 
rather  long  and  margined  petioles  ;  the  greenish-white  flowers  nearly  as  in  the 
preceding. 

P.  chlorantha.  Open  woods  N. ;  smaller,  the  scape  only  5'  -  6'  high,  with 
a  few  greenish-white  flowers,  thick  but  dull  roundish  leaves  only  1'  long,  and 
anthers  short-horned. 

*  *  Flowers  all  turned  to  one  side,  rather  spreading  than  nodding,  the  petals  con- 

niving, stamens  and  style  straight,  stigma  large  and  5-rayed. 
P.  Seciinda.     Rich  woods  N.  &  E. :  slender,  3'  -  6'  high,  with  thin  ovate 
leaves  and  dense  spike-like  raceme. 

21.  MONESES,  ONE-FLOWERED  WINTERGREEN.     (Name,  from 
the  Greek,  refers  to  the  solitary  flower.)     Flowering  in  early  summer. 

M.  uniflora.  Cold  woods  N.  E. :  with  roundish  and  serrate  veiny  leaves 
about  £'  long,  scape  2'  -  4'  high,  and  rather  large  white  or  rose-colored  flower. 

22.  CHIMAPHILA,   PIPSISSEWA   or   PRINCES -PINE.      (Name 
from  Greek,  means  lover  of  winter,  i   e.  AVmtergrcen  )     Plants  of  dry  woods, 
branched  at  base,  3'- 10'*  high,  with  fragrant  wax-like  mostly  flesh-colored 
flowers,  in  early  summer. 

C.  umbellata,  COMMON  P.  Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  not 
spotted  ;  flowers  4-7,  with  violet-colored  anthers. 

C.  maculata,  SPOTTED  P.  Lower,  3'  -6'  high,  with  ovate-lanceolate 
remotely  toothed  leaves  blotched  with  white,  and  1-5  flowers. 

23.  MONOTBOPA,  INDIAN  PIPE.      (Name  from  the  Greek,  refers  to 
the  flower  or  summit  of  the  stem  turned  over  to  one  side  or  hanging :  in 
fruit  it  straightens.)     Fl.  summer. 

M.  uniflbra,  COMMON  INDIAN  PIPE  or  CORPSE-PLAXT  ;  in  rich  woods  ,- 
smooth,  waxy- white  all  over,  3'  -  6'  high,  with  one  rather  large  nodding  flower 
of  5  petals  and  10  stamens. 

M.  Hyp6pitys,  PINE-SAP  or  FALSE  BEECH-DROPS  ;  in  Oak  and  Pine 
woods;  rather  downy,  tawny  or  reddish,  fragrant,  4' -12'  high,  with  several 
smallish  flowers  in  a  scaly  raceme,  having  4  petals  and  8  stamens,  or  the  upper- 
most 5  petals  and  10  stamens. 

65.  AQUIFOLIACE^E,  HOLLY  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  small  mostly  po- 
lygamous or  dioecious  axillary  flowers,  having  divisions  of  the  free 
calyx,  petals  (these  almost  or  quite  distinct),  stamens  (alternate 
with  petals),  and  cells  of  the  ovary  of  the  same  number  (4  -  6  or 
even  9,  and  fruit  berry-like,  containing  4  r-  6  single-seeded  little 
stones.  Solitary  ovule  hanging  from  the  top  of  each  cell.  Sessile 
Btigmas  4-6,  or  united  into  one.  Flowers  white. 

NEMOPANTHES  CANADENSIS,  sometimes  called  MOUNTAIN  HOL- 
LY, shrub  with  slender  petals  and  large  dull  red  berries,  in  cold 
woods  or  bogs  N.,  is  the  only  representative  besides  the  species  of 


EBONY    FAMILY.  219 

1.  ILEX,  HOLLY.  (Ancient  Latin  name,  which  however  belonged  rather 
to  an  Oak  than  to  Holly.)  Fl.  early  summer  :  fruit  autumn. 

§  1.    TRUE  HOLLY,  with  thick  and  rigid  evergreen  leaves,  red  berries,  and  parts 
of  the  flowers  in  fours,  rarely  some  in  Jives  or  sixes. 

I.  Aquif61ium,  EUROPEAN  HOLLY,  is  occasionally  planted,  not  quite 
hardy  N. ;  tree  with  more  glossy  and  spiny  leaves,  and  brighter  red  berries  than 

I.  opaca,  AMERICAN  H.  "Low  grounds  from  E.  New  England  S.  ;  tree 
20° -40°  high,  smooth,  with  gray  bark,  oval  leaves  wavy-margined  and  spiny- 
toothed. 

I.  Dall6on,  DAHOON  H.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  of  low  pine-barrens  from 
Eastern  Virginia  S.,  a  little  downy,  with  obovate  or  oblong-linear  short-petioied 
leaves  sparingly  toothed  above  the  middle ;  or,  var.  MYRTir6LiA,  with  narrower 
leaves  barely  1'  long  and  mostly  entire. 

I.  Cassine,  YAUPON  H.  Shrub  on  the  sandy  coast  S.,  with  oblong  or 
lance-ovate  crenate  leaves"  only  1'  long,  and  flowers  in  sessile  clusters.  Leaves 
used  for  Yaupon  tea. 

§  2.   PRINOS,  &c.,  shrubs  with  deciduous  mostly  thin  leaves,  and  red  berries. 

*  Parts  of  the  flower  4,  5,  rarely  6  :  nutlets  striate  on  the  back. 
I.  decidua.     Wet  grounds  S.  &  W. ;  with  wedge-oblong  or  lance-obovate 
obtusely  serrate  leaves  downy  on  the  midrib  beneath,  when  old  glossy  above, 
and  with  acute  calyx-lobes. 

I.  ambiglia.  Wet  grounds  S. ;  with  the  thin  oval  or  oblong  pointed 
leaves  smooth  or  smoothish  and  sharply  serrate,  and  obtuse  ciliate  calyx-lobes. 

I.  mollis.  Shady  grounds  along  the  Alleghanies  from  Penn.  S. ;  like  the 
last,  but  soft-downy,  and  fertile  peduncles  very  short. 

*  *  Parts  of  the  blossom  6  (or  sometimes  5-9)  in  the  fertile,  4-6  in  the  sterile 
flowers  :  nutlets  of  the  berry  smooth  and  even. 

I.  verticillata,  COMMON  WINTERBERRY  or  BLACK  ALDER.  Common 
in  low  grounds  ;  with  obovate  or  wedge-lanceolate  serrate  leaves  (l^'-2'  lonji) 
acute  or  pointed  at  both  ends,  the  lower  surface  often  downy,  very  short-pedun  - 
cled  flowers  mostly  clustered,  and  very  bright  scarlet-red  berries  ripening  late  in 
autumn.  There  is  nothing  whorled  in  the  Jeaves  or  flowers,  so  that  the  name 
is  rather  misleading. 

I.  laevigata,  SMOOTH  W.  Wet  grounds  along  the  coast  of  New  England 
to  Virginia ;  has  smoother  and  narrower  minutely  serrate  leaves  glossy  above, 
long-peduncled  sterile  flowers,  and  larger  less  bright  berries  ripening  earlier. 

§  3.  INKBERRY  ;  shrubs  with  thickish  evergreen  leaves  glossy  above,  often  blackish- 
dotted  beneath,  parts  of  the  flower  6,  or  rarely  7-9,  and  with  black 
astringent  berries,  their  nutlets  smooth  and  even. 

I.  glabra,  COMMON  INKBERRY.  Along  sandy  coast  from  Mass.  S.,  2°  -  4° 
high ;  with  wedge-oblong  few-toothed  near  the  apex,  flowers  several  on  the 
sterile,  solitary  on  the  fertile  peduncles. 

I.  COriacea.  Wet  soil  from  Carolina  S. ;  4° -8°  high,  with  larger  obovate- 
oblong  or  oval  leaves  entire  or  with  scattered  sharp  teeth. 

66.   EBENACEJE,  EBONY  FAMILY. 

4 

Trees,  with  hard  wood,  no  milky  juice,  alternate  entire  leaves, 
from  2  to  4  times  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  lobes  to  the  corolla, 
several-celled  ovary,  with  a  single  ovule  hanging  in  each  cell,  and. 
berry  with  large  hard-coated  seeds.  Represented  only  by 

1.  DIOSPYROS,  PEESIMMON,  DATE -PLUM.  (Ancient  Greek 
name.)  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  the  fertile  ones  single  in  axils  of 
lows,  the  sterile  smaller  and  often  clustered.  Calyx  and  corolla  each  4  -  G- 
lobed.  Stamens  about  16  in  the  sterile,  8  imperfect  ones  in  the  fertile  flowers, 


220  STORAX    FAMILY. 

inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  turned  inwards.     Berry  edible 

when  very  ripe,  plum-like,  globular,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  persistent 

thickish  calyx.     Fl.  early  summer. 

D.  Virginiana,  COMMON  P.  Southern  New  England  to  Illinois  and  S.  : 
tree  20° -60°  high,  Avith  very  hard  blackish  wood,  nearly  smooth  thickish  ovate 
leaves,  very  short  peduncles,  4-partcd  calyx,  pale  yellow  4-cleft  corolla,  4  styles 
2-Iobed  at  tip,  8-cellcd  ovary,  and  plum-like  fruit  green  and  very  acerb,  but  yel- 
low, sweet,  and  eatable  after  frost. 


67.    SABOTAGED,  SAPPODILLA  FAMILY. 

Mainly  tropical  trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard  wood,  and  in  other 
respects  also  resembling  the  last  family,  but  mostly  with  milky 
juice,  perfect  flowers,  anthers  turned  outwards,  erect  ovules,  and 
bony-coated  seeds.  Represented  S.  by  a  few  species  of 

1.  BTTMELIA.  (Ancient  name  of  a  kind  of  Ash,  transferred  to  this  genus. ) 
Flowers  small,  white  or  whitish,  in  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calvx 
5-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  and  with  a  pair  of  internal  appendages  between  the 
lobes,  5  good  stamens  before  them,  and  as  many  petal-like  sterile  ones  or 
scales  alternating.  Ovary  5-celled,  hairy:  style  1,  pointed.  Fruit  cherry- 
like,  containing  a  single  large  stony-coated  seed.  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with 
branches  often  spiny,  and  deciduous  but  thickish  leaves  entire.  Fl.  summer  : 
fruit  purple  or  blackish.  Natives  of  river-banks,  &c. 
B.  lycioides,  from  Virginia  to  Illinois  and  S.,  is  smooth,  with  obovate- 

oblongor  lance-wedge-shaped  leaves  2' -4'  long,  and  greenish  flowers. 

B.  tdnax,  still  more  southern,  has  smaller  leaves  brown-silky  underneath, 

and  a  shorter  white  corolla. 

B.  lanugindsa,  in  dry  soil  from  S.  Illinois  S. ;  has  leaves  rusty-hairy  or 

woolly  beneath,  and  white  corolla. 


68.  STYRACACE^I,  STORAX  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  perfect  flowers  with 
4—8  petals  more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  and  bearing  twice  as 
many  or  indefinitely  numerous  partly  monadelphous  or  polyadel- 
phous stamens,  only  one  style,  and  a  1  —  5-celled  1  —  5-seeded  fruit. 
Ovules  as  many  as  2  in  each  cell.  Calyx  in  ours  coherent  more  or 
less  with  the  2  -  4-celled  ovary. 

1  STYRAX.  Flowers  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  white,  showy,  on  drooping  pe- 
duncles. Calyx  scarcely  5-toothed,  its  base  coherent  merely  with  the  base  of 
the  3-celled  many-ovuled  ovary.  Corolla  open  bell-shaped,  mostly  5-parted, 
rather  downy  outside.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla, 
with  flat  filaments  monadelphous  at  base,  and  linear  anthers.  Fruit  dry, 
1-celled,  with  usually  only  one  globular  hard-coated  seed  at  its  base. 

2.  HALESIA.     Flowers  in  fascicles  on  hanging  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  the 

deciduous  leaves  of  the  preceding  year,  white,  showy.  Calyx  4-toothed,  the 
tube  wholly 'coherent  with  the  2  -4-celled  ovary.  Petate  4,  or  united  into  a 
bell-shaped  corolla*  Stamens  8-16:  filaments  monadelphous  at  the  base: 
anthers  linear-oblong.  Ovules  4  in  each  cell.  Fruit  large  and  dry,  2-4- 
winged,  within  bony  or  woody  and  1- 4-celled,  a  single  seed  filling  each 
slender  cell. 

3.  SYMPLOCOS      Flowers  yellow,  in  the  axils  of  the  thickish  leaves,  not  dro<>]>- 

ing.  Calyx  5-cleft,  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  3-celled  ovary. 
Petals  5,  broad,  nearly  separate.  Stamens  very  many  in  5  clusters,  one 
attached  to  the  base  of  each  petal:  fil:iments  very  slender:  anthers  very 
short.  Fruit  1-celled,  1-sceded,  small  and  dry. 


PLANTAIN    FAMILY.  221 

1.  STYRAX,  STORAX.      (The  ancient  Greek  name.)     Leaves,  &c.  with 
some  scurf  or  starry  down.     Shrubs,  in  low  pine  woods  or  barrens,  from  Vir- 
ginia S. :  fl.  late  spring. 

S.  grandifdlia,  has  obovate  leaves  (2' -6'  long)  white  downy  beneath,  and 
flowers  mostly  numerous  in  racemes. 

S.  pulverulenta,  has  oval  or  obovate  leaves  less  than  2'  long,  their 
loww  face  scurfy-downy,  and  fragrant  flowers  few  together  or  single. 

S.  Americana,  has  oblong  almost  glabrous  leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  and 
flowers  2-4  together  or  single. 

2.  HALESIA,  SNOWDROP-  or  SILVER-BELL-TREE.     (Named  for 
Stephen  Hales,  early  writer  of  essays  in  vegetable  physiology.)     Tall  shrubs 
or  small  trees,  flowering  in  spring  just  as  the  leaves  appear. 

H.  tetraptera,  FOUR-WINGED  H.  Along  streams  from  Virginia  and  the 
Ohio  River  S.,  planted  for  ornament  and  hardy  N. :  tall,  smoothish,»with  oblong 
finely  serrate  leaves,  4-lobed  corolla,  12-16  strongly  monadelphous  stamens, 
and  4-winged  fruit. 

H.  diptera,  TWO-WINGED  H.,  confined  to  low  country  S. ;  has  coarsely 
serrate  more  downy  oval  leaves,  4  nearly  distinct  petals  (!'  long),  8-12  nearly 
distinct  stamens,  and  2-winged  fruit. 

3.  SYMPLOCOS.     (A  Greek  name,  means  growing  together.)    Fl.  spring. 
S.  tinct6ria,  SWEET-LEAF,  HORSE-SUGAR.     Shrub  or  small  tree,  in  rich 

ground  S.,  with  coriaceous  oblong  nearly  entire  almost  evergreen  leaves,  pale 
beneath,  and  small  odorous  flowers  in  close  sessile  bracted  clusters.  Leaves 
sweet-tasted,  greedily  eaten  by  cattle. 

69.   PLANTAGINACE^I,  PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

Consists  almost  entirely  of  the  very  familiar  weedy  genus 

1.  PLANTAGO,  PLANTAIN,  RIBGRASS.  (The  old  Latin  name.) 
Flowers  in  a  spike,  on  a  naked  scape,  small,  whitish.  Sepals  4  (or  rarely  3 
from  two  of  them  growing  together),  imbricated,  persistent.  Corolla  short 
salver-form,  thin  and  membranaceous,  usually  becoming  scarious  and  dry,  or 
withering  on  the  pod  ;  lobes  4.  Stamens  4  (or  rarely  2)  borne  on  the  tube  of 
the  corolla :  filaments  usually  lengthening  suddenly  at  flowering  time  and 
hanging  (as  in  Grasses),  bearing  the  2-celled  anthers.  Style  and  long  hairy 
stigma  single  and  thread-like.  Ovary  2-celled.  Pod  2-celled,  a  pyxis,  the  top 
falling  off  as  a  lid,  and  the  partition  then  falling  out  along  with  the  2  or  more 
seeds.  Leaves  parallel-ribbed,  all  from  the  ground.  The  following  are  the 
common  species  :  fl.  summer. 

§  1.  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  in  each  the  style  protruded  a  day  or  two  lief  ore 
the  anthers  open  or  are  hung  out :  lobes  of  corolla  remaining  wide  open. 

P.  major,  COMMON  PLANTAIN,  in  yards,  &c.  Usually  smooth  or  smooth- 
ish,  with  ovate  or  oval  5-7-ribbed  leaves,  a  slender  spike,  and  7-16-seeded 
pod.  }Z 

P.  lanceolata,  RIBGRASS,  RIPPLEGRASS,  or  ENGLISH  PLANTAIN.  Nat. 
from  Eu.  in  fields  :  rather  hairy,  with  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  3  -  5-ribbed 
leaves,  a  grooved-angled  scape,  thick  and  close  spike,  two  of  the  sepals  mostly 
united  into  one,  and  2-seeded  pod.  ^ 

P.  maritima,  SEASIDE  P.  Salt-marshes  N.  E. ;  smooth,  with  linear  thick 
and  fleshy  sometimes  almost  terete  leaves,  showing  no  ribs,  slender  spike,  and 
2  -  4-seeded  pod.  0  2/ 

§  2.  Flowers  almost  dioecious,  or  of  2  sorts,  one  with  4  long  stamens  and  open 
corolla,  the  other  with  minute  short  stamens,  and  corolla  closing  permanently 
over  the  pod. 

P.  Virginica.  Sandy  grounds  mostly  S. :  small,  pubescent,  with  obovate 
or  lance-spa tul ate  3  -  5-ribbed  leaves,  a  small  spike,  and  2-seeded  pod. 


222  PRIMROSE    FAMILY. 

70.   PLUMBAGINACE^I,  LEADWORT  FAMILY. 

Known  by  the  flowers  with  parts  five  throughout,  viz.  5-lobed 
plaited  calyx,  5  stamens  opposite  as  many  petals  or  lobes  of  the 
corolla  and  almost  separate  from  them,  5  styles  or  5  stigmas,  and 
the  free  ovary  1-celled,  containing  a  single  ovule  hanging  on  a 
slender  stalk  which  rises  from  its  base  ;  the  fruit  a  small  utricle. 


§  1.  IjOW  hardy  herbs,  with  leaves  all  from  the  root,  and  Jloicers  on  scapes,  having 
a  funnel-shaped  scarious  calyx,  nearly  or  quite  separate  petals  tapering  at  base, 
and  5  almost  or  quite  separate  styles.' 

1.  ARMERIA.     Tufted  plants  with  evergreen  very  narrow  and  entire  leaves, 

simple  scapes  bearing  a  head  of  rose-colored  flowers,  and  styles  plumose- 
hairy  towards  the  base. 

2.  STATICE.     Broadish-leaved  herbs,   with  scapes  branching  into  a  panicle, 

bearing  3-bracted  flowers  or  clusters  :  styles  smooth. 

§  2.  Plants  of  warm  remans,  with  branching  mostly  woody  stems  bearing  alternate 
entire  leaves,  and  bracted  spikes  of  hum/some  Jluwers,  haviny  a  tubular  calyx 
and  corolla,  ana  one  style  bearing  5  stif/nms. 

3.  PLUMBAGO.     Calyx  5-toothed  at  the  apex,  glandular  along  the  5  ribs  or 

angles.     Corolla,  salver-form,  with  long  tube. 

1.  ARMERIA,  THRIFT.     (Old  Celtic  name  latinized.)   Fl.  summer.    Ij. 
A.  vulgaris  (also  called  A.  MARITIMA),  COMMON  THRIFT,  wild  on  shores 

of  Europe,  &c.,  cult,  in  gardens  for  edgings,  &c.,  with  short  spreading  leaves 
and  scape  3'  -  6'  high. 

2.  STATICE.     (Ancient  Greek,  meaning-  astringent,  the  roots  used  as  such 
in  popular  medicine.)     A  few  species  of  the  Old  World  are  cult,  in  choice 
gardens,  but  not  commonly.     2/ 

S.  Lim6nium,  SEA-LAVENDER  or  MARSH-ROSEMARY.  Along  the  coast 
in  salt-marshes  :  with  oblong  or  spatulato  thick  and  pale  leaves  on  slender 
petioles,  scapes  l°-2°  high,  bearing  lavender-colored  flowers  all  summer. 

3.  PLUMBAGO,  LEADWORT  (which  the  Latin  name  denotes).     The 
following  are  cult,  in  conservatories,  or  turned  out  to  flower  all  summer. 

P.  Capensis,  CAPE  L.,  with  somewhat  climbing  angled  stems,  oblong 
spatulate  leaves,  and  large  pale  or  lead-blue  corolla,  the  tube  1^'  long. 

P.  COCCinea,  RED-FLOWERED  L.,  of  the  East  Indies,  is  more  tender,  with 
deep  red  flowers. 

P.  Zeylanica,  WHITE-FLOWERED  L.,  of  the  East  Indies,  with  smaller 
white  flowers. 

71.   PRIMULACE^,  PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  regular  perfect  flowers,  the  stamens  borne  on  the 
corolla,  and  as  many  as  its  divisions  and  opposite  them,  one  style 
and  stigma,  and  many  or  sometimes  few  ovules  on  a  free  central  pla- 
centa of  the  one-celled  ovary,  in  fruit  a  pod. 

§  1.   With  leaves  all  from  the  root  and  simple,  thejlowers  on  a  scape, 
#  From  ajibrous-rooted  crown  or  root-stock. 

1.  PRIMULA.     Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  often  angled.     Corolla  salver-shaped 

or  funnel-shaped  with  5  spreading  lobes  ;  the  stamens  included  in  its  tube. 
Pod  opening  by  valves  or  teeth  at  the  top.  Flowers  in  an  umbel,  which  is 
sessile  in  one  species,  but  usually  raised  on  a  scape. 

2.  DODECATHEON.     Calyx  5-parted,  reflexed.     Corolla  5-parted;  the  divisions 

lanceolate,  strongly  reflexed.  Stamens  conniving  in  a  long  slender  cone,  the 
linear  anthers  very  much  longer  than  the  short  partly  monadelphous  fihi- 
ments.  Pod  splitting  into  5  valves.  Flowers  in  an  umbel. 


PRIMROSE    FAMILY.  223 

*  #  From  a  depressed  or  biscuit-shaped  fleshy  corm. 

3.  CYCLAMEN.     Flower  resembling  that  of  Dodecatheon,  but  only  one  on  a 

scape  or  stalk.    Anthers  sessile,  pointed. 

§  2.    With  leafy  stems,  the  leaves  simple  and  chiefly  entire, 
#  In  one  whorl  at  the  summit  of  the  slender  stem :  parts  of  thejlower  7. 

4.  TRIENTALIS.     Calyx  and  corolla  wheel-shaped,  of  mostly  7  divisions  united 

only  at  base,  those  of  the  former  linear-lanceolate,  of  the  latter  oblong,  of 
both  pointed.     Filaments  united  in  a  ring  at  base :  anthers  oblong,  curving 
when  old.     Flowers  white. 
*  *  In  pairs  or  whorls  along  the  stems :  parts  of  thejlower  mostly  5. 

5.  LYSIMACHIA.     Corolla  yellow,  wheel-shaped,  5-parted  (or  rarely  of  5,  6,  or 

even  7  nearly  or  quite  separate  narrow  petals).     Filaments  beardless,  often 
monadelphous  at  base.     Pod  splitting  into  valves. 

6.  ANAGALLIS.     Corolla  red,  blue,  or  white,  wheel-shaped,  the  6  divisions  broad. 

Filaments  bearded.     Pod  (a  pyxis)  open  by  a  transverse  division,  the  top 
falling  off  as  a  lid,  many-seeded. 

*  #  #  Alternate  leaves  along  the  branching  stems  :  base  of  calyx  and  ovary  coherent. 

7.  SAMOLUS.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  with  a  little  body 

like  a  sterile  filament  in  the  clefts.     Stamens  included.     Pod  many-seeded, 
splitting  into  5  valves.     Flowers  small,  white,  in  racemes. 

§  3.    With  hollow  inflated  leafy  stems  ;  the  leaves  whorled  or  scattered,  the  lower  ones 
pinnately  parted:  parts  of  thefloiver  5, 

8.  HOTTONIA.     Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  short  salver-shaped :  stamens  included. 

Pod  opening  by  5  clefts  down  the  side,  many-seeded.     Flowers  small,  in 
whorls  along  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  branches. 

1.  PRIMULA,    PRIMROSE,    COWSLIP,    &c.       (Name  from  primus, 
spring,  from  the  flowering-time  of  true  Primrose.)     2/     Two  small  species 
are  scarce  along  our  northern  borders  (see  Manual)  :  the  following  are  the 
common  ones  cult,  for  ornament. 

*  Tender  house-plant,  with  inflated  conical  calyx,  and  round-heart-shaped  7-9- 

lobed  leaves. 

P.  Sin6nsis,  CHINESE  PRIMROSE,  a  downy  plant,  with  often  proliferous 
umbels  of  large  and  showy  flowers,  purple,  rose,  or  white,  sometimes  double, 
in  one  variety  cut-fringed. 

*  #  Hardy  or  nearly  so,  from  En  ,  with  large  tulmlar  or  oblong-bell-shaped  angled 

calyx,  and  wrinkled-veiny  oblong  or  spatulate  leaves  tapering  into  short  wing- 
margined  petioles :  flowers  naturally  yellow,  in  spring. 

P.  grandifl6ra  (or  ACAULIS),  TRUE  PRIMROSE,  has  leaves  somewhat 
hairy  beneath,  and  the  large  flowers  rising  on  slender  pedicels  from  their  axils, 
the  proper  scapes  not  developed  ;  corolla  flat,  sulphur-yellow. 

P.  officinalis  (or  VERIS),  ENGLISH  COWSLIP;  somewhat  pubescent  with 
minute  pale  down,  scapes  bearing  the  umbels  above  the  leaves,  much  smaller 
flowers  of  deeper  color,  and  the  limb  of  corolla  rather  concave  or  cup-like,  the 
throat  commonly  orange.  The  sorts  of  POLYANTHUS  are  cultivated  varieties, 
with  flowers  enlarged,  of  various  colors,  or  partycolored,  often  more  or  less 
double. 

*  *  #  Scarcely  hardy  N.,  with  bell-shaped  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  funnel- 

shaped  corolla,  and  smooth  and  thick  obovate  leaves,  mostly  covered  with 
some  fine  mealiness. 

P.  Auricula,  AURICULA,  of  Southern  Europe ;  low,  with  sessile  leaves, 
and  scape  bearing  a  few  fragrant  flowers,  these  pale  yellow,  with  varieties  white, 
purple,  or  of  various  hues,  sometimes  full  double. 

2.  DODECATHEON.     (Fanciful  name,  from  Greek  for  tioelve  gods.)    % 
D.  Meadia,  called  SHOOTING-STAR  at  the  West,  or  sometimes  AMERICA* 

COWSLIP  :  in  rich  open  woods  from  Penn.  S.  and  especially  W.,  and  cult,  for 
ornament ;  smooth,  with  a  cluster  of  oblong  or  spatulate  leaves  around  the  ba:>e 


224  PRIMROSE    FAMILY. 

of  a  simple  scape,  6'  -  2°  high,  which  has  an  umbel  of  several  or  many  hand- 
some rose-purple  or  often  white  flowers  nodding  on  the  slender  pediccls/becom- 
ing  erect  in  fruit :  fl.  late  spring. 

3.  CYCLAMEN.     (Classical  name  for  the  wild  plant  of  Europe  called 
SOWBREAD.)      Cult,  in  this  country  as  house-plants  for  winter-flowering. 
Flowers  rose-colored,  pink,  or  white,  nodding  on  the  apex  of  the  stalk,  the 
reflexed  lobes  turned  upwards.     JJ. 

C.  Europseum,  COMMON  C.  Corm  l'-2'  in  diameter,  sending  up  heart- 
shaped  thick  sometimes  angled  leaves,  often  marked  with  white  above  and 
crimson-purple  or  violet  beneath,  on  slender  petioles,  and  flowers  with  open 
throat  and  oval  or  oblong  divisions,  the  flower-stalks  coiled  up  after  flowering 
so  as  to  bring  the  pod  to  the  ground  to  ripen. 

C.  P6rsicum,  PERSIAN  C.,  is  more  tender,  with  longer  and  lanceolate 
divisions  and  less  open  throat  to  the  corolla,  the  flower-stalks  not  coiling  after 
blossoming. 

4.  TRIENTALIS,    CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.      (From  Latin 
for  the  third  part  of  a  foot,  the  usual  height  of  the  European  species. )     2/ 
T.  Americana,  AMERICAN  C.  or  STAR-FLOWER.     In  open  low  woods, 

especially  N. :  a  pretty  plant,  the  stem  bearing  a  few  scales  below,  and  at  top 
a  whorl  of  long-lanceolate  leaves  tapering  to  both  ends,  also  2  or  3  slender- 
stalked  delicate  flowers  with  taper-pointed  petals,  in  spring. 

5.  LYSIMACHIA,  LOOSESTRIFE  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek). 
Fl.  summer.     2/ 

§  1.    Wild  species  of  the  country,  in  low  or  wet  grounds  :  corolla  yellow. 

L.  thyrsiflbra.  Wet  swamps  N. :  smooth,  with  simple  stem  leafless  at 
base,  above  with  lanceolate  sessile  leaves,  in  the  axils  of  one  or  two  of  them 
a  .short-peduncled  oblong  spike  or  cluster  of  small  flowers,  having  slender  fila- 
ments and  lance-linear  mostly  separate  purplish-dotted  petals,  and  as  many  little 
teeth  between  them. 

L.  Stricta.  Common  N.  &  S. :  smooth,  very  leafy,  branching,  with  mostly 
opposite  lanceolate  sessile  dark-dotted  leaves  tapering  to  each  end,  flowers  on 
slender  pedicels  in  a  terminal  long  raceme  leafy  at  base,  unequal  filaments  mo- 
nadelphous,  and  lance-oblong  lobes  of  corolla  blackish-streaked. 

L.  QUadrif61ia.  Sandy  moist  ground  :  rather  hairy,  with  ovate-lanceolate 
sessile  leaves  4  (or  3  -  6)  in  a  whorl,  slender  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
ones,  and  ovate-oblong  lobes  of  corolla  dark-streaked. 

L.  Ciliata.  Low  thickets  ;  with  erect  stems  2°  -  3°  high,  opposite  dotless 
leaves  lance-ovate  with  rounded  or  heart-shaped  ciliate  base  and  on  fringed 
petioles,  flowers  nodding  on  slender  peduncles  from  the  upper  axils,  light  yellow 
corolla  not  streaked  nor  dotted,  the  lobes  round-ovate  and  wavy-margined  or 
denticulate,  little  longer  than  the  sepals. 

L.  radicans,  from  Virginia  S.  W.,  resembles  the  foregoing,  but  stems  or 
branches  reclined  and  rooting,  and  leaves  and  flowers  smaller  by  half. 

L.  lanceolata,  commonest  W.  &  S.,  is  similar,  but  with  oblong  or  linear 
leaves  mostly  nan-owed  into  short  and  margined  petioles. 

L.  Iongif61ia,  from  Western  New  York  W.,  has  similar  but  deeper  yellow 
flowers,  and  sessile  linear  blunt  stem-leaves  of  thicker  texture. 

§  2.   European  species  in  cultivated  grounds,  Sj-c. 

L.  VUlgaris,  COMMON  L.  of  Europe :  a  rather  stout  downy  plant,  2°  -  3° 
high,  with  oblong  or  lance-ovate  leaves  3  or  4  in  a  whorl,  flowers  in  panicles, 
and  monadelphous  filaments. 

L.  nummularia,  MONEYWORT  :  trailing  and  creeping  in  damp  garden- 
grounds,  or  running  wild  sometimes ;  smooth,  with  opposite  small  round 
leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  in  their  axils  on  short  peduncles.  (Lessons,  p.  77, 
lig.  155  ) 


BLADDERWORT    FAMILY.  225 

6.  ANAGALLIS,  PIMPERNEL.    (Old  Greek  name,  meaning  delightful..) 
Low  herbs  of  the  Old  World,  flowering  all  summer. 

A.  arvensis,  COMMON  P.  or  POOR-MAN'S  WEATHER-GLASS,  the  small 
(red,  purple,  or  white)  flowers  said  to  close  at  the  approach  of  rain  ;  in  gardens 
and  running  wild  in  sandy  fields ;  spreading  on  the  ground,  with  pale  ovate 
leaves  shorter  than  the  peduncles,  and  rounded  petals  fringed  with  minute 
glandular  teeth.  (V) 

A.  cserulea,  BLUE  P.,  of  the  gardens,  a  tender  mostly  larger  form  of  the 
preceding,  with  larger  blue  flowers.  (T) 

7.  SAMOLUS,  WATER-PIMPERNEL,  BROOKWEED.     (Old  name, 
of  unknown  meaning.)     Fl.  late  summer.     Q)    ^ 

S.  Valerandi,  var.  AmericamiS.  Along  rills  and  wet  places  ;  spread- 
ing, 6'  -  10'  high,  with  obovate  leaves,  and  very  small  flowers  on  slender  pedi- 
cels, which  bear  a  bractlet  at  the  middle,  but  no  bract  at  base. 

8.  HOTTONIA,  WATER   VIOLET   or   FEATHERFOIL.      (Named 
for  a  Prof.  Ilotton  of  Holland. )     Fl.  summer.     If. 

H.  inflata.  A  singular  plant  in  pools  and  ditches,  smooth,  with  stems  and 
branches  much  inflated  except  at  the  joints,  bearing  finely  cut  pectinate  leaves  ; 
flowers  white. 


72.  LENTIBULACE^E,  BLADDERWORT  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  the  ovary  and  pod  as  in  Primrose 
Family,  but  with  irregular  bilabiate  flowers  bearing  a  spur  or  sac 
underneath,  and  only  2  stamens:  —  represented  by  the  two  follow- 
ing genera. 

1.  UTRICULARIA.     Calyx  parted  into  2  nearly  entire  lips.     Corolla  deeply  2- 

lipped,  the  lower  lip  bearing  above  a  prominent  palate  closing  the  throat,  and 
below  a  large  spur.  Anthers  2,  converging  in  the  throat  of  corolla.  Stigma 
2-lipped.  Leaves  finely  cut,  mostly  into  threads  or  fibres,  many  bearing 
little  air-bladders ;  some  are  leafless. 

2.  riNGUICULA.     Upper  lip  of  calyx  3-cleft,  lower  2-cleft.     Lips  of  corolla 

distinctly  lobed,  the  hairy  or  spotted  palate  smaller,  so  that  the  throat  is 
open.  Otherwise  as  in  Utricularia.  Leaves  all  in  a  tuft  at  base  of  the 
1-flowered  scapes,  broad  and  entire,  soft  and  tender. 

1.   UTRICULARIA,  BLADDERWORT.     (Utriculus,  a  little  bladder.) 

Fl.  all  summer.     The  following  are  the  commonest  species. 

#  Floating,  branching,  bladder-bearing :  corolla  violet-purple. 

U.  purpurea.  Only  E.  &  S.,  with  2-4  flowers  on  the  peduncle,  and  a 
rather  short  spur  appressed  to  the  3-lobed  lower  lip  of  corolla. 

*  #  Floating,  branching,  bladder-bearing :  corolla  yellow. 

U.  inflata.  Only  E.  &  S. :  swimming  free,  the  petioles  of  the  whorl  of 
leaves  around  base  of  the  5  -  10-flowered  scape  inflated  into  oblong  bladders, 
besides  little  bladders  on  the  thread-like  divisions  of  the  leaves. 

U.  vulgaris,  LARGE  B.  Common  in  still  or  slow  water ;  the  stems  l°-3° 
long  and  very  bladder-bearing  on  the  thread-like  many-parted  leaves ;  flowers 
5  -  10  in  raceme,  large,  with  spur  rather  shorter  than  lower  lip. 

U.  intermedia.  Chiefly  N.  in  shallow  water,  with  stems  3'  -  6'  long, 
bearing  rather  rigid  leaves  with  linear-awl-shaped  divisions,  and  no  bladders, 
these  being  on  separate  leafless  branches,  the  slender  raceme  few-flowered  ; 
spur  nearly  equalling  the  very  broad  lower  lip. 

U.  gibba.  Chiefly  Middle  States  :  small,  with  short  branches  bearing 
sparse  thread-like  leaves  and  some  bladders,  1  -  2-flowered  peduncles  only  l'-3' 
high,  and  blunt  conical  spur  shorter  than  lower  lip. 

15      -  '£. 


226  BIGNONIA   FAMILY. 

U.  bifl6ra.  Chiefly  S. :  stems  4'  -  6'  long,  bearing  rootlet-like  leaves  and 
many  bladders,  1  -  3-flowered  peduncles  2'  -  4'  high,  and  awl-shaped  spur  as 
long  as  lower  lip.  , 

#  #  #  Simple  and  erect  naked  scape-like  stem  rooting  in  wet  soil,  with  minute  and 

fugacious  grass-like  leaves  seldom  seen :  commonly  no  bladders  :  flowers 
ydlow. 

U.  SUbulata,  from  N.  Jersey  S.  in  wet  sand ;  very  slender,  3'  -  5'  high, 
with  several  very  small  slender-pedicelled  flowers. 

U.  COrnuta.  In  bogs  N.  &  IS. ;  6'-  15'  high,  bearing  2-4  large  flowers 
crowded  together  on  short  pedicels,  or  S.  with  4-12  more  scattered  and  smaller 
flowers. 

2.     PINGUICULA,  BUTTERWORT.   (Name  from  Latin,  pinguis,   fat. 

Both  names  from  the  fatty  or  greasy-looking  leaves,  which  in  ours  are  more 

or  less  clammy-pubescent. ) 

*  Corolla  violet-purple  ;  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed. 

P.  vulgaris,  is  scarce  on  wet  rocks  along  our  northern  borders  ;  scape  2' 
high  ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  short ;  spur  straightish  and  slender  :  fl.  summer. 

P.  pumila,  in  moist  sand  from  Georgia  S.  &  W.,  has  rather  large  flower 
on  scape  2'  -6'  high,  with  blunt  sac-like  spur  :  fl.  spring. 

P.  elatior,  borders  of  ponds  from  N.  Carolina  S.,  has  scapes  near  1°  high, 
and  large  corolla  (!'  wide)  with  blunt  spiir  :  fl.  summer. 

*  *  Corolla  yellow,  more  bell-shaped,  less  distinctly  2-lipped,  the  5  lobes  often  cleft. 
P.  lutea.     Wet  pine  barrens  S.  ;   whole  plant  yellowish,  with  nodding 

flower  (!'  or  more  wide)  on  scape  6'- 12'  high,  in  spring. 


73.    BIGNONIACEJE,  BIGNONIA  FAMILY. 

Woody  plants,  or  a  few  herbs,  with  more  or  less  bilabiate  flowers, 
cliandrous  or  didynamous  stamens  (often  with  rudiments  of  the 
wanting  ones),  2-lipped  stigma,  free  variously  1  -  4-celled  ovary, 
and  fruit,  usually  a  pod,  containing  many  large  mostly  flat  and 
winged  seeds,  filled  with  the  large  embryo :  no  albumen. 

I.  BIGNONIA  FAMILY  PROPER  ;  almost  all  woody  plants, 
with  opposite  leaves,  1-2-celled  pods,  and  flat  winged  seeds.  (Les- 
sons, p.  135,  fig.  316.) 

§  1.   Climbers,  with  compound  leaves  and  4  fertile  stamens  in  two  pairs. 
*  Barely  woody  or  herbaceous  :  ovary  and  pod  one-celled  with  2  parietal  placenta. 

1.  ECCREMOCARPUS.     Calyx  5-cleft,  short,     Corolla  tubular,  with  5  short  and 

round  recurved  lobes.    Pod  short.     Seeds  winged  all  round. 

*  #   Woody-stemmed:  ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  but  the  placentae  parietal :  valves  of  pod 
j'alUng  away  from  the  partition  :  seeds  with  a  broad  thin  wing. 

2.  BIGNONIA.      Calyx  nearly  truncate.      Corolla  tubular  bell-shaped,  5-lobed. 

Pod  flattened  parallel  with  the  valves  and  partition.  Climbing  by  leal- 
tendrils. 

3.  TEC  DMA.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Corolla  funnel-shaped,  tubular,  or  bell-shaped, 

5-lobed.  Pod  flattish  or  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  the  edges  of 
which  separate  from  the  middle  of  the  valves.  Leaves  in  ours  .odd-pinnate. 
The  hardy  species  climb  by  rootlets. 

§  2.    Trees,  with  simple  leaves  and  2  or  rarely  4  fertile  stamens. 

4.  CATALPA.     Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.     Corolla  inflated  bell-shaped,  the  5-lobed 

border  more  or  less  2-lipped  and  Avavy.  Pod  very  long  and  slender,  hanging; 
the  partition  contrary  to  the  valves.  Narrow  wings  of  the  seed  lacerute- 
fringed.  (For  corolla  and  stamens,  see  Lessons,  p.  95,  fig.  196.) 


BIGNONIA   FAMILY.  227 

II.  SESAMUM  FAMILY,  &c.  ;  herbs,  with  simple  leaves, 
some  of  the  upper  ones  alternate,  and  4-celled  ovary  and  fruit 
(but  the  stigma  of  only  2  lips  or  lobes),  containing  flat  but  thick- 
coated  wingless  seeds. 

5.  SESAMUM.     Calyx  5-parted,  short.     Corolla  tubular  bell-shaped,  5-lobed ;  the 

2  lobes  of  the  'upper  lip  shorter  than  the  others.  Stamens  4.  Fruit  an 
oblong  obtusely  4-sided  pod,  2-valved.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  almost  sessile. 

6.  MARTYNIA.     Calyx  5-toothed,  often  cleft  down  one  side.    Flowers. large,  in 

terminal  corymb  or  raceme. 

1.  ECCREMOCARPUS.     (Name,  from  the  Greek,  means  hanging  fruit.} 
E.  SC«lber,  or  CALAMPELIS  SCABER,  from  Chili,  cult,  in  gardens  and  con- 
servatories ;  tender,  climbs  by  branched  tendrils  at  the  end  of  the  twice  pinnate 
leaves  ;  leaflets  roughish  or  smoothish,  thin,  ovate  or  heart-shaped ;  flowers  in 
loose  drooping  racemes ;   corolla  inflated-clubshaped  and  gibbous,  orange-red, 
about  1'  long. 

2.  BIGNONIA.     (Named  for  the  French  Abbt  Bignon.)     Our  only  true 
native  BIGNONIA  is 

B.  capreolata.     Climbing  trees  from  S.  Virg.  to  111.  and  S.  ;  smooth, 
the  leaves  evergreen  at  the  south,  with  a  short  petiole  and  often  what  seems 
like  a  pair  of  stipules  in  the  axil,  a  single  pair  of  lance-oblong  leaflets  heart- 
shaped  at  base,  and  a  branched  tendril  between  them ;   floAvers  several  in  the 
axils,  the  corolla  2'  long,  orange-red  outside,  yellow  within,  in  spring. 

3.  TE'COMA,      TRUMPET-FLOWER.       (Mexican    name    abridged.) 
Formerly  under  BIGNONIA,  which  name  the  species  still  bear  in  cultivation. 
Fl.  late  summer. 

T.  radicans,  WILD  T.  or  TRUMPET-CREEPER.  Wild  from  Penn.  and 
111.  S.,  planted  farther  N. ;  climbing  freely  by  rootlets ;  leaves  of  5  - 11  ovate  or 
lance-ovate  taper-pointed  and  toothed  leaflets ;  flowers  corymbed  ;  orange-yellow 
and  scarlet  corolla  funnel-shaped. 

T.  grandifl6ra,  GREAT-FLOWERED  T.  Cult,  from  Japan  and  China, 
not  quite  hardy  N.,  climbing  little,  with  narrower  leaflets,  and  5-cleft  calyx 
nearly  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  which  is  bell-shaped,  3'  long  and 
broad,  much  wider  than  in  the  foregoing. 

T.  Capensis,  CAPE  T.  of  conservatories,  has  smaller  and  rounder  leaflets, 
naked-peduncled  cluster  of  flowers,  long-tubular  and  curving  orange-colored 
corolla  2'  long,  and  stamens  protruded. 

T.  j  asminoides.  A  fine  greenhouse  species,  from  Australia,  twining, 
very  smooth,  with  lance-ovate  entire  bright  green  leaflets,  and  white  corolla 
pink-purple  in  the  throat. 

4.  CATALPA,  or  INDIAN  BEAN.     (Aboriginal  name;   the  popular 
name  alludes  to  the  shape  of  the  pods.) 

C.  bignonioides,    COMMON    CATALPA.     Tree  wild  S.  W.,  and  widely 
planted ;  with  large  heart-shaped  pointed  leaves  downy  beneath,  open  panicles 
(in  summer)  of  white  flowers  (!'  long)  variegated  and  dotted  within  with  some 
yellow  and  purple,  and  pods  1°  long. 

C.  Ksempferi,  of  Japan,  beginning  to  be  planted,  has  smooth  leaves, 
many  of  them  3-lobed  or  angled,  and  flowers  one  half  smaller. 

5.  SESAMUMji  SESAME.     (The  Greek  name,  from  the  Arabic.)     ® 

S.  Indicum,  from  India  and  Egypt,  somewhat  cult,  or  running  wild  in 
waste  places  far  S. ;  rather  pubescent,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves,  the 
lower  often  3-lobed  or  parted,  pale  rose  or  white  corolla  1'  long,  and  sweet 
oily  seeds,  used  in  the  East  for  food,  oil,  &c. 


BROOM-RAPE    FAMILY. 

6.  MARTYNIA,  UNICORN-PLANT.  (Named  by  Linnaeus  for  Prof. 
Martyn.)  Clammy-pubescent  and  heavy-scented  rank  herbs,  with  long- 
petioled  rounded  and  obliquely  heart-shaped  wavy-margined  leaves,  and  large 
flowers,  in  summer.  ® 

M.  probOSCidea,  COMMON  U.  Wild  S.  W.,  and  cult  in  gardens; 
coarse,  with  nearly  entire  leaves,  large  corolla  whitish  with  some  purple  and 
yellow  spots,  and  long-beaked  fruit. 

M.  fragrans,  SWEET-SCENTED  U.  Cult,  from  Mexico ;  less  coarse  and 
clammy,  with  somewhat  3-lobed  or  sinuate- toothed  leaves,  and  showy  violet- 
purple  vanilla-scented  flowers. 

74.  GESNERIACE^E,  GESNERIA  FAMILY. 

Tropical  plants,  with  2-lipped  or  somewhat  irregular  corolla?, 
didynamous  stamens,  a  one-celled  ovary  with  two  parietal  many- 
seeded  placentae, —  therefore  botanically  like  the  next  family  ;  but 
with  green  herbage,  and  not  parasitic,  and  the  common  cultivated 
species  have  the  tube  of  the  calyx  coherent  at  least  with  the  base 
of  the  ovary.  Many,  and  some  very  showy,  plants  of  this  order 
are  in  choice  conservatories  ;  the  commonest  are  the  following. 

Gloxinia  Speci6sa.  An  almost  stemless  herb,  with  ovate  and  crcnately 
toothed  leaves  and  1 -flowered  scape-like  peduncles  ;  the  deflexcd  corolla  2'  long, 
ventricose,  between  bell-shaped  and  funnel-form,  gibbous,  Avith  a  short  and 
spreading  somewhat  unequal  5-lobed  border,  violet  with  a  deeper-colored  throat, 
in  one  variety  white.  2/ 

Gesndria  zebrina.  Stem  tall,  leafy ;  leaves  petiolcd,  cordate,  velvety, 
purple-mottled  ;  a  terminal  raceme  of  showy  flowers  nodding  on  erect  pedicels  ; 
corolla  tubular-ventricose,  with  a  small  5-lobed  and  somewhat  2-lipped  border, 
glandular,  scarlet,  with  the  under  side  and  inside  yellow  and  dark-spotted.  — 
There  are  several  other  species.  2/ 

Achim6nes  longiflora.  Stem  leafy  ;  flowers  in  the  axils  of  oblong  or 
ovate  hairy  leaves,  which  they  exceed ;  tube  of  the  obliquely  salver-shaped 
corolla  over  an  inch  long,  narrow,  the  very  flat  5-lobed  limb  2'  or  more  broad, 
violet-colored  above,  —  also  a  white  variety.  Propagates  by  scaly  bulblets  from 
the  root.  JJ. 

75.  OROBANCHACE^I,  BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY. 

Low,  root-parasitic  perennials,  destitute  of  green  herbage,  and 
with  yellowish  or  brownish  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  the  monopet- 
alous  corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped  or  irregular,  4  didynamous 
stamens,  and  one-celled  ovary  and  pod  with  the  2  or  4  parietal  pla- 
centae covered  with*  innumerable  small  seeds.  Ours  occur  in  woods, 
and  mostly  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  trees. 

1.  EPIPHEGUS.  Stems  slender  and  bushy-branching,  with  small  and  scattered 
scales  and  two  sorts  of  flowers,  scattered  in  loose  spikes  or  racemes,  with 
minute  bracts.  Upper  flowers  conspicuous,  but  seldom  ripening  fruit,  with 
tubular  4-toothed  corolla,  and  long  filaments  and  style ;  lower  ilowers  small 


and  short,  seldom  opening,  but  fertilized  in  the  bud. 
CONOPHOLIS.     Stems  thick, 


covered  with  firm  overlapping  scales,  each  of 

the  upper  ones  with  a  flower  in  its  axil,  forming  a  spike.  Calyx  4  -  5-toothed, 
and  split  down  on  the  lower  side.  Corolla  short,  strongly  2-lipped;  upper 
lip  arched  and  notched;  lower  one  spreading  and  3-cleft.  Stamens  pro- 
truding. 

3.  APHYLLON.  Stems  are  chiefly  slender  1-flowered  scopes  from  a  scaly 
mostly  subterranean  base.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  long  curveH 
tube,  and  a  spreading  slightly  2-lipped  or  irregular  5-lobed  border;  the  lobes 
all  nearly  alike.  Stamens  included  iu  the  tube. 


FIGWORT    FAMILY.  229 

1.  EPIPHEGUS,    BEECH-DROPS,    CANCER-ROOT.      (Name  in 
Greek  means  on  the  Beech:  the  plant  chiefly  found  parasitic  on  the  roots  of 
that  tree.)     One  species, 

E.  Virginiana.    Common,  about  1°  high,  with  purplish  flowers  £'  or  more 
long,  in  late  summer  and  autumn. 

2.  CONOPHOLIS,  SQUAW-ROOT,  CANCER-ROOT.     (The  name 
is  Greek  for  cone-scale,  the  plant  having  the  aspect  of  a  slender  fir-cone  when 
old.)     One  species. 

C.  Americana.     Not  widely  common,  in  oak  woods,  forming  clusters 
among  fallen  leaves,  3'  -  6'  long,  as  thick  as  the  thumb,  yellowish :  fl.  early 


3.  APHYLLON,    NAKED    BROOM-RAPE    or   ONE-FLOWERED 

CANCER-ROOT.     (Name  in  Greek  means  without  leaves.)     Fl.  spring  and 

early  summer. 

A.  unifl6rum.  Open  woods  or  thickets  :  slightly  clammy-pubescent,  with 
1-3  scapes  (3'-  5'  high)  from  a  subterranean  scaly  base,  and  lance-awl-shaped 
calyx-lobes  half  the  length  of  the  violet-purplish  corolla. 

A.  fasciculatum,  the  other  species,  occurs  only  from  Northern  Michigan 
W. ;  has  scapes  from  a  scaly  base  rising  out  of  the  ground,  and  short  triangular 
calyx-lobes. 

76.   SCROPHULARIACE^I,  FIGWORT  FAMILY. 

Known  on  the  whole  by  the  2-lipped  or  at  least  more  or  less 
irregular  monopetalous  corolla,  2  or  4  didynamous  stamens,  single 
style,  entire  or  2-lobed  stigma,  and  2-celled  ovary  and  pod  contain- 
ing several  or  many  seeds  on  the  placentae  in  the  axis ;  these  with 
a  small  embryo  in  copious  albumen.  But  some  are  few-seeded,  a 
few  have  the  corolla  almost  regular,  and  one  or  two  have  5  stamens, 
either  complete  or  incomplete.  A  large  family,  chiefly  herbs,  some 
shrubby,  and  one  species  is  a  small  tree. 

§  1.  Intermediate  between  this  family  and  the  Nightshade  Family  ;  the  flowers  ter- 
minal or  lateral,  never  really  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  w  bracts ;  the 
corolla  hardly  if  at  all  sensibly  2-lipped,  sometimes  almost  regular,  the  lobes 
plaited  in  the  bud:  sligma  enlarged,  often  ^-lipped.  All  garden  exotics. 

*  With  4  stamens  only,  included  within  the  narrow  throat  of  the  salver-shaped  corolla  : 

leaves  alternate  and  entire. 

1.  BRUNFELSIA.     Shrubs,  with  glossy  oblong  leaves.     Corolla  with  5  rounded 

and  about  equal  lobes,  two  of  them,  however,  a  little  more  united.  Anthers 
all  alike.  Fruit  fleshy.  « 

2.  BROWALLIA.     Herbs,  mostly  a  little  pubescent  and  clammy.     Corolla  with 

somewhat  unequally  5-lobed  border,  the  lobes  with  a  broad  notch.  Two  of 
the  anthers  shorter  and  only  1-celled.  Fruit  a  dry  pod. 

#  *  With  4  anther-bearing  stamens  and  a  sterile  filament :  corolla  with  wide  throat. 

3.  SALPIGLOSSIS.     Herbs,    with    cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid    alternate    leaves. 

Corolla  funnel-form,  with  very  open  throat,  a  little  oblique  or  irregular,  the 
lobes  all  with  a  deep  notch  at  the  end.  Pod  oblong. 

§  2.  Corolla  imbricated  and  not  plaited  in  the  bud;  the  smaller  lip  3-parted;  the 
larger  b-cleft,  and  the  lobes  again  2-cleft  or  deeply  notched.  Flowers  terminal, 
panicled. 

4.  SCHIZANTHUS.     Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  narrow.     Corolla  with  tube 

shorter  than  the  divisions,  which  appear  as  if  cut  up,  the  middle  lobe  of  the 
smaller  lip,  towards  which  the  stamens  and  style  are  inclined,  more  or  less 
hooded  or  sao-like.  Stamens  with  good  anthers  2,  the  2  or  3  others  small  and 
abortive.  Stigma  minute.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnate,  or  pinnately  cut. 


230  FIGWORT    FAMILY. 

§  3.  Corolla  with  lobes  imbricated  and  not  plaited  in  the  bud,  either  2-Vpped  or  more 
or  less  irregular,  the  divisions  or  lobes  at  most  5.  Peduncles  from  the  axil  of 
leaves  or  bracts,  nojlower  ever  really  terminating  the  main  stem  or  branches. 

*  Tree,  with  large  and  opposite  Cdtalpa-like  leaves. 

6.  PAULOWNIA.  Calyx  very  downy,  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  decnrred,  with  a 
cylindrical  or  funnel-form'tube,  and  an  enlarged  oblique  border  of  5  rounded 
lobes.  Stamens  4,  included.  Pod  turgid,  thick,  filled  with  very  numerous 
winged  seeds. 

*  #  Herbs,  or  a  few  becoming  low  shrubs. 
•t-  With  5  anther-bearing  stamens  and  a  wheel-shaped  or  barely  concave  corotta. 

6.  VERBASCUM.     Flowers  in  a  long  terminal  raceme  or  spike.     Calyx  5-parted. 

Corolla  with  5  broad  and  rounded  only  slightly  unequal  divisions.  All  the 
filaments  or  3  of  them  woolly.  Style  expanding  and  flat  at  apex.  Pod 
globular,  many-seeded.  Leaves  alternate. 

•t—  -t-  With  only  2  or  4  anther-bearing  stamens. 

*+•  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  or  at  least  with  wide  Dreading  border  mostly  much  lonrjer 
than  the  short  tube :  Jiowers  single  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  collected  in  a 
raceme  or  spike. 

7.  CELSIA.     Like  Verbascum,  but  with  only  4  stamens,  those  of  2  sorts. 

8.  ALONSOA.     Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  very  unequal,  turned  upside  down  by 

the  twisting  of  the  pedicel,  so  that  the  much  larger  lower  lobe  appears  to  be 
the  upper  and  the  two  short  upper  lobes  the  lowei*.  Stamens  4.  Pod  many- 
seeded.  Lower  leaves  opposite  or  in  threes. 

9.  VERONICA.      Calyx  4-parted,  rarely  .3 -5-parted.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  or 

sometimes  salver-shaped,  with  4  or  rarely  5  rounded  lobes,  one  or  two  of 
them  usually  rather  smaller.  Stamens  2,  with  long  slender  filaments.  Pod 
flat  or  flattish,  2  -  many-seeded.  At  least  the  lower  leaves  opposite  or  some- 
times whorled. 

•M-  •«•  Corolla  salver-shaped,  with  almost  regular  4  -  5-lobed  border :  Jiowers  in  <t 
terminal  spike.     Here  one  species  of  No.  9  would  be  sought. 

10.  BUCHNERA.      Calyx  tubular,  6-toothed.      Corolla  with  a  slender  tube,  and 

the  border  cleft  into  5  roundish  divisions.  Anthers  4  in  2  pairs,  one-celled. 
Style  club-shaped  at  the  apex.  Pod  many-seeded.  Leaves  mainly  opposite, 
roughish. 

4-v  ++  ++  Corolla  either  obviously  2-lipped,  or  funnel-form,  tubular,  or  bell-shaped. 
=  Corolla  2-parted  nearly  to  the  base,  the  2  lips  sac-shaped  or  the  lower  larger  one 
slipper-shaped:  stamens  only  2  (or  very  rarely  3),  and  no  rudiments  of  more. 

11.  CALCEOLARIA.     Calyx  4-parted.     The   two   sac-shaped  or  slipper-shaped 

divisions  of  the  corolla  entire  or  nearly  so.  Pod  many-seeded.  Leave* 
chiefly  opposite,  and  flowers  in  cymes  or  clusters. 

=  =  Corolla  almost  2-parted,  the  middle  lobe,  of  the  lower  lip  folded  together  to  form 
a  fiat  pockjet  which  encloses  the  4*  stamens  and  th'e  style. 

12.  COLLINSIA.     Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.     Corolla  turned   down  ;  its  short  tube 

laterally  flattened,  strongly  bulging  on  the  upper  side:  upper  lip  2-cleft  and 
turned  back;  the  lower  one  larger  and  3-lobed,  its  middle  and  laterally 
flattened  pocket-shaped  lobe  covered  above  by  the  two  lateral  ones.  A  little- 
rudiment  of  the  fifth  stamen  present.  Pod  globular,  with  few  or  several  seeds. 
Flowers  on  pedicels  single  or  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  oppo- 
site (rarely  whorled)  leaves,  which  are  gradually  reduced  to  bracts,,  forming; 
an  interrupted  raceme. 

=  =  =  Corolla  not  2-parted  nor  salver-shaped,  but  with  a  tube  of  some  length  in 

proportion  to  the  2-lipped  or  more  or  less  irregular  (rarely  nearly  regular)* 

4  -  o-lobed  border,  and 
a.    With  a  spur  or  sac-like  projection  at  the  base  on  the  lower  side,  and  a  projecting 

palate  to  the  lower  lip,  which  commonly  closes  the  throat  or  nearly  so  :  stamens' 

4,  and  no  obvious  rudiment. 

13.  LINARIA.     Calyx   5-parted.     Corolla  personate,   and   with   a  spur  at   base. 

(Lessons,  p.  102,  fig.  211.)  Pod  many-seeded,  opening  by  a  hole  or  chink 
which  forms  below  the  summit  of  each  cell. 

14.  ANTIRRHINUM.     No  spur,  but  a  sac  or  gibbosity  at  the  base  of  the  personate 

eorolla  (Lessons,  p.  102,  fig.  210):  otherwise  like  13. 


FIGWORT    FAMILY.  231 

b.   Neither  spur  nor  sac  at  base  of  the  corolla,  nor  a  projecting  palate  in  the  throat, 
nor  with  the  upper  lip  laterally  compressed  or  folded  and  narrow  and  arched. 

].   Stamens  with  anthers  4,  and  no  rudiment  of  the  fifth :  peduncles  l-fiowered. 

15.  MAURANDIA,  including  LOPHOSPERMUM.     Herbs  with  alternate  or  partly 

opposite  leaves,  and  solitary  long-peduncled  flowers  in  their  axils,  climbing 
by  their  coiling  leafstalks  and  flowerstalks.  Calyx  6-parted,  foliaceous. 
Corolla  open-mouthed,  between  bell-shaped  and  inflated-tubular,  with  2 
plaits  or  hairy  lines  running  down  the  tube  within,  the  border  obscurely  2- 
Jipped  or  oblique,  but  the  5  spreading  roundish  lobes  nearly  similar,  the  upper 
ones  outermost  in  the  bud.  Pod  as  in  14. 

16.  DIGITALIS.     Herbs  with  erect  simple  stem,  alternate  leaves,  and  a  simple 

terminal  raceme  of  hanging  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted,  foliaceous,  the  upper 
sepal  smallest.  Corolla  declining,  with  a  long  more  or  less  inflated  tube  and 
a  short  scarcely  spreading  border,  distinctly  or  indistinctly  lobed,  the  lower 
lobe  or  side  longest,  the  lateral  ones  outermost  in  the  bud.  Pod  2-valved, 
many-seeded. 

17.  GERARDIA.     Herbs  with  branching  stems,  opposite  or  some  alternate  leaves, 

and  above  with  single  flowers  in  their  axils  or  those  of  the  bracts.  Calyx 
5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  inflated  bell-shaped  or  tubular-funnel  form, 
with  an  oblique  or  rather  unequal  border,  the  5  lobes  somewhat  equal,  the 
lower  and  lateral  ones  outside  in  the  bud.  Two  pairs  of  stamens  of  quite 
unequal  length.  (Lessons,  p.  95,  fig.  194.)  Pod  globular  or  ovate,  pointed, 
2-valved,  many-seeded. 

18.  SEYMERIA.     Herbs,  like  IT;  but  corolla  with  a  short  and  broad  bell-shaped 

tube,  not  longer  than  the  5  ovate  or  oblong  nearly  equal  spreading  lobes ;  and 
the  stamens  almost  equal,  their  anthers  blunt  at  base. 

19.  MIMULUS.    Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  single  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the 

upper  ones.     Calyx  prismatic,  with  5  projecting  angles,  5-toothed.     Corolla 
tubular  or  funnel-form,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  of  2  rounded  and  recurved 
lobes,  the  lower  of  3  rounded  spreading  lobes.     Stamens  included.     Stigma 
-          of  2Jiat  lips.     Pod  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

20.  TORENIA.     Trailing  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.     Calyx 

Srismatic,  with  sharp  angles,  2-lipped  at  summit,  the  lips  2-toothed  and 
-toothed.  Corolla  short-funnel-shaped  or  tubular  with  inflated  throat, 
4-lobed,  the  upper  lobe  (sometimes  slightly  notched)  outermost  in  the  bud. 
Filaments  arched  and  their  anthers  brought  together  in  pairs  under  the  upper 
lobe,  the  longer  pair  almost  equalling  the  upper  lobe  and  bearing  a  short 
naked  branch  or  appendage  at  base ;  the  shorter  pair  simple  and  included. 
Stigma  2-lipped.  Pod  many-seeded., 

2.  Stamens  with  good  anthers  only  2,  a  pair  of  sterile  ones  or  abortive  filaments 

generally  present  also:  fiowers  small:  calyx  it-parted:  corolla  2-lipped  :  leavts 
ojtpnsite,  with  single  jiowers  in  the  axil  of  the  upper  ones :  peduncles  simple 
and  bractless. 

21.  ILYSANTHES.     Spreading  little  herbs.     Upper  lip  of  the  short  corolla  erect 

and  2-lobed:  the  lower  larger,  spreading,  3-cleft.  Upper  pair  of  stamens 
with  good  anthers,  included  in  the  tube'of  the  corolla;  lower  pair  borne  in 
the  throat  and  protruded,  2-forked,  without  anthers.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Pod 
many-seeded. 

22.  GRATIOLA.     Low  herbs.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  either  entire  or  2-cleft; 

lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  included;  the  upper  pair  with  good  anthers;  the 
lower  pair  short  with  rudiment  of  anthers  or  a  mere  naked  filament,  or  none 
at  all.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Pod  many-seeded.  A  pair  of  bracts  at  the  base 
of  the  calyx. 

3.  Stamens  with  anthers  4,  the  fifth  stamen  present  as  a  barren  filament  or  a  scale : 

calyx  b-parted  or  of  5  imbricated  sepals:  stigma  simple:  leaves  ckiefiy  oppo- 
site :  Jiowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  or  when  these  are  reduced  lo 
•  bracts  forming  a  terminal  panicle  or  raceme :  peduncles  feio- flowered,  or  when 
one-flowered  bearing  a  pair  of  bractlets,  from  the  axils' of  which  Jiowers  may 
spring :  pod  many-seeded. 

23.  SCROPHULARIA.     Homely  and  rank  erect  herbs.      Corolla  small,  with  a 

globular  or  oval  tube,  and  a  short  border  composed  of  4  short  erect  lobes  and 
one  (the  lower)  spreading  or  reflexed.  Fertile  stamens  short  and  included; 
the  rudiment  which  answers  to  tiie  fifth  is  a  little  scale  at  the  summit  of  the 
tube  of  the  corolla. 


232  FIGWORT    FAMILY. 

24.  CHELOXE.  Low  upright  smooth  herbs,  with  flowers  sessile  in  spikes  or 
clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  and  accompanied  by  closely  imbri- 
cated concave  roundish  bracts  and  bractlets.  Corolla  short-tubular  and 
inflated,  concave  underneath,  with  the  2  broad  lips  only  slightly  open;  the 
upper  arched,  keeled  in  the  middle,  notched  at  the  apex;  the  lower  one 
woolly  bearded  in  the  throat  and  3-lobed  at  the  end.  Filaments  and  anthers 
woolly:  sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  others.  Seeds  winged. 

35.   PENTSTEMON.     Herbs  (or  a  few  shrubby  at  base),  with  mostly  upright 


stems  branching  only  from  the  base,  and  panicled  or  almost  racemed  flowers, 
lar,  bell-shaped,  funnel-form,  &c.,  more  or  less  2-lipped,  open- 
mouthed.     Sterile  filament  conspicuous,  usually  about  as  long  as  the  anther- 


bearing  ones.     Seeds  wingless. 

26.  RUSSELLIA.     Rather  shrubby  spreading  plants,  or  with  pendulous  angular 

branches;  the  flowers  loosely  panicled  or  racemed.  Corolla  tubular  with  5 
short  spreading  lobes,  the  2  upper  a  little  more  united.  Sterile  filament 
small  and  inconspicuous  near  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Seeds  wingless. 

C«  Neither  spur  nor  sac  at  base  of  (he  corolla,  the  narrow  laterally  compressed  or 
infulded  upper  lip  of  which  is  helmet-shaped  or  arched,  entire  or  minutely 
notched,  and  enclosing  the  4  stamens  ;  no  sterile  Jilament.  Often  sJwwy  but 
uncultivable  plants. 

27.  CASTILLEIA.    Herbs  with  simple  stems,  alternate  leaves,  some  of  the  upper, 

with  flowers  chiefly  sessile  in  their  axils,  colored  like  petals,  and  more  gay 
than  the  corollas.  Calyx  tubular,  flattened  laterally,  2-4-cleft.  Corolla 
tubular,  with  a  long  and  narrow  conduplicate  erect  upper  lip,  and  a  very 
short  3-lobed  lower  lip.  Cells  of  the  anther  unequal.  Pod  many-seeded. 

28.  PEDICULARIS.      Herbs  with  simple    stems,  chiefly  pinnatifid  leaves  and 

spiked  flowers.  Corolla  tubular,  with  a  strongly  arched  or  flattened  helmet- 
shaped  upper  lip,  and  the  lower  erect  at  base,  2-crested  above  and  3-lobed. 
Seeds  several  in  each  cell. 

29.  MELAMPYRUM.     Low  herbs  with  branching  stems,  opposite  leaves,  and 

flowers  in  their  axils,  or  the  upper  crowded  in  a  bracted  spike.  Calyx  bell- 
shaped,  4-cleft,  the  lobes  taper-pointed.  Corolla  tubular,  enlarging  above, 
with  the  lower  lip  nearly  equalling  the  narrow  upper  one  and  its  biconvex 
palate  appressed  to  it,  3-lobed  at  the  summit.  Cells  of  the  anther  minutely 
pointed  at  base.  Pod  oblique,  with  only  2  seeds  in  each  cell. 

1.  BRTJNFELSIA.     (Named  for  the  old  herbalist,  Otto  Brunfeh.}     Con- 
servatory shrubs,  from  Brazil,  cult,  under  the  name  of  FKANcfscEA ;  with 
showy  flowers,  blue  or  violet  turning  paler. 

B.  latifblia,  is  very  smooth,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaves,  and  few  flowers 
at  the  end  of  the  branches  l£'  across. 
B.  Hopeana,  with  lance-oblong  leaves  2'  long,  and  flower  only  1'  wide. 

2.  BROWALIiIA.     (Named  for  Dr.  Browall,  of  Sweden,  first  a  friend, 
later  a  bitter  opponent  of  Linnaeus.) 

B.  demissa  (named  also  B.  EL\TA  when  the  plant  and  the  man  it  was  named 
for  grew  exalted),  from  S.  America ;  cult,  in  the  gardens,  l°-2°  high,  bushy- 
branched,  with  ovate  leaves  and  handsome  bright  violet-blue  flowers  (!'  or  less 
across,  at  length  as  it  were  racemed)  produced  all  summer.  © 

3.  SALPIGLOSSIS.     (Greek  for  trumpet-tonnue,  from  the  curved  apex  of 
the  style  with  dilated  stigma  likened  to  the  end  of  a  trumpet. 

1.  S.  sinuata.  Cult,  from  Chili  as  an  ornamental  annual  or  biennial,  under 
various  names  and  varieties  according  to  the  color  of  the  large  flowers,  dark- 
purple,  or  straw-colored  and  mostly  striped  :  fl.  all  summer.  In  appearance 
resembles  a  Petunia. 

4.  SCHIZANTHUS.     (Greek  for  cut  flower,  the  corolla  being  as  if  cut 
into  slips.)     Cult,  for  ornament,  from  Chili :  fl.  summer.     © 

S.  pinnatUS,  the  common  species,  of  several  varieties ;  slender,  1°  -  2°  high, 
pubescent  with  fine  glandular  hairs,  with  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnate  or  pam-d 
into  narrow  divisions,  and  numerous  handsome  flowers  barely  1'  in  diameter, 


FIG  WORT    FAMILY.  233 

usually  pink  and  white  variegated  with  yellowish  and  some  deeper  purple  spots 
on  the  larger  lobe.  —  There  are  one  or  two  larger  flowered  but  less  common 
species. 

5.  PAULOWNIA.     (Named  for  a  Russian  Princess.)     Only  one  species,  f 

P.  imperialis,  of  Japan,  cult,  for  ornament,  scarcely  hardy  far  N. ;  the  x  ,  i 
heart-shaped  very  ample  leaves  resembling  those  of  Catalpa  but  much  more  L  ^^ 
downy,  flowers  in  large  terminal  panicle,  in  spring,  the  violet  corolla  l£'-2'  yt*Jt 
long. 

6.  VERBASCUM,  MULLEIN.     (Ancient  Latin  name.)     Natives  of  the 
Old  World,  here  weeds>  often  hybridizing:  fl.  summer.     ^/  (2) 

V.  ThapSUS,  COMMON  M.  Fields  :  densely  woolly,  the  tall  simple  stem 
winged  from  the  bases  of  the  oblong  leaves,  bearing  a  long  dense  spike  of  yellow 
(rarely  white)  flowers. 

V.  Lychnitis,  WHITE  M.  Waste  places,  rather  scarce  :  whitened  with 
thin  powdery  woolliness,  the  stem  not  winged,  ovate  leaves  greenish  above,  and 
spikes  of  yellow  or  rarely  white  flowers  panicled. 

V.  Blattaria,  MOTH  M.  Roadsides  :  green  and  smoothish,  2°  -  3°  high, 
slender,  with  ovate  toothed  or  sometimes  cut  leaves,  and  loose  raceme  of  yellow 
or  else  white  and  purplish-tinged  flowers. 

7.  CELSIA.     (Named  for  0.  Celsius,  a  Swedish  Orientalist.)     Fl.  summer. 
C.  Cr6tica,  cult,   for  ornament  from  the  Mediterranean  region:  2° -3° 

high,  rather  hairy,  or  the  raceme  clammy,  with  lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  upper 
toothed  and  clasping  at  base,  corolla  orange-yellow  with  some  purple  (l'-2' 
across),  lower  pair  of  filaments  naked,  the  upper  pair  short  and  woolly- 
bearded.  © 

8.  ALONSOA.     (Named  for  Alonzo  Zanoni,  a  Spanish  botanist.)     Cult,  as 
annuals,  from  South  America  :  fl.  all  summer. 

A.  incissefblia  (also  called  uRTic^2F6LiA)  :  smoothish,  branching,  l°-2° 
high,  with  lance-ovate  or  oblong  sharply  cut-toothed  leaves,  and  orange-scarlet 
corolla  less  than  1'  wide  :  several  varieties. 

9.  VERONICA,  SPEEDWELL.     (Name  of  doubtful  derivation,  perhaps 
referring  to  St.  Veronica.)     Fl.  summer. 

§  1.  Shrubby,  tender,  very  leafy  species,  from  New  Zealand,  with  entire  and 
glossy  smooth  and  nearly  sessile  evergreen  leaves,  all  opposite,  dense  many- 
flowered  racemes  from  the  axils,  and  acutish  pods. 

V.  specibsa,  is  smooth  throughout,  with  obovate  or  oblong  blunt  or  retuse 
thick  leaves,  and  very  dense  spike-like  racemes  of  violet-purple  flowers. 

V.  salicifdlia,  has  lanceolate  acute  leaves,  and  longer  clammy-pubescent 
racemes  of  blue  flowers. 

V.  Lindleyana,  has  oblong-lanceolate  pale  leaves,  and  racemes  of  pale 
lilac  flowers. 

§  2.    Herbs,  growing  wild,  or  those  of  the  first  subdivision  cultivated  in  gardens. 

.*  Spikes  or  dense  spike-like  racemes  terminating  the  erect  stem  or  branches  and 
often  clustered.  2/ 

V.  spicata,  and  sometimes  V.  PANICTJLATA,  or  hybrids  between  them,  are 
cult,  for  ornament,  from  Eu.  :  9' -2°  high,  with  opposite  lanceolate  toothed 
leuvcs;  lobes  of  mostly  blue  corolla  much  longer  than  the  distinct  tube,  and  pod 
notched  at  the  end. 

V.  Virginica,  CULVER'S  ROOT.  Wild  in  rich  woods  from  Vermont  W. 
&  S.  ;  remarkable  for  the  tube  of  the  small  whitish  corolla  longer  than  the 
acutish  lobes  and  much  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  simple  stems  2°  -  6°  high,  bear- 
ing whorls  of  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate  pointed  finely  serrate  leaves  ;  spikes 
dense  and  clustered.  ~  „  ,-, 


234  FIG  WORT    FAMILY. 

*  *  Racemes  in  the  axils  of  the  opposite  leaves;  stems  creeping  or  procumbent  at 
base,  but  above  ascending:   corolla,  as  in  all  the  following,  strictly  wheel- 


•«-  WATER  SPEEDWELLS  or  BROOKLIME,  in  water  or  wet  ground,  smooth  and 
with  pale  blue  (sometimes  darker  striped)  flowers  on  slender  spreading  pedicels. 

V.  Anagallis.  In  water  N.  :  leaves  lance-ovate  acute,  sessile  by  a  heart- 
shaped  base,  2'  -3'  long;  pod  slightly  notched,  many-seeded. 

V.  Americana.  In  brooks,  much  more  common  ;  leaves  mostly  petioled, 
ovate  or  oblong,  serrate  ;  flowers  on  more  slender  pedicels  ;  and  pod*  more  tur- 
gid than  in  the  foregoing. 

V.  SCUtellata.  In  bogs  1ST.  ;  slender,  with  linear  slightly  toothed  sessile 
leaves,  only  1  or  2  very  slender  zigzag  racemes,  few  long-pedicelled  pale  flowers  ; 
and  very  flat  pod  deeply  notched  at  both  ends,  broader  than  long,  few-seeded. 

•»-  -t-  In  dry  ground,  pubescent,  with  light  blue  /lowers  in  spike-like  racemes. 

V.  officinalis,  COMMON  SPEEDWELL.  Spreading  or  creeping,  low  ;  leaves 
wedge-oblong  or  obovate,  serrate,  short-petioled  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  calyx  ; 
pod  wedge-obcordate,  several-seeded. 

*  *  *  Raceme  loose,  terminating  the  leafy  low  stem  or  branches,  or  the  small  flowers 
in  the  axils  of  the  gradually  decreasing  leaves. 

V.  serpyllifdlia,  THYME-LEAVED  S.  Creeping  or  spreading  on  the 
ground;  with  simple  flowering  stems  ascending  2'  -4',  smooth  ;  leaves  roundish, 
small,  almost  entire  ;  corolla  pale  blue  or  whitish  with  darker  stripes,  longer 
than  the  calyx.  11 

V.  peregrina,  NECKWEED  or  PURSLANE-S.  Common  weed  in  damp 
waste  or  cult,  ground  ;  smooth,  erect,  branching,  with  knver  leaves  oval  or 
oblong  and  toothed,  the  upper  oblong-linear  and  entire,  inconspicuous  flowers 
almost  sessile  in  their  axils,  whitish  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  and  many- 
seeded  pod  slightly  notched.  (T) 

V.  arvensis,  CORN  S.  Introduced  into  waste  and  cult,  grounds  E.  ; 
hairy,  3'  -  8'  high,  with  lower  leaves  ovate  and  crenate,  on  petioles,  the  upper 
sessile  lanceolate  and  entire,  blue  flowers  short-peduncled,  and  pod  obcordate.  © 

10.  BTJCHNERA,  BLUE-HEARTS.     (  Named  for  one  Buchner,  an  early 
German  botanist.  )     Flowers  summer.     ^ 

B.  Americana.      Sandy  or  gravelly  plains,  from  New  York  W.  &  S.  ; 
rough-hairy,  turning  blackish  in  drying  ;  with  slender  stem  1°  —  2^°  high,  veiny 
leaves  coarsely  few-toothed,  the  lowest  obovate,  middle  ones  oblong,  uppermost 
lance-linear,  flowers  scattered  in  the  slender  spike,  and  corolla  deep  purple. 

11.  CALCEOLARIA.    (From  Latin  calceolus,  a  shoe  or  slipper.)    Tender 
South  American  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  curious  and  handsome  flowers,  ctilt.  as 
house  and  bedding  plants.     The  common  cultivated  species  are  now  for  the 
most  part  too  much  mixed  and  crossed  for  botanical  analysis. 

C.  integrifdlia  (also  called  iiuodsA  and  SALVIVEF^LIA)  is  the  commonest 
woody-stemmed  species,  with  oblong  leaves  rugose  in  the  manner  of  Garden 
Sage,  and  small  yellow  or  orange  flowers  in  crowded  clusters. 

C.  COrymbbsa,  herbaceous,  hairy  or  clammy-pul>escent,  with  ovate  crenate- 
toothed  leaves  nearly  all  at  the  root,  and  loose  corymbs  or  cymes  of  yellow  flow- 
ers, the  purple-spotted  mouth  considerably  open. 

C.  crenatiflbra,  a  fertile  parent  of  many  of  the  more  showy  herbaceous 
garden  forms,  with  more  leafy  stems  and  larger  flowers,  their  oririce  rounder  and 
smaller,  the  hanging  lower  lip  or  sac  1'  or  more  long,  more  obovate  and  flat, 
somewhat  3-lobed  as:  it  Avere  towards  the  end,  and  variously  spotted  with  purple, 
brown,  or  crimson. 

C.  scabiosgefolia  is  a  delicate  annual,  with  pinnatcly  divided  slightly 
hairy  leaves,  on  petioles  dilated  and  connate  at  base,  arid  loose  small  pale  yellow 
ilowers  with  globular  lower  lip  about  £'  wide. 


FIG  WORT    FAMILY.  235 

12.    COLLINSIA.      (Named  by  Nuttall  for  the  late  Zaccheus  Collins  of 
Philadelphia.)     Flowers  handsome,  mostly  2-colored.     ©  ® 
C.  v6rna.     Wild  from  Western  New  York  W.  :  slender,  6'  -  20'  high^with 
ovate  or  lance-ovate  and  toothed  leaves,  the  upper  clasping  heart-shaped,  and 
slender-peduncled  flowers  in  early  spring,  lower  lip  blue,  upper  white. 

C.  bicolor,  of  California,  and  a  handsome  garden  annual,  is  stouter,  with 
crowded  flowers  as  if  whorl ed,  pedicels  shorter  than  calyx,  lower  lip  of  corolla 
violet,  the  upper  pale  or  white,  or  in  one  variety  both  white. 


ii, 


13.  LINARIA,  TOAD-FLAX.     (Name  from  Linum,  Flax,  from  resem- 
blance in  the  leaves  of  the  commoner  species.)     Fl.  summer. 

*  Leaves  narrow,  sessile,  and  entire :  stems  erect :  flowers  racemed. 
L.  Canadensis,  WILD  T.     Gravelly  and  sandy  ground,  with  scattered 
mcar  leaves  on  the  slender  flowering  stems,  or  oblong  and  in  pairs  or  threes  on 
;  A)  prostrate  shoots,  and  very  small  blue  flowers.     ®  ®  . 

"•)HT  Hi.  vulgaris,  COMMON  T.,  RAMSTED,  BUTTER-AND-EGGS.     A  showy  but 
'  troublesome  European  weed,  of  fields  and  roadsides,  1°  -  3°  high,  with  alternate         I 
crowded  linear  or  lanceolate  pale  leaves,  and  a  dense  raceme  of  yellow  flowers         I 
(!'  long)  with  paler  tips.     ^ 

L.  triornithophora.  Cult,  from  Europe  :  glaucous,  2°  -  3°  high,  with 
ovate-lanceolate  leaves  in  whorls,  and  rather  large  slender-peduncled  long-spurred 
flowers,  violet  and  purple-striped.  2/ 

*  *  Leaves  broad,  often  lobed :  stems  and  branches  trailing :  floivers  very  small, 
yellow  and  purple  mixed,  on  long  axillary  peduncles :  natives  of  Europe. 

L.  Elatine.  Nat.  in  gravelly  or  sandy  soil :  hairy,  with  ovate  and  halberd- 
shaped  short-petioled  leaves,  the  lower  ones  opposite.  (T) 

L.  Cymbalaria.    Cult,  as  a  delicate  little  trailing  ornamental  plant :  very     ,1 
smooth,  pale,  with  rooting  branches,  and  thickish  almost  kidney -shaped  3-5- 
lobed  leaves  on  long  petioles.     2/ 

14.  ANTIRRHINUM,     SNAPDRAGON.      (Name    from   the   Greek, 
compares  the  flower  with  the  snout  or  muzzle  of  an  animal.)     Nat.  and  cult, 
from  Europe  :  fl.  summer. 

§  1.    TRUE  SNAPDRAGON,  with  palate  closing  the  mouth  of  the  corolla,  and  erect 
or  ascending  stems,  not  climbing. 

A.  majUS,  LARGE  S.  of  the  gardens;  with  stems  l°-3°  high,  oblong  or  V^ 
lanceolate  entire  smooth  leaves,  and  glandular-downy  raceme  of  showy  flowers, 
the  crimson,  purple,  white,  or  variegated  corolla  over  1'  long.     2/  K 

A.  Ordntium,  SMALL  S.     Weed  in  some  old  gardens  and  cult,  grounds  ;X 
low,    slender,  with  linear  leaves,   and  white  or  purplish   axillary  flowers  £' 
long.     ® 

§  2.  MAURANDIA-LTKE  S.,  with  palate  not  so  large,  nor  fully  dosing  the  mouth, 
and  stems  climbing  by  the  coiling  of  their  slender  petioles  and  sometimes  of 
the  peduncles  also. 

A.  maurandioides,  cult,  from  Texas  and  Mexico,  as  MAURANDIA 
ANTIRRHIN4FL6RA  ;  smooth,  with  triangular-halberd-shaped  leaves,  or  some  of 
them  heart-shaped,  and  showy  flowers  in  their  axils,  the  violet  or  purple  corolla 
1 '  or  more  long.  ^J 

15.  MAURANDIA.     (Named  for  Prof.  Maurandy.)     Excluding  the  last 
preceding  species,   which   has   the   flower  of    Snapdragon,   and    including 
LOPHOSPERMUM,  which  Jias  wing-margined  seeds.     Mexican  climbers,  with 
triangular  and  heart-shaped  or  halberd-shaped  and  obscurely  lobed  leaves, 
tender,  cult,  for  ornament :  fl.  all  summer. 

§  1 .    Corolla  naked  inside,  rather  obviously  2-lipped. 

M.  Barclayana.  Stems  and  leaves  smooth  ;  calyx  glandular-hairy,  clam- 
my, its  divisions  lance-linear  ;  corolla  purple,  usually  dark,  2'  or  more  long. 


236  FIG  WORT    FAMILY. 

M.  semperflbrens,  has  lanceolate  smooth  calyx-divisions,  and  smaller 
rose-purple  or  violet  corolla. 

§  3»    LOPHOSPERMUM.    Corolla  very  obscurely  2-lipped,  and  with  2  bearded  lines. 

M.  erubescens.  Somewhat  soft-pubescent,  with  irregularly  toothed  leaves, 
rose-colored  flowers  3'  long,  and  ovate-oblong  rather  leaf-like  sepals. 

M.  scandens,  now  less  common  and  not  so  showy,  is  less  pubescent,  and 
has  smaller  less-inflated  deeper  purple  corolla,  and  lance-oblong  sepals. 

16.  DIGITALIS,  FOXGLOVE.     (Latin  name,  from  shape  of  the  corolla, 
likened  to  the  finger  of  a  glove,  in  the  common  species.) 

D.  purpiirea,  PURPLE  F.,  of  which  varieties  with  corolla  white  or  pale 
and  more  or  less  strongly  spotted  corolla  are  common,  2'  long,  the  lobes  rather 
obscure;  leaves  rugose,  somewhat  downy.  Cult,  from  Eu. :  fl.  summer.  2/ 

17.  GERARDIA.     (Named  for  the  herbalist,  Gerarde.)     Handsome,  but 
uncultivable  plants  :  fl.  late  summer  and  autumn.     The  following  are  tho 
commonest  wild  species  :  mostly  of  gravelly  or  sandy  soil. 

§  1.  Corolla  purple  or  rose-color,  somewhat  bell -shaped :  calyx-teeth  short :  anthers 
all  alike,  nearly  pointless  at  base :  leaves  narrow,  linear  or  thread-shaped, 
entire :  loosely  branching,  nearly  all  annuals,  except  the  first. 

G.  linifblia.  Pine-barrens  S. ;  with  erect  branches,  and  erect  linear  leaves 
about  the  length  of  the  peduncles,  truncate  calyx,  and  corolla  1'  long.  2/ 

G.  tenuifblia.  N.  &  S.  ;  with  opposite  pedicels  equalling  the  linear 
spreading  leaves,  broadly  awl-shaped  calyx-teeth,  and  corolla  £'  -£'  long. 

G.  fllifdlia.  S.  ;  with  alternate  pedicels  twice  the  length  of  the  rather 
fleshy  thread-shaped  or  slightly  club-shaped  leaves ;  corolla  |'  long. 

G.  aph^lla.  S.  ;  with  short  pedicels  alternate  along  one  side  of  the 
flowering  branches,  and  minute  scale-like  or  awl-shaped  appressed  leaves, 
minute  calyx- teeth,  and  corolla  £'  long. 

G.  purpiirea.  N.  &  S.  in  low  ground  ;  with  stout  pedicels  not  longer 
than  the  conspicuously  5-lobed  calyx,  opposite  and  spreading  rather  broad 
linear  leaves,  and  corolla  |'  -  1'  long. 

G.  maritima.  Salt  marshes  N.  &  S.,  lower  than  the  preceding,  and  with 
fleshy  blunt  leaves,  the  pedicels  as  long  as  the  upper  ones  and  as  the  obtusely 
5-toothed  calyx,  and  corolla  £'-$'  long. 

§  2.    Corolla  purple  (or  sometimes  white]  :  calyx  deeply  and  unequally  5-cl.eft : 
anthers  pointless,  those  of  the  shorter  pair  much  smaller :  leaves  rather  broad. 

G.  auriculata.  Low  grounds,  from  Perm.  S.  &  W.  ;  rough-hairy,  with 
nearly  simple  stem,  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves  entire,  or  the  lower  with  a  lobe 
on  each  side  of  the  base  ;  flowers  sessile  in  the  upper  axils ;  corolla  1'  long. 

§  3.    Corolla  yellow  and  with  a  longer  tube,  the  inside  woolly,  as  are  the  filaments 
and  anthers ;  the  latter  almost  projecting,  slender-pointed  at   base :  calyx 
5-cle/l:  taller  herbs,  with  leaves  or  some  of  them  pinnatifid  or  toothed.     2i 
*  Stems  nearly  simple :  fiowers  in  a  leafy  raceme :  corolla  more  tubular. 
G.  flava,  DOWNY   FALSE   FOXGLOVE.     Open   dry   woods:  3° -4°   high, 
minutely  soft-downy ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong  and  entire,  lower  sinuate 
or  pinnatifid;  pedicels  very  short ;  corolla  1|' long. 

G.  quercifolia,  SMOOTH  F.  Rich  woods,  commoner  S.  &  W. :  3°  -  6° 
high,  smooth  and  glaucous  ;  upper  leaves  often  entire,  lower  once  or  twice 
pinnatifid  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  calyx  ;  corolla  2'  long. 

G.  integrifolia.  Barrens,  from  Penn.  S.  &  AV. :  l°-2°  high,  smooth, 
not  glaucous  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  ;  corolla  1'long. 

*  *  Stems  bushy-branched :  calyx-lobes  toothed  or  pinnatifid:  leaves  mostly  cut. 
G.  grandiflbra.    Oak  openings  from  AVisconsin  S.  :  3°  -4°  high,  minutely 
downy ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  cut-toothed,  the  lower  pinnatifid  ;  ped- 
icels shorter  than  the  barely  toothed  calyx-lobes  ;  corolla  2'  long. 


FIGWORT    FAMILY.  237 

• 

G.  pedicularia.  Common  N.  &  S. :  slightly  pubescent,  2° -3°  high,  very 
letity ;  leaves  all  pinnatifid  and  the  lobes  cut-toothed  ;  pedicels  opposite  and 
longer  than  the  hairy  serrate  calyx-lobes  ;  corolla  over  1'  long. 

G.  pectinata.  Sandy  barrens  S.  :  more  hairy  than  the  foregoing,  with 
finer  divided  leaves,  alternate  pedicels  shorter  than  pinnatilid  calyx-lobes  ;  corolla 
broader  and  1^'  long. 

18.  SEYMERIA.    (Named  for  Henry  Seymer.)    Wild  plants  S.  &  W.,  very 
near  Gerardia  :  flowers  yellow,  in  summer  and  autumn. 

S.  macroph^lla,  MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.  Shady  river-banks  W.  :  4°  -  5° 
high,  with  large  leaves,  the  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  divided  or  cut,  the  upper 
lanceolate  and  toothed  ;  curved  corolla  woolly  inside,  also  the  filaments  ;  style 
short.  11 

S.  pectinataf  Sandy  ground  S. :  about  1°  high,  branchy,  clammy-pubes- 
cent ;  pinnatifid  leaves  with  oblong-linear  lobes  ;  corolla  £'  long,  (i) 

S.  tenu.if.61ia.  Low  sandy  grounds  S. :  2° -4°  high,  with  long  slender 
branches  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  thread-shaped  divisions  ;  corolla  hardly 
1'  long.  <£ 

19.  MIMULUS,  MONKEY-FLOWER.     (From  Greek  for  an  ope,  from 
the  grinning  corolla.)     Fl.  all  summer. 

*  Wild  in  wet  places,  with  erect  square  stem  l°-2°  hinh,  oblong  ftather-reined 
serrate  leaves,  and  violet-purple  corolla  (I1  or  so  in  length).  2/ 

M.  ringens,  the  commonest,  with  clasping  leaves,  peduncles  longer  than 
the  nower,  and  taper-pointed  calyx-teeth. 

M.  alatus,  not  rare  more  S.,  has  leaves  tapering  into  a  petiole,  peduncle 
shorter  than  calyx  and  short-toothed,  and  sharp  wing-like  angles  to  stem  ; 
whence  the  name. 

*  *  Cult,  for  ornament,  chiefly  in  conservatories,  from  Western  N.  America. 
M.  glutinbsUS,  shrubby  conservatory  plant  from  California,  glutinous- 
pubescent,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves,  and  large  yellow  orange  or  brick- 
red  flower. 

M.  eardinalis.  Erect,  clammy-piibescent ;  leaves  wedge-oblong,  partly 
clasping,  several-nerved  ;  flowers  large,  brick-red.  2/ 

M.  Itlteus.  Erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate  or  cordate-clasping,  several- 
nerved  ;  flowers  showy,  yellow,  often  spotted  with  rose  or  brown  ;  of  many 
varieties.  2/ 

M.  moschatus,  MUSK-PLANT.  Weak  and  diffuse,  rooting,  clammy-vil- 
lous,  smelling  strong  of  musk ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong ;  flower  small,  pale 
yellow.  2/ 

20.  TORENIA.     (Named  for  0.  Toren,  an  obscure  Swedish  botanist.) 

T.  Asiatica,  cult,  from  India,  a  handsome  hothouse  plant,  with  lance-ovate 
serrate  leaves,  wing-angled  calyx,  and  corolla  over  1'  long,  pale  violet  or  purple 
with  the  tube  and  the  end  of  the  3  rounded  lower  lobes  dark  violet. 

21.  ILYSANTHES,  FALSE  PIMPERNEL.     (From  Greek  words  for 
mire  and  flower,  alluding  to  the  station.)     Fl.  all  summer. 

I.  gratioloides.  Common  in  wet  places,  a  smooth  diffuse  little  plant, 
4' -8'  high,  with  rounded  or  oblong  leaves,  and  small  purple  or  bluish 
flowers.  © 

22.  GRATIOLA,  HEDGE-HYSSOP.      (Old  name,  from  Latin  gratia, 
grace.)     Rather   insignificant   plants,    in  low  or  wet  places  :   flowering  all 
summer.     ©    ^ 

*  Sterile  JO  amenta  minute  or  hard1)]  any :  corolla  whitish,  with  ycllmvisli  tulw. 

G.  Virginiana.  Rather  clammy,  with  lanceolate  leaves  and  slonclcr  pe- 
duncles. 


238  FIGWORT    FAMILY. 

G.  sphaerocarpa.  Chiefly  S.  :  smooth  and  stouter,  with  lancc-ovatc 
leaves,  peduncles  scarcely  longer  'than  the  calyx,  and  larger  spherical  pod. 

#  #  Sterile  filaments  obvious,  usually  tipped  with  a  little  glandular  head  in  place  of 
the  anther  :  leaves  short. 

G.  Viscbsa.  Chiefly  S.  W.  :  clammy,  with  lance-oblong  toothed  leaves 
shorter  than  the  peduncles,  and  whitish  flowers. 

G.  aiirea.  Sandy  wet  soil,  E.  &  S.  :  nearly  smooth,  with  rather  narrow 
entire  leaves  as  long  as  the  peduncles,  and  golden  yello\v  flowers. 

G.  pildsa.  From  N.  Jersey  S.  :  very  different  from  any  of  the  foregoing, 
having  rigid  and  simple  erect  stems  and  ovate  or  oblong  sessile  leaves,  both 
hairy,  the  flowers  sessile,  the  white  corolla  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx. 

23.  SCROPHULARIA,  FIGWORT.  (Plants  a  supposed  remedy  for 
scrofula.)  These  homely  and  insignificant  plants  hardly  ought  to  have  given 
the  name  to  this  large  and  important  family. 

S.  nodbsa.  Damp  shady  ground  :  smooth,  with  4-sided  stem  3°  -4°  high, 
orate  or  oblong  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  and  small  lurid  flowers  in  loose  cymes, 
all  summer.  2Z 


e^^  - 

7J  24.   CHELONE,  TURTLE-HEAD  (to  which  the  name,  from  the  Greek, 
refers),  SNAKE-HEAD,  BALMONY. 

C.  glabra,  the  common  species,  of  wet  places;  l°-2°  high,  with  lanceolate 
or  lance-oblong  leaves  on  very  short  petioles,  and  white  or  pale  purple  corolla 
1'  or  more  long,  all  summer.  2/ 

25.  PENTSTEMOW.  (Name,  from  the  Greek,  meaning  5  stamens, 
refers  to  the  presence  of  the  5th  stamen,  Avhich,  however,  has  no  anther.) 
Showy  North  American  and  a  few  Mexican  plants,  chiefly  Western  ;  two  or 
three  are  wild  E.  ;  several  are  in  choice  cultivation,  but  few  are  yet  common 
here.  Fl.  late  spring  and  summer.  2/ 
#  Wild  E.  of  the,  Mississippi,  and  sometimes  cult.  :  flowers  white,  commonly  tinged 

with  some  purplish  or  violet  :  leaves  partly  clasping,  often  serrate  :  panicle 

clammy,  the  corolla  slightly  so. 

P.  pubdscens.  Somewhat  clammy-pubescent,  or  smoothish  except  the 
panicle,  l°-3°  high,  variable;  stem-leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  nodding;  the 
plainly  2-lipped  corolla  (!'  long)  with  gradually  enlarging  tube  concave  on  the 
lower,  convex  on  the  upper  side,  a  sort  of  palate  almost  closing  the  mouth  ; 
sterile  filament  yellow-bearded  down  one  side. 

P.  Digitalis.  N.  Virginia  to  111.  &  S.  :  taller  (2°  -4°),  smooth  up  to  the 
naked  panicle,  with  wider  more  entire  leaves  ;  corolla  but  slightly  2-lipped, 
open,  abruptly  inflated  bell-shaped  above  from  a  narrow  tube  ;  sterile  filament 
sparingly  bearded  on  one  side. 

*  *   Wild  beyond  but  near  the  Mississippi,  showy  and  cultivated  for  ornament. 

P.  grandiflbrus.  Plains  from  Falls  of  St.  Anthony  W.  &  S.  W.  :  very 
smooth,  pale  and  glaucous,  l°-3°  high,  with  thick  ovate  leaves  (l'-2'  long) 
closely  sessile  and  entire,  the  upper  ones  rounded,  short-pedicelled  flowers 
racemed,  lilac-purple  oblong-bell-shaped  corolla  l£'-2f  long  and  almost  equally 
5-lobed,  the  sterile  filament  nearly  smooth. 

P.  Cobsea.  Plains  from  Nebraska  S.  :  1°  -  2°  high,  stout,  with  ovate  often 
denticulate  thick  leaves,  a  slightly  clammy  few-flowered  panicle  or  raceme, 
pale  purplish  or  whitish  corolla  about  2'  long  and  abruptly  much  inflated  above 
the  narrow  base,  the  border  2-lipped,  but  the  oblong  lobes  similar  ;  the  sterile 
filament  bearded. 

P.  glaber.  Plains  from  Nebraska  and  Missouri  W.  :  very  smooth,  com- 
monly pale  or  glaucous,  with  ascending  stems  1°  -  2°  long,  lanceolate  or  lance- 
ovate  entire  leaves,  and  a  narrow  panicle  of  very  handsome  flowers  ;  the  tubular- 
inflated  corolla  about  l£'  long,  bright  purple  blue,  with  the  spreading  lobes 
of  the  2  short  lips  similar  ;  sterile  filaments  and  also  the  anthers  slightly  hairy 
or  else  naked. 


ACANTHUS    FAMILY.  239 

*  *  *  Farther  Western  species,  cultivated  and  hardy  in  the  gardens. 

P.  OVatUS,  of  Oregon,  is  an  early  blue-flowered  species,  smoothish,  with 
ovate  or  lance-ovate  serrate  leaves,  and  open  panicle  of  small  flowers. 

P.  barbatUS,  supposed  to  come  from  Mexico,  long  cult,  in  the  gardens  ; 
smooth,  with  slender  wand-like  stems  3°  -4°  high,  lanceolate  and  entire  pale 
leaves,  long  and  loose  raceme  or  panicle  of  drooping  flowers,  narrow  tubular 
scarlet  corolla  over  1'  long,  with  erect  upper  lip  concave  and  slightly  2-lobed, 
the  lower  parted  into  3  reflexcd  or  spreading  oblong  lobes,  some  beard  in  the 
throat,  and  sterile  filament  naked.  Var.  TORRE  YI,  from  New  Mexico  and 
Rocky  Mountains,  is  taller,  the  brighter  red  corolla  with  little  or  no  beard  in 
the  throat. 

*  #  #  *  Common  garden  species  from  Mexico,  but  not  hardy  N.,  are  forms  of 

P.  Hartwdgi.  Smooth  :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  the  upper  broader  at  tho 
base  and  clasping  ;  peduncles  elongated,  3-flowcred  ;  corolla  2'  long,  deep  red 
or  red  purple,  the  border  almost  equally  5-cleft  ;  sterile  filament  naked. 

P.  campanulatus.  Smooth  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  ser- 
rate, the  base  clasping  ;  flowers  in  a  raceme-like  one-sided  panicle  ;  corolla  ven- 
tricose  above,  reddish-purple  or  rose-colored  ;  sterile  filament  bearded.  Varies 
greatly  in  cultivation. 

26.  RUSSELLIA.     (Named  for  Dr.  Alexander  Russell  of  Scotland.)     ^ 
R.  jiincea,  of  Mexico,  a  showy  house  and  bedding  plant  ;  very  smooth, 

with  small  lance-ovate  or  linear,  or  else  reduced  to  little  scales  on  the  copious 
long  and  rush-like  green  hanging  branches  and  branchlets  ;  corolla  !•'  long,  nar- 
row, bright  carmine  red. 

27.  CASTII/LEIA,  PAINTED-CUP.     (Named  for  Castillejo,  a  SpanishU>£ 
botanist.)     There  are  several  showy  species  on  the  plains  from  beyond  the 
Mississippi  to  the  Pacific.     Fl  all  late  spring  and  summer. 

C.  COCCinea,  SCARLET  P.  Sandy  low  grounds  ;  pubescent,  simple- 
stemmed,  l°-2°  high,  with  stem  leaves  cut-lobed,  those  next  the  flowers 
3-cleft,  their  dilated  and  cut-toothed  lobes  brilliant  scarlet,  while  the  2-cleft 
calyx  is  yellowish  and  the  narrow  corolla  pale  yellow.  ©  (2) 

28.  PEDICULARIS,  LOUSEWORT  (which  the  name  denotes).     % 
P.  Canaddnsis,    COMMON   P.  or  WOOD-BETONY.     Low,   rather  hairy, 

with  alternate  leaves,  the  upper  pinnatifid,  lower  pinnate,  a  short  dense  spike  of 
greenish  and  purplish  flowers,  oblique  calyx  without  lobes  but  split  down  in 
front,  and  a  dagger-shaped  pod:  fl.  spring. 

P.  lanceolata.  Less  common,  in  swamps  ;  l°-3°  high,  smoothish,  with 
lance-oblong  leaves  doubly  cut-toothed,  some  of  them  opposite,  a  close  spike  of 
pale  yellow  flowers,  2-lobed  leafy-crested  calyx,  and  ovate  pod  :  fl.  late  summer. 

29.  MELAMPYRUM,  COW-WHEAT.     (The  name  in  Greek  means 
black  grain,  from  the  color  of  the  seeds.)     © 

M.  Americanum,  our  only  species,  common  in  open  woodlands  ;  6'  -12' 
high,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  the  upper  ones  abrupt  or  truncate  at  base  and 
with  a  few  bristle-tipped  teeth,  the  scattered  flowers  pale  yellowish  or  almost 
white,  sometimes  purplish-tinged  ;  produced  all  summer. 

77.   ACANTHACE.aa,  ACANTHUS  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  2-lipped  or  otherwise  irregu- 
lar or  even  regular  monopetalous  corolla,  4  didynamous  or  else  only 
2  stamens,  2-celled  ovary  and  pod,  and  few  seeds,  —  distinguished 
from  the  related  orders  by  the  seeds  without  albumen  and  borne  on 
hook-like  projections  of  the  placentas  or  on  a  sort  of  cup.  Chiefly 
a  tropical  family  ;  many  in  choice  conservatories,  here  omitted. 


240  ACANTHUS    FAMILY. 

§  1.    Tiffining  tropical  herbs  (or  cult,  as  herbs),  with  nearly  regular  5-lobect  corolla, 
and  globular  seeds  supported  by  a  cartilaginous  ring  or  shallow  cup. 

1.  THUNBERGIA.     Flowers  enclosed  when  in  bud  by  a  pair  of  large  leaf-like 

bractlets  borne  below  the  short  cup-shaped  calyx.  Corolla  with  a  mostly 
somewhat  curved  tube  and  an  abruptly  wide-spreading  border  of  5  rounded 
equal  lobes,  convolute  in  the  bud.  btamens  4,  included.  Pod  globular, 
tipped  with  along  and  conspicuous  flattened  beak,  2 -4-seeded.  Peduncles 
axillary,  1-flowered. 

§  2.   Erect  or  spreading  :  all  the  following  are  herbs,  with  flat  seeds  borne  on  hook- 
like  processes  (retinacula) :  calyx  4-5-parted,  mostly  2-bracted. 

2.  ACANTHUS.     Corolla  of  one  3-lobed  lip,  the  upper  lip  wanting.     Stamens  4, 

with  one-celled  ciliate  anthers.    Leaves  pinnatifid.     Flowers  in  a  spike. 

3.  RUELLIA.     Corolla  funnel-form,  with  an   almost  equally  5-lobed   spreading 

border,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  included:  cells  of  the  anthers 
parallel.  Pod  narrow,  contracted  into  a  stalk-like  base,  above  4  -  12-seeded. 

4.  DICLIPTERA.     Corolla  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  upper  2-cleft  or 

entire ;  but  the  flower  as  it  were  reversed  so  that  the  3-lobed  lip  seems  to  be 
the  upper  one.  Stamens  2,  protruded:  cells  of  the  anther  equal,  but  one 
placed  below  the  other.  Pod  2  -  4-seeded  below  the  middle. 

5.  DI  ANTHER  A.     Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect  and  notched;  the  lower 

3-lobed,  wrinkled  or  veiny  towards  the  base,  spreading.  Stamens  2 :  cells  of 
the  anther  one  below  the  other,  mostly  unequal.  Pod  flattened  above,  con- 
tracted into  a  stalk-like  base,  4-seeded  above  the  middle. 

1.  THUNBERGIA.      (Named    from    the    Swedish   botanist   Thunberg.) 
Showy  flowers  produced  all  summer. 

T.  alata  (so  named  from  its  winged  petioles)  from  Africa,  is  the  one  com- 
monly cultivated  (as  an  annual)  in  many  varieties  as  to  size  and  color  of  flower, 
buff,  orange,  white,  &c.,  usually  with  blackish-purple  eye ;  herbage  soft-downy 
or  hairy  ;  leaves  between  heart-shaped  and  arrow-shaped.  2/ 

2.  ACANTHUS.     (Old  Greek  and  Latin  name,  from  the  word  for  spine  or 
prickle.)      %. 

A.  mollis,  one  of  the  classical  species,  from  S.  Eu.,  is  occasionally  cult.,  not 
hardy  N.  :  the  broad  sinuately  and  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves  mostly  from  the  root, 
hardly  at  all  prickly ;  flowers  on  a  short  scape,  dull-colored. 

3.  RUELLIA.     (Named  for  the  herbalist  Ruelle.)     Ours  are  wild  herbs, 
chiefly  southern,  with  purple  or  blue  showy  flowers,   mostly   in   clusters, 
produced  all  summer.     J£ 

§  1.    Cells  of  the  anther  pointed  at  base  :  stigma  only  one  :  pod  4-seeded. 
R.  qblongifolia.     Pine  barrens  S.  :  downy,  6' -12'  high  from  a  creeping 
base,  with  nearly  sessile  oval  leaves  barely  1'  long,  almost  bristle-shaped  sepals, 
but  oblong  bracts,  and  spotted  purple  corolla  1'  long. 

§  2.    Cells  of  the  anther  blunt :  stigmas  2  :  pod  8  -  12-seeded:  stems  l°-4°  high. 

R.  Cili6sa.  Dry  soil  W.  &  S.  :  clothed  Avith  soft  white  hairs,  the  oval  or 
oblong  leaves  nearly  sessile,  pale  blue  corolla  (about  2'  long)  with  slender  tube 
much  longer  than  the  inflated  upper  part  and  than  the  bristle-shaped  sepals. 

R.  Strepens.  Richer  soil,  from  Penn.  W.  &  S. :  smooth  or  slightly  downy, 
with  obovate  or  oblong  leaves  (l'-4'  long)  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  and  purple- 
blue  corolla  (!'  — 2'  long)  with  tube  hardly  longer  than  the  expanded  portion  or 
than  the  linear-lanceolate  sepals. 

4.  DICLIPTERA.     (Greek  words  for  doulJe,  shut,  from  the  2-valved  pod.) 
D.  brachiata,  of  low  banks  S.  is  nearly  smooth,  with  6-angled  stem  bear- 
ing many  branches,  thin  ovate-oblong  pointed  leaves  on  slender  petiole,  and 
interrupted  spike-like  clusters  of  small  purple  flowers,  each  with  a  pair  of  con- 
spicuous flat  bracts.     2/ 


VERVAIN    FAMILY.  241 

5.    DI  ANTHER  A.     (From  Greek  for  double  anther,  alluding  to  the  two 

separated  cells  on  each  filament.)     Fl.  all  summer.     ^ 

D.  ovata.  Muddy  banks  of  streams  S.  :  4' -8' high,  smooth,  with  lance- 
ovate  short-petioled  leaves  longer  than  the  3  -  4-flowered  peduncles  in  their 
axils,  and  small  pale  purple  flowers. 

D.  Americana.  Wet  borders  of  streams:  2°  high,  smooth,  with  long 
linear-lanceolate  leaves,  and  long  peduncles  (4' -6'  long)  bearing  an  oblong 
spike  of  pale  purple  flowers. 

78.   VERBENACEJE,  VERVAIN  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  opposite  (or  sometimes  whorled)  leaves,  differing 
from  the  other  orders  with  irregular  monopetalous  and  didynamous 
or  tetrandrous  flowers  by  the  ovary  not  4-lobed  and  with  a  single 
ovule  in  each  of  its  (1  —  4)  cells,  the  fruit  either  fleshy  or  when 
dry  at  length  splitting  into  as  many  1 -celled  indehiscent  nutlets. 

Besides  the  following  some  species  of  CLERODKNDJRON  are  culti- 
vated, in  choice  conservatories. 

§  1.   Flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  racemes,  the  flowers  expanding  from  below  upwards. 

1.  PHRYMA.     Flowers  in  slender  loose  spikes.     Calyx  cylindrical,  2-lipped,  the 

tipper  lip  of  3  slender-pointed  teeth,  the  Jower  short  and  2-toothed.  Corolla 
tubular,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  notched,  lower  larger  and  3-lobed.  Stamens 
included.  Ovary  1-celled,  forming  a  simple  akene  in  the  calyx.  Herb. 

2.  VERBENA.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads.     Calyx  tubular  or  prismatic.  5-ribbed 

and  plaited.  Corolla  salver-form,  the  tube  often  curved,  the  border  rather 
unequally  5-cleft.  Stamens  included:  upper  pair  sometimes  wanting  the 
anthers.  Ovary  4-celled,  at  maturity  splitting  into  4  dry  akenes  or  nutlets. 
Herbs. 

3.  LIP  PI  A.     Flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  racemes.     Calyx  tubular,  2- 5-toothed. 

Corolla  tubular,  with  5-lobed  2-lipped  border,  the  "lower  3-lobed  lip  larger. 
Stamens  included.  Ovary  and  dry  fruit  2-celled,  2-seeded. 

4.  LANTANA.     Flowers  in  beads  or  short  spikes.     Calyx  minute,  obscurely 

4-toothed.  Corolla  with  an  unequal  4-cleft  spreading  border,  the  upper  lobe 
sometimes  notched.  Stamens  included.  Ovary  2-celled,  becoming  berry- 
like,  and  containing  2  little  stones  or  nutlets.  Shrubs  or  herbs. 

§  2.   Flowers  nearly  regular,  in  cymes  from  the  axils  of  the  simple  leaves  :  shrubs. 

5.  GALLIC ARP A.    Calyx  4  -  5-toothed,  short.    Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  short, 

4 -5-lobed.  Stame"ns  4,  protruded,  nearly  equal.  Ovary  4-celled,  in  fruit 
berry-like,  with  4  little  stones. 

§  3.   Flowers  irregular,  in  cymes  or  clusters  in  1he  axils  of  the  compound  digitate 
leaves  or  of  the  upper  leaves  reduced  to  bracts :  shrubs  or  trees. 

6.  VITEX.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Corolla  tubular,  with  a  spreading  2-lipped  border, 

the  lower  lip  3-parted  and  rather  larger  than  the  2-lobed  upper  lip.  Stamens 
4,  protruded,  as  is  the  style.  Ovary  4-celled,  becoming  berry-like  in  the 
fruit,  which  contains  a  single  4-celled' stone. 

1.  PHRYMA,  LOPSEED.     (Name  of  unknown  meaning.)     One  species. 
P.  Leptostachya.    Copses,  &c.  ;  2°  -3°  high,  with  coarsely-toothed  ovate 

thin  leaves,  and  branches  terminated  by  the  slender  spikes  of  very  small  purplish 
flowers,  in  summer,  the  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit.     ^/ 

2.  VERBENA,  VERVAIN.    (Latin  name  of  some  sacred  herbs.)    Fl.  all 
summer.  —  Genus  of  difficult  analysis  on  account  of  numerous  hybrids,  both 
wild  and  in  cultivation. 

§  1.  VERVAINS  native  to  the  country,  or  growing  as  wild  weeds,  mostly  in  waste 
or  cultivated  ground  ;  the,  flowers  insignificant,  in  slender  spikes  ;  no  appen- 
dage at  tip  of  the  ant/iers.  All  but  the  last  with  upright  stems.  ")£ 

V.  angustifdlia,  NARROW-LEAVED  V.  Stems  6'  -18'  high  ;  leaves  nar- 
16 


242  VERVAIN    FAMILY. 

row  lanceolate,  sessile,  roughish,  slightly  toothed  ;  spikes  few,  thickish,  crowded 
with  purple  flowers. 

V.  Stricta,  HOARY  V.  Barrens  W.  &  S. :  whitish-hairy,  l°-2°  high; 
leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  serrate,  sessile ;  spikes  thick  and  dense ;  flowers  blue, 
larger  than  in  the  others. 

V.  hast£ta,  BLUE  V.  Stem  4°  -  6°  high ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  some  of 
the  larger  with  short  side  lobes  at  base,  cut-serrate,  petioled ;  spikes  densely- 
flowered,  corymbed  or  panicled ;  flowers  blue. 

V.  urticifdlia,  NETTLE-LEAVED  or  WHITE  V.  Stem  4° -6°  high; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  petioled ;  spikes  of  small  white 
flowers  slender  and  loose. 

V.  officinalis,  EUROPEAN  V.  Nat.  by  roadsides,  at  least  S.  Stems 
l°-3°  high,  branched  ;  leaves  sessile,  3-cleft  and  mostly  pinnatind  into  narrow 
cut-toothed  lobes ;  small  purplish  flowers  in  very  slender  panicled  spikes. 

V.  bractebsa.  From  Wisconsin  S. ;  hairy,  spreading  or  procumbent  ; 
leaves  wedge-shaped  or  lance-oblong,  cut-pinnatifid  or  3-cleft,  short-petioled  ; 
small  purple  flowers  in  solitary  loose  spikes,  the  lower  ones  leafy-bracted. 

§  2.  VERBENAS  of  the  garden  sort,  with  creeping  or  spreading  stems,  and  dense 
spikes  of  larger  or  showy  flowers :  anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  with  a 
gland-like  tip.  ^  (7) 

V.  Aubl6tia.  Wild  from  111.  and  Carolina  W.  &  S.  :  has  cut-pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  a  long-peduncled  spike  of  purple  flowers,  minutely  bearded  in  the 
throat.  —  This  and  the  several  following  species  from  South  Brazil,  Buenos 
Ayres,  &c.,  variously  and  greatly  mixed,  make  up  the  Verbenas  which  adorn 
our  gardens  in  summer. 

V.  chamsedrifolia,  the  original  SCARLET  V.,  with  oblong-lanceolate 
coarsely  serrate  leaves,  nearly  all  sessile,  and  most  intense  red  or  scarlet  flowers, 
in  a  flat  cluster. 

V.  phlogiflbra,  also  named  TWEEDIANA.  More  upright;  the  leaves 
decidedly  petioled  ;  the  flowers  inclined  to  form  an  oblong  spike,  and  crimson, 
varying  to  rose,  but  not  to  scarlet. 

V.  incisa,  differs  from  the  last  in  the  pinnatifid-incised  leaves,  the  petioled 
ones  with  a  heart-shaped  base  ;  flowers  in  a  flat  cluster,  rose-color  or  purple. 

V.  teucroides.  Erect  or  spreading,  with  ovate-oblong  and  incised  sessile 
leaves,  and  a  lengthened  spike  of  white  or  pale  rosy  flowers,  sweet-scented, 
especially  at  nightfall. 

V.  erinoides,  or  MULTI!FIDA.  Dwarf  and  much  creeping,  rough-hairy, 
•with  leaves  pinnatind  into  linear  divisions,  and  originally  with  violet  purple 
flowers,  and 

V.  pulch611a  or  TENERA,  with  equally  finely  cut  leaves,  and  rather  larger 
originally  rose-violet  flowers,  are  part  parents  of  the  smaller  races. 

3.  LIPPIA.     (Named  for  A.  Lippi,  an  Italian  botanist.)     Fl.  late  summer. 
L.  lanceplata,  FOG-FRUIT.      A  creeping  weedy  herb,  along  river-banks 

from  Penn.  S.  &  W,  with  wedge-spatulate  or  oblanceolate  leaves  serrate  above 
the  middle,  and  slender  peduncles  from  the  axils  bearing  a  head  of  bluish 
small  flowers. 

li.  citriod6ra  (or  ALO^SIA),  the  LEMON-SCENTED  or  SWEET  VERBENA 
of  tbc  gardens  ;  shrub  from  Chili,  with  whorls  of  linear-lanceolate  fragrant 
leaves,  roughish  with  glandular  dots,  and  small  whitish  and  bluish  flowers  in 
slender  spikes. 

4.  L  ANT  ANA.      (Origin  of  name  obscure.)      Tropical   or  subtropical, 
mostly  shrubby  plants,  planted  out  in  summer,  when  they  flower  freely  until 
frost  comes  ;  stems  often  rough-prickly ;    herbage  and  flowers  odorous,  in 
some  pleasant,  others  not  so.     The  species  are  much  mixed. 

L.  Camara,  from  Tropical  America,  has  flowers  deep  yellow,  turning  first 
to  orange,  then  to  red. 

L.  mixta,  from  Brazil,  has  flowers  opening  white,  soon  changing  to  yel- 
low, orange,  and  finally  to  red. 

' 


MINT    FAMILY*  213 

L.  niyea,  from  Brazil,  has  the  pleasant-scented  flowers  white  and  unchang- 
ing; or,  in  var.  MUTABILIS,  changing  to  bluish. 

L.  involucrata,  of  West  Indies,  has  small  obovate  and  prominently  veiny 
leaves,  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  and  heads  of  lilac-purple  flowers,  in vol iterate 
by  the  outer  bracts. 

"L.  Sellowiana,  of  Southern  Brazil,  is  low  and  spreading,  with  wedge- 
oblong  or  ovate  strongly  veined  leaves,  long  peduncles,  and  heads  of  reddish- 
purple  flowers  lengthening  somewhat  with  age. 

5.  CALLICARPA.     (From  Greek  for  beautiful  fruit.)    Fl.  early  summer. 
C.  Americana,  FRENCH  MULBERRY.     Rich  soil  from  Virginia  S. :  shrub 

fl°  -  8°  high,  with  some  scurfy  down,  especially  on  the  lower  face  of  the  ovate- 
oblong  toothed  leaves,  and  the  clusters  of  bluish  flowers  ;  fruits  violet-blue  and 
showy. 

6.  VITEX,  CHASTE-TREE.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

V.  Agnus-castUS,  CHASTE-TREE,  of  Mediterranean  region,  has  5-7  lan- 
ceolate entire  leaflets  whitened  underneath,  and  bluish  flowers  in  sessile  clusters 
forming  an  interrupted  spike  at  the  end  of  the  branches  ;  hardy  only  S. 

V.  ineisa,  of  Northern  China,  barely  hardy  in  gardens  N.,  has  5-7  leaflets 
lanceolate  and  cut-pinnatifid,  and  the  clusters  of  bluish  flowers  peduncled. 

79.   LABIATE,  MINT  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  aromatic  herbage,  square  stems,  opposite 
simple  leaves,  more  or  less  2-lipped  corolla  (whence  the  name  of 
the  order),  either  4  didynanlous  or  only  2  stamens,  2-lobed  stigma, 
and  at  once  distinguished  from  all  the  related  families  by  the  deeply 
4-parted  ovary  (as  if  4  ovaries  around  the  base  of  a  common  style), 
ripening  into  as  many  seed-like  nutlets,  or  akenes,  each  containing 
u  single  seed.  Embryo  usually  filling  the  seed.  As  in  all  the^e 
families,  there  are  2  lobes  belonging  to  the  upper  and  3  to  the  lower 
lip  of  the  corolla.  Flowers  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  bracts, 
usually  in  cymose  clusters,  or  running  into  terminal  racemes  or 
epikes. 

§  1.  Stamens  4,  parallel  and  ascending,  and  projecting  from  a  wtch  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  corolla.  Nutlets  reticulated  arid  pitied,  obliquely  fixed  by  the  inner 
side  near  the  base. 

#  Lobes  of  the  corolla,  nearly  equal  and  oblong,  turned  forward  so  that  there  seems 

to  i*  no  upper  lip,  thejilaments  conspicuously  projecting  from  the  upper  side. 

1.  TEUCRIUM.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Corolla  with  a  deep  cleft  between  the  tAvo 

upper  lobes.     Cells  of  the  anther  confluent. 

2.  TRICHOSTEMA.     Calyx  5-cleft  in  2  lips,  oblique.    Filaments  very  long  and 

slender,  curved,  coiled  up  in  the  bud. 

*  *  Lobes  of  the  corolla  equally  spreading  :  filaments  slightly  projecting  from  the 

notch  between  the  2  upper  lobes.     ' 

3.  ISANTHUS.      Calyx  bell-shaped,  equally  5-lobed,  enlarging  after  flowering. 

Corolla  only  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  bell-shaped,  with  5  equal  spreading 
lobes. 

§  2.  Stamens  4,  reclining  on  the  lower  lobe  of  the  corolla,  the  outer  or  lower  pair 
longer :  anthers  2-celled.  Corolla  usually  turned  down  or  declining.  Nutlets 
smooth  or  smoothish,  Jixed  by  their  base,  as  in  all  the  following  divisions. 

4.  OCIMUM.     Calyx  deflexed  in  fruit,  5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  or  lobe  much 

broadest  and  sometimes  whig-margined.  Corolla  short,  the  upper  lip  as  it 
were  of  4  lobes,  the  lower  of  one  entire  flat  or  flattish  declined  lobe  scarcely 
longer  than  the  upper.  Filaments  separate. 


244  MINT    FAMILY. 

5.  COLEUS.     Calyx  as  in  No.  4.     Corolla  similar,  but  the  lower  lobe  longer  and 

concave  or  boat-shaped,  enclosing  the  stamens  and  style:  filaments  monadel- 
phous. 

6.  HYPTIS.     Calyx  with  5  less  unequal  or  equal  teeth.     Corolla  of  4  short  simi- 

lar tipper  lobes,  and  a  longer  abruptly  deflexed  saccate  lower  one;  filaments 
separate. 

7.  LA\  ANDULA.     Calyx  not  deflexed,  13-15-nerved,  5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth 

mostly  larger.  Corolla  with  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  regularly  2-lipped, 
i.  e.  lipper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed,  the  lobes  all  equally  spreading.  Sta- 
mens included,  but  declined  towards  the  lower  lobe  of  the' corolla. 

§  3.  Stamens  4  (and  the  lower  or  outer  pair  longest)  or  2,  straight  and  distant  or 
diverging :  anthers  plainly  2-celled,  not  conniving  in  pairs.  Lobes  of  the 
corolla  jiat  and  spreading,  or  the  upper  erect  but  iwt  arched. 

*  Corolla  short  and  rather  bell-shaped,  hardly  if  at  all  2-lipped,  the  4  or  rarely  5 

lobes  nearly  equal  and' all  spreading. 
3.   PERILLA.     Calyx  in  flower  5-cleft,  in  fruit  nodding  and  enlarging,  becoming 

2-lipped.     Corolla  5-cleft,  the  lower  lobe  a  little  longer.     Stamens  4,  nearly 

equal.     Style  deeply  2-cleft. 
9.   MENTHA.     Calyx  equally  5-toothed.     Corolla  with  a  4-cleft  border,  the  upper 

lobe  a  little  broader  and  sometimes  notched  at  the  end.     Stamens  4,  nearly 

equal,  similar. 

10.  LYCOPUS.     Calyx  4 -5-toothed.     Corolla  with  4  about  equal  lobes.     Stamens 

2 :  the  upper  pair,  if  any,  without  anthers. 

*  *   Corolla  evidently  2-lipped,  but  all  the  lobes  of  nearly  equal  length,  the  upper  lip 

erect  and  mostly  notched,  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cleft,  the  tube  not  bearded 
within  :  stamens  with  anthers  only  2. 

11.  CUNTLA.     Calyx  equally  5-toothed,  striate,  very  hairy  in  the  throat,  one  half 

shorter  than  the  corolla.  Stamens  2,  long  and  protruding:  no  rudiments  of 
the  other  pair. 

12.  HEDEOMA.     Calyx  2-lipped,  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  near  the  base,  hairy 

in  the  throat.  Corolla  short.  Stamens  2,  with  anthers  scarcely  protruded, 
and  2  sterile  short  filaments  tipped  with  a  little  head  in  place  of  anther. 

*  #  *  Corolla  elongated  and  irregular :  the  lower  lobe  or  lip  much  the  larger,  pen- 

dent, cut-toothed  or  fringed,  the  4  others  nearly  equal  and  alike:  tube  with  a 
bearded  ring  inside  at  the  bottom  of  the  enlarged  throat :  stamens  2  with 
anthers  or  rarely  4. 

13.  COLLTNSONIA.     Calyx  ovate,  enlarging  and  turned  down  after  flowering, 

2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  flat  and  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Cells  of  the  an- 
ther diverging. 

*  #  #  *  Corolla  evidently  2-lipped,  short,  the  upper  lip  erect  or  somewhat  spread- 

ing and  nearly  entire  or  notched,  the  lower  spreading  or  3-cleft :  stamens  with 
antiiers  4. 

14.  HYSSOPUS.     Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat. 

Corolla  with  the  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  larger  and  2-cleft.  Stamens 
very  long  and  protruding. 

15.  PYCNANTHEMUM.     Calyx  oblong  or  short-tubular,  about  13-nerved,  equally 

5-toothed  or  somewhat  2-lipped,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  with  the  lobes 
of  the  lower  lip  ovate  and  entire.  Flowers  crowded  in  heads  or  close  cymes. 

16.  ORIGANUM.     Calyx  hairy  in  the  throat,  about  13-nerved.     Lower  lip  of  the 

corolla  of  3  similar  lobes.  Flowers  crowded  into  spike-like  clusters  and  fur- 
nished with  imbricated  often  colored  bracts. 

17.  THYMUS.     Calyx  ovate,  hairy  in  the  throat,  13-nerved,  2-lipped;  the  upper 

lip  3-toothed  and  spreading,  the  lower  cleft  into  2  awl-shaped  ciliate  lobes. 
Corolla  not  strongly  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  resembling  the  3  lobes  of  the  lower 
lip  but  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  mostly  protruding. 

18.  SATUREIA.      Calyx  bell-shaped,  naked  in  the  throat,   10-nerved,   equally 

5-toothed.  Corolla  with  lower  lip  of  3  nearly  equal  entire  lobes.  Stamens 
somewhat  ascending.  Leaves  narrow. 

§  4.  Stamens  4  (the  lower  or  outer  pair  longer),  ascending  or  curved  and  with  the 
plainly  2-celled  anthers  approximate  or  conniving  in  pairs  under  the  erect  and 
Jluttisn  but  not  arched  upper  lip.  Calyx  more  or  less  2-lipped. 

19.  CALAMINTHA.     Calyx  not  flattened.     Corolla  straight,  with  inflated  throat, 

and  2-lipped  border,'  the  spreading  lower  lip  3-parted,  its  middle  lobe  entire 
or  slightly  notched. 


MINT   FAMILY.  245 

20.  MELISSA.     Calyx  with  3-toothed  upper  lip  flat.     Corolla  more  or  less  curved 

and  ascending.  Filaments  arching  and  bringing  the  anthers  together  in  pairs. 
Otherwise  as  in  19. 

§  5.  Stamens  only  2,  parallel  and  ascending  under  the  erect  or  somewhat  scythe- 
shaped  entire  or  bardy  notched  upper  lip  of  the  corolla:  anthers  1-celled, 
either  strictly  so  or  by  confluence  of  the  2  cells  end  to  end. 

21.  SAL  VIA.     Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  3-toothed  or  entire,  the  lower  2-cleft, 

throat  not  hairy.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped ;  the  lower  lip  spreading  or  hanging, 
3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  larger  and  sometimes  notched  at  the  end.  Filament 
as  it  were  compound,  the  proper  filament  short  and  bearing  on  its  apex  an 
elongated  threud-like  or  linear  body  (the  connective,  in  fact)  attached  by  its 
middle,  one  end  of  which  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  bears  a  linear 
1-celled  anther,  the  other  descending  bears  the  other  smaller  and  imperfect 
cell,  or  a  mere  vestige  of  it,  or  is  naked.  Flowers  usually  large  or  showy. 

22.  ROSMARINUS.     Calyx  and  corolla  nearly  as  in  Salvia,  but  the  lateral  lobes  of 

the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  erect  and  somewhat  contorted  (as  in  some  Sages 
also).  Stamens  resembling  those  of  Monarda  and  protruded,  but  with  a  short 
tooth  on  the  filament  below  the  middle.  Shrub. 

23.  MONARDA.     Calyx  tubular,  elongated,  many-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed, 

mostly  hairy  in  "the  throat.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  narrow  in^the  throat, 
the  oblong  or  linear  lips  about  equal  in  length,  the  lower  3-lobed  at  the  apex, 
its  narrower  middle  lobe  slightly  notched.  Stamens  with  long  and  simple 
filament  bearing  directly  on  its  apex  a  linear  anther.  Flowers  rather  large, 
numerous  in  the  whorle'd  or  terminal  heads. 

24.  BLEPHILIA.     Calyx  short-tubular,  naked  in  the  throat,  2-lipped,  the  upper 

lip  with  3  awned,  the  lower  with  2  nearly  blunt  teeth.  Corolla  with  a  more 
expanded  throat,  bluish.  Otherwise  like  Monarda,  but  flowers  smaller. 

§  6.    Stamens  4,  diverging  or  ascending :  the  upper  or  inner  pair  longer  !     Upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  erect  or  a  little  arching,  the  lower  spreading. 

25.  LOPHANTHUS.     Calyx  rather  unequally  5-toothed.    Upper  lip  of  corolla 

slightly  2-lobed,  the  lower  moderately  spreading,  its  middle  lobe  somewhat 
crenate.  Stamens  not  parallel,  the  lower  and  shorter  ones  more  or  less  as- 
cending, the  upper  and  longer  ones  diverging  and  declining,  so  as  to  seem  the 
lower.  Tall  erect  herbs,  with  small  flowers  clustered  in  panicled  spikes. 

26.  NEPETA.     Calyx  obliquely  5-toothed.     Stamens  parallel  and  ascending,  and 

their  anthers  approaching  in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla,  their 
cells  diverging  from  each  other.  Middle  lobe  of  lower  lip  of  corolla  con- 
siderablv  largest. 

27.  CEDRONELLA.     Flowers  nearly  like  those  of  Nepeta:  but  the  cells  of  the 


anthers  parallel. 
57.   PHLOMIS,  of  the 


37.   PHLOMIS,  of  the  next  section,  might  from  the  stamens  be  sought  for  here. 

§  7.  Stamens  4,  the  lower  or  outer  pair  longer,  ascending  and  parallel,  their  anthers 
in  pairs  mostly  under  the  concave  or  arched  upper  lip  of  the  corolla.  Plants 
not  sweet-scented,  some  of  them  bitter-aromatic. 

#  Corolla  inflated  funnel-form  and  rather  nUyhlly  ^-lipped:  calyx  thinnish,  open 
bell-shaped  in  fruit,  the  5  teeth  equal  and  pointless :  Jlowtrs  simply  spiked, 
only  one  to  each  bract  orjloral  leaf. 

28.  PHYSOSTEGIA.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  broad  and  a  little  arched,  entire; 

lower  of  3  broad  and  somewhat  spreading  short  lobes.     Smooth  and  scentless 
herbs,  with  thickish  and  sessile  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves. 
*  *  Corolla  decidedly  ^-lipped :  calyx  also  2-lipped,  irregular,  closed  in  fruit. 

29.  BRUNELLA.      Calyx  tubular  bell-shaped,  reticulated,  flattened  on  the  up- 

per side;  the  upper  lip  broad,  flat,  3-toothed;  the  lower  2-cleft.  Tube  of 
the  corolla  dilated  on  the  lower  side  just  below  the  rather  narroAved  throat; 
upper  lip  arched  and  entire;  lower  widely  spi'eading,  with  lateral  lobes  ob- 
long, the  concave  middle  orie  rounded  and  cremilate.  Filaments  2-toothed  at 
the  apex,  the  lower  tooth  bearing  the  anther.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  close 
head  or  short  spike. 

80.  SCUTELLARIA.  Calyx  short,  with  the  very  short  lips  truncate  and  entire,  and 
a  large  hump  on  the  upper  side,  the  whole  helmet-snaped ;  the  upper  lip  usu- 
ally falling  away  when  the  fruit  is  ripe.  Corolla  with  rather  long  ascending 
tube,  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  small  and  somewhat  connected  with 
the  arched  upper  lip,  the  middle  lobe  larger  and  spi-eading  or  the  sides  reflexed : 
anthers  of  the  lower  stiunens  1-ccllcd.  Bitterish  herbs,  not  aromatic,  with 
flowers  single  in  the  axil  of  each  bract  or  leaf. 


24G  MINT    FAMILY. 

*  *  *  Corolla  decidedly  Z-lipped:  calyx  5-tootfied,  regular,  or  sometimes  obscurely 
2-fipped,  not  closing  in  fruit :  the  teeth  commonly  awl-shaped  or  triangular, 
often  rigid  or  spiny-tipped. 

t~  Stamens  included  in  the  tube  of  tiie  corolla  :  calyx  W-toothed. 

31.  MARRUBIUM.     Teeth  of  the  calyx  awl-shaped  or  spiney-tipped,  recurved 

after  flowering.  Corolla  small?  upper  lip  erect.  Bitter-aromatic  plants: 
flowers  in  axillary  capitate  whorls. 

-t-  •+-  Stamens  raised  out  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  calyx  5-toothed. 
•»-*•  Anthers  opening  crosswise  by  2  unequal  valves,  the  smaller  one  dilate. 

32.  GALEOPSIS.     Calyx  tubular  bell-shaped,  5-nerved,  with  spiny-tipped  teeth. 

Corolla  enlarged  In  the  throat,  the  ovate  and  entire  upper  lip  arched,  the 
middle  lobe  of  spreading  lower  lip  obcordate.  Flowers  in  axillary  whorl-like 
clusters. 

•M.  -w-  Anthers  opening  lengthwise  in  the  ordinary  way. 

33.  LAMIUM.     Calyx  tubular  bell-shaped,  with  5  awl-shaped  spreading  teeth. 

Corolla  much  enlarged  in  the  throat,  the  upper  lip  arching  ana  with  a  narrow 
base,  lateral  lobes  of  lower  lip  very  short,  the  middle  one  rounded  and  spread- 
ing or  turned  down,  its  base  much  narrowed.  (Lessons,  p.  102,  fig.  209.) 
Stamens  ascending  under  the  upper  lip.  Nutlets  truncate  at  the  top. 

34.  LEONURUS.     Calvx  top-shaped,  the  awl-shaped  teeth  when  old  spreading  and 

spiny-pointed.  Corolla  like  Stachys,  but  middle  lobe  of  lower  lip  obcordate. 
Stamens  parallel.  Nutlets  truncate  and  sharply  3-angled.  Stems  erect. 
Flowers  in  close  whorls  in  the  axils  of  cut-lobed  leaves. 

35.  STACHYS.'    Calyx  mostly  tubular  bell-shaped,. the  teeth  triangular  or  awl- 

shaped,  sometimes  rigid  or  even  pungent.  Corolla  not  enlarged  in  the  throat, 
the  upper  lip  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  3-lobed  with  the  middle  lobe 
nearly  entire.  Stamens  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  but  the  outer  pair 
turned  down  after  discharging  their  pollen !  Nutlets  obtuse,  but  not  trun- 
cate. Flowers  crowded  in  whorls,  most  of  these  commonly  approximate  in  a 
terminal  raceme  or  spike. 

36.  BETONICA.     Like  Stachys,  but  calyx  more  tubular  and  with  awn-like  teeth, 

tube  of  corolla  longer  and  its  uppeV  lip  sometimes  notched,  and  the  stamens 
generally  remaining  parallel. 

37.  PHLOMIS.     Calyx  tubular,  with  rigid  narrow  awl-shaped  teeth  from  the 

notch  of  as  many  very  short  and  broad  lobes.  Corolla  as  in  Stachys.  Upper 
pair  of  stamens  (rather  the  longer)  with  an  awl-shaped  appendage' at  the  base 
of  the  filaments. 

38.  MOLUCCELLA.     Calyx  membranaceous  and  greatly  enlarged,  funnel-form, 

the  border  reticulated,  veiny,  entire,  except  6  mucronate  points.  Corolla 
much  shorter  than  the  calyx;  the  middle  lobe  of  its  lower  lip  obcordate. 
Nutlets  3-sided. 

1.  TEUCEITJM,  GERMANDER     (Named  for  Teucer,  king  of  Troy.)    ^ 
T.  Canad^nse,  our  only  species,  in  low  grounds,  l°-3°  high,  downy, 

with  ovate-lanceolate  serrate  leaves  downy  beneath,  and  pale  purple  or  rarely 
white  flowers  collected  in  a  long  spike,  in  late  summer. 

2.  TRICHOSTEMA,  BLUE  CURLS.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  means 
liair-ltke  stamens.)     Ours  are  branching  loosely-flowered  rather  clammy  low 
herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  "as  it  were  panicled,  blue,  or 
changing  to  purple,  in  summer  and  autumn.     © 

T.  dichdtomum,  COMMON  B.  or  BASTARD  PENNYROYAL.  Sandy  fields 
E.  &  S. :  6'-  12'  high,  with  mostly  lance-oblong  short-petioled  leaves. 

T.  lineare,  from  New  Jersey  S.,  has  linear  or  lance-linear  smoother  leaves. 

3.  ISANTHUS,  FALSE  PENNYROYAL.    ( Name  in  Greek  means  equal 
flower,  i.  e.  parts  of  corolla  regular.)     © 

I.  caertlleus.  Common  in  sandy  or  sterile  soil ;  bushy-branched,  clammy- 
pubcsccnt,  0'  -  12'  high,  with  oblong  3-ncrved  entire  leaves,  and  scattered  small 
uluc  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles  :  all  summer. 


MINT    FAMILY.  247 

4.  6CIMUM,  SWEET  BASIL.     (Greek  name,  referring  to  the  odor,  the 
herbage  sweet-scented.) 

O.  Basilicum,  SWEET  BASIL.  Low  sweet-herb,  of  kitchen-gardens,  from 
India,  with  ovate  somewhat  toothed  leaves,  ciliate  petioles  and  calyx,  and  bluish- 
white  racemud  flowers,  in  summer.  (T) 

5.  COLEUS.    (Name  from  the  Greek  word  for  sheath,  alluding  to  the  mona- 
delphous  stamens.) 

C.  Blumci,  of  Java,  especially  its  var.  VERSCHAFFELTII,  the  showy  spe- 
cies of  ornamental  grounds  in  summer,  planted  for  its  richly-colored  ovate  pointed 
and  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  either  blotched  with  crimson  or  bronze-red,  or  almost 
wholly  colored  ;  the  inconspicuous  flowers  blue  or  bluish  aud  racemed. 

6.  HYPTIS.     (From  a  Greek  word  meaning  reversed.}     Fl.  late  summer. 
H.  radiata.     Low  ground,  North  Carolina  &  S. :    stems  2°  -  4°  high ; 

leaves  lance-ovate,  toothed  ;  flowers  white  or  purple-dotted,  small,  crowded  in 
peduncled  whitish-involucrate  heads,     y. 

7.  LAVANDULA,  LAVENDER.     (From  Latin  lavo,  to  lave,  for  which 
Lavender-water  is  used.) 

L.  vera,  GARDEN  L.  Cult,  from  S.  Europe :  a  low  undershrub,  barely 
hardy  N.,  hoary,  with  lance-linear  leaves,  and  slender  spikes  of  bluish  small 
flowers  on  long  terminal  peduncles,  in  summer. 

8.  PERILLA.     (Name  tinexplaincd.)     Natives  of  China  ana  Japan.     (T) 

P.  OCimoides,  var.  crispa,  or  P.  NANKINENSIS  of  the  gardens .  a  bal- 
samic-scented much-branched  herb,  cult,  for  its  foliage,  the  ovate-pctioled  leaves 
in  this  variety  dark  purple  or  violet-tinged  beneath,  bronze-purple  above,  the 
margins  wavy  and  deeply  cut-toothed,  the  insignificant  rose-colored  or  whitish 
flowers  in  panicled  spike-like  racemes,  in  late  summer. 

9.  MENTHA,  MINT.     (Ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name.)     One  native 
and  two  very  common  naturalized  European  species,  mostly  spreading  rap- 
idly by  running  rootstocks ;    leaves  toothed  ;    the  small  flowers  purplish- 
bluish,  or  almost  white^  in  summer.       ^      The  following  common  Mints 
all  in  wet  places. 

M.  viridis,  SPEARMINT.  Nearly  smooth,  with  oblong  or  lance-ovate  wrin- 
kled-veiny sessile  leaves,  and  flowers  in  narrow  terminal  spikes. 

M.  piperita,  PEPPERMINT.  Smooth,  with  ovate  acute  petioled  leaves,  and 
whorled  clusters  of  flowers  forming  loose  interrupted  spikes. 

M.  Canaddnsis,  WILD  MINT.  Along  shaded  brooks  ;  pleasant-scented, 
hairy  or  a  smooth  variety,  with  ovate  or  lance-oblong  acute  or  pointed  leaves  on 
short  petioles,  and  whorls  of  flowers  in  the  axils  of  some  of  the  middle  pairs. 

10.  LYCOPUS,  WATER-HOREHOUND.    (Name  in  Greek  means  woffs 
foot.)     Resembling  the  Wild  Mint,  but  bitter,  and  not  aromatic,  commonly 
producing  slender  sometimes  tuber-bearing  runners  from  the  base,  smooth,  the 
very  small  white  flowers  close-clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  in  summer. 
Wild  in  shady  moist  soil.     2/ 

L.  Virginicus,  BUGLEWEED.  Common  N. ;  stems  blunt-angled,  6'- 18' 
high  ;  leaves  mostly  lance-ovate  and  merely  toothed  ;  calyx-teeth  4,  ovate  and 
"bluntish.  Used  in  medicine. 

L.  EuropSBUS,  under  several  varieties  :  common  N.  &  S.,  is  taller,  with 
sharply  4-ungled  stems,  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves  either  toothed  or  pin- 
natirid,  many  flowers  in  the  clusters  or  whorls,  and  5  calyx-teeth  rigid  and 
sharp-pointed. 


218  MINT    FAMILY. 

11.  CTJNILA,  DITTANY.     (An  old  Latin  name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

C.  Mariana,  MARYLAND  I).  Dry  hills  through  the  Middle  States;  nearly 
smooth,  1°  high,  coi'ymbosely  much  branched,  with  ovate  or  heart-shaped  almost 
sessile  serrate  leaves  (!'  long),  and  peduncled  loose  cymes  of  purplish  flowers,  in 
summer.  ^ 

12.  HEDEOMA.     (Formed  from  a  Greek  name  of  a  sort  of  Mint,  refers  to 
the  sweet  scent. )    Low  and  fragrant-scented,  growing  in  dry  and  open  or  sterile 
grounds,  with  small  flowers  in  loose  axillary  clusters,  all  summer. 


few  flowered  clusters,  and  bluish  corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.     © 

H.  hispida,  is  common  from  Western  Illinois  S.  W. ;  2'  -  5'  high,  hairy, 
with  sessile  linear  entire  leaves,  and  bristly-ciliate  calyx.  (f) 

13.  COLLINSONIA,  HOKSE-BALM.     (Named  for  Peter  Collinson  of 
London,  who  corresponded  with  Bartram  and  Linnaeus.)     Kather  tall  and 
large-leaved  strong-scented  plants  :  fl.  summer.     1J. 

C.  Canaddnsis,  also  called  RICH-WEED  and  STONE-ROOT,  the  only  com- 
mon species,  in  rich  moist  woods  ;  smooth,  2°  -  3°  high,  with  ovate  serrate 
leaves  3'  -  6'  long  and  on  long  petioles,  and  pale  yellow  lemon-scented  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels  in  panicled  racemes. 

14.  HYSSOPUS,  HYSSOP.     (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  plant,  from 
the  Hebrew.)     ^ 

H.  officinalis,  the  only  species,  cult,  in  gardens  from  the  Old  World, 
rarely  running  wild  :  smooth  tufted  simple  stems  or  branches  2°  high ;  leaves 
lance-linear  and  entire ;  small  clusters  of  blue  flowers  crowded  in  a  terminal 
spike,  in  summer. 

15.  PYCNANTHEMUM,  MOUNTAIN  MINT  or  BASIL.     (Name 
from  Greek,  means  dense  flower-clusters. )    Several  species,  all  aromatic-scented, 
1°  -  3°  high,  in  open  usually  gravelly  or  sandy  soil ;  flowers  with  pale  corolla 
often  purple-dotted,  in  late  summer  and  autumn.     ^     Only  the  following 
widely  common. 

P.  incanum.  Leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  remotely  toothed,  finely 
soft-downy  above  and  white-hoary  beneath,  those  next  the  open  flat  cymes 
whitened  both  sides ;  bracts  and  calyx-teeth  somewhat  awn-pointed. 

P.  mtlticum.  Minutely  soft-downy  but  hardly  whitened,  rather  low, 
bushy-branched  ;  leaves  mostly  lance-ovate  and  sessile,  with  rounded  or  slightly 
heart-shaped  base,  minutely  sharp-toothed,  rather  rigid ;  flowers  in  heads  or 
dense  clusters  ;  calyx-teeth  and  inner  bracts  rather  blunt. 

P.  pildsum.  'Only  from  W.  Penn.  W.,  is  downy  with  rather  long  soft 
hairs  ;  the  broadish  lanceolate  leaves  acute  at  both  ends  and  nearly  entire ; 
whorled  heads  at  the  end  of  the  branches ;  the  calyx-teeth  and  bracts  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  acute. 

P.  aristatum.  Only  from  New  Jersey  S.,  in  pine-barrens  :  minutely  soft- 
pubescent  ;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  broadly  linear,  rigid,  almost  entire  ;  flowers 
in  heads,  with  the  narrow  and  awn-pointed  bracts  and  calyx-teeth  as  long  as  the 
corolla. 

P.  lanceolatum.  Smoothish,  not  hoary,  very  leafy,  bushy  branched ; 
leaves  small  and  clustered,  narrow  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  rigid,  sessile,  ob- 
tuse at  base  ;  flowers  small,  in  numerous  globular  close  heads  which  are  crowded 
in  terminal  corymbs  ;  calyx-teeth  and  bracts  short,  triangular ;  lips  of  the 
corolla  very  short. 

P.  Iinif61ium.  Like  the  last,  less  common  N. :  smoother,  with  lance- 
linear  leaves,  and  narrower  sharp-pointed  bracts  and  calyx-teeth. 


MINT   FAMILY.  249 

16.  ORIGANUM,  MARJORAM.     (Old  Greek  name,  said  to  mean  delight 
of  mountains.)     Natives  of  the  Old  World  :  sweet-herbs:  fl.  summer.     ^ 

O.  vulgare,  WILD  MARJORAM.  Old  gardens,  and  wild  on  some  road- 
sides ;  l°-2°  high,  with  small  ovate  nearly  entire  leaves,  ort  short  petioles,  and 
purplish  flowers  in  corymbcd  purple-hracted  clusters  or  short  spikes ;  calyx 
equally  5-toothed. 

O.  Major  ana,  SWEET  MARJORAM.  Cult,  in  kitchen-gardens  (as  an  ©)  ; 
leaves  small  and  finely  soft-downy  ;  the  bracts  not  colored  ;  flowers  whitish  or 
purplish,  with  calyx  hardly  toothed  but  cleft  nearly  down  on  the  lower  side. 

17.  THYMUS,  THYME.      (Ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name.)     Low  or 
creeping  slightly  woody-stemmed  sweet-aromatic  plants  Of  the  Old  World : 
fl.  small,  in  summer.     Leaves  in  the  common  species  entire,  small,  from  % 
to  near  £'  long,  ovate,  obovate  or  oblong  with  tapering  base.     ^ 

T.  Serpyllum,  CREEPING  THYME.  Cult,  as  a  sweet  herb,  rarely  a  little 
spontaneous ;  creeping,  forming  broad  flat  perennial  turfs ;  leaves  green ; 
whorls  of  purplish  or  flesh-colored  flowers  crowded  or  somewhat  spiked  "at  the 
ends  of  the  flowering  branches. 

T.  VUlgaris,  COMMON  THYME.  Rarely  cult.,  more  upright  and  bushy 
than  the  other,  pale  and  rather  hoary  ;  flowers  in  shorter  clusters. 

18.  SATUKfclA,    SAVORY.      (The  ancient  Latin  name.)     Aromatic : 
fl.  summer. 

S.  hortensis,  SUMMER  SAVORY.  Low  and  homely  sweet  herb  of  the  gar- 
dens, sparingly  run  wild  W.,  with  oblong-linear  leaves  tapering  at  base,  and 
pale  or  purplish  small  flowers  clustered  in  their  axils,  or  running  into  panicled 
spikes  at  the  end  of  the  branches.  © 

19.  CALAMINTHA,  CALAMINTH.     (Greek  for  beautiful  Mint.}    Fl. 
summer.     ^ 

§  1.   Flowers  loose  in  the  axils,  or  above  running  into  racemes  or  panicles. 

C.  glab^lla.  A  delicate  native  but  uncommon  species,  only  from  Niagara 
Falls  W. :  smooth,  with  weak  stems  5' -20'  long,  also  with  creeping  runners, 
oblong  or  almost  linear  leaves,  or  ovate  on  the  runners,  the  loose  purplish  flow- 
ers about  £'  long. 

C.  Nepeta,  BASIL-THYME.  Nat.  from  Eu.  from  Virginia  S.  :  soft-downy, 
branching,  l°-2°  high,  with  round-ovate  crenate  leaves,  small  and  loose  purple 
floAvers,  and  calyx  hairy  in  the  throat. 

§  2.   Flowers  in  terminal  heads  or  head-like  whorls,  crowded  with  awl-shaped  bracts. 

C.  Clinopbdium,  BASIL.  Waste  grounds  and  along  thickets  ;  hairy, 
with  rather  simple  stems  l°-2°  long,  ovate  and  nearly  entire  petioled  leaves, 
and  pale  purple  small  corollas. 

20.  MELISSA,  BALM,  BEE-BALM.     (Old  name  from  Greek  for  bee.) 
Old- World  sweet  herbs.     Fl.  summer.     2/ 

M.  officinalis,  COMMON  B.  Gardens,  sparingly  running  wild ;  rather 
hairy,  loosely-branched,  lemon-scented,  with  ovate  or  scarcely  heart-shaped  cre- 
nate-toothed  leaves,  and  yellowish  or  soon  white  flowers  in  small  loose  axillary 
clusters. 

21.  SALVIA,  SAGE.     (From  the  Latin  salvo,  to  save,  from  its  reputed 
healing  qualities.) 

§  1.    WILD  SAGES  of  the  country,  all  with  blue  or  partly  white  corollas.     ^ 
#  Upper  lip  of  calyx  3-toothed:  lower  cell  of  the  anther  present  but  deformed. 
S.  lyrata.     Sandy  soil  from  New  Jersey  to  111.  &  S. :  l°-2°  high,  rather 
hairy,  with  leaves  mo'stly  at  the  root  and  obovate  or  lyre-shaped,  and  a  smaller 
pair  on  the  stem ;   whorls  of  flowers  forming  an  interrupted  raceme ;   corolla 
hardly  1;  long. 


250  MINT    FAMILY. 

*  *  Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  entire :  lower  cell  of  the  antfier  wanting. 

S.  urticifblia.  Woodlands  from  Maryland  S. :  l°-2°  high,  leafy,  some- 
what clammy-downy ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate ;  racemes  slender,  the  blue  and 
white  corolla  only  J'  long. 

S.  azurea.  Sandy  soil  S.  &  S.  W.  :  nearly  smooth  and  green,  with  rather 
simple  stems,  2° -4°  high;  leaves  lance-linear  with  tapering  base,  obtuse, 
entire,  or  the  lower  serrate;  the  showy  azure-blue  flowers  (less  than  1' long) 
numerous  in  a  spike-like  raceme. 

S.  Pitcheri,  from  Kansas  to  Texas,  is  very  like  the  foregoing,  but  minutely 
soft-downy  ;  occasionally  cultivated,  as  is  also 

S.  farinbsa,  of  Texas,  with  more  petioled  oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  the 
spikes,  calyxes,  &c.  white-hoary,  in  contrast  with  the  light  blue  corolla. 

§  2.    GARDEN  SAGES,  cultivated  for  ornament,  or  the  first  species  for  its  savory 
foliage.     Perennials,  but  some  cult,  as  annuals,  several  woody  at  base. 

#  Flowers  blue. 

S.  officinalis,  COMMON  SAGE,  from  S.  Eu. :  low,  minutely  hoary-pubes- 
cent, with  oblong-lanceolate  leaves  finely  reticulated-rugose  and  the  margins 
crenulate,  spiked  flower-whorls,  and  short  corolla. 

S.  patens,  from  Mexico  :  2°  -3°  high,  rather  hairy,  with  crena'te  triangular- 
ovate  or  halberd-shaped  leaves,  or  the  uppermost  sessile  ones  oval,  loose-pedi- 
cellcd  flowers,  showy  deep  blue  corolla  over  2'  long,  the  lips  widely  gaping  and 
the  stamens  exserted. 

#  *  Flowers  scarlet-red. 

S.  spldndens,  SCARLET  SAGE,  of  Brazil :  smooth,  with  branching  stems, 
ovate  pointed  leaves,  the  floral  ones  and  calyx  as  well  as  the  corolla  (2'  or  more 
long  and  with  short  lower  lip)  bright  scarlet. 

S.  fulgens,  CARDINAL  or  MEXICAN  RED  S.,  from  Mexico  :  tall,  pubes- 
cent, with  crenate  ovate  or  oval  leaves  heart-shaped  at  base  and  somewhat 
rugose,  green  calyx,  and  long-tubed  downy  deep  scarlet  corolla  over  2'  long, 
the  style  plumose. 

S.  COCCinea,  from  Tropical  America :  somewhat  downy  or  soft-hairy, 
with  ovate  and  heart-shaped  acute  crenate  leaves,  deciduous  bracts,  green  or 
purplish  calyx,  and  smooth  red  corolla  1'  long,  with  lower  lip  much  longer  than 
the  upper  one. 

S.  pseudo-COCCinea,  from  Trop.  Amer. :  like  the  last,  but  with  bristly- 
hairy  stems,  less  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  corolla  more  or  less  pubescent. 
*  *  *  Flowers  white. 

S.  argentea,  from  the  Mediterranean  regions  :  cult,  for  its  silvery-white 
foliage,  hardy  ;  the  very  large  round-ovate  root-leaves  clothed  with  long  white 
wool ;  flowering  stem  and  its  sessile  leaves,  as  well  as  calyx,  &c.  clammy-hairy ; 
the  white  corolla  with  scythe-shaped  upper  lip  1'  long  and  a  very  short  tube/ 

22.  ROSMARINUS,  ROSEMARY.     (Old  Latin-name,  dew  of  the  sea.) 

*  R.  officinalis,  from  S.  Eu. :  not  hardy  N. :  leaves  evergreen,  linear,  entire, 
with  revolute  margins,  white- hoary  beneath,  the  upper  with  pale  blue  flowers  in 
their  axils.  (L^H^r^  *  UJT 

23.  MONARDA,    HORSE-MINT   or   BALM.      (Named   for   an  early 
Spanish  writer  on  the  medicinal  plants  of  the  New  World,  Alonardez.)     Fl. 
summer. 

§  1 .  Stamens  and  style  protruding  beyond  the  narrow  acute  upjter  lip  of  the  corofla . 
leaves  oblong-ovate  or  lance-ovate,  with  roundish  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base, 
veiny,  pleasant-scented. 

M.  didyma,  OSWEGO  TEA  or  BEE-BALM.  Wet  ground  N.,  and  cult. ; 
leaves  petioled  ;  the  floral  ones  tinged  with  red  ;  calyx  naked  in  the  throat ; 
corolla  bright  red. 

M.  flstulbsa,  WILD  BERGAMOT.  Rocky  grounds  ;  soft-downy  or  smooth- 
ish  ;  leaves  petioled,  the  floral  ones  often  whitish ;  calyx  very  hairy  in  the 
throat ;  corolla  rose-color,  purple,  or  white. 


MINT    FAMILY.  251 

M.  Bradburiana.  From  Ohio  W.,  differs  from  the  preceding  in  the 
sessile  leaves  soft-hairy  beneath,  calyx  contracted  above,  and  shorter  corolla. 

§  2.  Stamens  not  longer  than  the  purple-spotted  notched  upper  lip  of  the  short 
corolla,  the  tube  of  which  is  nearly  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  ©  ® 

M.  punctata,  HORSE-MINT.  Dry  sandy  ground,  from  New  York  to 
111.  and  S.  :  strong-scented  and  pungent,  slightly  hoary;  leaves  lanceolate, 
the  floral  ones  and  bracts  tinged  yellow  and  purple ;  calyx-teeth  short  and  uwu- 
less  ;  coroll.a  yellowish. 

M.  aristata.  Plains  from  Missouri  S.  W.,  has  its  calyx  strongly  bearded 
in  the  throat  and  with  awn-like  teeth,  the  floral  leaves  and  bracts  conspicuously 
awn-tipped. 

24.  BLEPHILIA.     (From  Greek  for  eyelash,  the  bracts  strongly  ciliate, 
the  outer  ones  ovate. )     Fl.  summer.     ^ 

B.  ciliata.  Dry  ground,  from  Penn.  S.  &  W.  :  leaves  almost  sessile,  ovate 
or  oblong,  whitish-downy  beneath  ;  outer  bracts  large,  acute  ;  corolla  hairy. 

B.  nepetoides.     Low  shady  grounds  N.  &  W. :    hairy  all  over ;    leaves 
lance-ovate  sometimes  heart-shaped  at  base,  on  distinct  petioles  ;  bracts  smaller 
and  very  slender-pointed  ;  corolla  smoothish,  purple-spotted. 

25.  LOPHANTHTJS,   GIANT  HYSSOP.     (Name  from  Greek  for  crest 
and  flower,  not  very  appropriate.     Wild  in  rich  soil,  chiefly  N.  £  W.,  with 
ovate  and  toothed  leaves  :  fl.  summer.     If. 

L.  nepetoides.  Smooth,  coarse,  not  sweet-scented;  stem  4° -6°  high 
and  sharply  4-angled;  calyx-teeth  ovate,  bluntish,  almost  equalling  the  dull 
yellowish  corolla. 

L.  SCroph.ulariif61iU8.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but  the  obtusely  an- 
gled stem  and  sharper-toothed  leaves  rather  pubescent,  the  lanceolate  acute  calyx- 
teeth  shorter  than  the  purplish  coi-olla. 

L.  anisatUS.  Wild  from  Wisconsin  far  N.  W.  and  rare  in  cultivation  : 
slender,  with  anise-scented  leaves  white  beneath,  and  calyx  much  shorter  than 
the  lavender-blue  corolla. 

26.  NEPETA,  CAT-MINT.     (Latin  name,  from  the  city  Nepete.)     ^ 
N.  Cataria,  CATNIP.     Weed  nat.  from  Eu.  around  dwellings  and  gardens : 

soft-downy  ;  with  oblong  heart-shaped  leaves  deeply  eremite,  and  whitish  flow- 
ers crowded  in  terminal  clusters  or  spikes,  in  late  summer. 

N.  Glechbma,  GROUND  Ivr,  GILL.  Weed  nat.  from  Eu.  in  waste  or 
cult,  shaded  grounds :  creeping  and  spreading,  with  smoothish  rounded  kidney- 
shaped  eremite  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  light  blue  flowers  in  their  axils, 
each  pair  of  anther  cells  approaching  and  forming  a  little  cross  :  fl.  all  spring 
and  summer. 

27.  CEDRON^LLiA.     (From  Greek  name  of  oil  of  cedar,  alluding  to  the 
sweet  aromatic  scent  of  the  foliage  of  the  first  species.)    The  cultivated  species 
not  hardy  N.  :  fl.  summer.     2/ 

C.  triphylla,  BALM-OF-GILEAD  of  the  English  gardens,  here  rarely  cult., 
from  Madeira  ;  very  sweet-scented  leaves  of  3  broadly  lanceolate  leaflets  ;  flowers 
purplish, 

C.  Mexicana,  from  New  Mexico,  has  simple  lance-ovate  leaves  with  heart- 
shaped  base,  erect  stems,  and  handsome  rose-colored  flowers  in  close  clusters. 

C.  COrdata,  wild  in  shady  grounds  from  W.  Penn.  S.,  but  rare :  low, 
hairy,  with  long  leafy  runners,  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers,  the 
purplish  corolla  l£'  long,  its  throat  inflated. 

28.  PHYSOSTEGIA,  FALSE  DRAGON-HEAD.    (Name  from  Greek 
words  for  inflated  or  bladdery  cover  ina.)     Fl.  all  summer.      ^/ 

P.  Virginiana.  Wet  banks  of  streams,  from  New  York  W.  &  S.,  in  sev- 
eral varieties  :  l°-4°high;  leaves  mostly  serrate;  flowers  either  crowded  or 
rather  distant  in  the  spikes  ;  corolla  pale  rose-purple,  1'  or  more  long;. 


252  MINT    FAMILY. 

29.  BRUN^LLA,  SELF-HEAL  or  HEAL-ALL.    (Latinized  from  the 
old  German  name.)     Fl.  all  summer.     ^ 

B.  VUlgaris.  Low  fields  and  copses  •  low,  spreading,  with  ovate  or  oblong 
petioled  leaves,  and  3  flowers  under  each  of  the  broad  and  round  purplish  bracts 
of  the  head ;  corolla  bluish-purple  or  rarely  white. 

30.  SCTJTELlARIA,    SKULLCAP.      (Name  from  Latin  scutellum,  a 
dish.)     Fl.  in  summer,  in  species  ours  blue  or  violet.     2/ 

§  1.    Flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes  terminating  the  stem  and  brandies. 

S.  versicolor.  River-banks,  from  Penn.  W.  &  S. :  stem  stout,  l°-3°  high, 
soft-pubescent,  as  are  the  heart-shaped  very  veiny  and  rugose  eremite  and  blunt- 
ish  long-petioled  leaves;  spike-like  racemes  clammy -pubescent ;  corolla  almost 
1'  long,  the  lower  lip  purple-spotted. 

S.  can6scens.  From  Perm.  S.  &  W. :  stems  branching,  2°  -  4°  high  ; 
leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  or  some  of  them  heart-shaped  at  base,  the 
lower  surface  as  also  the  racemes  and  flowers  whitish  with  very  fiue  soft  down, 
otherwise  smoothish  ;  corolla  1'  long. 

S.  pilbsa.  Pubescent  with  spreading  hairs;  stem  nearly  simple,  l°-3° 
high,  bearing  rather  distant  pairs  of  roundish  or  oblong-ovate  veiny  leaves,  the 
lower  sometimes  heart-shaped,  upper  on  short-margined  petioles ;  racemes 
short,  the  bracts  spatulatc  ;  corolla  |'  long. 

S.  integrif61ia.  Along  thickets:  minutely  hoary,  l°-2°  high;  leaves 
lance-oblong  or  linear,  obtuse,  nearly  entire,  very  short-pctioled ;  raceme  short; 
corolla  1'  long,  much  enlarged  upwards. 

§  2.   Flowers  short-pedunded  in  the  axils  of  some  of  the  sessile  leaves. 

S.  nerv6sa.  Moist  ground  from  New  York  S.  W. :  smooth,  1°-  2°  high, 
slender;  leaves  roundish  or  bvate,  sparingly  toothed,  1'  long,  those  subtending 
the  flowers  ovate-lanceolate  and  entire,  the  nerve-like  main  veins  prominent 
beneath  ;  flowers  4'  long. 

S.  parvula.  Dry  banks  and  shores,  commoner  W.  &  S. :  low  and  spread- 
ing, 3'  -  6'  high ;  with  round-ovate  or  lance-ovate  and  slightly  heart-shaped 
leaves  §'  or  more  long,  and  flowers  £'  long. 

S.  galericulata.  Wet  ground  N. :  smoothish  ;  the  slender  simple  stems 
l°-2°  high ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  with  a  heart-shaped  base,  acute, 
serrate  ;  flowers  if'  long,  with  arched  upper  lip. 

§  3.   Flowers  in  axillary  or  some  terminal  one-sided  racemes. 
S.  lateriflbra.     Wet  shady  places  :  smooth,  branching,  1°  -2°  high,  with 
lance-ovate  or  oblong  acute  coarsely  serrate  leaves  on  slender  petioles  ;  racemes 
rather  leafy-bracted  ;  flowers  \'  long. 

31.  MARRITBITJM,  HOREHOUND.     (Late  Latin  name,  from  Hebrew 
word  for  oitter.)     Fl.  late  summer.     ^ 

M.  VUlgare,  COMMON  H.,  from  Europe,  in  gardens  and  waste  places  : 
branching,  spreading,  hoary-downy,  with  round-ovate  crenate-rugose  leaves  on 
petioles,  and  small  white  corolla. 

BLACK  HOREHOUND,  BALL<">TA  N!GRA,  of  Europe,  and  naturalized  in  a 
few  places  E.,  is  not  hoary,  and  has  purplish  flowers  with  a  spreading  5-toothed 
border  to  the  calyx. 

32.  GALEOPSIS,   HEMP-NETTLE.      (Name  in  Greek  means  like  a 
weasel;  the  likeness  not  at  all  obvious.)     Fl.  summer.     0 

G.  Tetrahit,  COMMON  H.  Damp  waste  and  cult,  grounds,  nat.  from  Eu. : 
a  common  weed,  rather  bristly-hairy,  with  stem  swollen  below  each  joint,  leaves 
ovate  and  coarsely  serrate,  and  corolla  purplish  or  variegated. 

33.  LAMIUM,  DEAD-NETTLE.     (Name  from  Greek  word  for  throat.) 
Low  spreading  herbs  from  Old  World  :  11.  spring  and  summer. 


MINT    FAMILY.  253 

*  Insignificant  weeds  in  waste  or  cultivated  (/rounds,  with  few  small  and  purple  or 

slender  floinrs  in  some  of  the  axils,     (i)   ® 
L.  amplexicaule.     Leaves  rounded,  deeply  crenate-toothed  and  cut,  the 

upper  ones   clasping;    corolla  Avith   a  long  tube,  its   upper  lip  bearded,  the 

lower  one  spotted. 

L.  purpureum.    Not  so  common :  leaves  more  heart-shaped,  and  less 

cut,  all  of  them  petioled. 

*  *  Flowers  larger,  1'  long,  in  several  axiUary  whorls:    corolla  ascending,  the 

lateral  lobes  bearing  a  slender  awl-shaped  appendage.     1£ 
L.  album.     Gardens  and  waste  grounds :  hairy  ;  leaves  all  petioled,  ovate 

and  heart-shaped,  rugose-veiny  ;  flowers  white. 

L.  maculatum.     Cult,  in  gardens  ;  hairy  or  nearjy  smooth  ;  leaves  as  in 

the  other,  but  with  a  white  spot  or  blotch  on  the  upper  face  ;  flowers  purple. 

34.  LEONUR-US,  MOTHERWORT.     (Name  in  Greek  means  lion's  tail, 
but  there  is  no  obvious  resemblance.)     Fl.  late  summer. 

L.  Cardiaca,  COMMON  M.  Nat.  from  En.  in  cult,  and  waste  grounds  ; 
tall,  with  palmately  cleft  long-petioled  leaves,  the  lower  rounded,  the  upper 
wedge-shaped*  at  base  ;  upper  lip  of  pale  purple  corolla  bearded.  % 

35.  STACHYS,  HEDGE-NETTLE.      (Greek  word  for  spike,  from  the 
inflorescence.)     Flowers  in  summer,  in  all  ours  ^. 

*   Wild  species  in  wet  grounds,  with  small  light  reddish-purple  corolla. 
S.  palustris.      Common  in  many  and  diverse  varieties,  rough-hairy  or 
smooth,  or  the  angles  of  the  stem  bristly  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lance-ovate,  or  the 
lower  heart-shaped  at  base,  crenately  toothed,  the  lower  or  nearly  all  petioled  ; 
calyx-teeth  sharp-pointed  or  pungent. 

S.  hyssopiiblia.  Wet  sandy  soil,  not  common  :  smooth,  low  (1°  high)  ; 
leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  almost  entire,  sessile ;  calyx-teeth  softer  and  less 
pointed. 

*  *  Cultivated  for  ornament :  not  very  common. 

S.  lanata,  from  Europe:  low,  tufted;  the  stems,  oblong  Mullein-like 
leaves,  and  dense  interrupted  spike  wholly  covered  with  thick  and  silvery  white 
wool,  and  very  short  dull  purple  corollas. 

S.  COCCinea,  SCARLET  S.,  from  Mexico,  with  ovate-ohlong  and  heart- 
shaped  pubescent  leaves,  and  whorled  flowers  with  bright  red  corolla,  its  tube 
often  1'  long. 

36.  BETONICA,  BETONY.     (The  Latin  name.)     Cult,  occasionally  in 
old  gardens,  from  Old  World.     Stems  low,  erect :    leaves  coarsely  crenate, 
oblong,  those  on  the  stem  few,  of  the  root  larger  and  heart-shaped  on  long 
petioles.     Fl.  summer.     2/ 

B.  grandifl6ra,  GREAT  B.,  from  Northern  Asia;  with  stem  l°-2°  high, 
flowers  in  separated  whorls,  purple  corollas  1^'  long. 

B.  officinalis,  WOOD  B.,  from  Europe,  has  flowers  many  times  smaller,  In 
a  more  crowded  oblong  spike. 

37.  PHLOMIS,  JERUSALEM  SAGE.    (Old  Greek  name  of  some  woolly 
plant.)     Fl.  summer.     11 

P.  tuber6sa,  from  E.  Eu. :  cultivated  in  old  gardens,  sparingly  run  wild  ; 
stems  3°  —  5°  high  ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  and  heart-shaped,  crenate, 
rugose,  smoothish  ;  flowers  in  remote  and  dense  whorls  ;  upper  lip  of  the  purple 
corolla  white-hairy  inside. 

38.  MOLUCCELLA,  MOLUCCA  BALM,  SHELL-FLOWER.  (Name 
from  Molucca  Islands.)     Fl.  summer.     (T) 

M.  laBVlS,  from  Asia  :  in  some  old  gardens :  low,  much  branched,  smooth, 
with  roundish  petioled  leaves,  flowers  sessile  in  their  axils  accompanied  by 
»pine-like  bracts,  the  remarkable  large  cup-shaped  calyx  oblique  and  1'long, 
much  exceeding  the  inconspicuous  corolla. 


254  BORAGE    FAMILY. 

80.  BORRAGINACE^I,  BORAGE  FAMILY. 

Mostly  rough  or  rough-hairy  plants,  known  from  all  related 
monopetalous  orders  by  having  a  deeply  4-lobed  ovary,  or  apparently 
4  ovaries  around  the  base  of  a  common  style,  each  1-ovuled,  ripen- 
ing into  akenes  or  nutlets,  along  with  regular  flowers  (Echium 
excepted),  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (5)  and 
alternate  with  them,  and  alternate  (mostly  entire)  leaves.  In  the 
Heliotrope  tribe,  however,  the  ovary  is  not  lobed,  but  the  fruit  at 
maturity  separates  into  2  or  4  nutlets.  Stigmas  1  or  2.  Embryo 
filling  the  seed :  no  "albumen.  Flowers  disposed  to  be  on  one  side  of 
the  stem  or  branches,  or  of  the  branches  of  cymes,  the  raceme-like 
clusters  coiled  at  the  end  and  straightening  as  the  flowers  expand. 
Herbage  not  aromatic  ;  juice  commonly  bitterish,  often  somewhat 
mucilaginous.  Roots  of  several  are  red  and  used  for  dye. 

I.  BORAGE  FAMILY  PROPER,  having  the  deeply  4-parted 
ovary  as  above.  Ours  all  herbs. 

§  1.    Corolla  irregular  funnel-form,  naked  in  the  throat :  stamens  unequal ! 

1.  ECHIUM.     Two  of  the  spreading  lobes  of  the  corolla  shorter  than  the  others. 

Stamens  ascending,  more  or  less  protruding:  filaments  and  style  long  and 
sleiider.  Stigmas  2.  Nutlets  erect,  leathery,  rough-wrinkled. 

§  2.    Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  no  tube  at  all. 

2.  BORRAGO.     Flowers,  as  in  all  the  following,  perfectly  regular.     A  blunt  scale 

at  the  base  of  each  lobe  of  the  5-parted  corolla,  alternating  with  the  con- 
niving stamens.  Filaments  very  short,  broad,  and  with  a  cartilaginous  pro- 
jection behind  the  linear  pointed  anther.  Nutlets  erect. 

6.  M'YOSOTIS,  and  7.  OMPHALODES,  from  the  short  tube  to  the  corolla  may 
be  sought  for  here. 

§  3.    Corolla  tubular,  funnel-form,  or  salver-shaped,  sometimes  almost  wheel-shaped, 
*  Open  in  the  throat,  the  folds  or  short  scales,  if  any,  not  closing  over  the  orijice. 

3.  MERTENSIA.     Corolla  tubular,  trumpet-shaped,  with  the  widely  spreading 

border  scarcely  at  all  lobed  and  its  throat  perfectly  naked  in  the  common 
species;  the  slender  filaments  protruding.  Fruit  fle'shy,  smooth  or  wrinkled. 
Smooth  plants,  which  is  rare  in  this  order. 

4.  ONOSMODIUM.     Corolla  tubular,  with  the  5  acute  lobes  erect  or  converging, 

the  throat  perfectly  naked,  bearing  the  arrow-shaped  or  linear  and  mucronato 
anthers :  filaments  hardly  any.  Style  very  slender  and  protruding.  Nutlets 
stony,  smooth,  fixed  by  their  base.  Very  rough-bristly  homely  plants. 

6.  LITHOSPERMUM.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  withVounded  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  with  or  without  evident  short  and  broad  scales  or 
folds  in  the  throat.  Anthers  oblong,  included:  filaments  hardly  any.  Nut- 
lets stony,  smooth  or  roughened,  ovate,  fixed  by  the  base.  Rough  or  hairy 
plants,  mostly  with  red  roots. 

6.  MYOSOTIS.  Corolla  very  short-salver-form,  the  tube  only  about  the  length  of 
the  5-toothed  or  5-cleft  calyx,  the  rounded  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud,  the 
throat  with  5  small  and  blunt  arching  appendages.  Anthers  short,  included. 
Nutlets  smooth  and  hard,  fixed  by  their  base.  Low  and  small,  mostly  soft- 
hairy  plants,  the  small  racemed  flowers  commonly  bractless. 

*  #  Scales  or  appendages  of  the  corolla,  conspicuous  one  before  the  base  of  each  lobe, 

and  closing  or  nearly  closing  the  orijice. 
•*-  Corolla  short-salver-shaped  or  nearly  wheel-shaped:  stamens  included. 

T.  OMPHALODES.  Corolla  with  tube  shorter  than  the  rounded  lobes.  Nutlets 
smooth,  depressed,  and  with  a  hollow  basket-like  top.  Flowers  loosely  ra- 
cemed: no  bracts.  Low  smooth  or  smoothish  herb's. 


BORAGE    FAMILY.  255 

8  ECHINOSPERMUM.  Corolla  with  tube  as  short  as  the  rounded  lobes,  the 
throat  closed  with  short  rounded  scales.  Nutlets  erect,  fixed  to  the  central 
column  or  base  of  the  style,  triangular,  roughened,  and  bearing  one  or  more 
marginal  rows  of  barb-tipped  prickles,  forming  small  burs.  Coarse  weeds, 
with  leafy-bracted  racemed  flowers. 

9.  CYNOGLOSSUM.  Corolla  between  short  funnel-form  and  wheel-shaped,  the 
tube  about  the  length  of  the  rounded  lobes ;  throat  closed  by  the  blunt  scales. 
Nutlets  bur-like,  oblique  on  the  expanded  base  of  the  style,  to  which  they 
are  h'xed  by  their  apex,  roughened  all  over  with  short  barbed  or  hooked 
prickles,  tioarse  and  strong-scented  plants,  with  racemed  flowers,  the  lower 
sometimes  bracted,  otherwise  bractless. 

-»-  H—  Corolla  tubular  and  more  or  less  funnel-shaped. 

10.  LYCOPSIS.     Corolla  with  a  curved  tube,  slightly  oblique  5-lobed  border,  and 

bristly-hairy  scales  in  the  throat.  Stamens  included  in  the  tube.  Nut- 
lets rough-wrinkled,  erect,  fixed  by  a  hollowed  base.  Coarse,  rough-bristly 
plants. 

11.  SYMPHYTUM.     Corolla  straight,  tubular-funnel  form,  with  short  spreading 

lobes  which  are  somewhat  longer  than  the  large  awl-shaped  scales  and 
the  linear  or  lanceolate  anthers.  Style  slender,  commonly  protruding.  Nut- 
lets erect,  smooth,  coriaceous,  fixed  by  a  hollowed  base.  Coarse  herbs,  branch- 
ing and  leafy,  with  thickened  or  tuberous  roots,  the  juice  mucilaginous  and 
bitterish,  used  in  popular  medicine.  Flowers  nodd'ing  in  raceme-like  often 
forked  clusters,  either  naked  or  leafy-bracted  at  base. 

II.  HELIOTROPE  FAMILY,  the  ovary  not  divided  but 
tipped  with  the  simple  style,  the  fruit  when  ripe  separating  into  2 
or  4  closed  pieces  or  nutlets. 

12.  HELIOTROPIUM.     Corolla  short  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  the  open  throat 

more  or  less  plaited.  Anthers  nearly  sessile,  included.  Style  short:  stigma 
conical  or  capitate.  Ovary  4-celled,  in  fruit  splitting  into  4  nutlets.  Flowers 
small,  in  one-sided  single  or  cymose-clustered  spikes,  mostly  bractless. 

13.  HELIOPHYTUM.     Corolla  constricted  at  the  throat.     Style  very  short.     Fruit 

mitre-shaped,  splitting  at  maturity  into  2  nutlets  each*  2-celled.  Otherwise 
as  in  Heliotropium. 

1.  ECHIUM,  VIPER'S  BUGLOSS.     (Name  from  Greek  word  for  viper.) 
E.  Vlllg&re,  COMMON  V.  or  BLUEWEED.     Cult,  from  Eu.  in  old  gardens, 

and  a  weed  in  fields,  Penn.  to  Virginia  :  l°-2°  high,  very  rough-bristly,  with 
lanceolate  sessile  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  racemed  clusters,  the  purple 
corolla  changing  to  bright  blue,  in  summer.  © 

2.  BORR  AGO,  BORAGE.  (Old  name,  supposed  corruption  ofeorago,  from 
imagined  cordial  properties.) 

B.  officin&lis,  COMMON  B.  Cult,  from  Eu.  in  old  gardens,  spreading, 
branched,  beset  with  sharp  and  whitish  spreading  bristles ;  leaves  oval  or 
oblong-lanceolate ;  flowers  loosely  racemed,  handsome,  blue  or  purplish,  with 
dark  anthers,  in  summer.  © 

3.  MERTENSIA.     (Named  for  a  Prof.  Mertens,  of  Germany.)     % 

M.  Virginica,  VIRGINIAN  or  SMOOTH  LUNGWORT.  Alluvial  soil  "W". 
&  S.,  and  cult,  for  ornament :  a  very  smooth  and  pale  leafy  plant,  l°-2°  high, 
with  obovate  entire  leaves,  those  of  the  root  long-petioled,  handsome  flowers 
spreading  or  hanging  on  slender  pedicels  in  loose  raceme-like  clusters,  the  light 
blue  or  at  first  purple  corolla  1'  long  :  fl.  spring. 

4.  ONOSMODIUM,  FALSE  GROMWELL.     (Name  means  like  Onos- 
ma,  an  European  genus  of  this  family.)     Wild  plants  of  the  country,  mostly 
in  rich  soil,  in  dry  or  .alluvial  ground  :  flowers  leaty-bractcd,  greenish  or  yel- 
lowish-vrhite,  in  summer.      2/ 


256  BORAGE    FAMILY. 

O.  Virginianum.  Clothed  with  harsh  but  appressed  short  bristles,  1°  -  2° 
high,  with  oblong  leaves,  and  lance-awl-shaped  lobes  of  narrow  corolla  spai'- 
ingly  bristly  outside. 

O.  Carolinianum.  From  New  York  W.  &  S. :  shaggy  with  rough  and 
spreading  bristles,  stout,  3° -4°  high,  with  lance-ovate  or  oblong-acute  leaves, 
and  lobes  of  rather  broad  corolla  triangular  and  thickly  hairv. 

O.  molle.  Only  W. :  hoary  with  softer  and  whitish  appressed  hairs,  the 
oblong-ovate  bluntish  leaves  strongly  ribbed,  and  lobes  of  the  triangular-pointed 
lobes  of  the  narrow  corolla  thickly  hairy  outside. 

5.  LITHOSPERMUM,    GROMWELL,    PUCCOON.      (Name  from 
Greek,  means  stony  seed.)      Flowers  in  late  spring  and  summer,  at  length 
scattered  or  as  if  spiked,  leafy-bracted. 

§  1 .  Corolla  white  or  only  yellowish  in  the  wholly  naked  throat,  searcely  longer  than 
the  calyx :  nutlets  rough-wrinkled  and  pitted,  gray  and  dull.  (\)  ® 

L.  arv6nse,  CORN  GROMWELL.  Nat.  from  Eu.  in  waste  dry  soil,  6' -12' 
high,  roughish-hoary,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  and  inconspicuous  flowers. 

§  2.  Corolla  dull  whitish,  rather  short,  with  little  downy  scales  or  rather  folds  in 
the  throat :  nutlets  smooth  or  with  a  few  pores,  often  ivory-white.  JJ. 

L.  angUStifdlium.  River-banks  from  111.  S.  &  W. :  minutely  roughish- 
hoary,  branched,  6'-  15'  high,  with  linear  rigid  leaves,  short  peduncles  recurved 
in  fruit,  and  corolla  not  longer  than  calyx. 

L.  officinale,  COMMON  G.  of  Europe,  a  weed  by  some  roadsides  :  1°-  2° 
high,  branched  above,  with  broadish-lanceolate  acute  leaves  rough  above  but 
soft-downy  beneath,  and  corolla  longer  than  calyx. 

L.  Iatif61ium.  From  W.  New  York  W.  &  S. :  larger  and  rougher  than 
the  last,  ovate  and  lance-ovate  pointed  leaves  2' -4'  long  and  prominently 
ribbed,  those  from  the  root  larger  and  roundish  ;  corolla  shorter  than  calyx. 

§  3.    Corolla  bright  orange-yellow,  showy,  longer  than  calyx,  almost  salver-shaped, 
with  little  appendages  in  the  throat  evident :  nutlets  smooth,  usually  ivory-white. 

L.  hirtum,  HAIRY  PCCCOON.  Dry  ground,  chiefly  S.  £  W.  :  l°-2° 
high,  roughish-bristly,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  or  those  next  the  flowers 
ovate-oblong  and  bristly-ciliate,  the  crowded  flowers  peduncled,  tube  of  the 
corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  border  (|'-1')  and  woolly- 
bearded  at  base  inside. 

L.  candscens,  HOARY  P.  Mostly  N.  &  W.  :  softer-hairy  and  somewhat 
hoary,  6' -15'  high,  smaller-flowered  than  the  preceding,  and  tube  of  corolla 
smooth  at  base  inside. 

L.  Iongifi6rum,  only  on  prairies  N.  "W.,  has  linear  leaves,  and  tube  of 
corolla  1'  or  more  long,  many  times  longer  than  the  eroded-toothed  lobes. 

6.  MYOSOTIS,  FORGET-ME-NOT  or  SCORPION-GRASS.    (Name 
in  Greek  means  mouse-ear,  from  the  short  soft  leaves  of  some  species.)     Fl. 
spring  and  summer. 

M.  pallistris,  TRUE  F.,  in  gardens  and  some  waste  places,  with  loosely 
branched  stems  ascending  from  a  creeping  base,  rough-pubescent  lance-oblong 
leaves,  moderately  5-cleft  calyx  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels,  its  hairs 
not  hooked  nor  glandular,  and  its  lobes  open  in  fruit ;  corolla  light  blue  with  a 
yellow  eye.  —  Var.  LAXA,  wild  in  wet  places  N.,  has  smaller  flowers  on  still 
longer  pedicels.  11 

M.  arvensis.  Not  rare  in  fields,  &c.  :  hirsute,  with  lance-oblong  acutish 
leaves,  racemes  naked  at  base  and  stalked,  small  blue  corolla,  pedicels  spreading 
in  fruit  and  longer  than  the  5-clcft  equal  calyx,  the  lobes  of  which  are  closed  in 
fruit,  and  the  tube  beset  with  some  hooked  or  glandular-tipped  hairs.  (X>  @ 

M.  v6ma.  Dry  hills  :  bristly-hirsute,  erect  (4'  -  10  high),  branched  from 
base,  with  oblong  and  blunt  leaves,  racemes  leafy  at  base,  very  small  mostly 
white  corolla,  pedicels  in  fruit  erect  and  appressed  at  base,  but  abruptly  bent 
outwards  near  the  apex,  and  rather  shorter  than  the  unequal  very  bristly  calyx, 
some  of  its  bristles  hooked  or  glandular  at  their  tip.  (a)  ® 


BORAGE    FAMILY.  257 

7.  OMPHAL6DES.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  refers  to  the  navel-shaded 
depression  on  the  upper  face  of  the  nutlets.)     Cult,  from  Eu.  for  ornament. 
O.  v6ma,  BLUE  or  SPRING  NAVELWORT.     Spreading  by  leafy  run-.:       ; 

leaves   ovate   or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  2' -3'  long,  pointed,  green;  Hovers 
azure-blue,  in  spring.      If. 

O.  linifdlia,  WHITE  N.  Erect,  6' -12' high,  loosely  branched,  very  pale 
or  glaucous,  with  broadly  lanceolate  leaves  sparingly  ciliate,  the  upper  sessile, 
white  or  bluish  flowers,  and  turgid  nutlets  toothed  around  the  margin  of  the 
cavity.  © 

8.  ECHINOSPERMUM,  STICKSEED.     (Name  of  two  Greek  words 
for  hcdyehoy  and  seed,  from  the  nutlets  ) 

E.  Lappula.     Weed  of  waste  grounds,  especially  N.,  roughish-hairy,  enrt, 


kl°-2°  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  small  blue  flowers,  and  nutlets  with  rough- 
tubercled  back  and  thickly-prickled 


margins  :  fl.  all  summer.     © 


9.  CYNOGLOSSUM,  HOUNDSTONGUE  (which  the  name  mean?  in 
Greek).     Fl.  summer.     Nutlets  form  burs  which  adhere  to  fleece. 

C.  officinale,  COMMON  H.  Coarse  weed  from  Europe,  common  in  pas- 
tures and  roadsides:  leafy,  soft-pubescent,  with  spatulate  or  lance-oblong 
leaves,  the  upper  ones  closely  sessile,  crimson  purple  corolla,  and  flat  soim ".-,  \ 
margined  nutlets.  ® 

C.  Virginicum,  WILD  COMFREY.  Rich  woods :  bristly-hairy ;  with 
simple  stem  leafless  above  and  bearing  a  few  corymbed  naked  racemes  of  bine 
flowers,  the  stem  leaves  lance-oblong  with  heart-shaped  clasping  base,  the  nut- 
lets very  convex.  2/ 

C.  Moris6ni,  BEGGAR'S  LICE.  Thickets  and  open  woods :  a  common 
weed,  2°  -  4°  high,  with  slender  widely  spreading  branches,  thin  oblong-ovate 
leaves  tapering  to  both  ends,  forking  and  diverging  racemes  of  very  ?in:ill 
whitish  or  bluish  flowers  on  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit,  and  convex  barbed-prickly 
small  nutlets.  ©  © 

10.  LYCOPSIS,  BUGLOSS.     (Name  of  Greek  words  for  wolf  and  face  or, 
aspect.)     European  weeds.     Fl.  summer.     © 

L.  aryensis,  FIELD  or  SMALL  BUGLOSS.  Very  rough-bristly  weed,  about 
1°  high,  in  sandy  fields  E. ;  with  lance-oblong  leaves,  and  small  blue  corolla 
little  exceeding  the  calyx. 

11.  SYMPHYTUM,  COMFREY.     (From  Greek  word  meaning  to  grow 
together  or  unite,  alluding  probably  to  supposed  healing  properties.)     Cult. 
from  Old  World  :  fl.  summer.      # 

S.  officinale,  COMMON  C.  Rather  soft-hairy ;  the  branches  winged  by 
the  decnrrent  bases  of  the  oblong-lanceolate  leaves ;  corolla  yellowish- white. 
Naturalized  sparingly  in  moist  grounds. 

S.  asperrimum,  ROUGH  C.  Cult,  in  some  gardens  :  stem  and  widely 
spreading  branches  excessively  rough  with  short  and  somewhat  recurved  little 
prickles,  not  winged ;  calyx-lobes  short ;  corolla  reddish  purple  in  bud  changing 
to  blue. 

12.  HELIOTIlbPIUM,  HELIOTROPE  (i.  e.,  in  Greek,  turning  to  the 
sun).    Fl.  all  summer. 

*  Spikes  only  in  pairs,  or  the  lateral  ones  solitary:  flowers  white.     © 
H.  Curassavicum.     Sandy  shores  and  banks  from  Virginia  and  Illinois 

S.  :   very  smooth  and  pale ;  leaves  oblong,  spatulate,  or  lance-linear,  thickish, 

veinless. 

H.  Europaeum.     Old  gardens  and  waste  places  S,,  introduced  from  Eu. ; 

hoary -downy,  6'- 18'  high  ;  leaves  oval,  long-petioled,  veiny. 

S  &  F— 22 


253  WATERLEAF    FAMILT. 

#  *  Spikes  collected  in  terminal  and  several  times  forked  cymes :  icoody-stemmcd 

or  shrubby  house  and  bcddiny  plants  from  Peru  and  Chili.      1£ 
H.   Peruvian  um,  SWEET  HELIOTROPE.     Pubescent,  with  ovate-oblong 

or  lance-ovate  very  veiny  rugose  leaves,  and  vanilla-scented  pale  blue-purple 

flowers. 

H.  corymbbsum.     Cult,  with  the  other,  differs  mainly  in  the  larger  and 

deeper-blue  flowers  of  much  less  fragrance. 

13.   HELIOPHYTUM.     (Name  of  the  Greek  words  for  sun  and  plant, 

indicating  the  resemblance  to  Heliotrope.) 

H.  indicum,  INDIAN  HELIOTROPE  :  hairy  low  plant,  nat.  from  India  as  a 
weed  in  waste  ground  S. ;  with  ovate  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  solitary  spikes  of 
small  purplish  flowers,  in  summer;  a  cavity  before  each  seed-bearing  cell  of  the 
2-lobed  fruit.  © 

81.  HYDROPHYLLACE^,  WATERLEAF  FAMILY. 

Plants  in  some  sort  resembling  both  the  foregoing  and  the  following 
families,  in  the  arrangement  of  the  flowers  more  commonly  imitating 
the  former;  differing  from  both  in  the  1 -celled  ovary  and  pod  with 
2  parietal  placenta.  Jn  some  the  placenta?  unite  in  the  axis,  making 
a  two-celled  ovary.  Style  2-cleft  or  else  2  separate  styles.  Ovules 
at  least  2  to  each  placenta.  Seeds  with  a  small  embryo  in  hard 
albumen.  Juice  inert  and  watery.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  simple 
or  compound.  The  following  are  all  N.  American  plants,  some 
wild,  the  others  cult,  for  ornament  from  the  West. 

§  1.    Style  2-cleft, :  ovary  and  pod  \-celled,  with  two  parietal  placzntte, 

#  These  fleshy  and  so  broad  thfit  they  line  the  ovary,  and  enclose  the  (mostly  4)  ovulet 

and  seeds:  corolla  usually  convolute  in  the  bud,  commonly  with  5  or  10  folds, 
scales,  or  other  appendages  doicn  the  inside  of  the  tube. 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM.     Calyx  5-parted,  sometimes  with  small  appendages  at  the 

sinuses,  not  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  bell-shaped.  Style  and  mostly  hairy 
filaments  protruded  :  anthers  linear.  Pod  small,  globose,  ripening  1  -4 
spherical  seeds.  Flowers  in  crowded  cymes  or  clusters.  Leaves  alternate, 
slender-petioled. 

2.  NEMOPHILA.     Calyx  5-parted,  and  with  a  reflexed  appendage  in  each  simis, 

somewhat  enlarging  in  fruit.  Corolla  open  bell-shaped  or  wheel-shaped, 
longer  than  the  stamens.  Flowers  solitary  and  long-peduncled.  Leaves 
mostly  opposite,  at  least  the  lower  ones. 

#  #  Placentae  narrow,  adherent  directly  to  the  walls,  or  else  borne  on  an  incomplete 

partition  and  projecting  into  the  cell,  where  they  sometimes  meet:  lobes  of  the 
coroll<i  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  PHACELIA-     Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  narrow  ;  no  appendages  at  the 

sinuses.  Corolla  open  bell-shaped,  approaching  wheel-shaped.  Stamens  and 
style  often  protruded,  Pod  4  -  imny-seeded.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in 
one-sided  raceme-like  clusters  or  spikes. 

4.  WHITLAVIA.     Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped  or  slightly  contracted  at  the  throat, 

the  5  short  and  broad  lobes  abruptly  and  widely  spreading.  (Pod  many- 
seeded.)  Otherwise  as  the  last  section  of  Phacelia. 

§  2.   Styles  2  (rarely  3),  separate  quite  to  the  base:  ovary  and  pod  ^-celled:  seeds 
minute  and  very  numerous. 

5.  HYDROLE  A.    Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  open-bell-shaped  or  approaching  wheel- 

shaped,  rather  shorter  than  the  stamens :  filaments  enlarged  at  base.  Herbs, 
or  somewhat  shrubby,  with  entire  leaves  and  often  spines  in  their  axils. 
Flowers  in  loose  axillary  clusters. 

WIGANDIA,  from  South  America,  with  very  large  rounded  leaves  and  sharp 
or  stinging  bristles,  is  of  Jate  planted  out  as  an  prnamental  leaf-plant,  but  is 
as  yet  uncommon. 


WATERLEAF    FAMILY.  259 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM,  WATERLEAF,  is  a  translation  of  the  name 
from  the  Greek,  the  application  obscure.     Plants  of  rich  woods,  £c.     Flow- 
ers white  or  hi uish- tinged,  in  early  summer.     11 

*  Calyx  with  minute  appendages  if  any :  rootstocks  creeping,  scaly-toothed. 

H.  macroph^llum.  From  Ohio  W.  &  S.  W.  :  rough-hairy,  with  leaves 
pinnately  divided  into  9-1.3  cut- toothed  divisions  or  leaflets  ;  a  globular  cluster 
of  flowers  on  a  very  long  peduncle. 

H.  Virginicum.  very  common  N.  &  "W.  :  smooth  or  smoothish,  with 
5-7  main  divisions  to  the  pinnate  leaves,  the  lowest  pair  2-parted,  and  calyx- 
lobes  bristly-ciliate. 

H.    Caiiadense.     Chiefly  N. :  barely  1°  high,  nearly  smooth,  the  roundish 
leaves  palmately  5-7-lobed  and  with  heart-shaped  base,  or  some  minute  leaflets 
on  the  petioles,  which  are  longer  than  the  peduncles  of  the  flower-cluster. 
*  *  Calyx  with  a  conspicuous  reflexed  appendage  in  each  sinus. 

H.  appendiculatum.  From  New  York  W.  &  S. :  pubescent  or  hairy, 
with  rounded  palmately  5-lobed  leaves  or  some  of  them  pinnately  divided,  rather 
loose  flower-clusters,  and  bristly-hairy  calyx. 

2.  NEMOPHILA.   (Name  from  the  Greek,  means  lover  of  the  grove.}   Low 
spreading  plants  cultivated  for  ornament ;  all  but  the  first  from  ^California  : 
fl.  summer.     © 

N.  phacelioides.  Wild  from  Arkansas  S.,  and  sparingly  cult.  ;  with 
ascending  stems  l°-2°  long,  alternate  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  3-9  oblong 
entire  divisions,  and  purplish-blue  corolla  l£'  broad. 

N.  insignis.  Slender,  procumbent,  with  lobes  of  the  pinnate  leaves  cut- 
toothed,  and  pure  blue  corolla  1'  broad. 

N.  maculata.  Prostrate,  with  leaves  all  opposite  and  mostly  sessile, 
the  lower  lyrate-pinnatifid,  upper  sparingly  cut-toothed,  and  white  corolla  with 
violet  patch  on  each  lobe. 

N.  atomaria.  Procumbent ;  leaves  opposite,  pinnatifid ;  corolla  smaller, 
white  sprinkled  with  chocolate-brown  spots. 

3.  PHACELIA.     (Name  from  Greek  word  for  a  cluster.)     Several  species 
cult,  for  ornament :  fl.  spring  or  summer. 

§  1.    TRUE  PHACELIA,  ivith  only  4  ovules  and  seeds  :  lobes  of  corolla  entire. 

P.  COng^Sta.  Cult,  from  Texas,  &c.  :  rather  pubescent,  with  leaves  pin- 
nately divided  or  cleft  into  few  oblong  or  ovate  cut- toothed  leaflets  or  lobes,  and 
small  blue  flowers  in  3  or  4  spikes  at  the  summit  of  a  slender  peduncle  ;  stamens 
slightly  protruding.  @ 

P.  tanacetifblia,  from  California :  taller,  bristly-hairy,  with  narrower 
pinnatifid  leaflets,  larger  flowers  in  lonirer  dense  spikes,  and  long  stamens.  ® 

P.  bipinnatifida.  Wild  from  Ohio  S.  &  W.  in  rich  shady  soil :  l°-2° 
high,  branched,  glandular-hairy,  with  leaves  twice  pinnately  divided  into  ovate 
cut-lobed  leaflets,  flowers  slender  pedicelled  in  long  loose  racemes,  violet-blue 
corolla  ^'  or  more  broad.  ® 

§  2.    COSMANTHUS,  with  4  ovules  and  seeds,  and  fringed  lobes  to  corolla.     ©  © 
P.  Piirshii.     Shady  soil  from  Penn.  W.  &  S.  and  cult,  under  the  name  of 

the  next :  slender,  8'-  12'  high  ;  lobes  of  pinnatifid  leaves  several,  lance-oblong, 

acute  ;  flowers  of  the  raceme  numerous,  on  slender  pedicels  ;  corolla  light  blue 

or  whitish,  £'  broad  ;  filaments  hairy  below. 

P.   fimbriata,  the  true  plant  grows  only  in  the  high  Alleghanies    S.,  is 

smaller,  with  3-7  rounded  or  oblong  blunt  divisions  to  the  leaves,  few  and 

smaller  white  flowers. 

§  3.    EtixocA,  with  seeds  or  at  least  ovules  several  or  mam/  :  corolla-lobes  entire.        A  / 
P.   parviflbra.     Shaded  banks  from  Penn.   to  N.  Car.  :  scarce,  delicate 
little  plant,  3'  -6'  high,  with  pinnately  divided  or  cleft  leaves,  a  raceme  of  few 
flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  bluish  corolla  less  than  £'  wide,  and  few  seeds,     d) 


200  POLEMONTUM    FAMILY. 

P.  viscida,  cult,  from  California  as  EtxocA  vfsciDA  :  clammy  all  over 
with  dark  glandular  hairs,  rather  coarse  ;  leaves  ovate,  cut-toothed,  short- 
petioled;  racemes  single  terminating  the  branches  ;  corolla  deep  blue,  1'  or  le^s 
wide ;  pod  many-seeded.  © 

4.  WHITLAVIA.     (Named  by  the  lamented  Professor  Harvey  for  his 
friend  Mr.  Whitla.)     Fl.  summer.     (T) 

"W.  grandiflbra.  Cult,  for  ornament,  from  California :  resembles  Pha- 
celia  viscidain  growth  and  foliage,  but  only  slightly  clammy,  the  roundish-ovate 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  leaves  coarsely  toothed,  on  longer  petioles  ;  racemes 
loose  ;  corolla  1'  or  more  long,  violet-blue  (also  a  white  variety) ;  stamens  and 
style  very  slender  and  protruding. 

5.  HYDROLEA.     (Named  from  Greek  word  for  water ;  the  plants  aquatic 
or  in  wet  places. )     Fl.  summer.     2/ 

H.  quadrivalvis,  of  S.  E.  States,  has  hairy  stems ;  lanceolate  acute  leaves 
tapering  to  the  base,  and  lanceolate  sepals  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla. 

H.  aflfinis,  of  river-banks,  from  S.  Illinois  S.,  is  smooth,  with  short-petioled 
lanceolate  leaves,  and  ovate  sepals  as  long  as  the  corolla. 

H.  ovata,  of  S.  W.  States,  has  soft-downy  stems,  ovate  leaves,  looser  flow- 
ers, and  lanceolate  villous  sepals. 

82.  POLEMONIACE.SI,  POLEMONIUM  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  regular  flowers,  persistent  5-cleft  calyx,  the  5 
lobes  of  the  monopetalous  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud,  3-lobed 
style,  3-celled  ovary  and  pod  ;  the  single,  few,  or  many  seeds  in  each 
cell  borne  on  the  thick  axis.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of 
albumen.  Insipid  and  innocent  plants,  the  juice  watery.  Nearly 
all  are  N.  American  plants,  many  cult,  for  ornament. 

§  1.   Erector  diffuse  herbs,  not  climbing,  andwilh  nothing  resembling  stipules. 

1.  PHLOX.     Calyx  narrow,  prismatic  or  plaited,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.     Corolla 

salver-shaped,  with  a  long  tube  (Lessons,  p.  102,  fig.  208),  in  which  the  5 
short  and  unequally  inserted  stamens  are  included.  Ovary  often  with  2 
ovules,  but  the  short  pod  with  only  one  seed  in  each  cell.  Leaves  entire  and 
mostly  sessile,  the  lower  all  opposite,  upper  often  alternate. 

2.  G1LIA.     Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,   5-cleft.     Corolla   of  various   shapes. 

Stamens  equally  inserted  and  projecting  from  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  not 
declined.  Ovules  and  seeds  several  in  each  cell.  Leaves  either  entire,  cut, 
or  divided. 

3.  POLEMONIUM.     Calyx  bell-shaped.     Corolla  open-bell-shaped  or  short-funnel 

form.  Stamens  slender,  like  those  of  Gilia,  but  declined,  hairy-appendaged 
at  the  base.  Leaves  pinnate,  alternate. 

§  2.    Tall-climbing  by  compound  tendrils  on  the  pinnate  leaves :  lowest  leajlets  close 
to  the  stem,  unlike  the  others,  imitating  stipules. 

4.  COB^EA.     Calyx  of  5  large  leaf-like  divisions,  the  margins  of  which,  applied 

each  to  each,  appear  like  5  winged  angles.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  short 
and  broad  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  declined.  A  fleshy  disk  around  the 
base  of  the  ovary.  Seeds  numerous  in  each  cell  of  the  pod,  winged.  Pe- 
duncles axillary,  1-flowered,  leafy-bracted  near  the  base,  naked  above. 
Leaves  alternate. 

1.   PHLOX.     (Greek  for  flame,  anciently  applied  to  Lychnis,  and  transferred 
to  these  North  American  plants.) 

§  1.    (f)   Cultivated  for  ornament  from  Texas :  fl.  all  summer. 
P.  Drummondii.     From  this  come  all  the  annual  Phloxes  of  the  gardens  : 
rather  low,  branching  and  spreading,  somewhat  clammy-pubescent,  with  co- 
rymbs of  purple,  crimson,  rose-colored,  or  even  white,  showy  flowers. 


POLEMONIUM    FAMILY.  2G1 

§  2.    ^/J      Wild  in  mostly  dry  or  rocky  ground,  also  common  in  gardens,  where  the 
species  are  muck  crossed  and  varied. 

#  Stems  erect  :  flowers  in  oblong  or  pyramidal  panicle,  with  short  peduncles  and 

pedicels  :    lobes  of  corolla  entire,  pink-purple,  and  with   white   varieties. 
Wild  from  Pennsylvania  S.  and  W.  :  fl.  summer. 

P.  paniculata.  Smooth,  or  some  varieties  roughish  or  soft  hairy,  2°  -4° 
high,  stout  ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  and  mostly  with  tapering  base; 
panicle  broad  ;  calyx-teeth  sharp-pointed. 

P.  maculata.  Smooth;  stem  slender,  l°-2°  high,  purple-spotted  lower 
leaves  lanceolate,  upper  lance-ovate  from  a  rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped 
base  ;  panicle  long  and  narrow,  leafy  below  ;  calyx-teeth  hardly  pointed. 

*  *  Stems  ascending  or  erect,  but  often  with  a  prostrate  base,  1°  -  3°  high  :  whole 

plant  smooth,  not  clammy  nor  glandular  :  flowers  corymbed  :  lobes  of  corolla 
round  and  entire.      Wild  chiefly  W.  and  S.,  seldom  cult.  :  fl.  summer. 
P.  Carolina.     Leaves  varying  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  or  the  upper  heart- 
shaped  ;  flowers  crowded,  short-peduncled,  pink  ;  calyx-teeth  acute. 

P.  glaberrima.  Slender;  leaves  often  linear-lanceolate,  3'  -4'  long; 
flowers  fewer  and  loose,  pink  or  whitish  ;  calyx-teeth  sharp-pointed. 

#  *  *  Flowering  stems  ascending,  or  in  the  first  erect,  low,  terminated  by  a  loose 

corymb,  which  is  clammy-pubescent  more  or  less,  as  well  as  the  thinnish 
leaves  :  flowers  mostly  pedicelled  :  calyx-teeth  very  slender  :  fl.  late  spring. 

P.  pi!6sa.  From  N.  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  &  S.  :  mostly  hairy  ;  erect 
steins  1°  or  so  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  and  tapering  to  a  point  (!'  -2^' 
long)  ;  flowers  loose,  with  spreading  awn-pointed  calyx-  teeth  ;  lobes  of  pink, 
rose,  or  rarely  white  corolla  obovate  and  entire. 

P.  amctena.  Barrens  from  Virg.  to  111.  &  S.  :  pubescent,  spreading 
from  the  base,  6'  -1°  high,  leaves  lanceolate,  or  broadly  oblong  or  ovate  on 
sterile  shoots,  short  ;  flowers  in  a  crowded  leafy-bracted  corymb,  with  straight 
hardly  awn-pointed  calyx-teeth  ;  corolla  purple,  pink,  or  nearly  white. 

P.  reptans.  Moist  woods  from  Penn.  and  Kentucky  S.  :  spreading  byx 
long  runners,  which  bear  round-obovate  often  smoothish  leaves,  those  of  the  low 
flowering  stems  oblong  or  ovate  (about  ^'  long)  ;  flowers  few  but  crowded  ;  lobes 
of  the  deep  pink-purple  corolla  round-obovate,  large  (!'  broad). 

P.  divaricata.  Moist  woods  from  N.  New  York  W.  &  S.  :  soft-pubescent  ; 
stems  loosely  spreading  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  broad-lanceolate  (l'-2'  long)  ; 
flowers  loosely  corymbed  and  peduncled  ;  corolla  large,  pale  lilac,  bluish,  or 
lead-colored,  the  lobes  wedge-obovate  or  commonly  inversely  heart-shaped  and 
as  long  as  the  tube. 

*  #  *  *  Stems  creeping  and  tufted,  rising  little  above  the  ground,  almost  woody, 

persistent,  as  are  the  rigid  and  crowded  glandular-pubescent  leaves  :  flowers 
few  in  the  depressed  clusters,  in  early  spring. 

P.  SUbulata,  GROUND  or  Moss  PINK.  Wild  on  rocky  hills  W.  &  S.  of 
New  England,  and  common  in  gardens,  forming  broad  mats  ;  leaves  awl-shaped 
or  lanceolate,  at  most  ^'  long  ;  corolla  pink-purple,  rose  with  a  darker  eye,  or 
varying  to  white,  the  wedgc-obovate  lobes  generally  notched  at  the  end. 

2.  GILIA.  (Named  for  one  Gil,  a  Spanish  botanist.)  Species  abound 
from  Texas  and  Kansas  to  California.  Several  are  choice  annuals  of  the 
gardens  :  fl.  summer. 

G.  coronopifdlia,  or  IPOMOPSIS,  called  CYPRESS  GILIA  from  the 
foliage  resembling  that  of  Cypress-  Vine  :  wild  S.  and  cult.  ;  has  erect  wand- 
like  stem  2°  -3°  high,  thickly  clothed  with  alternate  crowded  leaves  pinnately 
divided  into  thread-like  leaflets,  and  very  long  and  narrow  strict  leafy  panicle 
of  showy  flowers  ;  the  corolla  tubular-funnel  form,  light  scarlet  with  whitish 
specks  on  the  lobes  inside,  l£'  long.  (Lessons,  p.  101,  fig.  201.)  ® 

G.  androsacea,  or  LKPTOSIPHON  ANDROSACEUS,  of  California;  low  and 
slender,  with  opposite  leaves  palmately  cleft  into  5-7  narrow  linear  divisions, 
a  head-like  cluster  of  flowers  with  very*  long  and  slender  but  small  salver-shaped 
corolla,  lilac  or  whitish  with  a  dark  eye.  © 


LKnLoJ         r  ' 


2G2  CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY. 


G.  tricolor,  of  California:  with  branching  stems,  alxntt  1°  high,  scattered 
alternate  leaves  2-3  times  pinnately  dissected  into  short  linear  divisions,  flow- 
ers panicled  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  short  funnel-form  corolla  with  lilac- 
purple  or  whitish  lobes,  brown-purple  throat,  and  yellow  tube.  © 

G.  capitata,  of  California  and  Oregon;  l°-2°  high,  with  alternate  leaves 
twice  pinnately  divided  into  small  linewr  or  thread-like  leaflets  or  lobes,  and 
numerous  small  blue  flowers  crowded  in  heads  at  the  end  of  naked  branches  ; 
the  corolla  narrow  funnel-form  with  lanceolate  lobes.  © 

3.  POLEMONIUM,     GREEK    VALERIAN,    JACOB'S    LADDER. 

(Ancient  name,  from  the  Greek  word  for  war,  or  in  honor  of  a  philosopher  or 
king  named  Pokmon.)     Fl.  early  summer.     ^ 

P.  r6ptans.  Woods  of  Middle  States,  also  cult  :  smooth,  with  weak  and 
spreading  (but  never  creeping)  stems  6'  -10'  long,  7-11  lance-ovate  or  oblong 
leaflets,  small  corymbs  of  nodding  light  blue  flowers,  and  stamens  and  style  not 
longer  than  the  corolla. 

P.  CSeruleum.  Cult,  in  gardens  from  Eu.,  also  rarely  wild  N.  :  smooth 
or  sometimes  hairy  ;  with  erect  stem  l°-3°  high,  9-21  mostly  lanceolate  and 
crowded  leaflets,  clusters  of  bright  blue  flowers  collected  in  a  long  panicle,  and 
stamens  and  stvle  longer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  which  is  llbroad.  f) 

^d  .    ;    (     *^v->  (t^**te^-^^V^l:^    TEuJ    *W 

4.  COB./EA.     (Named  for  one  Cobo,  a  Spanish  priest  in  Mexico,  from  which 
country  the  common  species  was  introduced  into  cultivation.)     2/ 

C.  scandens.  Smooth,  tall-climbing  by  its  much  branching  tendrils  ; 
leaflets  ovate  ;  dull  purple  or  greenish  corolla  2'  or  more  long,  long  filaments 
coiling  spirally  when  old  :  fl.  all  summer,  usually  cult,  as  an  annual. 

83.  CONVOLVULACE^E,  CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY. 

Twining,  trailing,  or  rarely  erect  plants,  (ours  herbs,)  commonly 
with  some  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules  ;  regular  mono- 
petalous  flowers  with  5  (rarely  4,)  imbricated  sepals,  as  many 
separate  stamens,  corolla  convolute  or  twisted  in  the  bud,  a 
2  -  4-celled  ovary  and  pod  with  only  1  or  2  ovules  erect  from  the 
base  of  each  cell,  becoming  large  seeds,  containing  a  curved  or 
coiled  conspicuous  embryo  in  some  mucilaginous  (or  when  dry, 
harder)  albumen. 

I.  CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY  PROPER  ;  with  ordinary  foli- 
age, axillary  peduncles  bearing  one  or  more  usually  showy  flowers, 
and  embryo  with  broad  leaf-like  cotyledons  folded  and  crumpled  in 
the  seed.  (Lessons,  p.  14,  fig.  25  -  28.)  Calyx  of  5  separate  sepals. 

§  1.    Style  single  and  entire  :  stigmas  1-3. 
*  Calyx  naked,  i.  e.  not  enclosed  by  a  pair  of  leafy  bracts. 

1.  QUAMOCLIT.     Corolla  nearly  salver-shaped  or  trumpet-shaped,  with  a  long 

tube,  the  border  not  twisted  in  the  bud.  Stamens  und  style  commonly  pro- 
traded.  Stigma  capitate,  more  or  less  2-lobed.  Pod  4-celled  :  cells  1-seeded. 
(Lessons,  p.  101,  fig.  202,  203.) 

2.  IPOMCEA.     Corolla  various,  more  commonly  funnel-form,  the  border  twisted 

in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly  included.  Stigma  capitate,  commonly  2  -  3-lobed. 
Pod  2  -4-celled. 

3.  CONVOLVULUS.     Corolla  open  funnel-form  or  almost  bell-shaped.     Stamens 

included.     Stigmas  2,  linear.     Pod  2-celled:  cells  2-seedod. 
*  *  Calyx  surrounded  and  enclosed  by  a  pair  of  large  leafy  heart-shaped  bracts. 

4.  CALYSTEGIA.     Corolla  open  funnel-form,  the  wide-spreading  border  obscure- 

ly lobed  or  entire.  Stamens  included.  Style  bearing  2  linear  or  oblong 
stigmas.  Pod  4-seeded.  Peduncles  1-tlowered. 


CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY.  2G3 

§  2.    Style  2-cleft  or  2  separate  styles,  rarely  3.     Spreading  or  trailing,  not  twining. 
6.   BONAMIA.     Like  Convolvulus,  but  the  styles  2  or  sometimes  3,  or  in  one 
species  2-clcft,  and  stigmas  capitate.     Peduncles  1  -  7-flowered. 

6.  EVOLVULUS.     Corolla  short  and  open  funnel-form,  or  almost  wheel-shaped. 

Styles  2,  each  2-cleft:  the  4  stigmas  obtuse.     Pod  2-celled:  cells  2-seeded. 

II.  DODDER  FAMILY  ;  slender  parasitic  twiners,  without 
green  herbage  and  with  only  some  minute  scales  in  place  of  leaves ; 
embryo  slender  and  spirally  coiled  in  the  seed,  destitute  of  coty- 
ledons. 

7.  CUSCUTA.     Calyx  4  -  5-cleft,  or  of  5  separate  sepals.     Corolla  short,  4  -  5-cleft. 

Stamens  with  a  scale-like  mostly  fringed  appendage  at  their  base.     Styles  2 
in  our  species.     Ovary  2-celled:  cells  2-ovuled.    Pod  commonly  4-seeded. 

1.  QUAMOCLIT.     (Aboriginal   Mexican   name.)      "Twiners,  with  small 
flowers  red  or  crimson,  and  with  pale  or  white  cultivated  varieties,  in  summer, 
open  through  the  day.     0 

Q.  vulgaris,  CYPRESS- VINE.  Cult,  front  Mexico  :  leaves  pinnately  parted 
into  slender  almost  thread-shaped  divisions  ;  peduncles  1 -flowered ;  border  of 
the  narrow  corolla  5-lobed. 

Q.  COCCinea.  Run  wild  S.  &  W. :  leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed ;  sepals 
awn-pointed;  peduncles  several-flowered;  border  of  (!'  long)  corolla  merely 
5-angled. 

2.  IPOMCEA,  MORNING  GLORY.     (Greek-made  name.)    FL  summer. 

§  1.  Ovary  and  pod  3-celled  (or  accidentally  ^-celled),  with  2  seeds  in  each  cell: 
stigma  more  or  less  3-lobed :  corolla  funnel-form,  opening  in  early  morning 
for  a  few  hours :  stems  twining  freely,  hairy,  the  hairs  more  or  less  retrorse. 

I.  purptirea,  COMMON  M.  Cult,  from  Trop.  Amer.  and  wild  around 
dwellings  ;  with  heart-shaped  pointed  entire  leaves,  3-4-flowered  peduncles,  and 
purple  sometimes  variegated  or  nearly  white  corolla,  2'  long.  (f) 

I.  Nil.  Cult,  or  run  wild  S. :  with  heart-shaped  3-lobed  leaves,  1  -3-flow- 
ered  peduncles,  slender-pointed  sepals,  and  blue-purple  or  sometimes  white 
corolla  l'-2'  long.  (T) 

I.  limbata  or  albo-marginata,  perhaps  a  var.  of  the  preceding:  a 
tender  species,  with  leaves  little  lobed,  angled  or  entire,  and  larger  corolla  with 
deep  violet  border,  edged  with  white  2|'  broad.  (T) 

1.  Learii,  cult,  from  S.  Amer.  :  tender,  less  hairy,  with  heart-shaped  and 
some  deeply  3-lobed  leaves,  many  flowers  crowded  on  the  summit  of  the 
peduncle,  and  deep  violet-blue  corolla,  3'  long  and  border  3'  wide.  11 

§  2.  Ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  the  cells  2-seeded,  or  sometimes  each  cell  divided  by  a 
partition  making  4  one-seeded  cells:  lobes  of  the  stigma  if  any  only  2. 

I.  Bona-N6x,  or  CALONYCTION  spECi6suM.  Cult,  also  wild  far  S.  : 
tall-twining,  very  smooth,  but  stems  often  beset  with  soft  almost  prickly 
projections  ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  halberd-shaped,  or  angled ;  peduncles  long, 
1  -  few-flowered ;  corolla  salver-form  with  a  slender  tube  3' -4' long  and  the 
border  still  broader,  white,  opening  at  evening. 

I.  Batatas,  SWEET  POTATO.  Cult,  from  East  Indies  :  creeping,  seldom 
twining,  smooth,  producing  the  large  fleshy  edible  roots  for  which  the  plant  is 
cultivated  ;  leaves  variously  heart-shaped,  halberd -shaped,  or  triangular,  some- 
times cut-lobed  ;  peduncles  bearing  3  or  4  flowers  ;  corolla  funnel-form,  purple, 
1^'  long  ;  pod  with  4  one-seeded  cells.  JJ. 

I.  Michauxii.  Light  soil  along  the  coast  S. :  creeping  or  twining,  writh 
heart-shaped  or  triangular  sometimes  lobed  leaves  downy  beneath ;  flowers 
downy  ;  corolla  purplish-white  with  purple  eye,  3'  -  4'  long,  opening  at  night ; 
pod  partly  4-celled,  with  silky  seeds  ;  root  extremely  large  and  fleshy.  ^ 


CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY. 

I.  pandurata,  WILD  POTATO- VINE  or  MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.     Sandy  or 

gravelly  soil,  Conn,  to  111.  &  S. :  trailing  or  twining,  stout,  smooth,  with  hcart- 

sliciped  and  sometimes  fiddle-shaped  or  halberd -3-lobed  leaves,   1  -  5-floweivd 

peduncles,  small  bracts,  and  open  funnel-form  white  corolla  with  deep  purple 

4        eye,  2'  -  3'  long  ;  root  very  large  and  deep.      ^ 

"  I.  sagittif61ia.  Salt-marshes,  from  North  Carolina  S. :  smooth,  with 
stems  twining  2° -3°  high,  or  trailing,  narrow  lanceolate  or  linear  long-sagittate 
leaves,  1  -  3-flowered  club-shaped  peduncles,  and  the  bright  purple  funnel-form 
corolla  2'  -  3'  long.  3J- 

I.  lacundsa.  Low  grounds,  Penn.  to  111.  and  S. :  twining,  nearly  smooth, 
with  heart-shaped  nearly  entire  leaves,  short  1  -  3-flowered  peduncles,  small 
white  5-lobed  corolla  about  £'  long  and  twice  the  length  of  the  pointed  ciliate 
sepals,  and  slightly  hairy  pod.  (£/ 

I.  COmmutata.  Low  grounds  S.  &  W. :  rather  hairy,  twining ;  with  thin 
heart-shaped  and  sometimes  angled  or  3 -5-lobed  leaves,  4-angled  1-5-flowered 
peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  slender  petioles  ;  purple  corolla  l'-2'  long 
and  4-5  times  the  length  of  the  pointed  ciliate  sepals ;  pod  hairy. 

3.  CONVOLVULUS,    BINDWEED.      (From  Latin   convolve,   to   roll 
around  or  twine.)     Fl.  summer. 

C.  arvdnsis,  FIELD  BINDWEED  of  Eu.,  is  a  weed  on  the  coast  E. :  spread- 
ing and  low-twining,  smoothish ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  and  narrow-shaped  ;  pe- 
duncles 1-flowered  ;  corolla  white  tinged  reddish,  less  than  1'  long.  2/ 

C.  tricolor.  Cult,  from  S.  Europe  in  gardens  ;  hairy,  low,  with  ascending 
branching  stems,  lance-obovate  or  spatulate  almost  sessile  leaves,  1-flowered 
peduncles,  rather  large  and  showy  flowers  opening  in  sunshine,  the  corolla  blue 
with  pale  or  white  throat  and  yellow  tube.  © 

4.  CALYSTEGIA,   BR ACTED   BINDWEED.      (From  Greek  words 
denoting  the  calyx  covered,  that  is,  by  the  bracts.)     Fl.  all  summer. 

C.  s6pium,  HEDG  E  B.  Wild  in  low  grounds,  also  planted :  twining  freely, 
sometimes  also  trailing,  spreading  by  running  rootstocks ;  smooth,  also  a  downy 
variety ;  leaves  triangular  and  halberd-shaped  or  arrow-shaped,  with  the  lobes 
at  base  obliquely  truncate  and  sometimes  toothed  or  sinuate ;  peduncles  4-angled ; 
corolla  white  or  light  rose-colored,  1^'  -  2'  long.  ^ 

C.  spithamsea.  Dry  sterile  ground ;  downy,  not  twining,  6' -12'  high; 
leaves  oblong,  some  of  them  more  or  less  auricled  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base ; 
corolla  white,  2'  long.  ^ 

5.  BONAMIA.      (Named  for  F.  Bonamy.)     Low,  small-flowered:  corolla 
more  or  less  silky  or  hairy  outside :  fl.  summer  :  chiefly  S.     y. 

B.  humistrata.  Dry  pine  barrens  from  Virg.  S. :  sparsely  hairy  or 
smoothish  ;  leaves  varying  from  oblong  with  heart-shaped  base  to  linear;  sepals 
smooth ;  corolla  white,  almost  1'  long  ;  filaments  hairy  ;  styles  united  at  base. 

B.  aquatica.  Along  ponds  S.  :  finely  soft-downy ;  leaves  varying  as  in 
the  preceding ;  sepals  silky  ;  corolla  pink  or  purple  £'  long ;  filaments  smooth ; 
ft.ies  nearly  separate. 

B.  PiCKeringii.  Sandy  barrens  from  N.  Jersey  S.,  scarce :  leaves  nearly 
lin-ar,  narrow,  tapering  to  a  sessile  base;  bracts  leaf-like  and  longer  than  the 
flowers ;  sepals  hairy  ;  corolla  Avhite,  hardly  £'  long  ;  styles  united  to  above  the 
middle,  and  with  stamens  also  protruding. 

6.  E  VOLVULUS.     (From  Latin  for  unroll,  that  is,  it  does  not  twine.) 
Low  and  diminutive  small-flowered  plants,  only  S.     Fl.  summer.      ^ 

3.  arg6nteus.  Dry  ground  from  Missouri  S. :  tufted  from  a  woody  base, 
5' -7'  high,  silky-woolly  all  over;  broadly  lanceolate  leaves  crowded,  mostly 
«••  ;rly  sessile,  as  are  the  flowers  in  their  axils  ;  corolla  purple ;  ^  broad. 

B.  Sericeus.  Damp  ground  S.  &  S.  W.  :  slender-stemmed,  silky  with 
fin.:  npprcssccl  hairs,  except  the  upper  face  of  the  scattered  lance-linear  leaves; 
corolla  white  or  bluish,  not  £'  broad. 


NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.  265 

7.  CTJSCUTA,  DODDF/R.  (Old  name,  of  rmcertnin  derivation.)  Plants 
resemble  threads  of  yarn,  yellowish  or  reddish,  spreading  over  herbs  and  low 
hushes,  coiling  around  their  branches,  which  they  adhere  to  and  rob  of  their 
juices.  Flowers  small,  mostly  white,  clustered. 

§  1 .  Stigmas  slender  ;  pod  opening  by  a  transverse  division,  all  round  near  the  base, 
Itaving  the  partition  behind.  Natives  of  Europe  :  fl.  early  summer. 

C.  Epiiinum,  FLAX  DODDER.  Growing  on  flax,  which  it  injures  ;  occa- 
sionally found  in  our  flax-fields ;  flowers  globular,  in  scattered  heads ;  corolla 
5 -par  ted.  (I) 

§  2.    Stigmas  capitate:  pods  bursting  irregularly  if  at  all:   wild  species  of  the 
country,  mostly  in  rich  or  low  ground :  fl.  summer  and  autumn.     (\) 

#  Flowers  in  rather  loose  clusters,  mostly  short-pedicelled,  the  scaly  bracts  few  and 

scattered :  calyx  4  —  5-cleft. 

•»-  Corolla  with  cylindrical  tube,  in  fruit  covering  the  top  of  the  pod. 

C.  tenuifl6ra.  On  shrubs  and  tall  herbs  from  N.  Jersey  W.  &  S.,  in 
swamps  :  pale  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  twice  the  length  of  its  ovate  acute  spreading 
lobes  and  of  the  ovate  blunt  calyx-lobes. 

C.  inflexa.  On  shrubs  and  tall  herbs  in  prairies  and  barrens  W.  &  S.  : 
corolla  fleshy,  mostly  4-cleft,  its  tube  no  longer  than  the  ovate  acutish  crenulate 
erect  or  inflexed  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  the  acute  keeled  calyx-lobes. 

C.  decora.  Wet  prairies  S.  W. :  with  larger  flowers,  the  corolla  broadly 
bell-shaped,  its  5  lobes  lance-ovate  and  acute. 

-t— -t-  Corolla  bell-shaped,  remaining  at  the  base  of  the  ripe  pod. 

C.  arv<§nsis.  On  low  herbs,  in  fields  and  barrens  from  New  York  to  111. 
£  S.  W.  :  flowers  earliest  (June,  July)  and  smallest ;  tube  of  corolla  shorter  than 
its-5  lanceolate  pointed  spreading  lobes,  much  longer  than  the  stamens. 

C.  Chlorocarpa.  On  low  herbs,  in  wet  soil,  from  Delaware  W.  &  S.W.  : 
orange-colored  ;  open  bell-shaped  corolla  with  lobes  about  the  length  of  the 
mostly  4  acute  lobes  and  the  stamens  ;  pod  large,  depressed,  greenish-yellow. 

C.  Gronbvii.  The  commonest  E.  &  W.  and  the  only  one  N.  E. ;  on  coarse 
herbs  and  low  shrubs  in  wet  places  ;  bell-shaped  corolla  with  tube  usually 
longer  than  its  5  (rarely  4)  ovate  blunt  spreading  lobes;  its  internal  scales 
large  and  copiously  fringed. 

#  #  Flowers  sessile  in  compact  mostly  continuous  clusters,  making  large  bunches  or 

close  matted  coils,  when  old  resembling  pieces  of  rope  twisted  around  the  stems 
of  coarse  herbs  or  shrubs :   calyx  of  separate  sepals  surrounded  by  similar 
crowded  bracts :  remains  of  the  corolla  borne  on  the  top  of  the  ripe  pod. 
C.  COmpacta.     On  shrubs,  from  N.  York  S.  &  W.  :  bracts  (3-5)  and 
sepals  round  and  appressed ;  tube  of  corolla  cylindrical. 

C.  glomerata.  On  Golden  rods  and  other  coarse  Composite,  from  Ohio 
W.  &  S.  W.  :  the  numerous  oblong  scarious  bracts  closely  imbricated  with 
recurving  tips  ;  sepals  similar,  shorter  than  the  cy  lindraceous  tube  of  the  corolla. 

84.   SOLANACE.ZE,  NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  rank-scented  herbage  (this  and  the  fruit  more  com- 
monly narcotic-poisonous,  colorless  juice),  alternate  leaves  (but  apt 
to  be  in  pairs  and  unequal),  regular  flowers  with  the  parts  usually 
in  fives,  but  the  ovary  mostly  2-celled,  the  many-seeded  placentae 
in  the  axis.  The  seeds  have  a  slender  usually  curved  embryo  in, 
fleshy  albumen.  (Lessons,  p.  15,  fig.  34,  35.)  The  order  runs  on 
the  one  hand  into  Scrophulariaceae,  which  a  few  species  approach 
in  a  somewhat  irregular  corolla,  but  their  stamens  are  as  many  ns 
the  lobes.  On  the  other  hand  the  Nolana  group  is  appended,  which 
differs  from  all  in  its  separate  ovaries  around  a  common  style. 


2GG  NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY. 

I.  NOLANA  FAMILY,  with  few  or  many  separate  ovaries 
collected  in  a  circle  or  heap  around  the  ba^e  of  a  single  style.     Low 
and  spreading  plants. 

1.  XOLAXA.     Calyx  5-cleft,  foliaceous.      Corolla  short  and  open  funnel-form, 

plaited  in  the 'bud.  Stamens  5.  Style  1:  stigma  capitate  or  club-shaped. 
Ovaries  3  -  40,  becoming  1  -  4-celled  drupelets  or  nutlets,  each  cell  1-seeded. 

II.  NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY  PROPER,  with  only  one  2-celled 
or  sometimes  3  -  5-celled  ovary  as  well  as  style,  the  many-seeded 
placentae  in  the  axis,  usually  much  projecting  into  the  cell. 

§  1.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  lobed  or  parted  into  5  or  sometimes  more  divisions,  plaited 
and  valvnte  or  the  margins  turned  inwards  in  the  bud:  the  tube  very  short  : 
anthers  conniving  around  the  style  :  fruit  a  berry. 

2.  LYCOPERSICUM.     Like  Solanum,  except  that  the  anthers  are  united  by  a 

membrane  at  their  tips  and  the  cells  open  lengthwise.  Leaves  pinnately 
compound. 

3.  SOLANUM.     Stamens  with  anthers  equalling  or  mostly  longer  than  the  very 

short  filaments,  usually  not  united,  the  cells  opening  'by  a  hole  at  the  apex. 
(Lessons,  p.  101,  fig.  204,  205.)  Leaves  simple  or  pinnate. 

4.  CAPSICUM.     Stamens  with  slender  filaments  much  longer  than  the  short  and 

separate  commonly  heart-shaped  anthers",  their  cells  opening  lengthwise. 
Berry  sometimes  dry  and  inflated,  then  becoming  1-celled. 

§  2.  Corolla  between  wheel-shaped  and  funnel- form,  plaited  in  the  bud,  the  border  very 
moderately  if  at  all  lobed :  anthers  separate,  opening  lengthwise:  calyx  blad- 
dery-inflated after  Jlowering,  enclosing  the  globular  berry. 

5.  PHYSALIS.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Corolla  mostly  somewhat  5-lobed.   (Lessons,  p. 

101,  "fig.  206.)     Stamens  erect.     Fruit  a  juicy,  often  edible,  2-celled  berry. 

6.  XICANDRA.      Calyx   5-parted  and   angled,  'the   divisions   somewhat   arrow- 

shaped.  Corolla  with  widely-spreading  border  almost  entire.  Fruit  a  dry 
3  -  5-celled  berry. 

§3.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-form,  tubular,  or  salver-shaped:  anthers  separate, 

opening  lengthwise  :  calyx  not  bladdery-inflated. 
*  Calyx  urn-shaped  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  pod:  corolla  considerably  irregular. 

7.  HYOSCYAMUS.     Calyx  5-lobed,  the  spreading  border  becoming  reticulated, 

enclosing  the  2-celled  pod,  which  opens  by  the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid.  Co- 
rolla short  funnel-form,  with  the  plaited  border  more  or  less  oblique  and 
unequal.  Stamens  declined. 

*  Calyx  5-parted  to  near  the  base,  the  lobes  foliaceous. 

8.  ATROPA.     Calyx  with  ovate  divisions,  in  fruit  enlarging  and  spreading  under 

the  globose  purple  berry.  Corolla  between  bell-shaped  and  funnel-form,  with 
5  triangular-ovate  lobes.  Stamens  and  style  somewhat  declined,  slender. 

9.  PETUNIA.     Calyx  with  narrow  somewhat  spatulate  lobes  much  longer  than 

the  tube.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  somewhat  salver-shaped,  the  5-lobed  border 
commonly  a  little  unequal.  Stamens  included  in  the  tube,  unequal.  Pod 
2-celled,  2-valved. 

*  #  *  Calyx  tubular,  prismatic,  or  bell-shaped, 

•»—  Covering  the  dry  pod  or  nearly  so  :  corolla  salver-shaped  or  funnel-form,  the  lobes 
plaited  in  the  bud  :  seeds  minute. 

10.  NIEREMBERGIA.    Corolla  with  very  slender  thread-like  tube  (£'-!' long), 

abruptly  expanded  at  the  narrow  throat  into  a  saucer-shaped  or  almost  wheel- 
shaped  5-lobed  border.  Stamens  short,  borne  on  the  throat.  Stigma  kidney- 
shaped  and  somewhat  2-lipped.  Flowers  scattered. 

11.  NICOTIANA.     Corolla  with  a  regular  5-lobed  border.     Stamens  inserted  on  its 

tube,  included:  filaments  straight.  Stigma  capitate.  Pod  2 - 4-valved  from 
the  apex.  Flowers  more  or  less  racemed  or  panicled. 

•«-  •»-  Calyx  prismatic,  falling  away  after  flowering,  leaving  the  2  -  4-celled pod  naked. 

12.  DATURA.     Corolla  funnel-form,  strongly  plaited  in  the  bud,  and  with  5  or 

more  pointed  teeth.     (Lessons,  p.  100,  fig.  1'JU;  p.  110,  fig.  225.)     Filaments 


NIGHTSHADE    FAMILT.  267 

slender.  Stigma  somewhat  2-lobed  or  2-lippcd.  Pod  globular,  in  the  com- 
mon species  prickly  and  4-celled,  but  the  2  placentae-bearing  or  false  par- 
titions often  incomplete.  Seeds  large  and  flat,  somewhat  kidney-shaped. 
Flowers  terminal  or  in  the  forks. 

•»-•*-•)-   Calyx  lell-sliaped,  cup-sliaped,  or  short-tubular,  in  fruit  persistent  under  or 
partly  covering  tfie  Z-ctlled  berry ;  shrubs,  with  entire  feather-veined  leaves. 

13.  6KSTRUM.     Corolla  tubular-funnel-form  or  club-shaped,  the  lobes  folded  or 

plaited  lengthwise  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included.  Stigma  capitate.  Ovary 
with  few  ovules  in  each  cell.  Berrv  few-seeded.  Flowers  in  clusters. 

14.  LYGIUM.     Parts  of  the  flower  often   in  fours.      Corolla  funnel-form,  bell- 

shaped  or  tubular,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stigma  capitate.  Berry 
many-seeded,  red  or  reddish.  Flowers  solitary  or  umbelled,  lateral. 

1.  NOLANA.     (From  Latin  no/a,  a  little  bell.)     Cult,  for  ornament,  from 
coast  of  Peru  and  Chili ;  the  following  procumbent  and  spreading,  rather 
fleshy-leaved,  smooth  except  some  scattered  hairs  on  the  stalks,  the  showy 
blue  flowers  solitary  on  axillary  or  lateral  peduncles,  opening  in  sunshine,  all 
summer. 

N.  atriplicifblia,  with  obovate  or  broadly  spatulate  leaves  (resembling 
those  of  Spinach,  whence  the  specific  name)  ;  sky-blue  corolla  2'  wide  with 
white  and  yellowish  centre ;  ovaries  numerous  in  a  heap,  each  1-celled  and 
1 -seeded.  © 

N.  prostrata,  now  less  common,  has  more  petioled  rather  narrower  leaves, 
smaller  pale  violet-blue  flower  striped  with  purple,  and  few  ovaries  each  of  2 -4 
cells.  © 

2.  LYCOPEKSICUM,  TOMATO.     (Name  in  Greek  means  wolf-peach, 
no  obvious  application.)     Fl.  summer. 

L.  eseulentum,  TOMATO,  cult,  from  trop.  America,  includes  the  manifold 
varieties  and  forms  ;  hairy,  rank-scented  ;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  larger 
leaflets  cut  or  pinnatifid  ;  flowers  yellowish,  by  cultivation  having  their  parts 
often  increased  in  number,  the  esculent  red  berry  becoming  several  celled.  © 

3.  SOLANXJM,  NIGHTSHADE,  &c.     (Derivation  uncertain.)     Flowers 
mostly  in  corymb  or  raceme-like  clusters,  in  summer. 

§  1.   More  or  less  prickly  herbst  with  acute  elongated-lanceolate  anthers. 

*  Very  prickly  ca/yx  enclosing  the  dry  berry :  anthers  declined,  unequal,  one  of 
them  much  longer  than  the  rest,  leaves  sinuately  once  to  thrice  pinnatifid.     © 

S.  rostratum.  Wild  on  plains  W.  of  Mississippi,  and  becoming  a  weed 
in  some  gardens,  has  yellow  flowers,  !'-!£'  in  diameter. 

S.  heterodbxum.  Wild  S.  W.  beyond  the  Mississippi,  sometimes  cult, 
for  ornament,  has  violet-blue  flowers,  and  the  more  divided  leaves  resemble 
those  of  Watermelon,  but  are  very  prickly. 

*  *  Calyx  mostly  somewhat  prickly  but  not  enclosing  the  fruit :  anthers  nearly  equal. 

S.  Carolin&nse,  HORSE-NETTLE.  Wild  weed  in  sandy  soil  from  Conn. 
S.  :  roughish-downy,  1°  high,  with  ovate-obltmg  angled  or  sinuate-lobed  leaves, 
yellowish  prickles,  and  pale  blue  or  white  flowers  almost  1'  wide.  Jj. 

S.  aculeatissimum.  Weed  introduced  into  waste  places  S.,  l°-2° 
high,  bristly  hairy,  greener  and  more  prickly  than  the  foregoing,  with  smaller 
white  flowers.  © 

S.  Melongdna,  EGO  PLANT,  AUBERGINE.  Cult,  for  the  large  oblong 
or  ovate  violet-colored  or  white  esculent  fruit  (2' -6'  long)  ;  leaves  ovate,  rather 
downy,  obscurely  sinuate  ;  corolla  violet  with  yellow  eye.  © 

§  2.   Plants  not  at  all  prickly  :  anthers  blunt. 

S.  nigrum,  BLACK  or  COMMON  NIGHTSHADE.  Low  weed  of  shady 
grounds,  much  branched,  nearly  smooth,  with  ovate  wavy-toothed  or  sinuate 
leaves,  very  small  white  flowers,  and  globular  black  berries  said  to  be  poison- 
ous,  © 


268  NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY. 

S.  tuberbsum,  POTATO,  Cult,  from  Chili  for  the  esculent  tubers ;  leaves 
pinnate,  of  several  ovate  leaflets  and  some  minute  ones  intermixed  ;  flowers  blue 
or  white  ;  berries  round,  green.  11 

S.  Dulcamara,  BITTERSWEET.  Nat.  from  Eu.  in  moist  cult,  and  waste 
grounds  ;  smoothish,  with  tall  stems  woody  at  base  and  disposed  to  climb,  ovate 
and  heart-shaped  leaves,  some  of  the  upper  ones  halberd-3-lobcd,  or  with  one  or 
two  pairs  of  smaller  leaflets  or  lobes  at  base,  corolla  violet-purple  with  a  pair 
of  greenish  spots  on  the  base  of  each  lobe,  and  oval  red  berries.  ^ 

S.  1  asminoides.  Woody-stemmed  hoiise-plant  from  Brazil,  tall-climbing 
by  its  petioles,  very  smooth,  with  oblong  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  entire 
lea  >  es,  or  some  of  'them  divided  into  3  leaflets,  and  clusters  of  white  or  bluish 
flowers.  2/ 

S.  Pseudo-Capsicum,  JERUSALEM  CHERRY.  Shrubby  house-plant 
from  Madeira,  cult,  for  the  ornamental  bright  red  berries,  resembling  cherries  ; 
smooth,  with  lance-oblong  entire  leaves  and  small  white  flowers.  2/ 

4.  CAPSICUM,    CAYENNE  or  RED   PEPPER.     (Said  to  come  from 
Greek  word  meaning  to  gobble  or  eat  quickly.)     Originally  all  South  Ameri- 
can.    Fl.  summer. 

C.  annuum,  COMMON  C.  Cult,  for  the  large  oblong  or  globular  and  often 
angled  dry  berry  (red  or  green),  which  is  exceedingly  pungent,  and  used  as  a 
condiment ;  leaves  ovate,  entire  ;  flowers  white,  with  truncate  calyx.  (I) 

C.  cerasiforme,  is  cult,  rarely  as  a  pepper,  more  commonly  for  the  orna- 
mental cherry-iike  fruit,  either  bright  red  or  yellow  ;  stem  shrubby.  2/ 

5.  PHYSALIS,  GROUND  CHERRY.     (Greek  name  for  bladdery,  from 
the  inflated  fruiting  calyx. )     Fl.  summer. 

§  1.  Low  stems  (6' -20'  high)  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks :  anthers  yellow : 
fruiting  calyx  loosely  inflated,  5-angled,  much  larger  than  the  edible  berry. 
All  but  the  first  are  wild  species  of  the  country,  in  light  or  sandy  soil.  2/ 

P.  Alkekengi,  STRAWBERRY  TOMATO.  Cult,  from  S.  Eu.,  and  running 
wild  E.  :  rather  downy;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  pointed;  corolla  greenish- 
white,  5-lobed,  not  spotted ;  fruiting  calyx  ovate,  turning  red ;  berry  red. 

P.  Pennsylvania  a.  Smooth  or  somewhat  hm'ry,  but  not  clammy ;  leaves 
varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate  (var.  LANCEOLATA),  entire  or  sparingly  Avavy- 
toothed;  corolla  yellowish  with  a  darker  throat  and  slightly  5-10-toothed 
border ;  fruiting  calyx  sunken  at  the  base ;  berry  red. 

P.  Visc6sa.  Clammy-pubescent,  much  branched,  bushy  ;  leaves  ovate  or 
heart-shaped  and  mostly  toothed  ;  corolla  light  yellow  with  dark  brown  centre ; 
fruiting  calyx  truncate  or  slightly  concave  at  base,  sharply  5-angled ;  berry 
orange  or  reddish,  glutinous. 

§  2.  Stems  1  °  -  3°  high,  from  an  annual  root :  flowers  small,  light  greenish-yelhiv  : 
anthers  tinged  with  blue  or  vio'et.  Wild  species  in  low  or  cult,  grounds.  (T) 

P.  pubescens.  Clammy-hairy  or  downy  ;  stems  much  spreading  ;  leaves 
ovate  or  heart-shaped,  augulate-toothed ;  corolla  brown-spotted  in  the  throat ; 
sharply  5-angled  fruiting  calyx  loosely  enclosing  the  yellow  or  greenish  berry. 

P.  angulata.  Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  more  sharply  cut-toothed  ;  peduncles 
slender,  very  small  corolla  not  spotted ;  fruiting  calyx  10-angled,  loose,  at  length 
filled  by  the  greenish-yellow  berry. 

P.  Philadelphia  a.  Almost  smooth,  erect ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  and 
oblique  at  base,  slightly  toothed  or  angled  ;  corolla  dark  colored  in  the  throat, 
over  £'  wide ;  fruiting  calyx  globose,  completely  filled  by  the  large  reddish  or 
purple  edible  berry,  and  open  at  the  mouth. 

6.  WICANDRA,  APPLE-OF-PERU.    (Named  from  the  poet  Nicanderf) 
Only  one  species  :  fl.  summer.     (T) 

IT.  physaloides.  Tall  smooth  weed  from  Peru,  wild  in  moist  waste 
grounds  ;  with  ovate  angled  or  sinuate-toothed  leaves,  and  solitary  peduncles, 
bearing  a  rather  large  pale  blue  flower. 


NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.  2GO 

7.  HYOSCYAMUS,  HENBANE.     (Name  of  the  Greek  words  for  hog 

and  bean.)     Fl.  summer.     ©  (2) 

H.  niger,  BLACK  HENBANE,  of  Europe,  cult,  in  old  gardens,  and  a  weed 
in  waste  places  :  clammy-downy,  strong-scented,  narcotic-poisonous ;  with  clasp- 
ing sinuate-toothed  leaves,  sessile  flowers  in  one-sided  leafy-bracted  spikes,  and 
dull  yellowish  corolla  netted-veiny  with  purple. 

8.  ATROPA,  BELLADONNA.     (Named  after  one  of  the  Fates.)     y. 
A.  Bellad6nna,  the  only  species,  sparingly  cult,  from  Europe  :  low  and 

spreading,  nearly  smooth,  with  ovate  entire  pointed  leaves,  flowers  single  or  in 
pairs  nodding  on  lateral  peduncles,  dull-purple  corolla,  and  handsome  purple 
berry  ;  whole  plant  poisonous,  used  in  medicine. 

9.  PETUNIA.     (Petun  is  an  aboriginal  name  of  Tobacco.)     Cultivated  as 
garden-annuals,  from  South  America.     The  common  Petunias  are  of  the  two 
following  species  and  their  hybrids :  herbage  clammy -pubescent ;  flowers 'large 
and  showy,  in  summer. 

P.  nyctaginiflbra,  with  originally  white  corolla,  the  long  narrow  tube 
3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

P.  violacea,  now  much  the  more  common,  with  weaker  stems,  and  violet- 
purple  or  rose-red  corolla,  the  broader  and  ventricose  tube  hardly  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx. 

10.  NIEREMBERGIA.     (Named  for  J.  Nieremb&y,  a  priest  and  botani- 
cal collector  in  Buenos  Ayres,  whence  the  common  species  comes.)     If.  © 

N.  gracilis.  Cult,  for  ornament  under  many  varieties,  low,  with  slender 
bushy  branches,  small  linear  or  spatulate-linear  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers 
produced  all  summer,  white  or  veined  or  tinged  with  purple. 

11.  NICOTIANA,  TOBACCO.     (Named  for  John  Nicot,  one  of  the  in- 
troducers of  Tobacco  into  Europe.)     Rank,  acrid-narcotic,  mostly  clammy- 
pubescent  plants,  chiefly  of  America ;  leaves  entire  or  merely  wavy-margined. 
Fl.  summer. 

N.  Tabacum,  COMMON  T.,  the  principal  species  cult,  for  the  foliage :  4°  - 
6°  high,  with  lance-ovate  decurrent  leaves  l°-2°  long,  or  the  upper  lanceolate, 
panicled  flowers,  and  rose-purple  funnel-form  corolla  2'  long,  with  somewhat  in- 
flated throat  and  short  lobes.  © 

N.  riistica,  a  weed  in  some  places,  is  a  low  homely  plant,  with  ovate  and 
petioled  leaves  2;-5'  long,  and  green  funnel-form  corolla  (!'  long)  contracted 
under  the  short  round  lobes.  © 

N.  longifibra,  is  slender,  2°  -  3°  high,  cult,  for  its  handsome  white  flow- 
ers, which  open  toward  evening ;  corolla  salver-shaped,  the  green  tube  4'  and 
the  lance-ovate  acute  lobes  £'  long  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  undulate.  © 

N.  noctiflbra,  its  handsome  white  flowers  also  opening  at  evening  (as  the 
name  denotes),  is  similar  to  last,  but  with  ovate-lanceolate  petioled  leaves,  tube 
of  corolla  only  2'  -  3'  long,  and  its  roundish  lobes  notched  at  the  end.  © 

12.  DATURA,  THORN-APPLE,  STRAMONIUM,  &c.    (Name  altered 
from  the  Arabic.)     Rank-scented,  mostly  large-flowered,  narcotic-poisonous 
weeds,  or  some  ornamental  in  cultivation  :  fl.  summer. 

§  1 .  Flower  and  the  usually  prickly  4-valved  pod  erect,  the  latter  resting  on  a  plate 
or  saucer-shaped  body  which  is  the  persistent  base  of  the  calyx,  the  whole 
upper  part  of  which  falls  off"  entire  after  flowering :  corolla  with  a  5-toothed 
border.  © 

D.  Stramonium,  COMMON  T.  or  JAMESTOWN-WEED.  Waste  grounds : 
smooth,  with  green  stems  and  white  flowers  (3;  long)  ;  leaves  ovate,  angled,  or 
sinuate-toothed. 

D.  Tatula,  PURPLE  T.  A  weed  very  like  the  other,  but  rather  taller,  with 
purple  stem  and  pale  violet-purple  flowers. 


GENTIAN   FAMILY. 

§  2.  Pod  nodding  on  the  short  recurved  peduncle,  rather  fl(  shy,  bursting  irregular- 
ly, otherwise  an  in  the  foregoing  section  :  flowers  large,  showy.  Cult,  from 
warm  rtgions  for  ornament.  (T)  11 

D.  M6tel.  Clammy-pubescent ;  leaves  ovate,  entire  or  obscurely  angled- 
toothed  ;  corolla  white,  the  10-toothed  border  4'  wide. 

D.  meteloides.  Cult,  from  New  Mexico  (sometimes  under  the  name  of 
D.  WidGHTii) ;  like  the  other,  but  pale,  almost  smooth,  the  flower  sweet-scented, 
and  the  corolla  with  more  expanded  5-toothed  border  5' -6'  wide,  white  or  pale 
violet. 

§  3.   Flower  and  smooth  2-celled  pod  hanging,  the  former  very  large,  6'-  10'  long: 
calyx  splitting  down  lengthwise  after  floiverinrj.     Tropical.  American  tree- 
like shrubs,  cult,  in  conservatories :  flowers  sometimes  double. 
D.  arbor ea,  has  ovate  or  lance-oblong  entire  or  angled  pubescent  leaves, 
long  teeth  to  the  corolla,  and  unconnected  anthers. 

D.  SU.av6olens,  has  mostly  entire  and  smooth  leaves,  short  teeth  to  the 
corolla  and  the  anthers  sticking  together. 

13.  OESTRUM.     (Name  given  by  the  Greeks   to  some  different  plant, 
the  derivation  obscure.)     Shrubs  of  warm  climates,  chiefly  American  ;  a  few- 
cult,  in  conservatories. 

C.  elegans,  or  HABROTHAMNUS  ELEGANS,  from  Mexico,  has  the  branches 
and  lower  face  of  the  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong  pointed  leaves  downy-pubescent, 
terminal  corymbs,  and  rose-purple  club-shaped  corollas  less  than  1'  long. 

C.  noctumum,  from  W.  Ind.  ;  with  smooth  ovate  leaves,  and  axillary 
clusters  of  yellowish  green  slender  flowers,  very  sweet-scented  at  night. 

C.  Parqui,  from  Chili ;  has  lanceolate  smooth  leaves  very  acute  at  both 
ends,  and  a  terminal  panicle  of  crowded  spikes  or  racemes  of  tubular-funnel- 
form  or  partly  club-shaped  dull-yellow  flowers,  fragrant  at  night. 

14.  LYCIIJM.     (Named  from  the  country  of  the  original  species,  Lucia.) 
Trailing,  climbing,  or  low  spreading  shrubs,  usually  spiny,  with  small  leaves 
often  clustered  on  lateral  spurs,  and  small  flowers,  in  spring  and  summer. 
L.  VUlgare,  MATRIMONY  VINE.    From  the  Mediterranean  region  :  planted, 

and  sparingly  running  wild  in  some  places,  slightly  thorny,  with  veiy  long  and 
lithe  recurved  or  almost  climbing  branches,  oblong-spatulate  leaves,  slender 
stalked  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils,  and  pale  greenish-purple  5-cleft  corolla 
about  equalling  the  5  stamens. 

L.  Carolinianum.  Wild  in  salt  marshes  S.  :  low,  spiny,  with  fleshy 
thickened  almost  club-shaped  leaves,  scattered  small  flowers,  and  4-cleft  purple 
corolla  shorter  than  the  4  stamens. 

85.  GENTIANACE^E,  GENTIAN  FAMILY. 

Known  generally  from  the  other  monopetalous  plants  with  free 
ovary  by  the  1-celled  ovary  and  pod  with  2  parietal  placenta? 
covered  with  small  seeds,  along  with  regular  flowers,  their  stamens 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  and 
the  leaves  opposite,  simple,  entire,  and  sessile,  without  stipules.  The 
exceptions  are  that  in  some  cases  the  ovules  cover  the  whole  inner 
face  of  the  ovary,  and  in  one  group  the  leaves  are  alternate  and 
even  compound.  They  are  nearly  all  very  smooth  and  bitter-tonic 
plants,  with  colorless  juice,  the  calyx  persistent.  Ours  herbs,  none 
in  common  cultivation. 

§  1.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled  and  entire,  sessile.     Corolla  with  the  lobes  mostly 

convolute  in  the  bud,  sometimes  also  plaited  in  the  sinuses. 
•4-  Style  slender,  deciduous  from  the  pod  :  anthers  soon  curving. 

1.    SABB AT1A.     Calyx  5  -  12-parted,  the  divisions  slender.     Corolla  wheel-shaped, 
6  -  12-parted.     Style  2-parted.     Pod  globular,  many-seeded.     Slender  herbs. 


GENTIAN   FAMILY.  271 

•t-  -t-  Style  (if  any)  and  stigmas  persistent  on  the  pod:  anther*  straight. 

2.  FRASERA.     Calyx  and  corolla  deeply  4-parted,  wheel-shaped;  divisions  of  the 

latter  with  a  glandular  and  fringed"  spot  or  pit  on  their  middle.  Pod  oval, 
flattened,  rather  few-seeded:  seeds  large  and  flat,  wing-margined.  Large 
thick-rooted  herbs,  with  whorled  leaves  and  panicled  flowers. 

3.  G  ENTIANA.     Calyx  4  -  6-cleft.     Corolla  4  -  5-lobed,  often  with  teeth  or  salient 

folds  at  the  sinuses,  usually  withering-persistent.  Style  short  or  none;  stig- 
mas 2,  persistent.  Pod  oblong,  containing  innumerable  small  seeds  with  loose 
cellular  or  winged  coat.  Flowers  solitary  or  clustered,  mostly  showy. 

4.  BARTONIA.     Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  deeply  4-cleft.     Style  none.     Pod  ob- 

long, flattish,  the  minute  innumerable  seeds  covering  its  whole  inner  face. 
Flowers  very  small.  Leaves  reduced  to  little  awl-shaped  scales. 

§  2.   Leaves  alternate,  long  petioled.     Corolla  with  the  lobes  valvale  and  the  edges 
turned  inwards  in  the  bud.     Seeds  many  or  few,  with  a  hard  or  bony  coat. 

5.  MENYANTHES.      Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  very  short-funnel-form,  5-lobed, 

white-bearded  over  the  whole  upper  face.  Style  slender,  persistent:  stigma 
2-lobed.  Pod  globular,  with  many  smooth  and  shining  seeds.  Flowers 
racemed  on  a  stout  scape;  one  or  more  long  petioles  sneathing  its  base, 
and  bearing  3  oval  or  oblong  leaflets. 

6.  LIMNANTHEMUM.     Calyx  and  corolla  5-parted;  the  oval  divisions  of  the 

latter  with  a  yellowish  crust  at  their  base,  and  in  our  species  otherwise 
naked.  Style  short  or  none.  Pod  several-seeded.  Water-plants,  bearing 
the  flowers  in  an  umbel  on  the  long  slender  petiole  of  the  floating  round- 
heart-shaped  leaves. 

1.  SABBATIA,  AMERICAN  CENTAURY.  (Named  for  Sabbati,  an 
Italian  botanist.)  Chiefly  in  sandy  and  low  or  wet  grounds,  along  the 
coast  (with  one  or  two  exceptions) :  flowers  white  or  pink,  usually  handsome, 
in  summer.  ©  @ 

#  Flowers  white,  5-parted,  numerous  in  cymes  or  corymbs,  seldom  over  ^'  broad. 

S.  paniculata.  Low  grounds  S.  :  stem  l°-2°  high,  with  4  sharp  wing- 
like  angles  ;  leaves  linear  or  oblong,  mostly  1-nerved ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  little 
longer  than  the  narrow-linear  calyx-lobes. 

S.  lanceolata.  From  New  Jersey  S. :  taller,  larger-flowered,  with  lance- 
ovate  3-nerved  leaves,  or  the  upper  ones  lanceolate  and  distant,  acute  ;  lobes  of 
corolla  much  exceeding  the  thread-shaped  calyx-lobes. 

S.  macrophylla.  Only  S.  :  2° -3°  high,  glaucous,  with  terete  stem, 
thickish  lance-ovate  3  -  5-nerved  leaves,  and  lobes  of  smaller  corolla  very  much 
exceeding  the  bristle-like  calyx-lobes. 

#  *  Flowers  rose-pink,  rarely  white,  with  yellowish  or  greenish  eye,  ^-parted,  in 

jKinided  clusters,  1'  or  more  broad.     In  rather  dry  ground,  much  branched 
above,  l°-3°  high,  the  only  species  which  extend  W.  to  Illinois,  Sfc. 

S.  brachiata,  chiefly  S.,  has  slightly  angled  stem,  linear  or  narrow-oblong 
leaves,  and  fewer  flowers  only  1'  broad. 

S.  angularis,  from  N.  York  S.  &  W.,  has  wing-like  angles  to  the  stem, 
ovate  or  heart-shaped  5-nerved  leaves,  and  corolla  l£'  broad. 

*  *  #  Flowers  rose-purple  or  white,  5  -  ^-parted,  1 '  or  less  broad,  scattered  singly 

on  long  peduncles:  stems  slander  5'  -20'  high,  commonly  forking,  scarcely 
angled.     All  grow  in  salt  marshes  or  near  the  coast. 

S.  calycbsa.  Only  from  Virg.  S.  :  has  oblong  pale  leaves  narrowed  at 
base,  and  lance-spatulate  calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  mostly  white  corolla. 

S.  Stellaris.  From  Mass.  S.  :  has  lance-oblong  leaves  or  the  upper  linear, 
and  linear  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  rose-purple  yellowish  eyed  corolla. 

S.  gracilis.  From  Mass.  S.  :  very  slender,  with  linear  or  almost  thread- 
like leaves,  thread-shaped  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  corolla,  otherwise  like  preceding. 

*  *  *  *  Flowers  bright  rose-color  or  with  white  varieties,  7  -  12-parted,  very  hand- 

some, l£'  -  2'  broad :  stems  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  1°  -2°  high. 

S.  Chloroides.  Along  sandy  ponds,  from  Plymouth,  Mass.  S.  :  leaves 
lanceolate;  peduncles  1 -flowered,  slender;  calyx-lobes  linear. 

S.  gentianoides.  Wet  barrens  S.  :  stem-leaves  linear ,  flowers  short- 
pcdunclcd  or  sessile,  clustered. 


272  GENTIAN    FAMILY. 

2.  FRASERA,  AMERICAN  COLUMBO.     (Named  for  John  Fraser.} 

F.  Carolin^nsis.     Rich  wooded  ground  W.   &   S.  :  root  very  large  and 
deep,  bitter  (used  in  medicine  as  a  substitute  for  Columbo)  ;  stem  3° -8°  high  ; 
leaves  mostly  in  fours,  lance-oblong,  or  the  lowest  spatulate ;  corolla  1'  wide, 
greenish-yellow  or  whitish,  and  dark-dotted.     ©   ^ 

3.  GENTIANA,  GENTIAN.     (Old  name,  from  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria.) 
Chiefly  in  woods  and  damp  ground  :  flowering  chiefly  in  autumn,  a  few  in 
summer. 

§  1 .    Corolla  without  plaits  at  the  sinuses  :  anthers  separate :  seeds  wingless.     (T)  @ 

G.  quinque£L6ra.     Chiefly  N.  &  W.  :  branching  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base ;  flowers  panicled,  hardly  1 '  long,  the  5  lobes 
of  the  pale  blue  corolla  triangular-ovate,  bristle-pointed. 

G.  crinita,  FRINGED  GENTIAN.  Low  grounds  N.  &  W. :  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  broader,  with  rounded  or  heart-shaped  base ;  flowers  solitary  on  long 
peduncles  terminating  .the  stem  or  simple  branches  ;  calyx  with  4  unequal 
lobes  ;  corolla  sky-blue,  showy,  2'  long,  funnel-form,  the  4  wedge-obovate  lobes 
with  margins  cut  into  a  long  and  delicate  fringe. 

G.  detonsa,  takes  the  place  of  the  preceding  species  N.  W.,  and  is  perhaps 
a  variety  of  it :  has  linear  leaves  and  less  fringe  to  the  corolla  (to  which  the 
name  alludes),  often  none  at  the  top  of  the  lobes. 

§  2.    Corolla  naked,  1^'  — 2'  long,  with  plaits  at  the  sinuses,  which  project  more  or 
less  into  teeth  or  thin  intermediate  lobes :  pod  stalked  in  the  corolla.     11 

#  Stems  low,  bearing  1—3  slender-ped  uncled  flowers :  seeds  wingless. 

G.  angUStifblia.  Pine  barrens  from  N.  Jersey  S.  :  6' -15' high,  with 
linear  leaves,  and  open  funnel-form  azure-blue  corolla  2'  long,  its  lobes  ovate  ; 
anthers  separate. 

*  *  Stems  l°-2°  high,  bearing  clustered  or  rarely  solitary  2-bracted flowers  at  the 

summit  of  the  leafy  stem,  and  often  in  the  upper  axils  also. 

•»-  Corolla  between  bell-shaped  and  short-funnel- form  or  obcorn'cal,  mostly  open,  with 
ovate  lobes  exceeding  the  usually  toothed  appendages  of  the  plaits. 

G.  OChroletlca.  Chiefly  S.  in  dry  ground  :  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate- 
oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  calyx-lobes  linear ;  corolla  greenish-white  with 
greener  and  purplish  stripes  inside,  somewhat  bell-shaped ;  anthers  separate ; 
seeds  wingless. 

G.  alba.  Along  the  Alleghanies  and  N.  W.  :  flowering  at  midsummer  ; 
leaves  lance-ovate  from  a  partly  heart-shaped  base,  tapering  thence  to  a  point ; 
calyx-lobes  ovate,  short ;  corolla  yellowish-white,  with  short  and  broad  lobes  ; 
anthers  conniving ;  seeds  broadly  winged. 

G.  pub^rula.  Dry  barrens  and  prairies  W.  &  S.  :  low,  roughish,  or 
minutely  pubescent,  with  lance-oblong,  ovate,  or  linear  rough-margined  leaves 
only  1'  -2'  long ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate ;  corolla  bright  blue,  open,  its  spreading 
ovate  lobes  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  cut-toothed  intermediate  appendages  ; 
seeds  not  covering  the  walls  of  the  pod,  as  they  do  in  the  related  species. 

G.  Saponaria,  SOAPWORT  G.  Low  woods,  chiefly  N.  and  along  the 
Alleghanies ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  oblong,  or  obovate,  or  in  a  northern  variety 
linear,  narrowed  at  base  ;  calyx-lobes  linear  or  spatulate  ;  corolla  light  blue  or 
verging  to  white,  little  open,  its  short  and  broad  lobes  longer  than  the  con- 
spicuous 2-cleft  intermediate  appendages ;  anthers  conniving  or  united ;  seeds 
narrowly -winged. 

H-  -t-  Corolla  more  club-shaped  and  seldom  open,  truncate,  with  no  proper  lobes. 
G.  Andrdwsii,  CLOSED  G.  Woods  especially  N. :  leaves  lance-ovate  or 
lance-oblong  with  a  narrowed  base  ;  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  short ;  corolla 
blue  (rarely  a  white  variety),  its  proper  lobes  if  any  shorter  than  the  broad  and 
more  conspicuous  fringe-toothed  and  notched  appendages  which  terminate  the 
folds  ;  anthers  connected  ;  seeds  broadly  winged. 


LOGANIA    FAMILY.  273 

4.  BARTONIA.     (Named  for  Prof.  B.  S.  Barton,  of  Philadelphia.)     In- 
significant herbs,  with  awl-shaped  scales  for  leaves,  and  a  few  peduncled  white 
flowers.     (T)   © 

B.  ten^lla.  Woods  :  5'  -  10'  high,  with  branches  or  peduncles  1  -3-flow- 
ered  ;  lobes  of  corolla  oblong,  acutish  ;  ovary  4-angled  :  fl.  summer. 

B.  V^rna.  Bogs,  only  S. :  smaller,  less  branched,  1  -few-flowered;  flowers 
larger,  in  early  spring ;  lobes  of  corolla  spatulate,  obtuse  ;  ovary  flat. 

5.  MENYANTHES,    BUCKBEAN.      (Name   from   Greek   words    for 
month   and  floivcr ;  application  not  obvious.      The  popular  name  from  the 
leaves,  somewhat  resembling  those  of  the  Horsebean.) 

M.  trifoliata.  Cold  wet  bogs  N. :  fl.  late  spring ;  corolla  white  or  tinged 
with  pink  ;  scape  hardly  1°  high.  2/ 

6.  LIMNANTHEMUM,   FLOATING-HEART.     (Name  formed  of 
Greek  words  for  swamp  and  blossom. )     But  our  species  grow  in  water,  and  pro- 
duce through  the  summer  the  small  white  flowers,  accompanied  by  spur-like 
thick  bodies,  probably  of  the  nature  of  roots.     ^ 

L.  lacunbsum,  is  common  E.  &  S. :  leaves  l'-2'  long,  on  very  slender 
petioles,  entire  ;  lobes  of  corolla  broadly  oval ;  seeds  smooth  and  even. 

L.  trachysp^rma,  in  deeper  water,  from  Maryland  S. :  leaves  rounder, 
2'  -  6'  broad,  wavy-margined,  roughish  or  dark-pitted  beneath  ;  petioles  stouter ; 
seeds  roughened. 

86.  LOGANIACE^I,  LOGANIA  FAMILY. 

Known  among  monopetalous  plants  by  having  opposite  leaves 
with  stipules  or  a  stipular  line  between  their  bases,  along  with  a 
free  ovary ;  the  flower  regular  or  nearly  so,  and  stamens  as  many 
as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them. 

§  1.    Woody  twining  climber,  with  evergreen  leaves  and  showy  flowers. 

1.  GELSEMIUM.     Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  open  funnel-form,  the  5  lobes  broad 

and  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5:  anthers  sagittate.  Style  slender: 
stigmas  2,  each  2-parted,  lobes  linear,  ovary  2-celled.  Pod  oval,  flattened 
contrary  to  the  partition,  2-valved.  many-seeded.  Seeds  winged. 

§  2.   Herbs,  not  climbing. 

2.  SPIGELIA.     Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  narrow.     Corolla  tubular  and  some- 

what funnel-form,  the  5  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.     Stamens  5:  anthers  linear. 

Style  1,  slender,  hairy  above,  jointed  near  the  middle.     Pod  short,  twin, 

2-celled,  few-seeded,  when  ripe  separating  across  near  the  base  which  is  left 

behind,  and  splitting  2  or  4  valves. 

MIT REOL  A,  of  the  South,  comprises  a  couple  of  quite  inconspicuous  weeds,  and 
POLYPREMUM,  also  S.  is  a  common  weedy  plant;  —  both  wholly  insignificant, 

as  well  in  the  herbage  as  in  the  minute  white  flowers. 

1.  GELSEMIUM,  YELLOW  JESSAMINE  of  the  South,  the  name  an 
Italian  one  for  Jessamine,  but  of  a  different  order  from  true  Jessamine. 

G.  Semp6rvirens,  our  only  species  :  low  grounds  from  E.  Virg,  S.,  climb- 
ing trees,  bearing  shining  lance-ovate  small  leaves  (evergreen  far  S.),  and  a 
profusion  of  axillary  clusters  of  bright  yellow  very  fragrant  handsome  flowers 
(!'  or  more  long),  in  early  spring. 

2.  SPIGELIA,  PINK-ROOT  or  WORM-GRASS.     (Named  for  Adrian 
Spiegel,  latinized  Spigelius.}     Fl.  summer. 

S.  Marilandica,  MARYLAND  P.  Rich  woods,  from  Penn.  W.  &  S. : 
nearly  smooth,  6' -18'  high;  leaves  sessile,  lance-ovate,  acute;  flowers  in 
simple  or  forked  spike-like  clusters  terminating  the  stem  or  branches  ;  corolla 
H'  long,  slender,  handsome,  red  outside,  yellow  within,  the  lobes  lanceolate. 
Root  used  as  a  vermifuge.  2/ 
18 


274  DOGBANE    FAMILY. 

87.  APOCYNACE^I,  DOGBANE  FAMILY. 

Herbaceous  or  woody  plants,  known  mainly  by  the  milky  acrid 
juice,  opposite  (sometimes  whorled)  simple  and  entire  leaves,  with- 
out stipules,  and  regular  monopetalous  flowers  with  5  in  the  calyx, 
corolla,  and  stamens,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  or  twisted  in 
the  bud,  the  anthers  conniving  around  the  stigma  or  often  adhering 
somewhat  to  it,  ordinary  pollen,  filaments  separate,  the  2  free  ovaries 
commonly  separate,  but  often  the  styles  and  always  the  stigmas 
united  into  one.  The  ovaries  also  are  often  united  into  one,  the  juice 
in  several  (as  of  Periwinkle  and  Oleander)  is  not  at  all  or  slightly 
milky,  and  one  of  our  genera  has  alternate  leaves.  Some  are  orna- 
mental in  cultivation,  many  are  acrid-poisonous.  There  is  com- 
monly a  ring,  membrane,  or  other  appendage  on  the  style  below  the 
stigma,  to  which  the  anthers  are  apt  to  adhere. 

§  1.   Shrubs  cult,  for  ornament,  natives  ofioarm  climates:  leaves  oftener  rcliorled. 

1.  ALL  AM  ANDA.     Corolla  large,  yellow,  with  short  tube  abruptly  expanded  into 

cylindrical  bell-shaped  or  funnel-form,  the  5  lobes  broad  and  rounded.  Sta- 
mens at  the  summit  of  the  proper  tube  or  throat,  alternate  and  conniving  with 
as  many  2-parted  narrow  scales.  Ovary  one  and  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  pla- 
centae, becoming  a  prickly  pod.  Style  slender.  Seeds  naked. 

2.  NERIUM.     Corolla  salver-form  or  the  long  tube  narrow  funnel-form,  the  throat 

crowned  with  5  slender-toothed  scales.  Stamens  on  the  middle  of  the  tube: 
anthers  2-tailed  at  base  and  tapering  at  the  apex  into  a  long  hairy  twisted 
awn-like  appendage.  Style  1.  Ovaries  2,  forming  pods.  Seeds  tufted. 

§  2.   More  or  less  woody-stemmed  twiners,  ivith  opposite  leaves. 

8.  ECHITES.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  naked  in  the  throat.  Fila- 
ments very  short.  Style  1.  Ovaries  2,  becoming  2  long  terete  pods.  Seeds 
with  a  downv  tuft.  t  lowers  large  and  showy. 

4.  FORSTERONf A.    Corolla  funnel-form,  nearly  as  in  Echites,  but  the  flower 

small,  and  filaments  slender. 

§  3.   Herbs  or  scarcely  woody  plants,  not  twiners  :  bark  usually  abounding  with  tough 
fibres  '  ovaries  2,  becoming  many-seeded  pods  in  fruit. 

#  Leaves  opposite. 

5.  VINCA.      Corolla  salver-shaped  or  the  tube  funnel-form,  the  throat  narrow 

and  naked.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  upper  part  or  middle  of  the  tube:  fila- 
ments short.  Style  1,  slender.  Pods  rather  short.  Seeds  abrupt  at  each 
end,  naked,  rough.  The  hardy  species  trail  or  creep. 

6.  APOCYNUM.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  crowned  with  5  triangular  appendages  in 

the  throat.  Stamens  attached  to  the  very  base  of  the  corolla.  Style  none. 
A  large  ovate  stigma  unites  the  tips  of  the  2  ovaries,  which  in  fruit  form  long 
and  slender  pods.  Seeds  with  a  long  tuft  of  silky  down  at  one  end.  Upright 
or  ascending  herbs,  with  small  pale  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  cymes  or 
corymbs,  and  very  tough  fibrous  bark. 

#  *  Leaves  alternate,  very  numerous. 

7.  AMSONIA.     Corolla  salver-shaped  or  the  slender  tube  somewhat  funnel-form, 

bearded  inside,  without  appendages  at  the  throat,  the  lobes  long  and  linear. 
Stamens  inserted  on  and  included  in  the  tube :  anthers  blunt  at  both  ends. 
Style  1,  slender.  Pods  long  (4' -6')  and  slender.  Seeds  cylindrical,  abrupt 
at  both  ends,  with  no  tuft.  Upright  herbs,  with  terminal  panicled  cymes  of 
bluish  flowers. 

1.  ALL  AM  AND  A.      (Named  for  Dr.  F.  Allamand,  who  discovered  the 

common  species  in  Guiana.) 

A.  cathartica.     A  showy  shrub  of  the  conservatory,  with  bright  green 
oblong  thinnish  leaves,  and  golden-yellow  flower:;  2^'  -  3'  long. 


DOGBANE    FAMILY.  275 

2.  NERIUM,    OLEANDER.      (The  ancient  Greek  and   Latin   name.) 
Leaves  coriaceous,  rigid,  closely  and  transversely  veiny.     Flowers  showy,  in 
terminal  cymes,  in  summer,  deep  rose-color,  or  with  white  varieties,  either 
single  or  double. 

N.  Oleander,  the  OLEANDER  of  common  house-culture,  from  the  Levant : 
leaves  lanceolate ;  appendage  surmounting  the  anthers  scarcely  protruding ; 
flowers  large,  scentless. 

3S".  Od6rum,  SWEET  O. :  less  cult.,  from  India,  more  tender ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  appendage  of  the  anthers  protruding ;  flowers  fragrant. 

3.  ECHITES.     (Name  from  Greek  word  for  a  viper.}     Plants  from  the 
warm  parts  of  America,  one  not  rare  as  a  conservatory  climber,  viz. 

E.  suav^olens,  or  MANPEvfLLEA  SUAVEOLENS,  CHILI  JESSAMINE,   a 
slender  woody-stemmed  tall  twiner,  with  thin  oblong  or  ovate  heart-shaped 
pointed  leaves,  and  slender  peduncles  bearing  a  few  racemed  very  fragrant  flow- 
ers, the  white  corolla  with  ample  5-lobed  border,  2'  broad. 

4.  FORSTERONIA.     (Named  for  an  English  botanist,  T.  F.  Forster.) 

F.  differ  mis,  in  low  grounds  from  Virginia  S.  &  W.,  is  a  barely  woody 
twiner,  the  flowering  branches  herbaceous  and  downy ;    leaves  thin,  oval-lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  or  sometimes  linear,  narrowed  into  a  petiole ;  flowers  £'  long, 
in  cymes,  greenish-yellow,  all  summer. 

5.  VINCA,  PERIWINKLE.     (Latin  name,  from  a  word  meaning  to  bind, 
from  the  thread-like  stems.)     ^J 

§  1.  TRUE  PERIWINKLES,  cult,  from  Europe,  hardy  or  nearly  so,  smooth,  trail- 
ing over  the  ground  or  creeping,  only  the  short  flowering  stems  ascending, 
with  blue  (or  by  variation  white)  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  in  spring  or 
early  summer. 

V.  minor,  COMMON  PERIWINKLE,  in  all  country-gardens,  spreading  freely 
by  the  creeping  sterile  stems,  evergreen,  with  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  shining 
leaves  barely  l£'  long,  and  almost  truncate  wedge-shaped  lobes  to  the  corolla : 
fl.  early  spring. 

V.  major,  LARGE  P.,  not  quite  hardy  N.,  a  variety  with  variegated  leaves 
is  most  cultivated,  larger  than  the  first  species  and  leaves  rounder,  the  lobes  of 
corolla  obovate. 

V.  herbacea :  not  evergreen  ;  stems  reclining  and  rooting ;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  lobes  of  the  more  purple-blue  coi-olla  oblong-obovate  :  fl.  late  spring. 
§  2.    Tropical  erect,  somewhat  woody  at  base:  flowers  produced  all  the  season. 
V.  rbsea,  house  and  bedding  plant  from  West  Indies,  with  oblong-petioled 
veiny  leaves,  and  showy  corolla  with  slender  tube  and  very  narrow  orifice,  rose- 
purple,  or  white,  with  or  without  a  pink  eye. 

6.  APOCYNUM,    DOGBANE    (to  which  the  name  in  Greek  refers), 
INDIAN  HEMP,  from  the  use  made  of  the  bark.     Fl.  summer.     1J. 

A.  androS8emif61ium,  SPREADING  D.  Along  thickets,  mostly  N.  : 
branches  forking  and  widely  spreading ;  leaves  ovate,  petioled ;  corolla  open 
bell-shaped  with  spreading  lobes. 

A.  cannabinum,  COMMON  INDIAN  HEMP.  Gravelly  or  wet  banks  of 
streams  :  branches  more  erect ;  leaves  oblong,  lance-oblong,  ovate,  or  slightly 
heart-shaped ;  flowers  more  crowded  and  erect ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  little 
spreading. 

7.  AMSONIA.     (Named  for  a  Mr.  Charles  Amson.)     Low  grounds  chiefly 
S. ;  very  leafy,  2° -3°  high,  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy,  with  rather  small 
flowers,  in  late  spring. . 

A.  Tabernaemontana.  Leaves  varying  from  ovate  or  lance-ovate  to 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  pale  beneath. 

A.  ciliata.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  the  margins  and  mostly  the 
stein's  beset  with  some  scattered  bristles. 


276  MILKWEED    FAMILY. 

88.  ASCLEPIADACE^S,  MILKWEED  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  milky  juice,  leaves,  pistils,  fruits,  and  seeds  nearly  as 
in  the  preceding  family  ;  but  the  anthers  more  connected  with  the 
stigma,  their  pollen  collected  into  firm  waxy  or  granular  masses 
(mostly  10),  the  short  filaments  (monadelphous  except  in  the  last 
genus)  commonly  bear  curious  appendages  behind  the  anthers  form- 
ing what  is  called  a  crown,  and  the  corolla  more  commonly  valvate 
in  the  bud.  The  flowers  are  rather  too  difficult  for  the  beginner 
readily  to  understand  throughout.  For  a  particular  study  of  them 
the  Manual  must  be  used. 

§  1.  Erect  herbs,  with  ordinary  foliage,  and  deeply  5-parted  reflextd  calyx  and 
corolla.  Flowers  in  simple  umbels.  Fruit  a  pair  of  pods  (follicles,}  containing 
numerous  fiat  seeds  furnished  with  a  coma  (Lessons,  p.  135,  fig.  817)  or  lony 
tuft  of  soj't  down  at 'one  end. 

1.  ASCLEPIAS.     Stamens  with  their  short  filaments  monadelphous  in  a  ring  or 

tube,  bearing  behind  each  anther  a  curious  erect  and  hood-like  or  ear-like 
appendage,  with  a  horn  projecting  out  of  the  inside  of  it :  the  5  broad  anthers 
closely  surrounding  and  partly  adhering  to  the  very  thick  stigma,  a  mem- 
branous appendage  at  their  tip' inflected  over  it.  Each  of  the  2  cells  of  the 
anther  has  a  firm  waxy  pear-shaped  pollen-mass  in  it:  and  the  two  adja- 
cent masses  from  two  contiguous  anthers  are  suspended  by  a  stalk  from  a 
dark  gland;  these  5  glands,  borne  on  the  margin  of  the  flat  top  of  the  stigma, 
stick  to  the  legs,  &c.  of  insects,  and  are  carried  off,  each  gland  taking  with  it 
2  pollen  masses,  the  whole  somewhat  resembling  a  pair  of  saddle-bags. 

2.  ACERATES.     Like  Asclepias,  but  no  horn  in  the  hoods  or  ear-like  appendages, 

and  the  flowers  always  greenish. 

§  2.    Tunning  plants  with  ordinary  foliage  ;  pods  and  seeds  nearly  as  in  Asclepias. 

*  Anthers  with  their  hanging  pollen-masses  nearly  as  Asclepias  :  j)ods  smooth  and  even. 

3.  ENSLENIA.     Calyx  and  corolla  5-parted,  the  divisions  lance-ovate  and  nearly 

erect.  The  5  appendages  of  the  filaments  are  in  the  form  of  membranaceous 
leaflets,  each  bearing  a  pair  of  awns  on  their  truncate  tip.  Herb. 

4.  VINCETOXICUM.      Corolla    5-parted,    wheel-shaped.      A    flat    and    fleshy 

6-  10-lobed  disk  or  crown  in  place  of  the  hoods  of  Asclepias.     Herbs. 

#  *  The  10  po lien-masses  horizontal,  Jixed  in  pairs  to  5  glands  of  the  stigma. 

5.  GONOLOBUS.     Corolla  wheel-shaped:  a  fleshy  and  wary-lobed  ring  or  crown 

in  its  throat. 

*  *  *  The  10  short  pollen-masses  fixed  by  their  base  in  pairs  to  the  5  glands  of  the 

stigma,  and  erect.     Shrtibby  plants,  of  tropical  regions. 

6.  HOYA.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed,  thick  and  wax-like   in   appearance. 

Crown  of  5  thick  and  depressed  fleshy  appendages  radiating  from  the  central 
column. 

7.  STEPHANOTIS.     Corolla    salver-shaped,   the  tube    including    the    stamens, 

crown,  &c.,  in  its  somewhat  swollen  base,  ,the  5  ovate  lobes  convolute  in  the 
bud.  Crown  of  5  thin  erect  appendages.  Stigma  conical. 

*  *  *  *  Anthers  distinct,  the  5  pollen-masses  each  composed  of  4  small  granular 

masses  united,  and  applied  directly  to  the  glands  of  the  stigma  without  any  stalk. 
Shrubby  twiners. 

8.  PERIPLOCA.     Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped,  the  divisions   hairy  on  the 

upper  face:  alternate  with  them  are  5  small  thick  scales,  each  bearing  a 
bristle-shaped  appendage.  Filaments  distinct,  bearing  anthers  of  more  ordi- 
nary appearance  than  in  the  rest  of  this  family.  Stigma  hemispherical. 
Pods  smooth. 

§  3.   Fleshy  low  plants,   Cactus-like,  icith.  only  small  fleshy  scales  or  teeth  in  place  of 
leaves,  on  the  angles  of  the  thickened  stems  or  branches. 

9.  STAPELIA.     Flowers  large,  lurid,  solitary,  lateral.     Calyx  5-pnrted.     Corolla, 

5-cVft,  wheel-shaped:  within  is  a  crown  formed  of  two' rings  of  short  appen- 
dages or  lobes.  Masses  of  waxy  pollen  10,  erect. 


MILKWEED    FAMILY.  277 

1.    ASCLEPIAS,  MILKWEED,   SILKWEED.     (The   Greek  name  of 
sEsculapias,  lather  of  medicine.)     Flowering  in  summer.     11 

*  Flowers  bright  orange  or  red:  pods  smooth:  leaves  opposite,  except-  in  the  first. 

A.  tuberosa,  BUTTERFLY-WEED,  PLEURISY  ROOT.  Dry  hills:  milky 
juice  hardly  any ;  stems  and  mostly  scattered  linear  or  lance-oblong  leaves 
hairy  ;  flowers  bright  orange.  • 

A.  Curassavica.  Wild  far  S.,  cult,  from  S.  America,  as  a  house  and 
bedding  plant ;  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  umbels  long-peduncled ; 
corolla  scarlet-red,  the  hoods  orange. 

A.  paup6rcilla.  Wet  barrens  from  N.  Jersey  S.  :  tall,  smooth,  with 
long  lance-linear  leaves,  one  or  more  few-flowered  umbels  raised  on  long 
peduncle,  and  red  corolla  with  bright  orange  hoods. 

A.  rtlbra.  Low  barrens  from  N.  Jersey  S.  :  smooth,  with  lance-ovate 
gradually  taper-pointed  leaves,  a  few  many-flowered  umbels  on  a  long  naked 
peduncle,  and  purple-red  flowers. 

*  *  Flowers  pink  or  light  rose-purple :  leaves  all  opposite  :  pods  smooth. 
A.    incarnata,    SWAMP    MILKWEED.      Wet   grounds,   with   very   leafy 
branching  stems,  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  acute  leaves,  often  slightly  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base ;  smooth  or  smoothish,  or  in  var.  PULCHRA  pubescent  and 
the  leaves  very  short-petioled. 

*  *  *  Flowers  dull  purplish,  greenish,  or  white. 
+-  Stems  branching,  almost  woody  at  base  :  leaves  all  opposite  :  pods  smooth. 

A.  per^nnis.  Low  grounds  S. :  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance- 
ovate,  slender-petioled  ;  flowers  small,  white ;  seeds  mostly  without  a  tuft ! 

H-  •*-  Stem  simple :  leaves  all  opposite  and  closely  sessile  or  clasping  by  a  heart- 
shaped  base,  the  apex  rounded  or  notched:  plants  smooth,  pale  or  glaucous. 

A.  Obtusif61ia.  Sandy  grounds,  2°  -  3°  high,  the  rather  remote  broadly 
oblong  leaves  wavy;  umbel  mostly  solitary,  long-peduncled;  flowers  pretty 
large,  greenish-purplish. 

A.  amplexicaulis.  Dry  barrens  S.  :  stems  reclining,  1°- 2°  high,  very 
leafy  ;  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped ;  umbels  several,  short-peduncled ;  corolla  ash- 
colored,  the  hoods  white. 

•*-•*-•'-  Stem  simple  or  nearly  so,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  all  opposite,  ovate,  oval, 
or  oblong,  pretty  large,  short-petioled :  umbels  lateral  and  terminal :  Jlowers 
^'  long  or  nearly  so.  • 

•w-  Pods  beset  with  soft  prickle-shaped  or  warty  projections. 

A.  Comtlti,  COMMON  MILKWEED  of  fields  and  low  grounds  N.  :  downy, 
or  the  large  pale  leaves  soon  smooth  above  ;  flowers  dull  greenish-purplish. 

++  ++  Pods  even,  but  usually  minutely  downy. 

A.  phytolaccoides,  POKE -MILKWEED.  Moist  grounds  N.  &  W.  • 
smooth  or  smoothish,  3°  -  5°  high  ;  leaves  large,  pointed  or  acute  at  both  ends  ; 
umbels  loose,  the  long  pedicels  ( 1'  -3')  equalling  the  peduncle ;  corolla  greenish, 
but  the  more  conspicuous  hoods  white. 

A.  purpurascens.  Rich  ground  N.  &  W. :  l°-3°  high;  leaves  downy 
beneath  smooth  above,  the  upper  taper-pointed ;  pedicels  of  the  rather  loose 
umbel  shorter  than  the  peduncle  ;  corolla  dark  dull  purple. 

A.  variegata.  Dry  grounds,  commoner  S.  &  W. :  1°  -  2°  high,  nearly 
smooth  ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  slightly  wavy  ;  peduncle  and  crowded  pedicels 
short  and  downy  ;  corolla  white,  the  hoods  purplish. 

"~  "*"  "*"  "~  Stems  simple  or  rarely  branched,  slender:  leaves  most  of  them  in  whorls  : 
pods  slender  and  smooth  :  flowers  small,  white  or  whitish. 

A.  quadrif61ia,  FOUR-LEAVED  M.  Rocky  woods  mostly  N.  :  stems  1° 
-  2°  high,  nearly  smooth,  naked  below,  bearing  about  the  middle  one  or  two 
whorls  of  4  ovate  or  lance-ovate  taper-pointed  petioled  leaves,  and  beneath  or 
above  them  usually  a  pair  of  smaller  ones;  pedicels  slender;  corolla  mostly 
tinged  with  pink,  the  hoods  white, 


278  MILKWEED    FAMILY. 

A.  verticillata,  WHORLED  M.  Dry  ground,  l°-2°  high,  smoothish  ; 
stems  very  leafy  throughout ;  leaves  very  narrow  linear  or  thread-shaped,  in 
whorls  of  3  -  6  ;  flowers  greenish-white. 

2.  ACERATES,  GREEN  MILKWEED.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  means 
without  a  horn,  i.  e.  none  to  the  hood-like  appendages,  in  which  it  differs  from 
Asclepias.)     Flowers  green  or  greenish,  in  summer.     2/ 

§  1.  Flowers  in  compact  lateral  umbels:  corolla  with  oblong  reftexed  divisions: 
the  hoods  erect :  pods  slender,  sometimes  downy,  but  with  the  surface  even. 

A.  viridiflora.  Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil :  soft-downy  or  smoothish, 
l°-2°  high;  leaves  varying  from  oval  to  linear,  mostly  opposite;  globular 
umbels  nearly  sessile ;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  nearly  £'  long  when  open  ; 
hoods  not  elevated  above  the  base  of  the  corolla. 

A.  longifolia.  Low  barrens  W.  &  S. :  rather  hairy  or  roughish,  1°  -3° 
high,  with  very  numerous  mostly  alternate  linear  leaves,  flowers  smaller  and  on 
slender  pedicels,  the  umbel  peduncled,  hoods  elevated  on  a  short  ring  of  fila- 
ments above  the  base  of  the  corolla. 

§  2.  Flowers  in  loose  terminal  and  solitary  or  corymbed  umbels :  divisions  of  the 
corolla  barely  spreading,  but  the  large  hoods  spreading  and  slipper-shaped : 
pods  thick,  often  with  some  soft  tubercle-like  projections. 

A.  paniculata.  Dry  prairies  and  barrens  from  111.  S.  &  W. :  smoothish, 
1°  high  ;  leaves  alternate,  oblong  or  lance-oblong;  flowers  1'  broad,  green,  the 
hoods  purplish. 

3.  ENSLENIA.     (Named  for  A.  Enslen,  an  Austrian  traveller.)     ^ 

E.  albida.  River-banks  from  Ohio  S.  &  W. :  climbing,  8° -12°  ;  smooth, 
with  opposite  heart-ovate  long-petioled  leaves,  and  small  whitish  flowers  in 
raceme-like  clusters  on  axillary  peduncles,  all  late  summer. 

4.  VINCETOXICUM.     (Name  is  equivalent  to  Poison  Periwinkle.}      ^ 
V.  nigrum,  from  Eu. :  a  low-twining  smooth  weed,  escaping  from  gardens 

E. ;  leaves  ovate  and  lance-ovate ;  flowers  small,  brown-purple,  rather  few  in 
axillary  umbels,  in  summer. 

5.  GONOLOBUS.     (Name  in  Greek  means  angled  pod.)     Ours  are  twin- 
ing herbs,  along  river-banks,  chiefly  S.,  with  opposite  heart-shaped  petioled 
leaves,  and  corymbs  or  umbels  of  dark  or  dull-colored  small  flowers,  on  pedun- 
cles between  the  petioles,  in  summer.     ^ 

G.  l8Bvis.  From  Virg.  to  Illinois  S. :  smooth  or  only  sparingly  hairy,  the 
yellowish-green  flowers  and  the  longitudinally  ribbed  pods  smooth. 

G.  Obliquus.  From  Penn.  S. :  hairy,  somewhat  clammy ;  flowers  mi- 
nutely downy  outside,  long  and  narrow  in  the  bud,  dull  crimson-purple  within, 
the  strap-shaped  or  lanceolate  divisions  £'  long ;  pods  ribless,  warty, 

G.  hirstltUS.  From  Virginia  S.  :  differs"  from  the  last  in  its  short-ovate 
flower-buds,  the  oval  or  oblong  divisions  of  corolla  only  about  4'  long. 

6.  HOYA,  WAX-PLANT.     (Named  for  T.  Hoy,  an  English  florist.) 

H.  carn6sa,  a  well-known  house-plant  from  India ;  with  rooting  stems, 
thick  and  fleshy  oval  leaves,  umbels  of  numerous  flesh-colored  or  almost  white 
flowers,  the  upper  surface  of  corolla  clothed  with  minute  papilla). 

7.  STEPHANOTIS.     (Name  from  Greek  for  crown  and  ear,  referring  to 
the  appendages  of  the  stamens.) 

S.  floriblinda,  from  Madagascar :  a  fine  hot-house  twiner,  very  smooth, 
with  opposite  oval  or  oblong  thickish  leaves,  and  lateral  umbels  of  very  showy 
fragrant  flowers,  the  pure  white  corolla  l£'  in  diameter,  the  tube  1'  long. 


OLIVE    FAMILY.  279 

8.  PEHIPLOCA.     (Name,  a  Greek  word,  implies  that  the  plant  twines.) 
P.  Greeca,  of  S.  Eu.,  cult,  as  an  ornamental  twiner,  hardy  through  the 

Middle  States  :  smooth,  with  opposite  ovate  mostly  pointed  leaves,  on  short 
petioles,  and  lateral  cymes  of  rather  small  flowers,  the  corolla  greenish-yellow 
Avith  tho  upper  face  of  the  oblong  lobes  brownish-purple  :  in  summer. 

9.  STAPELI  A.    ( Named  for  a  Dutch  natural  ist,  Dr.  Van  Stapel. )     Strange- 
looking  fleshy  plants  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  cult,  in  conservatories  along 
with  Cactuses.     The  commonest  is 

S.  hirsute..  Stems  or  branches  G'-10'  high,  with  concave  sides,  pale  and 
obscurely  downy ;  flower  3' -4' in  diameter,  dull  purple  and  yellowish  with 
darker  transverse  stripes,  beset  with  purple  very  long  hairs,  and  with  denser 
hairiness  towards  the  centre,  exhaling  a  most  disgusting  odor,  not  unlike  that 
of  putrid  meat. 


89.   OLEACE^l,  OLIVE  FAMILY. 


Trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  smooth,  without  milky  juice,  distinguished 
among  monopetalous  plants  with  free  ovary  by  the  regular  flowers 
having  stamens  almost  always  2,  and  always  fewer  than  the  4  (some- 
times 5  or  more)  divisions  of  the  corolla,  the  ovary  2-celled  and 
(except  in  Jasminum  and  Forsythia)  with  one  pair  of  ovules  in 
each  cell :  style  if  any  only  one,  rarely  2-cleft.  A  few  are  nearly 
or  quite  polypetalous  ;  others  apetalous. 

§  1.    Calyx  and  corolla  with  5-8  lobes.    A  single  erect  ovule  and  seed  in  each  cell. 

1.  JASMIXUM.     Corolla  salver-shaped,  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.     Stamens 

2,  included  in  the  tube.     Ovary  and  the  berry-like  fruit  2-lobed,  2-seeded. 

$  2.  Calyx  and  corolla  with  the  parts  in  fours,  or  sometimes  (in  Fraxinus)  one  or 
both  wanting.  Ovules  hanging,  usually  a  pair  in  each  cellt  many  in  No.  2. 
Leaves  opposite,  except  accidentally. 

*  Leaves  simple  :  flowers  perfect  and  complete. 
-t-  Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  or  several  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary  and  pod. 

2.  FORSYTHIA.     Corolla  golden  yellow,  bell-shaped,   4-lobed,  the  lobes  con- 

volute in  the  bud.  The  2  stamens  and  style  short.  Pod  ovate.  Leaves 
deciduous. 

t-  •»-  Ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell,  but  the  seeds  often  fewer. 

3.  SYRINGA.     Corolla  salver-form,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  tube  much 

longer  than  the  4-toothed  calyx.  Fruit  a  pod,  4-seeded,  flattened  contrary 
to  the  narrow  partition,  2-valved,  the  valves  almost  conduplicate.  Seeds 
slightly  wing-margined.  Leaves  deciduous. 

4.  LIGu STRUM.     Corolla  short  funnel-form,  with  spreading  ovate  obtuse  lobes, 

valvate  in  the  bud,  white.  Fruit  a  1- 4-seeded  black  berry.  Leaves  firm 
and  thickish,  but  deciduous. 

5.  OLKA.     Corolla  short,  bell-shaped,  or  deeply  cleft  into  4  spreading  lobes,  white. 

Fruit  a  drupe,  the  hard  stone  often  becoming  1-celled  and  1-seeded.  Leaves 
evergreen. 

6.  CHIONANTHUS.     Corolla  white,  4-parted,  or  of  4  very  long  and  narrow  linear 

petals  slightly  or  scarcely  united  at  their  base;  to  which  the  2  (rarely  3  or 
even  4  in  cultivation)  very  short  stamens  barely  adhere.  Fruit  a  fleshy  and 
globular  drupe,  the  stone  becoming  1-celled  and  commonly  1-seeded.  Leaves 
deciduous. 

*  *  Leaves  pinnate  :  flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  in  most  species  apetalous. 

7.  FRAXINUS.     Calyx  small,  sometimes  obsolete  or  wholly  wanting.     Petals  4, 

2,  or  none.  Anthers  large.  Fruit  a  simple  samara  or^key  (Lessons,  p.  131, 
fig.  300),  usually  becoming  1-celled  and  1-seedcd.  Leaves  deciduous. 


280  OLIVE    FAMILY. 

1.  JASMINUM,  JESSAMINE.     (From  the  Arabic  name.)     Cultivated 
for  ornament,  from  the  Old  World,  all  tender  and  house-plants  except  at  the 
South.     Flowers  fragrant. 

*  Flowers  yellow :  leaves  commonly  alternate  and  compound. 

J.  Odoratissimum,  COMMON  SWEET  YELLOW  J.,  from  Madeira :  smooth, 
twining  ;  leaflets  3  or  5,  ovate  ;  peduncles  terminal,  few-flowered. 

J.  revoldtum,  from  Himalayas  or  China  :  not  twining,  has  mostly  3-7 
leaflets,  and  more  numerous  and  fragrant  flowers,  l£'  wide. 
*  *  Floivei-s  white :  leaves  opposite. 

J.  Offlcinale,  COMMON  WHITE  J.,  from  the  East,  has  striate-angled 
tranches  scarcely  twining,  about  7  oblong  or  lance-ovate  leaflets,  a  terminal 
cyme  of  very  fragrant  flowers  and  calyx-teeth  slender. 

'  J.  grandiflbrum,  from  India,  has  7  or  9  oval  leaflets,  the  uppermost  con- 
fluent, larger  and  fewer  flowers  than  the  foregoing,  reddish  outside. 

J.  Az6ricum,  from  the  Azores  and  Madeira  :  not  twining,  with  3  ovate  or 
heart-shaped  leaflets,  terminal  cymes  of  very  sweet-scented  flowers,  and  very 
short  calyx-teeth. 

J.  Sainbac,  from  Tropical  India :  scarcely  climbing,  pubescent ;  leaves 
simple,  ovate,  or  heart-shaped ;  flowers  in  small  close  clusters  ;  calyx-teeth 
about  8,  slender,  the  rounded  lobes  of  the  corolla  as  many ;  flowers  simple  or 
double,  very  fragrant,  especially  at  evening. 

2.  FORSYTHIA.      (Named   for   W.  A.  Forsyth,  an  English   botanist.) 
Ornamental    shrubs,    from   China  and  Japan,  with  flowers  from  separate 
lateral  buds,  preceding  the  serrate  leaves,  in  early  spring. 

F.  viridissima,  a  vigorous  shrub,  with  strong  and  mostly  erect  yellowish- 
green  branches,  covered  in  early  spring  with  abundant  showy  yellow  flowers, 
followed  by  the  deep  green  lance-oblong  leaves. 

F.  SUSp^nsa,  shrub  with  long  and  slender  weak  branches  hanging,  or  some 
of  them  creeping,  to  be  treated  a^s  a  climber ;  flowers  still  earlier,  but  less  pro- 
fuse ;  leaves  thinner,  duller,  ovate. 

3.  SYRINGA,  LILAC.     (From  Greek  word  for  tube,  alluding  either  to  the 
tubular  corolla  or  to  the  twigs,  used  for  pipe-stems.)     Familiar  ornamental 
tall  shrubs,  from  the  Old  World,  with  scaly  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
but  hardly  ever  a  terminal  one  (so  that  there  is  only  a  pair  at  the  tip  of  a 
branch),  entire  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  crowded  compound  panicles  or 
thyrsus  of  mostly  fragrant  flowers,  in  spring. 

S.  Vlllgaris,  COMMON  L.,  from  E.  Europe  or  Persia  :  with  ovate  and  more 
or  less  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  lobes  of  corolla  moderately  spreading ;  fl.  lilac 
or  pale  violet, 'and  a  white  variety. 

S.  P^rsica,  PERSIAN  L. ;  more  slender,  Avith  lance-ovate  leaves,  and  looser 
clusters  of  lilac-purple  or  paler  or  sometimes  white  flowers,  border  of  the  corolla 
flat  when  open. 

4.  LIGUSTRUM,  PRIVET  or  PKIM.     (Classical  Latin  name.)    Shrubs 
of  Old  World,  planted  for  ornament,  with  short-petioled  entire  leaves  and 
panicles  of  small  flowers,  in  early  summer. 

L.  VUlgare,  COMMON  P.,  of  Europe,  here  planted  for  hedges,  and  running 
wild  E. ;  leaves  small,  lance-ovate  or  lance-oblong. 

L.  Japonicum.  Cult,  from  Japan,  not  hardy  N.  :  has  long  and  widely 
spreading  branches,  larger  ovate  leaves,  and  larger  flowers  in  ample  panicles. 

5.  OLE  A,  OLIVE.     (The  classical  Latin  name.)     Flowers  small,  and  in 
small  panicles  or  corymbs,  in  spring. 

O.  Europsea,  OLIVE  of  the  Levant,  sometimes  planted  far  S.  :  tree  with 
lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  pale  entire  leaves,  whitish-scurfy  beneath,  and  oblong 
edible  oily  fruit. 


OLIVE    FAMILY.  281 

O.  Americana,  DEVIL-WOOD.  Wild  along  the  coast  from  Virginia  S.  : 
small  tree,  with  lance-oblong  and  entire  very  smooth  green  leaves  (3' -6'  long), 
and  spherical  fruit. 

O.  fragrans,  or  OSMANTHUS  FRAGRANS,  of  Japan  and  China  (differing 
from  Olive  genus  in  the  almost  4-parted  corolla  and  2-parted  style),  cult,  in 
green-houses  for  the  exquisite  fragrance  of  its  very  small  flowers  ;  the  leaves 
oblong  or  oval,  sharply  serrate,  bright  green,  very  smooth. 

6.  CHIONANTHUS,   FRINGE-TREE.     (Name  of  the  Greek  words  for 
snow  and  blossom,  from  the  very  light  and  loose  panicles  of  drooping  snow- 
white  flowers.) 

C.  Virginica,  COMMON  F.  River-banks  fr&m  Penn.  S.,  and  planted  for 
ornament:  shrub  or  low  tree,  with  entire  oval  or  obovate  leaves  (3' -5'  long), 
the  lower  surface  often  rather  downy,  loose  panicles  of  flowers  in  late  spring  or 
early  summer,  petals  1'  long,  and  fruit  blue-purple  with  a  bloom. 

7.  FRAXINTJS,  ASH.     (Classical  Latin  name.)     Timber-trees,  with  light 
and  tough  wood,  dark-colored  buds,  and  small  insignificant  flowers  appearing 
in  spring  with  or  rather  before  the  leaves  of  the  season,  from  separate  buds  in 
the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  preceding  year. 

§  1.   EUROPEAN  ASHES,  planted  as  shade  trees,  Sf-c. :  flowers  polygamous. 

P.  Ornus,  FLOWERING  ASH,  of  S.  Europe,  the  tree  which  furnishes  manna, 
not  hardy  N.,  sometimes  planted  S. :  this  and  a  species  like  it  in  California  have 
4  petals,  either  distinct  or  slightly  united,  or  sometimes  only  2,  narrow,  green- 
ish ;  leaflets  5-9,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  small. 

P.  excelsior,  ENGLISH  or  EUROPEAN  ASH.  Hardy  fine  tree,  with  bright 
green  lance-oblong  leaflets  nearly  sessile  and  serrate ;  petals  none  and  calyx 
hardly  any ;  fruit  flat,  linear-oblong.  The  WEEPING  ASH  is  a  variety  or  sport 
of  this. 

§  2.   AMERICAN  ASHES,  all  destitute  of  petals,  and  dioecious  or  mostly  so. 

#  Fruit  terete  at  the  base,  winged  from  the  other  end:  calyx  minute,  persistent : 

leaflets  7  -  9,  or  sometimes  5,  stalked,  either  sparingly  toothed  or  entire. 

P.  Americana,  WHITE  ASH.  Large  forest  tree  of  low  grounds,  furnish- 
ing valuable  timber ;  with  ash-gray  branches,  smooth  stalks,  ovate  or  lance- 
oblong  pointed  leaflets  either  pale  or  downy  beneath  ;  and  rather  short  fruit 
with  a  terete  marginless  body  and  a  lanceolate  or  wedge-linear  wing. 

P.  pubescens,  RED  ASH.  Common  E.  &  S.  ;  known  by  its  velvety- 
pubescent  young  shoots  and  leafstalks,  and  fruit  with  its  flattish  2-edged  seed- 
bearing  body  acute  at  the  base,  the  edges  gradually  dilated  into  the  lance-linear 
or  oblanceolate  wing. 

P.  viridis,  GREEN  ASH.  Like  the  last,  into  which  it  seems  to  pass,  but 
is  smooth,  with  leaves  bright  green  on  both  sides  :  a  smaller  tree,  most  common 
W.  &S. 

*  *  Fruit  flat  and  winged  all  round:  leaflets  mostly  green  both  sides  and  serrate. 
P.  sambucifblia,  BLACK  ASH.     Small  tree  in   swamps,  N.  &  N.  W., 

with  tough  wood  separable  in  layers,  used  for  hoops  and  coarse  baskets  ;  the 
bruised  leaves  with  the  scent  of  Elder  :  smooth  ;  leaflets  7-11,  sessile  on  the 
main  stalk,  oblong-lanceolate  tapering  to  a  point ;  calyx  none,  at  least  in  the 
fertile  flowers  ;  fruits  linear-oblong. 

P.  quadrangulata,  BLUE  ASH.  Large  forest  tree  W.,  yielding  valuable 
wood  ;  with  square  branchlets,  5-9  ovate  veiny  leaflets  on  short  stalks,  and 
narrowly  oblong  fruits. 

P.  platycarpa,  CAROLINA  WATER-ASH.  River  swamps  S.  :  small  tree, 
with  terete  branchlets,  5-7  ovate  or  oblong  short-stalked  leaflets  acute  at  both 
ends,  and  broadly  winged  (sometimes  3-winged)  fruits,  oblong  with  a  tapering 
base. 

S  &  F— 23 


BIIITHWORT    FAMILY. 

III.  APETALOUS  DIVISION.  Includes  the  orders  with 
flowers  destitute  of  corolla  ;  some  are  destitute  of  calyx  also. 

9O.   AKISTOLOCHICAE.ZE,  BIRTHWORT  FAMILY. 

Known  from  all  other  apetalous  orders  by  the  numerous  ovules 
and  seeds  in  a  6-celled  ovary,  to  which  the  lower  part  of  the  calyx 
is  adherent,  the  latter  mostly  3-lobed,  the  stamens  generally  6  or 
12.  Anthers  adnate  and  turned  outwards.  Calyx  dullrcolored, 
valvate  in  the  bud.  Leaves  petioled,  usually  heart-shaped,  not 
serrate.  Flowers  solitary,  perfect,  commonly  large.  Bitter,  tonic 
or  stimulant,  sometimes  aromatic  plants. 

1.  ASARUM.     Low  stemless  herbs,  with  one  or  two  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  a 

flower  at  the  end  of  a  creeping  aromatic  rootstock,  the  flowers  therefore 
close  to  the  ground.  Calyx  regular,  with  3  equal  lobes.  Stamens  12,  dis- 
tinct, borne  on  the  apex  of  the  ovary  or  the  base  of  the  stout  style,  usually 
pointed  beyond  the  anther.  Seeds  large,  thickish,  in  a  rather  fleshy  and 
irregularly  bursting  pod. 

2.  ARIS TOLOCHIA.     Leafy-stemmed  herbs  or  woody  twiners.     Calyx  tubular 

variously  irregular,  often  curved.  Filaments  none:  anthers  adherent  directly 
and  by  their  whole  inner  face  to  the  outside  of  the  3  -  6-lobed  stigma.  Seeds 
very  flat,  in  a  dry  6-valved  pod. 

1.  ASARTJM,  ASARABACCA,  WILD    GINGER.     (Ancient  name,  of 
obscure  derivation.)     On  hillsides  in  rich  woods  :  fl.  spring-.     ^ 

§  1.   Filaments  slender,  much  longer  than  the  short  anthers :  style  \,  thick,  bearing 

6  thick  stigmas :  leaves  a  single  pair  with  a  peduncle  between  them. 
A.  Canadense,  CANADA  WILD  GINGER,  sometimes  called  SNAKEROOT. 
Common  N.  :  soft-pubescent ;  leaves  broadly  heart-shaped  or  kidney -shaped,  not 
evergreen  ;   calyx  bell-shaped  but  cleft  down  to  the  adherent  ovary,  brown- 
purple  inside,  the  abruptly  spreading  lobes  pointed. 

§  2.    Filaments  short  or  almost  none  :  anthers  oblong-linear  :  styles  6,  each  2-dejl, 
bearing  the  stigma  below  the  deft :  leaves  thick  and  evergreen,  smooth,  often 
mottled,  usually  only  one  each  year  :  rootstocks  in  a  close  cluster. 
A.  Virginicum,  VIRGINIA  W.     Along  the  Alleghanies  S.  :  leaves  small, 
rounded  heart-shaped;  calyx  tubular-bell-shaped  with  a  somewhat  narrowed 
throat  and  broad  short  lobes,  the  base  coherent  only  with  base  of  the  ovary. 

A.  arifblium,  from  Virginia  S  ,  has  larger  somewhat  halberd-shaped 
leaves,  and  very  short  and  blunt  lobes  to  the  calyx. 

2.  ARISTOLOCHIA,  BIRTHWORT.     (Ancient  name,  from  medicinal 
properties.)     Cells  of  the  anthers  in  our  species  4  in  a  horizontal  row  under 
each  of  the  3  lobes  of  the  stigma,  i.  e.  two  contiguous  2-celled  anthers  in  each 
set,  or  6  in  all.     Flowers  in  and  above  the  axils. 

A.  Serpentaria,  VIRGINIA  SNAKEROOT  (used  in  medicine).  Rich  woods, 
chiefly  in  Middle  States  and  S.  :  low  downy  herb ;  stems  clustered  about  1° 
high  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  and  heart-shaped,  sometimes  halberd-form,  acute  ; 
flowers  all  next  the  root,  curved  like  the  letter  S,  contracted  in  the  middle  and 
at  the  throat,  in  summer.  2/ 

A.  Sipho,  PIPE- VINE,  DUTCHMAN'S  PIPE  (from  the  shape  of  the  curved 
calyx).  Rich  woods  from  Penn.  along  the  mountains  S.  and  planted  for  arbors : 
very  tall-climbing  woody  twiner,  smooth,  but  the  rounded  heart-shaped  leaves 
often  downy  beneath,  these  becoming  8' -12'  broad  ;  peduncles  with  a  clasping 
bract,  drooping;  calyx  l£'  long,  inflated  above  the  ovary,  narrowing  above, 
contracted  at  the  throat,  the  flat  border  brown-purple  and  obscurely  3-lobed : 
fl.  late  spring. 

A.  tomentosa.  Common  S. :  a  more  slender  woody  climber,  with  smaller 
rounder  and  very  veiny  downy  leaves,  and  yellowish  flower  with  an  oblique 
almost  closed  brownish  orifice,  the  border  rcflexed  :  fl.  late  spring  or  summer. 


FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.  283 

91.  NYCTAGINACE.33,  FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY. 

Represented  by  a  few  plants  with  tubular  or  funnel-form  calyx 
colored  like  a  corolla,  and  falling  away  from  a  persistent  lower 
portion  which  closes  completely  over  the  1-celled  1-ovuled  ovary 
and  seed-like  fruit,  forming  a  hard  and  dry  covering  which  would 
be  mistaken  for  a  true  pericarp.  Stamens  2-5,  the  long  slender 
filaments  hypogynous,  but  apt  to  adhere  somewhat  to  the  sides  of 
the  calyx-tube  above.  Embryo  coiled  around  some  mealy  albumen. 
(Lessons,  p.  15,  fig.  36,  37.)  Ours  are  herbs,  with  opposite  simple 
entire  or  wavy  leaves,  and  jointed  stems,  tunid  at  the  joints. 

1.  ABRONIA.     Flowers  small,  many  in  a  peduncled  umbel-like  head  surrounded 

by  an  involucre  of  about  5  separate  bracts.  Calyx  salver-shaped  with  a 
slender  tube,  and  a  corolla-like  5-lobed  border,  which  is  plaited  in  the  bud, 
the  lobes  generally  notched  at  the  end.  Stamens  5  and  style  included. 

2.  OXYBAPHUS.     Flowers  small,  a  few  together  surrounded  by  a  5-lobed  invo- 

lucre, which  enlarges  and  becomes  thin,  membranaceous,  reticulated,  and 
wheel-shaped  after  flowering.  Calyx  with  a  very  short  tube  constricted 
above  the  ovary,  expanding  into  a  bell-shaped  5-lobed  corolla-like  border, 
open  only  for  a  day.  Stamens  (mostly  3)  and  slender  style  protruding, 
fruit  (persistent  base  of  calyx)  akene-like,  strongly-ribbed. 

3.  MIRABILIS.     Flower  large,  in  the  common  species  only  a  single  one  in  the 

cup-shaped  5-cleft  green  involucre,  which  thus  exactly  imitates  a  calyx,  as 
the  tubular  funnel-shaped  or  almost  salver-shaped  delicate  calyx  does  a 
corolla.  Stamens  5,  and  especially  the  stvle  (tipped  with  a  shield-shaped 
stigma)  protruded.  Fruit  ovoid,  smooth  and  nearly  even. 

1.  ABRONIA.      (Name  from  Greek   word  meaning  delicate.}      Western 
North  American  herbs,  cultivated  for  ornament :  fl  all  summer.     2/ 

A.  Uinbellata,  from  coast  of  California,  has  prostrate  slender  stems,  ovate- 
oblong  slender  petioled  leaves,  and  rose-purple  flowers  open  by  day,  the  invo- 
lucre of  small  bracts. 

A.  fragrans,  from  Rocky  Mountains,  hardy  N.,  has  ascending  branching 
stems,  lance-ovate  leaves,  and  white  sweet-scented  flowers  opening  at  sunset; 
the  involucre  of  conspicuous  ovate  scarious  and  whitish  bracts. 

2.  OXYBAPHUS.     (Name  from  a  Greek  word  for  a  vinegar-saucer,  from 
the  shape  of  the  involucre.)     If.     Several  species  on  Western  plains  :  fl.  rose- 
purple,  all  summer. 

O.  nyctagineus.  Rocky  or  gravelly  soil  from  Wisconsin  W.  &  S.  : 
smooth  or  smoothish ;  leaves  petioled,  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  obtuse 
or  heart-shaped  at  base. 

O.  albidus.  From  North  Carolina  S.  :  often  hairy  above ;  leaves  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  acute  at  base,  lanceolate  or  oblong ;  fruit  more  hairy. 

3.  MIRABILIS,  FOUR-O'CLOCK  or  MARVEL-OF-PERU.      (Clu- 
sius  called  it  Admirahilis,  which  Linnaeus  shortened.)     Natives  of  warm  parts 
of  America  :  roots  very  large  and  fleshy ;  leaves  more  or  less  heart-shaped, 
the  lower  petioled  ;  flowers  mostly  clustered,  showy,  opening  towards  sunset 
or  in  cloudy  weather,  produced  all  summer.     ^ 

M.  Jalapa.  Cult,  for  ornament  in  many  varieties  as  to  flower  (red,  yellow, 
white,  or  variegated),  its  tube  only  2'  long  and  thickish,  stamens  shorter  than 
its  spreading  border  ;  whole  plant  nearly  smooth. 

M.  longiflbra.  Less  common  in  cult. ;  tube  of  the  sweet-scented  flower 
6'  long  and  clammy-hairy  (as  well  as  the  upper  leaves) ;  stamens  shorter  than 
its  spreading  white  border. 

M.  Wrightiana.  Texas  and  cult. :  more  slender  than  the  last,  nearly 
smooth,  tube  of  the  smaller  and  more  slender  faintly  fragrant  flower  4'  long, 
the  border  white  tinged  witli  rose ;  stamens  and  style  much  protruding. 


284  GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY. 

92.  PHYTOLACCACE^E,  POKEWEED  FAMILY. 

A  small  family,  represented  here  only  by  a  single  species  of  the 
principal  genus, 

1.   PHYTOLACCA.   POKE  or  POKEWEED.      (A  mongrel  name,  of 

the  Greek  word  for  plant  prefixed  to  the  French  /oc,  lake,  alluding  to  the 

crimson  coloring-matter  of  the  berries.)     Calyx  of  5  rounded  petal-like  white 

sepals.     Stamens  5  -  30.     Ovary  of  several  cell?  and  lobes,  bearing  as  many 

short  styles,  in  fruit  a  depressed  juicy  berry,  containing  a  ring  of  vertical 

seeds  ;  these  formed  on  the  plan  of  those  of  the  next  family.     ^ 

P.  decandra,   COMMON   P.  or  SCORE,  GARGET,  &c.      Coarse  smooth 

weed  of  low  grounds,  with  large  acrid-poisonous  root,  stout  stems  6° -9°  high, 

alternate  ovate-oblong  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  racemes  becoming  lateral 

opposite  a  leaf,  in  summer,  ripening  the  dark  crimson  purple  berries  in  autumn ; 

stamens,  styles,  and  seeds  10. 

93.  CHENOPODIACE^I,  GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 

Represented  chiefly  by  homely  herbs,  with  inconspicuous  green- 
ish flowers  ;  the  1-celled  ovary  has  a  single  ovule  and  ripens  into 
an  akene  or  utricle,  containing  a  single  seed,  usually  with  embryo 
coiled  more  or  less  around  mealy  albumen.  Leaves  chiefly  alter- 
nate. Plants  neither  attractive  nor  easy  to  students  ;  only  the 
cultivated  plants  and  commonest  weeds  here  given. 

§  1.    Cultivated  for  ornament,  twining  plant,  with  white  flowers :  calyx  corolla-like. 

1.  BOUSS1NGAULTIA.    Flowers  in  slender  spikes  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 

perfect.  Calyx  6-parted,  spreading,  and  with  one  or  two  exterior  sepals  or 
bracts.  Stamens  6,  with  slender  filaments.  Style  slender:  stigmas  3,  club- 
shaped.  Fruit  a  thin  akene,  pointed  with  the  persistent  style. 

$  2.    Cultivated  for  food,  from  Eu. :  flowers  greenish,  a»  is  usual  in  the  family. 

2.  BETA.    Flowers  perfect,  clustered,  with  3  bracts  and  a  5-cleft  calyx  becoming 

indurated  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  hard  akene,  the  bases  of  the  two  coherent. 
Stamens  5.  Style  short  j  stigmas  mostly  2.  Seed  horizontal. 
8.  SPINACIA.  Flowers  dioecious,  in  axillary  close  clusters ;  the  staminate  ones 
racemed  or  spiked,  consisting  of  a  4-5-lobed  calyx  and  as  many  stamens. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  a  tubular  calyx  which  is  2-3-toothed  at  the  apex  and 
2-3-horned  on  the  sides,  hardening  and  enclosing  the  akene.  Styles  4. 
Seed  vertical. 

§  3.    Weeds  of  cultivation,  or  of  roadsides,  flelds,  <fc.     Flowers  perfect,  bractless. 

4.  BLITUM.     Flowers  in  close  axillary  clusters  or  heads,  which  are  sometimes 

confluent  into  interrupted  spikes.  Calyx  2-5-parted,  becoming  fleshy  or 
berry-like  in  fruit  in  the  genuine  species.  Stamens  1-5.  Styles  or  stigmas 
2.  Seed  vertical  in  the  calyx. 

5.  CHENOPODIUM.     Flowers  in  small  clusters  collected  in  spiked  or  sometimes 

open  panicles.  Calyx  mostly  5-cleft,  not  succulent  in  fruit.  Ovary  and 
utricle  depressed.  (Lessons,  p.  130,  fig.  297.)  Styles  2,  rarely  3.  "  Seed 
horizontal,  or  in  a  few  species  occasionally  vertical. 

The  following  also  are  common  species  along  the  coast  or  near  salt-water  :  — 

Atriplex  patula,  and  one  or  two  other  species  of  OKACHB  :  most  like 
Spinacia,  but  scurfy  or  mealy. 

Salicornia  herbacea,  and  two  other  species  of  GLASSWORT  :  low,  leaf- 
less, fleshy,  jointed,  branching  plants,  with  the  flowers  sunken  in  the  fleshy 
spikes. 

Suaeda  maritima,  SEA  ELITE  :  with  branching  stems,  and  small  flowers 
in  the  axils  of  linear  nearly  terete  fleshy  leaves. 

Salsola   Kali,   SALTWORT  :    bushy-branching  annual,  with  awl-shaped 


GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.  285 

prickly  pointed  leaves,  and  flesh-colored  horizontal  wings  on  the  back  of  the 
fruiting  calyx,  making  a  circular  broad  border. 

1.  BOUSSINGAULTIA.     (Named   for   the   traveller  and  agricultural 

chemist,  Uoussinyault.) 

B.  baselloides,  of  South  America  :  high  twining  plant,  in  cultivation  her- 
baceous, from  oblong  tubers  resembling  small  potatoes  :  smooth,  with  some- 
what heart-shaped  succulent  leaves,  and  slender  racemes  of  deliciously  fragrant 
small  flowers  in  autumn.  11 

2.  BETA,  BEET.     (Latin  name.)     One  species  in  cultivation,  viz. :  — 

B.  Vlllgaris,  COMMON  BEKT,  from  S.  Eu. :  cult,  in  many  varieties,  with 
ovate-oblong  smooth  often  wavy-margined  leaves,  sometimes  purple-tinged  ; 
flower-clusters  spiked;  root  conical  or  spindle-shaped.  MANGEL  WURTZEL  or 
SCARCITY-ROOT  is  a  mere  variety,  the  root  used  for  feeding  cattle.  © 

3.  SPII^ACIA,  SPINACH.     (Name  from  Latin  for  spine  or  thorn;  prob- 
ably from  the  horns  or  projections  on  the  fruiting-calyx  which  become  rather 
spiny  in  one  variety. ) 

S.  oleracea,  COMMOU  SPINACH,  cult,  from  the  Orient,  as  a  pot-herb  ;  the 
soft-fleshy  leaves  triangular  or  ovate  and  pctioled.  (T)  © 

4.  BLITUM,  ELITE.     (Ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name  of  some  pot-herb 
or  of  the  Amaranth.)     Fl.  summer. 

B.  capitatum,  STRAWBERRY  ELITE,  the  flower-heads  as  the  fruit  matures 
becoming  bright  red  and  juicy,  like  strawberries  ;  leaves  triangular  and  halberd- 
shaped,  wavy-toothed,  smooth  and  bright  green.  Dry  banks,  margins  of  woods, 
&c.  N.,  sometimes  in  gardens.  ®  (i) 

B.  Bonus-Henrious,  GOOD-KING-HENRY,  cult,  in  some  old  gardens,  is 
between  a  Elite  and  a  Goosefoot,  being  slightly  mealy,  as  in  the  latter,  and  the 
calyx  not  fleshy  nor  fully  enclosing  the  fruit,  but  the  seed  is  vertical ;  leaves 
triangular  and  partly  halberd-shaped  ;  flower-clusters  crowded  in  an  interrupted 
terminal  spike.     1^ 

5.  CHENOPODIUM,    GOOSEFOOT    (which  the  name   denotes    in 
Greek),  PIGWEED,  &c.     Weeds  :  fl.  late  summer  and  autumn. 

§  1 .   Either  smooth  or  with  scurfy  mealiness,  insipid,  never  hairy  nor  aromatic.   (T) 

C.  album,  WHITE  G.  or  LAMB'S-QUARTERS  ;  the  commonest  species  in  all 
cult,  ground  :  pale,  more  or  less  mealy,  with  leaves  varying  from  rhombic-ovate 
to  lanceolate,  either  angled- toothed  or  entire,  and  flower-clusters  in  dense  pani- 
cled  spikes.      Var.  BOSCIA.NUM,  wild  in  shady  places,  mostly  S.,  has  loose 
branches,  obscure  mealiness,  and  smaller  loosely  clustered  flowers. 

C.  urbicum,  in  waste  grounds,  is  dull  green,  scarcely  mealy,  the  triangular 
leaves  coarsely  and  sharply  many-toothed,  flower-clusters  in'  dense  panicled 
spikes,  and  seed  with  rounded  margins. 

C.  h^bridum,  MAPLE-LEAVED  G.  Waste  grounds,  unpleasantly  scented 
like  Stramonium,  bright  green  throughout ;  the  widely  branching  stem  2°  -  4° 
high  ;  the  thin  large  leaves  triangular  and  heart-shaped,  sinuate  and  angled,  the 
angles  extended  into  a  few  taper-pointed  coarse  teeth ;  racemes  in  loose  and 
leafless  panicles  ;  seed  sharp-edged. 

§  2.  Not  mealy  or  scurfy,  but  minutely  glandular  or  pubescent,  aromatic-scented: 
the  seed  sometimes  vertical.  ®  ® 

C.  Bbtrys,  JERUSALEM  OAK  or  FEATHER  GERANIUM.  Gardens  and 
some  roadsides :  low,  spreading,  almost  clammy-pubescent,  sweet-scented ; 
leaves  sinuate-pinnatifid,  slendcr-pctioled  ;  racemes  loosely  coryrabcd. 

C.  ambrosioides,  MEXICAN  TEA,  WORMSEED.  Waste  grounds,  especi- 
ally S. :  rather  stout,  smoothish,  strong-scented  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
varying  from  entire  to  cut-pinnatifid,  nearly  sessile ;  spikes  dense,  lenfy  or  leaf- 
less. This,  especially  the  more  cut-leaved  Var.  ANTIIELM^STICUM,  is  used  as  a 
vermifuge,  and  yields  the  wormseed-oiL 


286  AMARANTH    FAMILY. 

94.   AMARANTACE-33,  AMARANTH  FAMILY. 

Weeds  and  some  ornamental  plants,  chiefly  herbs,  essentially  like 
the  foregoing  family,  but  the  flowers  provided  with  dry  and  mostly 
scarious  crowded  persistent  bracts,  and  the  fruit  sometimes  several- 
seeded.  The  cultivated  sorts  are  ornamental,  like  Immortelles,  oil 
account  of  their  colored  dry  bracts  which  do  not  wither. 

§  1.   Leaves  alternate,  mostly  long-petioled :  anthers  ^.-celled. 

1.  AMARANTHS.      Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,   each   \vith.3  bracts. 

Calyx  of  5,  or  sometimes  3,  equal  erect  sepals,  smooth.  Stamens  5,  some- 
times 2  or  3.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Ovule  solitary,  on  a  stalk  from  the  base  of  the 
ovary.  Fruit  an  utricle,  2-3-pointed  at  apex,  usually  opening  all  round 
transversely,  the  upper  part  falling  off'  as  a  lid  (Lessons,  p.  130,  fig.  298), 
discharging  the  seed.  Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  spiked  clusters. 

2.  CELOSIA.     Flowers  perfect.     Ovules  and  seeds  numerous.     Otherwise  nearly 

as  Amarantus,  but  the  crowded  spikes  imbricated   with   shining  colored1 
bracts.    In  cultivation  the  spikes  are  often  changed  into  broad  crests. 
§  2.   Leaves  opposite :  anthers  \-celled. 

3.  GOMPHRENA.     Flowers  perfect,  chiefly  in  terminal  round  heads,  crowded 

with  the  firm  colored  bracts.  Calyx  5-parted  or  of  5  sepals.  Stamens  5, 
monadelphous  below:  filaments  broad,  3-cleft  at  summit,  the  middle  lobe 
bearing  a  1-celled  anther  (Lessons,  p.  114,  fig.  239).  Utricle  1-seeded. 

Achyranthes  or  Iresine  Verschaflfeltii  is  lately  cult,  for  its  red 
foliage,  a  poor  substitute  for  Coleus,  except  in  shade,  where  it  has  clear  red 
stems,  its  ovate  or  roundish  opposite  leaves  strongly  veined  or  blotched  with  red, 
or  wholly  crimson. 

Iresine  celosioides,  a  wild  tall  Aveed,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  panicles 
of  small  white-woolly  flowers,  is  common  S.  W. 

Acnida  cannabina,  in  salt-marshes  along  the  coast,  is  a  tall  annual,  like 
an  Amaranth,  but  dioecious,  bracts  inconspicuous,  and  the  fleshy  indehiscent 
fruit  3  -  5-angled  and  crested. 

1.  AMARANTUS,  AMARANTH.  (From  Greek  for  unfading.)  Coarse 
weeds  of  cult,  and  waste  grounds,  and  one  or  two  cultivated  for  ornament : 
fl.  late  summer.  Bracts  commonly  awn-pointed.  © 

§  1.   RED  AMARANTHS,  the  flower-clusters  or  the  leaves  tinged  with  red  or  purple. 

A.  caudatUS,  PRINCES'  FEATHER.  Cult,  from  India  :  tall,  stout ;  leaves 
ovate,  bright  green  ;  spikes  red,  naked,  long  and  slender,  in  a  drooping  panicle, 
the  terminal  one  forming  a  very  long  tail. 

A.  hypochondriacus.  Cult,  from  Mexico,  £c.  :  stout ;  leaves  oblong, 
often  reddish-tinged  ;  flower-clusters  deep  crimson-purple,  short  and  thick,  the 
upper  making  an  interrupted  blunt  spike. 

A.  paniculatUS.  Coarse  weed  in  gardens  :  the  oblong-ovate  or  lance- 
oblong  leaves  often  blotched  or  veined  with  purple ;  flowers  in  rather  slender 
purplish-tinged  spikes  collected  in  an  erect  terminal  panicle. 

A.  melanch61icus,  LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING.  Cult,  from  China  or  India  : 
rather  low  ;  stems  and  stalks  red  ;  the  ovate  thin  leaves  dark  purple  or  partly 
green  ;  or,  in  var.  TRICOLOR,  greenish  with  red  or  violet  and  yellow  variously 
mixed  ;  sepals  and  stamens  only  3. 

§  2.    GREEN  AMARANTHS,  or  PIGWEEDS,  flowr-rs  and  leaves  green  or  greenish. 

A.  retroflexus,  COMMON  PIGWEED  :  erect,  roughish-pubescent  or  smooth- 
er ;  spikes  crowded  in  a  stiff  panicle,  the  awn-pointed  bracts  rigid. 

A.  spin6sus,  THORNY  A.     Waste  ground,  chiefly  IS. :  dull  green  leaves 
Avith  a  pair  of  spines  in  their  axils  ;  floAvers  small,  yellowish-green,  in  round  ' 
axillary  clusters  and  in  a  long  terminal  spike. 

A.  albus.  Roadsides  and  streets,  spreading  over  the  ground  ;  with  obovate 
and  spatuflite  leaves,  flowers  all  in  small  clusters  in  their  axils  and  covered  by 
rigid  sharp-pointed  bracts  ;  sepals  3  ;  stamens  2  or  3. 


BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.  287 

2.  CELOSIA,  COCKSCOMB.     (Name  in  Greek  means  dried,  alluding  to 

the  scarious  bracts.)     Fl.  summer.     (F) 

C.  cristata,  COMMON  C.  of  the  gardens,  from  India,  in  various  usually 
monstrous  forms,  the  showy  flower-crests  crimson-red,  sometimes  rose-colored, 
yellow,  or  white. 

8.   GOMPHRENA.     (Ancient  name  of  an  Amaranth.)     FL  summer. 

G.  globosa,  GLOBE  AMARANTH  or  BACHELOR'S-BUTTON.  Cult,  from 
India  :  low,  branching,  pubescent,  with  oblong  nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  dense 
round  heads  crimson,  rose-color,  or  white. 

95.   POLYGONACE2E,  BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 

Known  by  the  alternate  entire  leaves  having  stipules  in  the  form 
of  scarious  or  membranous  sheaths  at  the  strongly  marked  usually 
tumid  joints  of  the  stem.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  on  jointed  pedi- 
cels, with  green  or  colored  4-6-parted  usually  persistent  or  wither- 
ing calyx,  4-9  stamens  on  its  base,  2  or  3  stigmas,  1 -celled  ovary 
with  a  single  ovule  rising  from  its  base  (Lessons,  p.  122,  fig.  268), 
forming  an  akene  or  nutlet.  Embryo  mostly  on  the  outside  of 
mealy  albumen,  the  radicle  pointing  to  the  apex  of  the  fruit. 

ERIOGONUM  differs  in  having  no  obvious  stipules,  and  the 
flowers  from  a  cup-shaped  involucre.  There  are  a  few  species 
of  the  genus  S.  and  S.  W.,  and  many  near  and  beyond  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

§  1.    Calyx  of  5,  rarely  4,  more  or  less  petal-like  similar  sepals,  erect  after  flowering. 

1.  POLYGONUM.    Flowers  in  racemes,  spikes,  or  else  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

Akene  either  lenticular  when  there  are  2  stigmas,  or  triangular  when  there 
are  3.  Embryo  curved  round  one  side  of  the  albumen :  cotyledons  narrow. 

2.  FAGOPYRUM.     Differs  from  one  section  of  Polygonum  mainly  in  having  an 

embryo  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  which  is  divided  into  2  parts  by  the 
very  broad  leaf-like  cotyledons.  The  triangular  akene  longer  than  the  calyx. 

§  2.    Calyx  of  6  sepals  often  of  two  sorts :  styles  3. 

3.  RHEUM.     Sepals  all  similar,  petal-like,  withering-persistent  underneath  the 

3-winged  fruit.     Stigmas  capitate  or  wedge-shaped.     Stamens  9. 

4.  RUME  A.     Sepals  of  2  sorts ;  the  3  outer  ones  herbaceous  and  at  length  spread- 

ing; the  alternate  inner  3  larger,  somewhat  colored,  enlarging  after  flowering, 
becoming  veiny  and  dry,  often  bearing  a  grain-like  tubercle  on  the  back,  and 
convergent  over  the  3-angled  akene.  Stigmas  a  hairy  tuft.  Stamens  6. 

1.  POLYGONUM,  KNOTWEED,  JOINTWEED.  (The  name  in  Greek 
means  many-jointed.)  Chiefly  weeds  ;  some  with  rather  showy  flowers  ;  the 
following  are  the  commonest :  fl.  late  summer  and  autumn. 

§  1.  Flowers  along  the  stem,  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  almost  sessile  linear  or 
oblong  leaves,  small,  greenish-white :  sheaths  scarious,  usually  cleft  or  torn 
and  fringed.  (T) 

P.  avicul&re,  KNOT-GRASS,  GOOSE-GRASS,  or  DOORWEED.  Prostrate 
or  spreading  and  variable  low  weed,  with  pale  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves, 
commonly  5  stamens,  and  dull  3-sided  akene  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  Var. 
ERECTUM,  has  more  upright  steins,  and  larger  oblong  or  oval  leaves. 

P.  ramosissimum.  Chiefly  W.  in  sandy  soil  :  with  nearly  erect  mncli- 
branched  and  rigid  striate  stems  2°  -4°  high  ;  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  taper- 
ing into  a  petiole,  and  a  glossy  akene ;  sepals  6  aud  stamens  6  or  3,  or  else 
sepals  5  with  4  or  5  stamens. 


288  BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY. 

P.  t6nue.  Rocky  dry  soil :  slender,  upright,  with  thread-like  branches, 
along  which  the  upper  flowers  form  a  loose  leafy  spike ;  leaves  narrow  linear, 
acute ;  akene  shining. 

§  2.   Flowers  collected  in  terminal  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  rose-purple  or  flesh- 
color,  or  rarely  white  or  greenish, 

*  Leaves  small  and  thread-like  or  at  length  none :  (he  sheaths  truncate,  naked,  rigid: 

many-jointed  raceme  with  a  single  flower  under  each  bract. 

P.  articulatum.  Sandy  shores  and  barrens  :  a  slender  little  plant,  bushy- 
branching,  4' -12'  high;  flowers  rose-colored,  nodding;  stamens  8;  akene 
triangular.  0 

*  *  Leaves  ovate,    short-petioled :    sheaths  cylindrical,  fringed-hairy :    greenish 

flowers  1-3  from  each  bract  of  the  long  and  slender  spikes,  unequally  4- 
parted  ;  the  2  styles  re  flexed  on  the  lenticular  akene  and  hooked  at  the  tip. 
P.  Virginianum.     Thickets  :  2° -4°  high,  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  rough- 
ciliate,  3'  -  6'  long  ;  flower  somewhat  curved ;  stamens  5.     ^ 

*  *  *  Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,   or  ovate,  chiefly  petioled :  sheaths  cylindrical: 

flowers  several  from  each  bract  of  the  spike,  ^-parted. 

H-  Sheaths  mostly  with  an  abruptly  spreading  foliaceous  border  (which  sometimes 
falls  off") :  tall,  3°  -  8°  high,  with  dense  cylindrical  nodding  spikes  of  rose- 
colored  flowers,  and  flat  akenes. 

P.  orientale,  PRINCES'  FEATHER.  Gardens  and  cultivated  grounds,  from 
India  :  with  large  ovate  pointed  leaves,  and  7  stamens. 

P.  Careyi.  Swamps  from  Pennsylvania  N.  &  E. :  with  lanceolate  leaves, 
glandular  bristly  peduncles,  and  5  stamens. 

+-  H-  Sheaths  truncate,  without  a  border.  < 

•w-  Herbage  and  flowers  not  acrid  nor  punctate  with  pellucid  glands  or  dots. 
=  In  moist  soil :  leaves  lanceolate  :  plants  nearly  smooth.     (T) 

P.  incarnktum.  Tall,  3° -6°  high  ;  leaves  tapering  from  near  the  base 
to  a  narrow  point  (4;  - 12'  long) ;  sheaths  smooth  and  naked  ;  peduncles  rough 
with  scattered  sessile  glands  ;  spikes  linear,  nodding  ;  flowers  flesh-color  or  pale 
rose  ;  the  6  stamens  and  2  styles  included  ;  akene  flat  with  concave  sides. 

P.  Pennsylvanicum.  Stems  l°-3°  high,  the  branches  above  and  pe- 
duncles bristly  with  stalked  glands  ;  sheaths  naked ;  spikes  oblong,  thick  and 
blunt,  erect ;  flowers  rose-purple ;  stamens  8,  a  little  protruding ;  style  2-cleft ; 
akene  with  flat  sides. 

P.  Persicaria,  LADY'S  THUMB.  Nat.  from  Eu.  near  dwellings,  about 
1  °  high  :  upper  face  of  leaves  with  a  dark  blotch  near  the  middle ;  sheaths 
somewhat  bristly-ciliate ;  spikes  oblong,  dense,  erect,  on  naked  peduncles ; 
flowers  greenish-purple;  stamens  mostly  6;  style  2-3-cleft;  akene  either 
flattish  or  triangular. 

=  =  In  water  :  stems  rooting  below.    ^ 

P.  amphibium.  WATER  P.  Chiefly  N. :  stems  often  simple  bearing  a 
single  ovate  or  oblong  dense  spike  or  head  of  pretty  large  and  showy  rose-red 
flowers ;  leaves  oblong,  heart-oblong,  lance-ovate  or  lanceolate,  mostly  long- 
petioled,  often  floating  ;  sheaths  not  fringed  ;  stamens  5  ;  style  2-cleft. 

P.  hydropiperoides.  Commonest  S.  :  stems  slender,  rising  out  of 
shallow  water  l°-3°  high  ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  ;  sheaths 
hairy  and  fringed  with  long  bristles  ;  spikes  erect,  slender  ;  flowers  small,  pale 
or  white  ;  stamens  8  ;  style  3-cleft ;  akene  sharply  triangular. 

•t-v  -w- Herbage  (smooth)  punfjentiy  acrid:  leaves  and  pale  sepals  marked  with 
pellucid  dots  or  glands,  in  which  the  acrid  quality  resides :  sheaths  fringed 
with  bristles. 

P.  acre,  WATER  SMARTWEED.  Shallow  water  or  wet  soil :  stems  rooting 
at  the  decumbent  base,  rising  2° -4°  high;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  taper- 
pointed  ;  spikes  slender,  erect ;  flowers  whitish  or  pale  flesh-color  ;  stamens  8  ; 
akene  sharply  triangular,  shining.  2/ 


BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.  289 

P.  Hydr6piper,  COMMON  S.  or  WATER  PEPPER.  Low  or  wot  grounds 
N.  :  l°-2°  high;  leaves  oblongrlanceolate  ;  spikes  nodding,  mostly  short; 
flowers  greenish-white  ;  stamens  6  ;  akene  either  flat  or  obtusely  triangular.  © 

#  *  #  #  Leaves  heart-shaped  or  arrow-shaped,  petiolcd :  sheaths  half-cylindrical, 
•»-  TEAR-THUMB.     Stems  with  spreading  branches,  the  angles  and  petioles  armed 

with  sharp  reftexed  prickles,  by  which  the  plant  is  enabled  almost  to  climb  : 
flowers  in  peduncled  heads  or  short  racemes,  white  or  flesh-color.  © 
P.  arifblium.     Low  grounds  :  leaves  halberd-shaped,  long-petioled ;  the 
peduncles  glandular-bristly  ;  stamens  6  ;  styles  2  ;  akene  lenticular. 

P.  sagittatum.  Low  grounds  :  leaves  arrow-shaped,  short-petioled ;  the 
peduncles  naked ;  stamens  mostly  8  ;  styles  3  ;  akene  sharply  5-angled. 

•»—  -•-  BLACK  BINDWEED.     Stems  twining,  not  prickly :  flow rs  whitish,  in  loose 
panicled  racemes  :  three  outermost  of  the  5  divisions  of  the  ca'y.r,  fceeltd  or 
crested,  at  least  in  fruit :  stamens  8  :  styles  3  :  aken+s  triangular. 
P.  Conv61vulus.     Low  twining  or  spreading  weed  from  Eu.,  in  culti- 
vated fields,   &c.  :    smoothish,    with  heart-shaped  and  almost  halberd-shaped 
leaves,  and  very  small  flowers.     © 

P.  cilinbde.  Rocky  shady  places :  tall-twining,  rather  downy,  a  ring  of 
reflexcd  bristles  at  the  joints  ;  leaves  angled-heart-shaped  ;  outer  sepals  hardly 
keeled,  y 

P.  dumet6rum,  CLIMBING  FALSE  BUCKWHEAT.  Moist  thickets :  tall- 
twining,  smooth  ;  joints  naked ;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  approaching  halberd- 
shaped  ;  panicles  leafy ;  outer  sepals  strongly  keeled  and  in  fruit  irregularly 
winged.  ^ 

2.  FAGOPYRUM,   BUCKWHEAT.     (The  botanical  name,  from  the 
Greek,  and  the  popular  name,  from  the  German,  both  denote  Beech-wheat,  the 
grain  resembling  a  diminutive  beech-nut.)    Cult,  from  N.  Asia,  for  the  flour 
of  its  grain  :  fl.  summer.     © 

F.  escul6ntum,  COMMON  B.  Nearly  smooth;  leaves  triangular-heart- 
shaped  inclining  to  halberd-shaped  or  arrow-shaped,  on  long-petioles  ;  sheaths 
half-cylindrical ;  flowers  white  or  nearly  so  in  corymbose  panicles  ;  stamens  8, 
with  as  many  honey-bearing  glands  interposed ;  styles  3  ;  acutely  triangular 
akene  large. 

F.  tartaricum,  TARTARY  or  INDIAN  WHEAT.  Cult,  for  flour  on  our 
N.  E.  frontiers  and  N.  :  like  the  other,  but  flowers  smaller  and  tinged  with 
yellowish ;  grain  half  the  size,  with  its  less  acute  angles  wavy. 

3.  RHEUM,  RHUBARB.     (Name  said  to  come  from  the  Greek,  and  to 
refer  to  the  purgative  properties  of  the  root ;  that  of  several  species,  of  N. 
Asia,  yield  officinal  rhubarb.)      JJ. 

R.  Rhap6nticum,  GARDEN  R.  or  PIE-PLANT  ;  the  large  fleshy  stalks  of 
the  ample  rounded  leaves,  filled  with  pleasantly  acid  juice,  cooked  in  spring  as 
a  substitute  for  fruit ;  flowers  white,  in  late  spring. 

4.  RUMEX,  DOCK,  SORREL.     (Old  Latin  name.)     The  three  enlarged 
sepals  which  cover  the  fruit  are  called  valves.     Flowers  greenish,  in  whorls 
on  the  branches,  forming  panicled  racemes  or  interrupted  spikes. 

§  1.    DOCK.     Herbage  bitter :  flowers  perfect  or  partly  monoecious,  in  summer. 

*  In  marshes  :  stem  erect,  stout :  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong ,  flat,  not  wavy  : 

valves  entire  or  obscurely  wavy -toothed  in  the  first  species.     %. 
R.  orbiculatus,  GREAT  WATER  DOCK.      Common  N.  :    5°  -  6°  high  ; 
leaves  often    l°-2°  long;    flowers  nodding  on  slender  pedicels;    the  valves 
round-ovate  or  almost  orbicular,  thin,  finely  reticulated,  nearly  £'  wide,  each 
bearing  a  grain. 

R.  Britannica,  PALE  D.    Commoner  S. :  2° -6°  high ;  pedicels  nodding, 
shorter  than   the  fruiting  calyx,  which  has  broadly  ovate  loosely  reticulated 
valves,  one  with  a  large  grain,  the  others  commonly  naked  ;  root  yellow. 
19 


290  LAUREL    FAMILY. 

R.  Salicif61ius,  WHITE  D.  Salt  marshes  :  l°-3°  high  ;  pedicels  much 
shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx  and  in  muclvcrowded  whorls,  forming  a  spike  ; 
valves  more  triangular  than  in  the  foregoing  and  smaller,  their  grain  very 
large ;  root  white. 

R.  verticil!  atllS,  SWAMP  D.  Common  N. :  3° -5°  high;  whorls  loose; 
fruit-bearing  pedicels  slender  and  club-shaped,  abruptly  reflexed  ;  valves  some- 
what rhombic  and  with  narrow  blunt  apex,  each  bearing  a  very  large  grain ; 
leaves  thickish,  the  lowest  often  heart-shaped  at  base. 

#  #  Weeds  nat.  from  Europe  in  cult,  or  waste  ground :  stem  erect,  2°  —  4°  high  : 
lower  leaves  or  some  of  them  heart-shaped  at  base,  all  more  or  less  wdvtj : 
root  commonly  ytUow  and  spindle-shaped,  1^ 

R.  crispus,  CURLED  D.  Leaves  green,  lanceolate,  very  wavy-curled,  the 
lower  rather  truncate  than  heart-shaped  at  base ;  whorls  crowded  in  long 
racemes  ;  valves  rounded,  heart-shaped,  nearly  entire  ;  mostly  grain-bearing. 

R.  sanguineus,  BLOODY-VEINED  or  RED  D.  Leaves  less  curled  and 
red-veined,  lanceolate  or  oblong ;  whorls  distant ;  pedicels  very  short ;  valves 
narrowly  oblong,  one  or  more  grain-bearing. 

R.  Obtusif61ius,  BITTER  I).  Leaves  little  wavy,  the  upper  lance-oblong 
and  acute,  lower  oblong-heart-shaped  and  obtuse ;  whorls  loose  and  distant ; 
valves  ovate,  partly  halberd -shaped,  beset  with  some  long  sharp  teeth  near  the 
base,  usually  only  one  grain-bearing. 

*  *  *  Sandy  sea-shore  and  river-banks  N. :  5' -12'  high,  spreading.     (T) 

R.  maritimus.  Minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  lance-linear,  wavy-margined, 
the  lower  auricled  or  heart-shaped  at  base  ;  whorls  much  crowded  into  Icaf'v 
spikes  ;  valves  rhombic-oblong  with  a  tapering  point,  turning  orange-colored,  a 
large  grain  on  the  back  and  2  or  3  long  stout  bristles  on  each  margin. 

§  2.  SORRELS.  Herbage  add:  some  leaves  halberd-shaped,  others  ivith  entire 
narrowed  base :  flowers  dtoxious,  small,  in  a  terminal  naked  panicle  :  valvts 
naked :  ji.  spring  and  summer.  If. 

R.  AcetOS^lla,  COMMON  or  SHEEP  SORREL.  Low  weed  in  all  sterile 
fields  ;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  halberd-shaped,  the  lobes  or  auricles  narrow ;  pedi- 
cels jointed  with  the  flower  ;  ovate  valves  hardly  enlarging  in  fruit. 

R.  Engelmanni,  only  S.  &  W.,  differs  in  pedicels  jointed  near  the  mid- 
dle, and  thin  rounded  heart-shaped  valves  becoming  many  times  larger  than 
the  akene. 

96.   LAURACE^E,  LAUREL  FAMILY. 

Spicy-aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  the  alternate  simple  leaves  (with 
entire  margins  but  sometimes  lobed)  more  or  less  marked  with 
minute  pellucid  dots  ;  the  regular  flowers  with  a  calyx  of  4  or  6 
sepals  imbricated  in  two  ranks  in  the  bud,  and  free  from  the 
ovary  ;  the  latter  is  terminated  by  a  simple  style  and  stigma,  is 
1 -celled  with  a  hanging  ovule,  and  in  fruit  becomes  a  berry  or 
drupe.  The  stamens  (in  ours  9)  furnish  a  special  character,  their 
anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves  !  To  this  family  belong  the 
classical  Laurel  or  Bay,  the  Cinnamon,  the  Camphor-tree,  &c. 

*  Flowers  perfect,  in  axillary  panicles. 

1.  PER  SEA.     Calyx  6-parted,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry.     Stamens  9 

with  anthers,  the  3  outer  of  which  are  turned  outwards,  the  6  others  inward ; 
also  3  glands  or  sterile  filaments  forming  an  innermost  row.     The  two  proper 
cells  of  the  anther  with  a  lower  and  an  upper  chamber,  making  4  compart- 
ments, each  opening  by  a  valve  in  the  manner  of  u  trap-door. 
*  *  Flowers  wholly  or  nearly  dioecious,  greenisli-ydlow,  leaves  deciduous. 

2.  SASSAFRAS.     Flower?;   in   an  open  corymbed  and   peduncled  cluster,  with 

spivadincr  6-parted  calyx:  sterile  ones  with  ft  stamens  in  3  rows,  tlio  filaments 
of  tin;  three  inner  with'  a  pair  of  yellow  stalked  gla.nds  on  their  base.  Anther* 
with  4  chambers  as  in  the  preceding.  Fertile  flowers  with  6  rudiments  of 
stamens  and  an  ovoid  ovary,  becoming  a  drupe. 


MEZERTJM    FAMILY.  291 

3.  LIXDERA.     Flowers  in  sessile  lateral  clusters,  with  a  6-parted  honey-yellow 

calyx:  sterile  ones  with  9  stamens  having  simply  2-celled  and  2-valved 
anthers ;  the  inner  3  filaments  lobed  and  glandular  at  base.  Fertile  flowers 
with  a  globular  ovary,  surrounded  by  numerous  rudiments  of  stamens. 
Berry  red,  oval ;  the  stalk  not  thickened. 

4.  TETRAXTIIEliA.     Flowers  in  small  lateral  clustered  umbels,  with  6-parted 

deciduous  calyx:  sterile  ones  with  9  similar  stamens;  anthers  turned  in- 
wards, the  2  cells  with  2  chambers,  each  opening  by  a  valve,  as  in  Sassafras. 
Fertile  flowers  with  a  globular  ovary,  surrounded  by  numerous  rudiments  of 
stamens,  and  becoming  a  globular  drupe  or  berry. 

1.  PERSEA,  RED  BAY.     (Ancient  of  some  Oriental  tree.)     Leaves  ever- 
green :  flowers  greenish-white,  in  summer. 

P.  Carolinensis,  CAROLINA  RED  BAY.  Tree  or  large  shrub,  in  low 
grounds,  from  Delaware  S. :  hoary  when  young,  the  oblong  leaves  soon  smooth 
above ;  berries  blue  on  a  red  stalk. 

2.  SASSAFRAS.     (The  popular  name  of  this  very  well-known  tree.) 

S.  offlcinale,  SASSAFRAS.  In  rich  woods  :  a  fine  tree  with  mucilaginous 
yellowish  twigs  and  foliage,  spicy  bark,  flowers  appearing  in  spring  with  the 
leaves  ;  these  ovate  and  obovate,  and  some  of  them  3-cleft,  smooth  when  old  ; 
fruit  blue  on  a  club-shaped  rather  fleshy  stalks 

3.  LINDERA,     SPICEBUSH,    WILD   ALLSPICE,    FEVERBUSIL 

(Named  for./.  Llnder,  a  Swedish  botanist.)     Genus  also  named  BENZOIX. 
Shrubs  :  fl.  in  spring,  preceding  the  leaves. 

L.  Benzoin,  COMMON  S.  or  BENJAMIX-BUSH.  Damp  woods:  6° -15° 
high,  almost  smooth  ;  leaves  thin,  obovate-oblong,  acute  at  base,  3'-  5'  long. 

L.  melisssef61ia.  Wet  grounds  S. :  2° -3°  high,  silky-pubescent;  leaves 
oblong,  obtuse  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base,  1'  -  2'  long,  when  old  smooth 
above. 

4.  TETRANTHERA.     (Name  in  Greek  means  four  anthers,  alluding  to 
the  4  chambers  to  each  anther.) 

T.  geniculata,  POND  SPICE.  Along  ponds  in  pine-barrens  from  Virginia 
S. :  large  shrub,  soon  smooth,  with  forking  and  divergent  or  zigzag  branches, 
rather  coriaceous  oval  or  oblong  leaves  (£'-!'  long),  appearing  later  than  the 
flowers  in  spring  ;  these  in  little  crowded  clusters  of  2  -  4  from  2  -  4-leaved  in- 
volucres ;  fruit  red,  globular. 

97.   THYMELEACE^I,  MEZEREUM  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  with  acrid  and  very  tough  fibrous  bark,  entire  leaves,  and 
perfect  flowers,  having  a  simple  corolla-like  calyx,  bearing  twice  as 
uiMiiy  stamens  as  its  lobes  (usually  8),  the  anthers  of  the  ordinary 
sort ;  the  free  ovary  one-celled,  with  a  single  hanging  ovule,  becom- 
ing a  berry-like  fruit.  Flowers  commonly  in  umbel-like  clusters. 

1.  DAPHNE.     Calyx  salver-shaped  or  somewhat   funnel-shaped  ;    the  4  lobes 

spreading,  the*8  anthers  nearly  sessile  on  its  tube,  included.  Style  very  short 
or  none :  stigma  capitate. 

2.  DIRCA.      Calyx  tubular,   without  any  spreading  lobes,   the  wavy-truncate 

border  sometimes  obscurely  indicating  4  teeth.  The  8  stamens  and  the  style 
long  and  slender,  protruding. 

1.   DAPHNE.     (Mythological  name,  the   nymph   transformed  by  Apollo 
into  a  Laurel.)     The  following  cult,  for  ornament  from  the  Old  World. 
D.  Mezfereum,  MEZEREUM.     Hardy  low  shrub  from  Europe,  1°  -3°  high, 

with  pnrp'e-rose-colorcd  (rarely  white)  flowers,  in  lateral  clusters  on  shoots  of 

the  preceding  year,  in  early  spring,  before  the  lanceolate  very  smooth  green 

leaves  ;  berries  red. 


292  SANDALWOOD    FAMILY. 

D.  Cnebmm.  Hardy  under-shrub  from  Eu.,  spreading  and  branching, 
with  crowded  lance-oblong  or  oblanceolate  evergreen  leaves  (less  than  1'  long), 
and  a  terminal  cluster  of  handsome  rose-pink  flowers  in  spring. 

D.  Odbra,  SWEET  DAPHNE.  Greenhouse  shrub  from  China,  with  bright 
green  lance-oblong  evergreen  leaves,  and  terminal  clusters  of  white  or  pale  pink 
sweet-scented  flowers,  in  winter. 

2.   DIBCA,    LEATHER  WOOD,    MOOSE-WOOD.       (Classical    Greek 
name  of  a  celebrated  fountain.) 

D.  pallistris,  the  only  species,  in  damp  woods  chiefly  N. :  shrub  2° -6° 
high,  with  tender  white  wood,  but  very  tough  bark,  used  by  the  Indians  for 
thongs  (whence  the  popular  names),  the  numerous  branches  as  if  jointed;  leaves 
obovate  or  oval,  alternate,  nearly  smooth,  deciduous  ;  flowers  before  the  leaves 
in  earliest  spring,  honey-yellow,  few  in  a  cluster  from  a  bud  of  3  or  4  dark-hairy 
scales  forming  an  involucre ;  berry  reddish. 

98.   ELSIAGNACE^S,  OLEASTER  FAMILY. 

Silvery-scurfy  shrubs  or  small  trees,  having  often  dioecious 
inconspicuous  flowers,  the .  calyx-tube  of  the  fertile  ones  itself 
enclosing  the  ovary,  becoming  fleshy  and  ripening  into  a  sort  of 
berry,  around  the  akene-like  true  fruit,  the  seed  of  which  is  erect. 
Otherwise  much  like  the  preceding  family. 

Shepherdia  Canadensis,  a  low  shrub  along  onr  northern  borders,  with 
opposite  oval  leaves,  soon  green  above,  but  silvery  and  with  some  rusty  scurf 
beneath,  dioecious  4-parted  flowers,  and  yellow  berries. 

S.  arg6ntea,  BUFFALO-BERRY,  shrub  through  the  plains  and  mountains 
far  W.  and  N.  W.,  and  planted  for  ornament,  has  alternate  oblong  leaves  with 
narrowed  base,  silvery  both  sides,  and  edible  acid  red  berries. 

Elseagnus  arg6ntea,  SILVER-BERRY  of  the  far  West,  also  cult.,  with 
oval  silvery  leaves  and  mealy  edible  berries  ;  the  genus  known  by  the  mostly 
perfect  flowers  with  salver-shaped  calyx,  the  stamens  only  as  many  as  the  lobes, 
usually  4.  —  One  or  two  Old  World  species  are  occasionally  planted. 

99.  SANTALACE-2E,  SANDALWOOD  FAMILY. 

Represented  by  one  or  two  shrubs  along  the  Alleghanies  S.,  one 
of  them  the  PYRULARIA  OLEIFERA,  the  OIL-NUT  or  BUFFALO-NUT, 
—  and  widely  by  a  low  herb,  viz. 

1.  Comandra  umbellata.  Dry  ground,  common  N. :  probably  para- 
sitic on  the  roots  of  shnibs.  Known  by  the  5  stamens  with  their  anthers 
connected  with  the  face  of  the  white  calyx -lobes  behind  them  by  a  tuft  of  thread- 
like hairs  (to  which  the  name,  from  the  Greek,  alhides)  ;  tube  of  the  calyx 
coherent  below  with  the  ovary,  becoming  a  hard  or  nut-like  fruit,  filled  by  a 
globular  seed.  Stems  6'  -  10'  high,  with  many  small  oblong  pale  leaves. 

100.  LORANTHACE^E,  MISTLETOE  FAMILY. 

Parasitic  on  the  branches  of  trees,  represented  only,  through  the 
Middle  and  Southern  States,  by 

Phorad6ndron  flav^scens,  AMERICAN  MISTLETOE  ;  with  obovate  or 
oval,  yellowish-green,  thick,  slightly  petioled  leaves,  and  short  yellowish  jointed 
spikes  in  their  axils,  of  dioecious  greenish  flowers,  the  fertile  ones  ripening  white 
berries. 


SPURGE    FAMILY.  293 

101.    SAURURACE-ZE,  LIZARD'S-TAIL  FAMILY. 

A  very  small  family,  having  a  single  Eastern  North  American 
representative  in 

Saurtirus  c6rmiUS,  LIZARD'S-TAIL.  Wet  swamps  :  fl.  summer ;  stem 
jointed,  2°  high,  branching ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  with  converging  ribs,  petioled ; 
flowers  white,  crowded  in  a  dense  but  slender  tail-like  spike,  with  the  end 
nodding,  perfect,  but  with  neither  calyx  nor  corolla ;  stamens  6  or  7,  with  long 
slender  white  filaments  ;  pistils  3  or  4,  slightly  united  at  base.  (Lessons,  p.  90, 
fig.  180.) 

102.  EUPHORBIACE^S,  SPURGE  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  mostly  milky  acrid  juice  and  mono3cious  or  dioecious 
flowers,  of  very  various  structure ;  the  ovary  and  fruit  commonly 
3-celled  and  with  single  or  at  most  a  pair  of  hanging  ovules  and 
seeds  in  each  cell. 

§  1.    Ovules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell 

*  Flowers  both  staminate  and  pistillate  really  destitute  both  of  calyx  and  corolla :  a 
pistillate  and  numerous  staminate  surrounded  by  a  cup-like  involucre  which 
imitates  a  calyx,  so  that  the  whole  would  be  taken  for  one  perfect  Jlower. 

1.  EUPHORBIA.     For  the  structure  of  the  genus,  which  is  recondite,  see  Manual, 

and  Structural  Botany,  fig.  1143.  These  plants  may  be  known,  mostly,  by 
having  the  3-lobed  ovary  raised  out  of  the  cup,  on  a  curved  stalk,  its  3 
short  styles  each  2-cleft,  making  6  stigmas.  Fruit  when  ripe  bursting  into 
the  3  carpels,  and  each  splitting  into  2  valves,  discharging  the  seed.  What 
seems  to  be  a  stamen  with  a  jointed  filament  is  really  a  staminate  flower,  in 
the  axil  of  a  slender  bract,  consisting  of  a  single  stamen  on  a  pedicel,  the  joint 
being  the  junction. 

#  #  Flowers  of  both  kinds  provided  with  a  distinct  calyx. 

2.  STILLINGIA.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike,  naked  and  staminate  above,  a  few 

fertile  flowers  at  base.  Calyx  2  -  3-cleft.  Stamens  2,  rarely  3.  Pod  3-lobed. 
Stigmas  3,  simple.  Bracts  with  a  fleshy  gland  on  each  side.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, stipulate. 

3.  ACALYPHA.     Flowers  in  small  clusters  disposed  in  spikes,  staminate  above, 

fertile  at  base;  or  sometimes  the  two  sorts  in  separate  spikes.  Calyx  of 
sterile  flowers  4-parted,  of  fertile  3  -  5-parted.  Stamens  8  -  16,  short,  mona- 
delphous  at  base ;  the  2  cells  of  the  anther  long  and  hanging.  Styles  3, 
cut-fringed  on  the  upper  face,  red.  Pod  of  3  (rarely  2  or  1)  lobes  or  cells. 
Fertile  flower-clusters  embraced  by  a  leaf-like  cut-lobed  bract.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, petioled,  with  stipules,  serrate. 

4.  RICINUS.     Flowers  in  large  panicled  clusters,  the  fertile  above,  the  staminate 

below.  Calyx  5-parted.  Stamens  very  many,  in  several  bundles.  Styles  3, 
united  at  base,  each  2-parted,  red.  Pod  large,  3-lobed,  with  3  large  seeds. 
Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules. 

6.  JATROPHA.  Flowers  in  cymes  or  panicles;  the  fertile  in  the  main  forks. 
Calyx  colored  like  a  corolla,  in  the  sterile  flowers  mostly  salver-shaped  and 
5-lobed,  enclosing  10-30  stamens,  somewhat  monadelphous  in  two  or  more 
ranks;  in  the  fertile  5-parted.  Styles  3,  united  below,  once  or  twice  forked 
at  the  apex.  Pod  3-celled,  3-seeded.  Leaves  alternate,  long-petioled,  with 
stipules. 

§  2.  Ovules  and  mostly  seeds  2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary  and  3-hornedpod.  Juice  not 
milky  in  the  following:  which  have  monoecious  flowers,  4  sepals,  4  exserted 
stamens  in  the  sterile,  and  3  awl-shaped  spreading  or  recurved  styles  or  stigmas 
in  the  fertile  jiowers. 

6.  BUXUS.    Flowers  in  small  sessile  bracted  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  thick 

and  evergreen  entire  opposite  leaves.     Shrubs  or  trees. 

7.  PACHYSANDRA.     Flowers  in  naked  lateral  spikes,  staminate  above,  a  few 

fertile  flowers  at  base.  Filaments  long,  thickish  and  flat,  white.  Nearly 
herbaceous,  low,  tufted:  leaves  barely  evergreen,  alternate,  coarsely  few- 
toothed. 


294  SPURGE    FAMILY. 

1.   EUPH6KBIA,  SPURGE.    (Said  to  be  named  for  Euphorbus,  physician 
to  King  Juba.)     Flowers  commonly  in  late  summer. 

§  1.    Shrubby  species  of  the  conservatory,  winter-flowering,  with  red  bracts  or  leaves. 

E.  pulch6rrima,  or  POINSETTIA,  of  Mexico  :  unarmed  stout  shrub,  with, 
ovate  or  oblong  and  angled  or  sinuately  few-lobed  leaves,  rather  downy  beneath, 
those  next  the  flowers  mostly  entire  (4' -5' long)  and  of  the  brightest  vermilion- 
red  ;  flowers  in  globular  greenish  involucres  bearing  a  great  yellow  gland  at  the 
top  on  one  side. 

E.  sp!6ndens,  of  the  Mauritius  :  smooth  with  thick  and  horridly  prickly 
stems,  oblong-spatulate  mucronate  leaves,  and  slender  clammy  peduncles  bearing 
a  cyme  of  several  deep-red  apparently  2-petalous  flowers  ;  but  the  seeming  petals 
are  bracts  around  the  cup-like  involucre  of  the  real  flowers. 

E.  flilgens,  or  JACQUINI^FLORA,  of  Mexico :  unarmed,  smooth,  with  slen- 
der recurved  branches  and  broadly  lanceolate  leaves,  few-flowered  ;  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  petioles,  what  appears  like  a  5-cleft  corolla  are  the  bright  red 
lobes  of  the  involucre. 

§  2.   Herbs  natives  of  or  naturalized  in  the  country,  the  first  and  last  and  some- 
times a  few  of  the  others  cult,  in  gardens :  fl.  late  summer. 

*  The  leaves  which  are  crowded  next  the  flower-cups  or  involucres  have  their  mar- 
gins or  a  part  of  the  liase  colored  (white  or  red)  :  stem  erect,  1°  -  3°  high.     ® 

E.  marginata.  Wild  on  the  plains  W.  of  the  Mississippi,  and  cult,  for 
ornament :  leaves  pale,  ovate  or  oval,  sessile,  the  lower  alternate,  uppermost  in 
threes  or  pairs  and  broadly  white-margined ;  flower-cup  with  5  white  petal-like 
appendages  behind  as  many  saucer-shaped  glands. 

J3.  heteroph^lla.  Rocky  banks  S.  W. :  smooth  ;  leaves  alternate,  ovate 
and  sinuate-toothed,  or  fiddle-shaped,  or  some  of  them  lanceolate  or  linear  and 
entire  ;  the  upper  with  red  base  ;  no  petal-like  appendages  to  the  flower-cup  and 
only  1  or  2  sessile  glands. 

E.  dentata.  Rich  soil  from  Penn.  S.  W. :  hairy,  only  the  lower  leaves 
alternate,  the  upper  opposite,  varying  from  ovate  to  linear,  uppermost  paler  or 
whitish  at  base,  and  the  few  glands  of  the  flower-cup  short-stalked. 

*  *  The  leaves  none  of  them  colored :  but  the  flower-cup  with  5  bright-ivhite  con- 

spicuous appendages,  imitating  a  5-deft  corolla.     "2J. 

E.  COrollata.  Gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  from  New  York  S.  &  W. :  2°  -  3° 
high ;  leaves  varying  from  "ovate  to  linear,  entire,  the  lower  alternate,  upper 
whorled  and  opposite  ;  flower-cups  umbelled,  long-stalked. 

*  *  *  Leaves  all  alike  and  opposite,  green,  or  with  a  brown-red  spot,  short-petioled, 

ivith  scaly  or  fringed-cut  stipiiles  :  stems  low-spreading  or  prostrate,  repeat- 
edly forked :  a  small  flower-cup  in  each  fork,  bearing  4  glands,  each  bor- 
dered with  a  more  or  less  petal-like  white  or  reddish  margin  or  appendage. 
Of  these  there  are  several  species,  insignificant  iveeds  ;  these  two  are  the 
commonest  even/ where  in  sandy  or  gravelly  open  places. 

E.  maculata.  Prostrate ;  leaves  oblong-linear,  very  oblique  at  base,  ser- 
rulate above,  blotched  in  the  centre ;  pods  sharp-angled,  very  small. 

E.  hypericifolia.  Ascending  10'-20'  high;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  serrate,  often  with  red  spot  or  margins;  pod  blunt-angled;  seeds 
wrinkled. 


loin  /•- 


*  *  #  *  Leares  without  stipules,  none  with  colored  margins  or  spots :  the  floi 

cups  also  green  or  greenish,  umbelled,  their  glands  wholly  destitute  of  any 
petal-like  appendage. 

•*-  Leaves  of  the  commonly  erect  stem  alternate  or  scattered :  those  of  the  umbel -like 
inflorescence  whorled  or  opposite  and  of  different  shape,  usually  roundish  : 
glands  of  the  flower-cup  mostly  4.  Weeds  or  weed-like. 

•*-*•  Glands  of  the  flower-ctip  transversely  oval  and  obtuse.     © 
E.  platyph^lla.     Nat.  from  Europe  N. :  upper  stem-leaves  lance-oblong, 
acute,  minutely  serrulate  ;  uppermost  heart-shaped  ;  floral  ones  triaiurular-ovr.lu 
and  heart-shaped  ;   umbel  5-raycd ;   glands  large  and  sessile;    pod  beset  v.-iih 
depressed  warts  ;  seed  smooth. 


SPURGE    FAMILY.  295 

E.  obtusata.  Native  W.  &  S. :  like  preceding,  but  taller,  l°-2°  high; 
stem-leaves  oblong-spatulate  and  obtuse,  the  upper  heart-shaped  ;  floral  ones 
dilated-ovate;  umbel  once  or  twice  3-rayed-,  then  2-rayed  ;  glands  of  flower-cup 
short-stalked  ;  pods  long-warty. 

E.  dictyospdrma.  Open  ground  S.  W.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but 
slender  ;  leaves  obtusely  serrate  ;  glands  small,  almost  sessile ;  seeds  delicately 
reticulated. 

E.  Helioscbpia.  Weed  from  Europe  in  waste  places  N. :  with  stouter 
ascending  stems  6'  -  12'  high ;  leaves  all  obovate  and  rounded  or  notched  at  the 
end,  the  lower  wedge-shaped,  finely  serrate  ;  umbel  first  with  5,  then  3,  and  at 
length  with  2  rays  ;  glands  orbicular  and  stalked ;  pods  smooth  and  even  ; 
seeds  with  honeycomb-like  surface. 

•*-*•  -w-  Glands  of  the  flower-cup  with  2  long  horns  :  pod  smooth  :  seeds  sculptured 
or  pitted  and  pale.     ©  © 

E.  P6plU8.  Waste  places,  from  Eu.  :  stem  erect ;  leaves  petioled,  entire, 
round-obovate,  the  upper  floral  ones  ovate ;  umbel  first  3-rayed,  afterwards 
2-forked  ;  pod  2-crested  on  each  lobe. 

E.  commutjkta.  Wild  from  Wisconsin  and  Virginia  S.  W.,  on  shady 
slopes  :  stems  with  decumbent  base ;  leaves  obovate,  the  tipper  sessile,  the 
rounded  floral  ones  broader  than  long ;  umbel  3-forked ;  pod  crestless  :  fl.  early 
summer. 

H-f-H-t-^-f  Glands  crescent-shaped:  pod  granular :  seeds  smooth,  dark-colored.     1^ 

E.  Cyparissias,  CYPRESS  SPURGE.  Gardens  from  Eu.  and  running 
wild  E.  :  in  dense  clusters  6'  - 10'  high,  smooth  ;  stem  and  branches  crowded 
with  small  linear  entire  leaves,  the  floral  ones  small  and  rounded  heart-shaped ; 
umbel  many-rayed. 

H-  •*-  Leaves  all  or  chiefly  opposite,  entire,  smooth,  almost  sessile :  pod  smooth. 

E.  Ipecacuanha;,  IPECAC  SPURGE.  Sandy  soil  from  New  York  S. : 
branching  repeatedly  from  the  long  perpendicular  root,  widely  spreading ; 
leaves  barely  1'  long,  varying  from  obovate  to  linear ;  peduncles  solitary  in  the 
forks,  slender  ;  flower-cup  dull  purple,  with  5  glands.  1£ 

E.  Lathyris,  CAPER  SPURGE.  Cult,  from  Eu.  in  country  gardens  :  glau- 
cous ;  stem  erect,  stout,  2°  -  3°  high ;  leaves  thick ;  those  of  the  stem  lance- 
linear,  floral  ones  oblong-ovate  and  heart-shaped ;  umbel  4-rayed,  then  forking  ; 
glands  short-horned.  © 

2.  STILLING-IA.     (Named  for  Dr.  B.  Stillingfleet.)     Very  smooth  plants, 
only  S. :  flowering  all  summer. 

S.  sylvatica,  QUEEN'S  DELIGHT.  Dry  soil  from  Virginia  S.  :  herb  1°- 
3°  high,  clustered  from  a  woody  root ;  leaves  crowded,  almost  sessile,  varying 
from  obovate  to  lance-linear,  serrulate  ;  stamens  2. 

S.  ligUStrina.  River-swamps  from  N.  Carolina  S. :  shrub  6° -12°  high; 
leaves  lance-obovate  or  oblong,  entire  ;  spikes  short ;  stamens  mostly  3. 

S.  sebifera,  TALLOW-TREE  of  China,  planted  South  Carolina' &  S.  :  tree 
20°  -  40°  high  ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  entire,  long-petioled  ;  stamens  2  ;  seeds 
white,  yielding  a  useful  vegetable  tallow  or  wax. 

3.  ACALYPHA.     (Ancient  Greek  name  of  Nettle.)     Flowering  through 
latj  summer  and  autumn. 

A.  Virginica.  A  most  common,  coarse,  low  weed  in  fields,  &c  :  smoothish 
or  hairy,  turning  purplish,  with  leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  linear,  fertile 
flowers  in  short  clusters  ;  pod  and  seed  smoothish.  © 

A.  Caroliniana.  Cult,  ground,  chiefly  S. :  has  thin  heart-shaped  closely 
serrate  leaves,  mostly  n  long  terminal  fertile* spike,  pods  beset  with  soft  prickles, 
and  seeds  rough-wrinkled.  © 

4.  RICINUS,  PALMA-CHRTSTI,   CASTOR-OIL  PLANT.      (Latin 
name  of  a  bug,  which  the  seed  resembles.) 

II.  COmmtinis,  tho  only  species,  but  of  many  varieties,  nntiA'e  probably  of 
Africa  :  a  sort  of  tree,  but  cult,  in  temperate  climates  as  a  stately  annual,  for  its 


296  NETTLE   FAMILY. 

seeds,  from  which  castor-oil  is  expressed,  and  in  ornamental  grounds  for  its 
magnificent  foliage  ;  the  peltate  and  palmately  7  -  11-cleft  leaves  1°  -  2°  broad, 
or  even  more  :  fl.  late  summer. 

5.  JATROPHA.     (Derivation  of  name  obscure.)     Chiefly  tropical  plants; 
one  is  a  weedy  plant  wild  S.,  viz. 

J.  drens,  var.  stimulbsa  (or  J.  STIMCLOSA),  TREAD-SOFTLY  or  SPURGE- 
NETTLE,  names  referring  to  its  stinging  bristly  hairs,  which  are  like  those  of 
Nettles:  dry  sandy  soil,  branching,  6' -12'  high  ;  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped, 
3  -  5-lobed  or  variously  cleft  or  parted;  flowers  slender,  white;  stamens  10, 
their  filaments  almost  separate.  1^ 

6.  BUXUS,  BOX.     (Ancient  Latin,  from  the  Greek  name  of  the  Box-tree  ) 
B.  Sempdryirens,   TREE   Box,  and  its  more  common  var.  NA.NA,  the 

DWARF  Box,  with  much  smaller  leaves,  from  the  Mediterranean,  are  planted 
North  chiefly  for  borders,  especially  the  Dwarf  Box. 

7.  PACHYSANDRA.     ( The  name  in  Greek  means  thick  stamens.)     % 
P.  prOClimbens.    Rocky  woods,  W.  slope  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  in  some 

gardens  ;  developing  its  copious  spikes  from  the  base  of  the  short  procumbent 
densely  tufted  stems,  in  early  spring. 

103.   URTICACE-SI,  NETTLE  FAMILY. 

This  family,  taken  in  the  largest  sense,  includes  very  various 
apetalous  plants,  with  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  (except  in 
the  Elm  Family),  having  a  distinct  calyx  free  from  the  1 -seeded 
fruit.  Inner  bark  generally  tough.  Leaves  with  stipules,  which 
are  sometimes  early  deciduous.  There  are  four  suborders. 

I.  ELM  FAMILY.  Trees,  the  juice  not  milky.  Leaves 
alternate,  2-ranked,  simple  :  stipules  small  and  falling  early. 
Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous,  many  of  them  perfect,  with 
the  filaments  not  inflexed  in  the  bud,  and  2  diverging  styles  or 
long  stigmas.  Ovary  1  -  2-celled,  with  1  or  2  hanging  ovules, 
in  fruit  always  1-celled  and  1-seeded. 

*  Fruit  dry,  winged  or  nut-like.    Anthers  turned  outwards. 

1.   ULMUS.     Calyx  bell-shaped,   4-9-cleft.     Stamens  4-9:  filaments  long  and 
slender.     Ovary  mostly  2-celled,  becoming  a  1-celled  thin  samara  or  key- 
all  round  (Lessons,  p.  131,  fig.  301).    Flowers  in  clusters  in 
year's  leaves,  in  early  spring,  before  the  leaves  of  the  season, 
ll 


fruit  winged  all  round  (Lessons,  p.  131,  fig.  301).    Flowers  in  clusters  in 
axils  of  last  year's  leaves,  in  early  spring,  before  the 
purplish  or  yellowish-green.     Leaves  straight -veined,  serrate. 

2.  PLANERA.     Like  Elm,  but  flowers  more  polygamous,  appearing  with  the 
leaves  in  small  axillary  clusters ;  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  stamens  only  4 
or  5 ;  the  1-celled  1-ovuled  ovary  forming  a  wingless  nut-like  fruit. 
*  *  Fruit  a  berry-like  globular  small  drupe.     Anthers  turned  inward. 

8.  CELTIS.  Calyx  5  -  6-parted,  persistent.  Stamens  5  or  6.  Stigmas  very  long, 
tapering.  Ovary  and  drupe  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Flowers  greenish,  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves;  the  lower  ones  mostly  staminate  and  clustered,  the  upper 
fertile  and  mostly  solitary  on  a  slender  peduncle. 

II.  FIG  FAMILY.  Trees  with  milky  or  colored  acrid  or 
poisonous  juice.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  strictly  monoecious  or 
dioecious.  Styles  or  stigmas  commonly  2. 

§  1.   Flowers  of  both  kinds  mixed,  lining  the  inside  of  a  closed  fleshy  receptacle,  or 

hollow  jioicer-stalk,  which  ripens  into  what  seems  to  be  a  sort  of  berry. 
4.   FICUS.     Receptacle  in  which  the  flowers  are  concealed  borne  in  the  axil  of 
the  leaves.     Akene  seed-like.     Stipules  large,  successively  enveloping  the 
young  leaves  in  the  bud,  falling  off  as  the  leaves  expand. 


NETTLE   FAMILY.  297 

§  2.  Flowers  of  the  two  kinds  mostly  separate ;  the  fertile  croioded  in  catkin-like 
spikes  or  heads,  which  become  'fleshy  in  fruit :  Jilamenis  inftexed  in  the  bud, 
spreading  elastically  when  the  calyx  expands. 

5.  MORUS.     Flowers  usually  monoecious,  both  sorts  in  catkin-like  spikes.     Calyx 

4-parted.  Stamens  4.  Fertile  spike  altogether  becoming  an  oval  or  oblong 
multiple  pulpy  fruit  imitating  a  blackberry,  but  the  pulp  consists  of  the 
calyx,  bracts,  &c.  of  the  flowers,  each  enclosing  a  small  akene. 

6.  BROUSSONETIA.     Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  in  cylindrical  catkins,  and 

like  those  of  Mulberry;  the  fertile  in  globular  heads,  mixed  with  little  bristly 
scales,  their  calyx  urn-shaped  and  3-4-toothed,  out  of  which  the  ripened 
ovary  protrudes  and  forms  a  club-shaped  rather  fleshy  fruit.  Style  single. 

7.  MACLURA.     Flowe  s  dioecious;  the  sterile  in  racemes,  and  nearly  like  those 

of  Mulberry ;  the  fertile  densely  crowded  in  a  large  spherical  head,  its  calyx 
of  4  unequal  sepals,  in  fruit  enclosing  the  small  akene:  the  whole  head 
ripening  into  a  fleshy  yellow  mass,  resembling  an  orange  with  a  roughish 
surface. 

III.  NETTLE  FAMILY  PROPER.      Herbs,  as  to  our  wild 
species,  with  bland  watery  juice  and  tough  fibrous  bark  :  many  are 
armed  with  stinging  hairs.     Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  green- 
ish.     Filaments   transversely  wrinkled   and   inflexed  in   the  bud, 
straightening  elastically  when  the  calyx  opens.     Fruit  an  akene : 
style  or  stigma  one  and  simple.  —  All  ours  worthy  of  notice  belong 
to  the  three  following  genera. 

8.  URTICA.    Flowers  in  racemed,  spiked,  or  head-like  clusters;  the  calyx  in 

both  sorts  of  4  separate  sepals.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  a  sessile  globular  tuft. 
Akene  flat,  ovate,  straight  and  erect,  enclosed  between  the  larger  pah*  of 
sepals.  Herbage  beset  with  stinging  hairs :  leaves  opposite. 

9.  LAPORTEA.     Flowers  in  loose  open  cymes,  the  upper  chiefly  fertile,  and 

lower  sterile;  the  latter  with  5  sepals"  and  stamens;  the  former  of  4  very 
unequal  sepals,  the  two  outer  or  one  of  them  minute.  Stigma  slender  awl- 
shaped,  hairy  down  one  side,  persistent  on  the  ovate  flat  very  oblique  and 
nearly  naked  akene,  which  is  soon  reflexed  on  its  wing-margined  pedicel. 
Herbage  beset  with  stings :  leaves  large,  alternate. 

10.  BCEHMLRIA.     Flowers  either  dioecious  or  intermixed,  clustered  in  spikes ;  the 

sterile  as  in  Urtica;  the  fertile  with  a  tubular  or  urn-shaped  calyx  barely 
toothed  at  the  apex,  enclosing  the  ovary  and  closely  investing  the  oblong  flat 
akene.  No  stings. 

IV.  HEMP  FAMILY.     Rough  herbs,  with  watery  juice  and 
tough  fibrous  bark.     Leaves  mostly  opposite  and  palmately  lobed 
or  compound.     Flowers  dioecious,  greenish  ;  the  sterile  in  axillary 
loose  compound  racemes  or  panicles,  the  fertile  in  close  clusters  or 
catkins  :  calyx  of  the  former  with  5  sepals,  of  the  latter  one  scale- 
like  sepal  embracing  the  ovary  and  akene.     Stigmas  or  hairy  styles 
two,  long. 

11.  CANNABIS.     Erect  herb.     Stamens  5,  drooping.    Fertile  flowers  in  irregular 

spiked  clusters.    Leaves  of  5  -  7  lanceolate  irregularly  toothed  leaflets. 

12.  HUMULUS.     Tall-twining.     Stamens  erect.     Fertile  flowers  in  solitary  short 

catkins  or  spikes,  2  flowers  under  each  of  the  broad  thin  bracts  which  make 
the  scales  of  the  strobile  or  hop-fruit. 

1.   ULMTJS,    ELM.      (The  classical  Latin  name.)     Fine  trees  in  deep, 
mostly  moist  or  alluvial  soil.     Fl.  early  spring ;  fruit  in  early  summer. 

§  1.    Leaves  rough  and  harsh  on  the  upper,  soft  and  usually  downy  on  the  lower 
surface :  seed  in  the  middle  of  the  orbicular  or  round-oval  fruit,  far  away 
from  the  shallow  notch  :  flower-clusters  globular :  pedicels  very  short. 
U.  ftilva,  SLIPPERY  ELM.     Common,  rather  small  tree  through  the  coun- 
try, with  tough  reddish  wood,  well-known  very  mucilaginous  inner  bark,  and 


298  NETTLE    FAMILY. 

rusty-downy  buds  ;  leaves  4' -8'  long,  doubly  serrate,  very  rough  above  ;  these 
and  the  flowers  sweet-scented  in  drying  ;  calyx-lobes  and  stamens  7  -  9 ;  fruit 
much  less  than  1'  long,  the  seed-bearing  centre  pubescent. 

U.  montana,  WYCH  or  SCOTCH  ELM.  Planted  from  Eu.  :  leaves  smaller 
and  less  rough  ;  buds  not  downy  ;  calyx-lobes  and  stamens  about  5  ;  fruits  1' 
long,  smooth. 

§  2.   Leaves  smooth  above,  smaller:  notch  at  the  summit  of  the  fruit  reaching  nearly 
to  the  seed-bearing  cell :  fruit  only  about  £'  long. 

*  European  species  occasionally  planted :  flowers  in  close  clusters :  pedicels  very 

short  or  hardly  any  :  stamens  4  or  5  :  fruit  smooth,  round-obovate. 

TJ.  camp6stris  (or  GIABRA),  ENGLISH  ELM.  Large  tree  with  rather  short 
horizontal  or  ascending  branches  ;  leaves  2' -4'  long,  mostly  or  soon  smooth. 

U.  suberdsa,  EUROPEAN  CORK-ELM.  Probably  a  mere  variety  of  the 
preceding,  with  thick  plates  of  cork  on  the  branches. 

*  #   Wild  species,  with  the  flowers  soon  hanging  on  slender  stalks,  which  are  jointed 

above  the  middle :  fruit  ovate  or  oval,  with  2  sharp  teeth  at  apex,  the  margin 
downy-ciliate  at  least  when  youiuj. 

U.  Americana,  AMERICAN  or  WHITE  ELM.  Well  known  large  tree, 
with  long  ascending  branches  gradually  spreading,  drooping  slender  branchlets, 
which  are  smooth  as  Avell  as  the  buds,  not  corky ;  the  abruptly  pointed  leaves 
2'  -  4'  long ;  flowers  in  close  clusters,  with  usually  7-9  calyx-lobes  and  stamens ; 
fruit  smooth  except  the  margins,  its  incurved  points  closing  the  notch. 

U.  racemosa,  CORKY  WHITE  ELM.  Resembles  the  foregoing,  but  with 
downy-ciliate  bud-scales  ;  branches  becoming  corky,  young  branchlets  some- 
what pubescent,  leaves  with  straighter  veins,  and  flowers  racemed. 

U.  alata,  WHAHOO  or  WINGED  ELM.  Virginia  to  111.  and  S.  :  small 
tree,  with  bud-scales  and  branchlets  nearly  smooth,  winged  plates  of  cork  on 
the  branches,  and  small  thickish  leaves  (l'-2f  long)  almost  sessile. 

2.  PLANERA,  PLANER-TREE.     (Named  for  7.  J.  Planer,  a  German 
Botanist.)     Flowers  greenish,  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  early  spring. 

P.  aquatica,  AMERICAN  P.  River  swamps,  from  Kentucky  S.  :  small 
tree,  leaves  ovate-oblong,  smooth ;  fruit  stalked  in  the  calyx,  beset  with  irregular 
warts  or  crests. 

3.  CELTIS,  HACKBERRY  or  NETTLE-TREE.    (Ancient  Greek  name 
for  the  Lotus-berry,  produced  by  the  European  species.)     Fl.  spring:    fruit 
ripe  in  autumn,  eatable. 

C.  OCCidentalis,  AMERICAN  H.  Small  or  middle-sized  tree,  of  rich  low 
grounds  ;  with  reticulated  ovate  and  taper-pointed  serrate  or  entire  leaves, 
oblique  or  partly  heart-shaped  at  base,  sweet  thin-fleshed  fruit  as  large  as  a  pea. 
Var.  pfjMiLA,  a  straggling  bush,  chiefly  S.,  only  4°-  10°  high. 

4.  FICUS,    FIG.     (The  Latin,  altered  from  the  Greek  name  of  the  Fig.) 
F.  Carica,  COMMON  FIG.     Cult,  from  the  Levant,  as  a  house-plant  N. : 

leaves  broad,  3  -  5-lobed,  roughish  above,  rather  downy  beneath ;  figs  single  in 
the  axils,  pear-shaped,  luscious. 

F.  el  as  tic  a,  INDIA-RUIJBER-TREE  of  E.  Indies  (not  tbat  of  S.  America) : 
tree  cult,  in  conservatories  for  its  beautiful  leaves,  6' -10'  long,  oval-oblong, 
entire,  thick,  smooth,  bright  green,  glossy  above. 

F.  r6pens,  from  China,  a  delicate  creeping  species,  fixing  itself  firmly  by 
rootlets  and  covering  walls  in  conservatories ;  leaves  1'  or  less  long,  oblong- 
ovate,  with  unequal  partly  heart-shaped  base. 

5.  MORTIS,  MULBERRY.     (Old  Greek  and  Latin  name.)     Leaves  heart- 
shaped  or  ovate,  mostly  serrate,  often  palmately  lobed  ;    short  catkin-like 
spikes  axillary  or  lateral ;  fl.  spring  :  fruit  in  summer,  eatable. 

M.  rtlbra,  RED  MULBERRY.  Low  tree,  wild  in  rich  woods  or  along 
streams  ;  loaves  rough  above,  downy  beneath,  pointed  ;  spikes  often  dioecious, 
fruit  cylindrical,  red,  turning  dark  purple. 


NETTLE    FAMILY.  299 

M.  nigra,  BLACK  M.  Middle-sized  tree,  planted  and  sparingly  run  wild 
from  the  Levant ;  leaves  rough  ;  spikes  short  and  short-pedunclcd  ;  fruit  short- 
oblong  or  globular,  red  turning  black,  pleasant-tasted. 

M.  alba,  WHITE  M.  Small  tree,  planted  from  China  :  the  leaves  feed  silk- 
worms, these  are  smooth  and  mostly  oblique  at  base ;  spikes  slender-peduncled, 
in  fruit  oval  or  oblong,  white  or  pale  rose-color,  rather  insipid. 

6.  BROUSSONETIA,  PAPER-MULBERRY.    (Named  for  Broussonet, 
a  French  naturalist.) 

B.  papyrifera,  of  Japan.  Cult,  as  a  shade-tree  from  New  York  S. : 
spreading  bv  suckers,  with  a  very  fibrous  bark  ;  leaves  rough  above,  downy  bo- 
neath,  serrate,  some  of  them  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  others  3-cleft  or 
variously  lobed  :  flowering  in  spring. 

7.  MACLTJRA,  OS  AGE-ORANGE.     (Named  for  the  late  Mr.  Maclure, 
founder  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia.) 

M.  aurantiaca,  COMMON  O.,  or  Bois  I>'ARC  (BOW-WOOD,  the  tough 
vellow  wood  used  for  bows  by  the  Indians).  Low  bushy  tree  from  Arkansas, 
&c.  :  multiplying  rapidly  by  its  running  roots ;  planted  for  hedges,  especially 
W.  ;  armed  with  slender  and  very  sharp  spines  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  entire,  very 
glossy  :  fl.  spring. 

8.  TJRTICA,  NETTLE.     (The  classical  Latin  name.)     Common  in  waste 
grounds  and  near  dwellings  :  fl.  summer. 

*  Flower-clusters  in  branching  panicled  spikes  :  often  dioecious.     2/ 

IT.  dioiea,  COMMON  N.  A  weed  from  Eu.,  full  of  stings,  2° -3°  high, 
with  heart-ovate  very  deeply  serrate  leaves  downy  beneath. 

U.  gracilis.  Fence-rows,  £c. :  2°  -  6°  high,  with  ovate-lanceolate  less 
deeply  serrate  leaves,  longer  petioles,  rather  few  stings,  and  slender  spikes. 

*  *  Flower-clusters  shorter  than  the  petiole,  most'y  2  in  the  same  axil,  containing 
both  sorts  of  flowers  :  stinf/s  scattered.  (T) 

U.  chamsedryoides.  Wild  S.  &  W. :  slender,  with  heart-ovate  or  lance- 
ovate  leaves  moderately  toothed,  and  dense  flower-clusters. 

U.  urens,  SMALL  N.  Weed  from  Eu.,  not  common  :  8' -12'  high,  with 
ovate  leaves  deeply  cut  into  long  spreading  teeth;  flower-clusters  small,  loose. 

9.  LAPORTEA,  WOOD-NETTLE.     (Named  for  one  Laporte.)     11 

L.  Canadensis.  Moist  and  rich  woods  :  2° -3°  high  ;  ovate  leaves  4' -7' 
long  and  loug-petioled,  a  single  2-cleft  stipule  in  the  axil :  fl.  all  summer. 

10.  BCEHMERIA,  FALSE-NETTLE.      (Named  for  Prof.  Bohmer  of 
Germany.)      ^ 

B.  cylindriea.  Moist  shady  grounds,  l°-3°  high,  smoothish  ;  leaves 
mostly  opposite,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  3-nerved,  serrate,  long-petioled ;  flower- 
clusters  crowded  in  long  narrow  interrupted  spikes,  in  summer. 

B.  nivea,  RAMIE,  or  the  GRASS-CLOTH  PLANT  of  China,  &c.,  3D-4°  high, 
with  ovate  leaves  white-downy  beneath,  is  recently  planted  S.  W.  for  its  very 
valuable  textile  fibres. 

11.  CANNABIS,  HEMP.     (The  ancient  name.)     Fl.  all  summer.     ® 

C.  sativa,  COMMON  HEMP.     Tall  coarse  plant  from  the  Old  World  :  cult, 
for  the  fibres  of  its  stem. 

12.  HUMULUS,  HOP.      (Name  said  to  be  a  diminutive  of  humus,  the 
ground;  the  application  not  apparent. )     Fl.  summer.     ^J 

H.  Ltlpulus,  COMMON  Plop.  Wild  in  alluvial  soil  N.  &  W. :  also  cult, 
from  Eu.  for  hops  :  the  aromatic  bitterness  resides  in  the  yellow  resinous  grains 
which  appear  on  the  fruiting  calyx,  akenes,  &c  ;  stems  almost  prickly  down- 
wards ;  leaves  heart-shaped  and  strongly  3  -  7-lobod. 


300  WALNUT    FAMILY. 

104.    PLATANACE^S,  PLANE-TREE  FAMILY. 

This  order,  if  it  may  be  so  called,  consists  merely  of  the  small 
genus 

1.  PL  AT  ANUS,  PLANE-TREE.  (The  ancient  name  of  the  Oriental 
species,  from  the  Greek  word  for  broad,  alluding  either  to  the  leaves  or  the 
wide-spreading  branches.)  Flowers  monoecious,  in  separate  naked  heads 
hanging  on  slender  peduncles  ;  the  sterile  of  many  short  stamens  with  club- 
shaped  little  scales  intermixed  ;  the  fertile  of  club-shaped  or  inversely  py- 
ramidal ovaries  mixed  with  little  scales  and  tipped  with  a  slender  awl-shaped 
simple  style,  ripening  into  a  sort  of  akene  with  a  tawny-hairy  contracted 
base.  No  evident  calyx.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed  or  angled,  the 
hollowed  base  of  the  petiole  covering  and  concealing  the  axillary  bud  (Les- 
sons, p.  22,  fig.  50)  :  stipules  sheathing,  like  those  of  the  Polygonum  Family. 
Fl.  spring. 

P.  OCCident&lis,  AMERICAN  PLANE,  SYCAMORE,  or  BUTTONWOOD. 
Well-known  large  tree  by  river-banks,  with  white  close  bark  separating  in  thin 
brittle  plates  ;  leaves  truncate  or  heart-shaped  at  base,  rather  scurfy-downy 
until  old,  the  short  lobes  sharp-pointed,  and  fertile  heads  solitary. 

P.  orient£lis,  ORIENTAL  PLANE,  especially  its  var.  ACERIFOLIA,  seldom 
planted  in  tlu's  country,  is  very  like  ours,  but  has  leaves  more  cut  and  sooner 
smooth,  the  heads  larger. 

105.    JUGLANDACE^E,  WALNUT  FAMILY. 

Trees  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  monoecious 
flowers  ;  the  sterile  ones  in  catkins  with  an  irregular  calyx  and 
several  stamens  ;  the  fertile  single  or  2  or  more  in  a  cluster,  with  a 
3-5-lobed  calyx,  the  tube  of  which  is  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
The  latter  is  incompletely  2  — 4-celled,  but  has  only  a  single  ovule, 
erect  from  its  base,  and  ripens  into  a  large  fruit,  the  bony  inner  part 
of  which  forms  the  nut,  the  fleshy  at  length  dry  outer  part  the 
husk.  Seed  4-lobed,  filled  with  the  fleshy  and  oily  embryo,  the 
large  and  separated  cotyledons  deeply  two-lobed  and  crumpled  or 
corrugated. 

1.  JUGLANS.     Sterile  flowers  in  solitary  catkins  from  the  wood  of  the  preceding 

year,  each  with  12  -  40  stamens  on  very  short  filaments.  Fertile  flowers  on 
a  terminal  peduncle,  with  a  4-toothed  calyx,  4  little  green  petals,  and  2  clnb- 
shaped  and  fringed  conspicuous  stigmas.  Husk  of  the  fruit  drying  up  with- 
out splitting.  Bark  and  shoots  resinous-aromatic  and  strong-scented.  Buds 
several,  one  over  the  other,  the  uppermost  far  above  the  axil  (Lessons,  p.  27, 
fig.  52).  Pith  in  plates.  Leaflets  numerous. 

2.  GARY  A.     Sterile  flowers  in  clustered  lateral  catkins,  with  3-10  almost  sessile 

anthers.  Fertile  flowers  2  -5  in  a  cluster  on  a  terminal  peduncle:  no  petals: 
stigmas  2  or  4,  large.  Husk  of  the  fruit  splitting  into  4  valves  and  falling 
away  from  the  smooth  nut.  Valuable  timber  and  nut  trees,  with  very  hard 
and  tough  wood,  and  scaly  buds  single  (Lessons,  p.  22,  fig.  49),  from  which 
are  usually  put  forth  both  kinds  of  flowers,  the  sterile  below  and  the  fertile 
above  the  leaves. 

1.  JUGLANS,  WALNUT.     (Name  from  Jovis  glans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter.) 
Fl.  spring  :  fruit  ripe  in  autumn.     Seed  sweet  and  edible. 
*  Native  trees  of  the  country:  nut  with  very  rough  and  fnrroived  surface,  from 

which  the  dried  husk  does  not  fall  away  :  seed  very  oily. 

J.  cin&rea,  BUTTERNUT  or  WHITE  W.  Middle-sized  tree,  mostly  X. : 
stalks  and  shoots  clammy-downy;  leaflets  downy,  at  least  beneath,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate ;  fruit  obloug  J  nut  with  very  rugged  ridges. 


OAK   FAMILY.  301 

J.  nigra.  BLACK  W.  Large  tree,  commoner  W.  &  S. :  stalks  and  shoots 
not  clammy,  minutely  downy;  leaflets  smoothish,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate; 
fruit  spherical. 

*  *  Planted  from  the  Old  World :  husk  friable,  separating  when  dry  from  the 

roundish  and  smoothish  thin-shelled  nut. 

J.  regia,  ENGLISH  WALNUT,  so  called,  but  native  of  Asia :  leaflets  oval, 
entire,  smoothish ;  fruit  ripens  sparingly  in  Middle  States. 

2.   CARYA,   HICKORY.     (Greek  name  of  the  Walnut,  applied  to  these 
North  American  trees.)     Fl.  in  rather  late  spring  :  nuts  fall  in  autumn. 
§  1.    Sterile  catkins  in  a  sessile  cluster :  leajlels  13  —  15,  short-stalked:  nut  edible. 

C.  oliV8ef6rmis,  PECAN-NUT.  Along  rivers,  from  Illinois  S.  :  leaflets 
oblong-lanceolate,  'taper-pointed ;  nut  cylindrical-oblong,  olive-shaped,  the  seed 
delicious. 

§  2.  Sterile  catkins  3  or  more  together  on  a  common  peduncle :  leajlets  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  of  5-9  or  rarely  11-13  leaflets:  nut  globular  or  short-oval. 

*  Nuts  sweet-tasted  and  edible  (the  hickory-nuts  of  the  market)  ;  the  husk  splitting 

into  4  thick  and  hard  valves  :  buds  large,  of  about  10  scales. 

C.  alba,  SHELL-BARK  or  SHAG-BARK  H.  Commonest  E.  :  bark  of  old 
trunks  very  shaggy,  separating  in  rough  strips  ;  inner  bud-scales  becoming  very 
large  and  conspicuous  on  the  young  shoot ;  leaflets  5,  the  3  upper  much  larger 
and  lance-obovate  ;  nut  white. 

C.  sulcata,  WESTERN  SHELL-BARK  H.  From  Penn.  W.  &  S.  :  differs 
from  the  foregoing  in  lighter-colored  heart-wood,  7-9  leaflets  more  downy  be- 
neath, fruit  with  very  thick  husk  4-ribbed  above  the  middle,  and  larger  yellow- 
ish or  dull-white  nut  (sometimes  2'  long)  mostly  with  a  point  at  both  ends. 

C.  tomentbsa,  MOCKER-NUT  or  WHITE-HEART  H.  Common  E.  &  S.  : 
bark  rough,  but  not  splitting  off  in  strips ;  shoots  and  lower  surface  of  the 
leaves  woolly-downy  when  young  ;  leaflets  7-9,  lance-obovate,  or  the  lower 
lance-oblong  ;  fruit  with  very  thick  hard  husk,  and  globular  nut  (not  flattish  on 
the  sides)  brownish,  very  thick-shelled,  hardly  fit  to  eat. 

*  #  Nuts  bitter,  in  a  rather  thin  and  friable  husk,  which  splits  only  at  the  top,  or 

tardily  to  near  the  base :  bark  on  the  trunk  close :  bud-scales  falling  early. 

C.  porcina,  BROWN  H.  or  PIG-NUT.  Common  N.  :  bark  of  trunk 
rough. ;  bud-scales  about  10,  small ;  shoots  and  leaves  nearly  smooth  ;  leaflets 
5-7,  obovate-lanceolate ;  fruit  pear-shaped;  nut  oblong  or  oval,  hard-shelled, 
seed  at  first  sweet,  then  bitterish. 

C.  amara,  BITTER-NUT.  Moist  or  low  grounds  :  bark  of  trunk  smooth  and 
very  close ;  yellowish  bud-scales  about  6  ;  shoots  and  leaves  pubescent  when 
young;  leaflets  7 - 1 1 ,  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong;  fruit  and  white  thin-shelled 
and  tender  nut  globular ;  seed  at  first  sweet,  then  very  bitter. 

C.  aquatica,  WATER  H.  River-swamps  S.  Small  tree,  with  rough 
bark;  bud-scales  as  in  the  last;  leaflets  9-13,  lanceolate,  smooth;  nut  thin- 
shelled,  4-angular,  flattish ;  seed  very  bitter. 

106.   CUPULIFERffi,   OAK  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  and  simple  straight-veined  leaves, 
very  deciduous  stipules,  and  monoecious  flowers  ;  the  sterile  in 
slender  catkins  (except  in  the  Beech)  ;  the  fertile  solitary,  clustered, 
or  sometimes  spiked,  and  furnished  with  an  involucre  which  forms 
a  cup  or  covering  to  the  1-celled  1 -seeded  nut.  This  nut  comes 
from  an  ovary  with  2  or  more  cells  having  one  or  two  ovules  hang- 
ing from  the  summit  of  each  ;  but  all  except  one  cell  and  one 
ovule  are  abortive.  There  is  a  calyx  adhering  to  the  ovary,  as  is 
shown  by  the  minute  teeth  crowning  its  summit.  Seed  filled  by 
the  embryo,  which  hua  thick  and  fleshy  cotyledons. 


302  OAK    FAMILY. 

§  1.   Sterile  flowers  with  a  distinct  4  -  1-lobed  calyx  and  3-20  slender  stamens :  fertile 

flowers  1-4  in  a  cup  or  bur-like  involucre. 
*  Sterile  flowers  clustered  in  slender  catkins  :  their  bracts  inconspicuous  or  deciduous. 

1.  QUERCUS.     Stamens  3  - 12.    Fertile  flower  only  one  in  the  bud-like  invohicre, 

which  becomes  a  scaly  cup.  Stigma  3-lobed.  "  Nut  (acorn)  terete,  with  a  firm 
shell,  from  which  the  thick  cotyledons  do  not  emerge  in  germination.  (Les- 
sons, p.  130,  fig.  299;  p.  13,  fig;  21,  22.) 

2.  CASTANEA.     Stamens  8-20.     Fertile  flowers  few  (commonly  3)  in  each  in- 

volucre, one  or  more  ripening;  stigmas  mostly  6  or  7,  bristle-shaped.  Nuts 
coriaceous,  ovoid,  when  more  than  one  flattened  on  one  or  both  sides,  en- 
closed in  the  hard  and  thick  very  pricklv  bur-like  at  length  4-valved  invo- 
lucre. Cotyledons  somewhat  folded  together  and  cohering,  remaining  under 
ground  in  germination. 

*  #  Sterile  flowers  in  small  heads  on  drooping  pedunfles. 

3.  FAGUS.     Calyx  of  sterile  flowers  bell-shaped,  5  -  7-cleft,  containing  8-16  long 

stamens.  Fertile  flowers  2  together  on  the  summit  of  a  scaly-brae  ted  pe- 
duncle; the  innermost  scales  uniting  form  the  4-lobed  involucre:  ovarv 
3-celled  when  young,  crowned  by  6  awl-shaped  calyx-teeth  and  a  3-cleft  or 
3  thread-like  styles:  in  fruit  a  pair  of  sharply  3-sided  nuts  in  the  4-cleft  soft- 
prickly  rigid  involucre.  Cotyledons  thick,  somewhat  crumpled  together,  but 
rising  and  expanding  in  germination.  (Lessons,  p.  11,  fig.  13-15.) 

§  2.  Sterile  flowers  consisting  of  a  few  short  stamens  partly  adhering  to  the  bract, 
and  destitute  of  any  proper  calyx;  the  anthers  I -celled:  fertile  flowers  in 
pairs  under  each  bract  of  a  head,  spike,  or  short  catkin,  each  with  one  or  tiro 
bractlets,  forming  afoli'aceous  or  sac-like  involucre  to  the  nut.  Sterile  catkins 
rather  dense. 

4.  CORYLUS.     Scales  of  the  sterile  catkin  consisting  of  a  bract  to  the  inside  of 

which  2  bractlets  and  several  stamens  adhere.  Fertile  flowers  in  a  little 
head,  like  a  scaly  bud:  stigmas  2,  long  and  red.  Nut  rather  large,  bony, 
wholly  or  partly  enclosed  in  a  leaf-like  or  tubular  and  cut-lobed  or  toothed 
involucre. 

5.  OSTRYA.     Scales  of  the  sterile  catkin  simple.     Fertile  flowers  in  a  sort  of 

slender  catkin,  its  bracts  deciduous,  each  flower  an  ovary  tipped  with  2  long 
slender  stigmas  and  enclosed  in  a  tubular  bractlet,  which  becomes  a  bladdery 
greenish-white  oblong  bag,  in  the  bottom  of  which  is  the  little  nu.t:  these 
together  form  a  sort  of  hop-like  fruit. 

6.  CARPINUS.     Sterile  catkin  as  in  Ostrya.    Fertile  flowers  in  a  sort  of  slender 

loose  catkin;  each  with  a  pair  of  separate  3-lobed  bractlets,  which  become 
leaf-like,  one  each  side  of  the  small  nerved  iiut. 

1.  QUERCUS,  OAK.  (The  classical  Latin  name.)  Flowers  in  spring-; 
acorns  ripe  in  autumn.  All  but  one  of  the  following  species  are  natives 
of  the  country. 

§  1.   Annual-fruited  Oaks,  the  acorns  maturing  the  autumn  of  the  first  year,  there- 
fore on  the  wood  of  the  season,  usually  in  the  axil  of  the  leaves,  out  of 
which  they  are  often  raised  on  a  peduncle:  kernel  commonly  sweet-tasted: 
no  bristles  on  the  lobes  or  teeth  of  the  leaves. 
*  WHITE  OAKS,  with  lyrately  or  sinuatefy  pinnatifid  and  deciduous  leaves. 

•*--  European  tree,  more  or  less  planted  eastward. 

Q.  R6bur,  EUROPEAN  or  ENGLISH  OAK.  Belongs  to  the  same  section 
with  our  White  Oak ;  but  leaves  smaller,  not  glaucous  beneath,  sinuatc-lobed, 
but  hardly  pinnatifid  ;  acorn  oblong,  over  1'long, — one  or  a  few  in  a  cluster 
which  is  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  in  var.  SESSILIFLOBA, —  raised  on  a  slender 
peduncle  in  var.  PEDUNCULATA. 

•»-  -»-  Native  species  :  leaves  pale  or  whitish  beneath. 

Q.  alba,  WHITE  OAK.  Rich  soil  :  large  tree  with  whitish  bark ;  leaves 
soon  smooth,  bright  green  above,  whitish  beneath,  with  3-9  oblong  or  linear 
obtuse  and  mostly  entire  oblique  lobes  ;  the  shallow  rough  cup  very  much 
shorter  than  the  ovoid-oblong  (about  1'  long)  acorn;  seed  edible. 

Q.  obtusiloba,  POST  OAK,  ROUGH  or  Box  WHITK  Oak.  Small  tree  in 
barren  soil,  commonest  S.,  with  very  durable  wood  ;  thiekish  leaves  grayish 


OAK     FAMILY.  803 

downy  beneath,  pale  and  rough  above,  simiately  5  -  7-lobed,  the  lobes  divergent 
and  rounded,  the  upper  pair  larger  and  sometimes  1  -  3-notched  ;  naked  cup 
deep  saucer-shaped,  half  or  one  third  the  length  of  the  small  acorn. 

Q.  macrocarpa,  BUR-()AK,  OVKR-CUP  or  MOSSY-CUP  WHITE  OAK.  , 
Middle-sized  tree  in  fertile  soil,  commonest  W.  :  with  obovate  or  oblong  lyrately 
pinnatifid  leaves,  of  various -«hapc,  pale  or  downy  beneath,  smooth  above; 
cup  deep,  thick  and  woody,  from  hardly  1'  to  2'  in  diameter,  covered  with  hard 
and  thick  pointed  scales,  the  upper  ones  tapering  into  bristly  points,  making  a 
moss v-f ringed  border;  acorn  !'-!£'  long,  half  or  wholly  covered  by  the  cup. 

Q.  lyr&ta,  SOUTHERN"  OVERCUP  OAK.  Large  tree  in  river-swamps,  from 
N.  Car.  S.  &  W.  :  leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  obovate-oblong, 
with  7-9  triangular  and  entire  acute  lobes,  glossy  above,  whitish-downy  be- 
neath ;  cup  sessile,  globular,  rough  with  rugged  scales,  almost  covering  the 
globular  nut. 

*  *  CHESTNUT-OAKS,  with  toothed  or  sinuate  leaves,  not  lobed  except  slightly  in 

the  first  species,  white  or  whitish  downy  beneath:  cup  hoary,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  oblony-oroid  edible  acorn. 

Q.  bicolor,  SWAMP  WHITE  OAK.  Low  grounds,  chiefly  N.  &  W. :  tall 
tree,  with  leaves  intermediate  between  the  White  and  the  Chestnut  Oaks,  being 
more  or  less  obovate  and  sinuate-toothed,  or  some  of  them  nearly  pinnatifid, 
hoary  with  soft  down  beneath,  wedge-shaped  at  base,  the  main  veins  only  6-8 
pairs  and  not  prominent ;  peduncle  in  fruit  longer  than  the  petiole  ;  cup  often 
mossy-fringed  at  the  margin  ;  acorn  hardly  1'  long. 

Q.  Prinus,  CHESTNUT  OAK.  The  leading  form  is  SWAMP  CHESTNUT 
OAK,  in  low  grounds  mainly  S. ;  with  obovate  or  oblong  leaves  wavy-toothed 
and  minutely  downy  beneath,  the  main  veins  10-16  pairs  and  prominent  be- 
neath ;  fruit-bearing*peduncle  short ;  the  thick  cup  £'  -  1'  wide,  tubercled  with  the 
thick  scales  ;  acorn  1'  or  less  long.  —  Var.  MONTI:COLA,  ROCK  CHESTNUT  OAK, 
has  large  acorns  like  the  above,  but  more  the  chestnut-like  leaves  of  the  next ; 
grows  in  and  near  the  mountains.  —  Var.  ACUMINATA,  YELLOW  CHESTNUT  OAK 
of  rich  rather  dry  soil  through  the  interior,  mostly  of  the  Middle  States,,  has 
chestnut-like  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves,  mostly  roundish  at  base,  on  slender 
petioles,  equally  and  sharply  toothed,  and  very  straight-veined  ;  cup  about  £' 
broad,  its  scales  small  and  close ;  acorn  rather  small. 

Q.  prinoides,  DWARF  CHESTNUT  or  CHINQUAPIN-OAK.  Barren  or 
sandy  soil,  mostly  E. :  shrub  2°  -  4°  high,  with  obovate  or  oblong  sinuate 
leaves  narrowed  at  base  ;  and  acorns  and  cup  like  those  of  true  Chestnut  Oak, 
but  very  much  smaller ;  producing  little  abortive  acorns  in  the  axils  of  some  of 
the  scales  of  the  cup. 

*  *  *  LIVE  OAK,  with  evergreen  coriaceous  leaves,  not  lobed. 
Q.  virens,  LIVE  OAK.  Barrens  or  sands  along  the  coast  from  Virg.  S. 
Small  or  large  tree,  or  a  mere  shrub,  with  very  durable  firm  wood,  the  branch- 
lets  and  lower  face  of  the  small  oblong  entire  (or  rarely  spiny-toothed)  leaves 
hoary  ;  conspicuous  peduncle  bearing  1-3  small  fruits,  with  top-shaped  cup 
and  oblong  acorn. 

§  2.  BIENNIAL-FRUITED  OAKS,  the  acorns  not  maturing  until  the  autumn  of 
the  second  year,  these  therefore  borne  on  old  wood  below  the  leaves  of  the 
season,  on  short  and  thick  peduncles  or  none :  kernel  always  bitter :  tip  or 
lobes  of  the  leaves  commonly  bristle-pointed. 

*  THICKISH-LEAVED  OAKS,  some  of  them  almost  or  quite  evergreen  at  the  South, 

coriaceous  but  deciduous  N.,  entire,  sparingly  toothed,  or  barely  3-lobed  at 
the  summit. 

•»-  Leaves  generally  entire,  not  widened  upivards :  acorns  spherical,  small. 

Q.  cindrea,  UPLAND  WILLOW  OAK.  Dry  pine-barrens,  S.  E.  Virginia 
and  S.  Small  tree  or  shrub  ;  resembles  Live  Oak,  but  more  downy,  narrower- 
leaved,  the  cup  shallow,  and  small  acorn  globular. 

Q.  Phellos,  WILLOW  OAK.  Sandy  low  woods  from  New  York  S.  :  a 
middle-sized  tree,  remarkable  for  its  linear-lanceolate  smooth  willow-like  leaves 
narrowed  at  both  ends. 


304  OAK    FAMILY. 

Q.  imbricaria,  LAUREL  or  SHINGLE  OAK.  Rather  sterile  soil,  from  New 
Jersey  W.  &  S.  W.  :  a  middle-sized  tree,  with  laurel-like  lance-oblong  leaves 
glossy  above,  more  or  less  downy  beneath. 

-»-  •«-  Leaves  widtning  upwards,  where  they  are  sometimes  moderately  3-5-lobed: 
acorns  globular,  ovoid,  small. 

Q.  aquatica,  WATER  OAK.  Wet  ground  from  Maryland  S. :  a  small 
tree,  with  very  smooth  and  glossy  obovate-spatulate  oblaiiceolate  or  wedge- 
oblong  leaves  long-tapering  at  base  ;  cup  saucer-shaped. 

Q.  nigra,  BLACK-JACK  or  BARREN  OAK.  Barrens,  from  New  York  S. 
&  W. :  low  tree  (8° -25°  high),  with  wedge-shaped  leaves  widely  dilated  and 
mostly  3-lobed  at  summit,  but  often  rounded  at  the  narrow  base*  rusty-downy 
beneath,  smooth  and  glossy  above  ;  cup  top-shaped,  coarse-scaly. 

*  *  BLACK  and  RED  OAKS,  with  long-netioled  and  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatifid 

deciduous  leaves. 
-t-  Downy  beneath  even  when  mature  :  cup  saucer-shaped  with  top-shaped  base. 

Q.  ilicifdlia,  BEAR  or  BLACK  SCRUB-OAK.  Sterile  hills  and  barrens, 
mostly  N.  &  W.  :  shrub  3°  — 8°  high,  straggling;  leaves  obovate  with  wedge- 
shaped  base,  above  angularly  3  -  7-lobed,  whitish-downy  beneath  ;  acorn  ovoid, 
barely  J7  long. 

Q.  falcata,  SPANISH  OAK.  Dry  soil,  New  Jersey  to  111.  and  S. :  large 
tree,  with  oblong  leaves  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base,  3  -  5-lobed  above,  grayish  or 
yellowish-downy  beneath,  the  lobes  mostly  narrow  and  entire  or  sparingly 
toothed  and  somewhat  curved  ;  acorn  globular,  hardly  £'  long. 

•«—  •«-  Mature  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides  or  nearly  so,  generally  ovate,  oblong,  or 
some  of  the  larger  obovate  in  outline,  and  varying  from  sinuately  to  deeply 
pinnatifid,  turning  various  shades  of  red  or  crimson  in  late  autumn  :  wood 
coarse-gra  ined. 

•*•*  Leaves  with  wedge-shaped  base  and  short  petiole,  rather  thick  and  coriaceous. 
Q.  CatesbSBi,   TURKEY  or  BARRENS  SCRUB-OAK.      Small  tree  in  pine 
barrens  S.  :  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  or  3-5-cleft,  the  long  and  narrow  or  un- 
equal lobes  somewhat  scythe-shaped  and  often  nearly  entire ;  cup  very  thick 
and  of  coarse  scales,  1'  or  less  broad,  half  enclosing  the  ovoid  nut. 

**  •*-«•  Leaves  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  slender-petioled,  thinner. 

Q.  COCCinea,  SCARLET  OAK.  Dry  or  barely  moist  soil :  large  tree,  with 
gray  bark,  the  interior  reddish,  rather  firm  leaves  more  or  less  glossy  above  and 
deeply  pinnatifid  ;  cup  coarse-scaly,  top-shaped  or  hemispherical  with  a  conical 
scaly  base,  covering  half  or  more  of  the  roundish  acorn  (this  £'-!}'  long). 

Var.  tinct6ria,  QUERCITRON,  YELLOW-BARKED,  or  BLACK  OAK.  Bark 
of  trunk  darker-colored,  thicker,  rougher,  internally  orange  (quercitron),  and 
much  more  valuable  jo  the  tanner  and  dyer;  cup  less  top-shaped;  leaves  less 
pinnatifid  or  some  of  them  barely  sinuate,  thinner,  less  glossy,  and  more  like 
those  of  the  next. 

Q.  rtlbra,  RED  OAK.  Common  in  rich  and  poor  soil  :  large  tree,  with 
dark  gray  smoothish  bark,  very  coarse  reddish  wood,  and  thinnish  moderately 
pinnatifid  leaves ;  cup  saucer-shaped,  sessile  or  on  a  short  and  abrupt  narrow 
neck,  of  fine  close  scales,  very  much  shorter  than  the  nearly  oblong  acorn  ( this 
1'  or  less  in  length). 

Q.  paliistris,  SWAMP  SPANISH  or  PIN  OAK.  Low  grounds,  only  N.  : 
middle-sized  tree,  with  less  coarse  wood,  deeply  pinnatifid  smooth  leaves  with 
their  divergent  lobes  separated  by  broad  and  rounded  sinuses  ;  cup  flat-saucer- 
shaped  with  a  short  scaly  base  or  stalk,  of  fine  scales,  very  much  shorter  than 
the  roundish  acorn,  which  is  barely  £'  in  length. 

2.  CASTANEA,  CHESTNUT.  (Classical  name,  taken  from  that  of  a 
town  in  Thessaly. )  Flowers  in  summer,  appearing  later  than  the  elongated 
strongly  straight-veined  and  merely  serrate  leaves. 

C.  v6sca,  EUROPEAN  CHESTNUT  :  seldom  planted  :  large  tree,  with  oblong- 
lanceolate  pointed  leaves  beset  with  coarse  sharp-pointed  teeth,  when  mature 
smooth  and  green  both  sides ;  nuts  2  or  3  in  each  involucre. 


SWEET-GALE    FAMILY.  305 

Var.  Americana,  AMERICAN  CHESTNUT  :  large  tree  in  hilly  woods, 
from  Canada  to  Florida,  distinguishable  from  the  European  only  by  leaves  acute 
at  the  base,  and  nuts  sweeter  and  smaller. 

C.  pumila,  CHINQUAPIN.  Sandy  dry  soil  chiefly  S.  &  E.  :  shrub  or 
small  tree ;  with  lance-oblong  leaves  whitish  downy  beneath,  and  very  sweet 
nut  solitary  in  the  involucre,  therefore  terete. 

3.  FAGTJS,  BEECH.     (Classical  Latin  name,  from  the  Greek,  alluding  to 
the  nuts  being  good  to  eat.)     Flowers  appearing  with  the  (straight-veined 
and  serrate)  leaves,  in  spring. 

F.  ferruginea,  AMERICAN  BEECH.  Forest  tree,  commoner  N.,  with  fine- 
grained wood,  close  and  smooth  light  gray  bark,  and  light  horizontal  spray  ; 
the  leaves  oblong-ovate  and  taper-pointed,  distinctly  toothed,  thin,  their  silkv 
hairs  early  deciduous,  the  very  straight  veins  all  ending  in  the  salient  teeth. 

F.  sylvatica,  EUROPEAN  BEECH,  occasionally  planted  as  a  shade-tree,  is 
distinguished  by  broader  and  shorter,  firmer,  more  hairy,  and  wavy-toothed 
leaves,  some  of  the  main  veins  tending  to  the  sinuses.  COPPER  BEECH  is  a 
variety  with  crimson-purple  foliage. 

4.  CORYLUS,    HAZEL-NUT,    FILBERT.      (Classical    Latin    name.) 
Shrubs,  with  Mowers  in  early  spring,  preceding  the  rounded-heart-shaped, 
doubly-serrate,  at  first  downy  leaves.     Edible  nuts  ripe  in  autumn. 

C.  Avelljina,  EUROPEAN  H.  or  FILBERT.  Occasionally  planted  :  6° -10° 
high,  with  bristly  shoots,  and  smoothish  deeply-cleft  involucre  about  the  length 
of  the  (!'  long)  oval  nut. 

C.  Americana,  AMERICAN  H.  Thickets  :  4° -6°  high,  with  more  downy 
shoots,  leaves,  and  involucre,  the  latter  open  down  to  the  smaller  globular  nut 
in  the  form  of  a  pair  of  broad  cut-toothed  leafy  bracts. 

C.  rostrata,  BEAKED  H.  Thickets  and  banks,  mostly  N. :  2? -5°  high, 
with  more  ovate  and  scarcely  heart-shaped  leaves,  the  densely  bristly  involucre 
prolonged  in  a  narrow  curved  tube  much  beyond  the  ovoid  nut. 

5.  OSTRYA,  HOP-HORNBEAM.    (Classical  name.)    Slender  trees,  with 
very  hard  wood :  flowers  appearing  with  the  (Birch-like)  leaves,  in  spring. 
O.  Virginica,  AMERICAN  H.,  IRON-WOOD  or  LEVER-WOOD.    Eich  woods  : 

tree  30° -50°  high,  with  brownish  rough  bark,  and  oblong-ovate  taper -pointed 
sharply  doubly  serrate  leaves  downy  beneath,  the  sacs  of  the  fruit  bristly  at  base. 

6.  CARPINUS,  HORNBEAM,  IRON-WOOD.     (Ancient  Latin  name.) 
Low  trees  or  tall  shrubs,  with  furrowed  trunks  and  very  hard  wood,  the  clos* 
gray  bark  and  small  leaves  resembling  those  of  the  Beech ;  flowers  with  the 
leaves,  in  spring. 

C.  Americana,  AMERICAN  H.,   also  called  BLUE   or  WATER  BEECH. 

Banks  of  streams  :  10°  -  20°  high  ;  with  ovate-oblong  pointed  doubly  semue 
leaves,  becoming  smooth,  and  halberd-S-loo'ed  bracts  of  the  involucre. 

107.   MYRICACE^,  SWEET-GALE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  with  resinous-dotted  often  fragrant  simple  leaves,  and 
monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  both  kinds  in  short  scaly  catkins  or 
heads,  and  destitute  of  any  proper  calyx,  the  1-seeded  fruit  a  fleshy 
little  drupe  or  at  length  dry  nut,  commonly  coated  with  wax. 

1.  MYRICA.     Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  the  catkins  from  lateral  scaly  buds :  each 

Sower  under  a  scale-like  bract  and  with  a  pair  of  bractlets;  the  sterile  of 
2-8  stamens ;  the  fertile  of  an  ovary  bearing  2  slender  stigmas  and  surround- 
ed by  a  few  little  scales. 

2.  COMPTONIA     Flowers  mostly  monoecious,  the  sterile  in  cylindrical  catkins; 

the  fertile  in  globular  bur-like  heads.     Ovary  surrounded  by  long  awl-shaped 
hich  persist  around  the  smooth  little  nut. 
S  &.  F— 24 


306  BIRCH     FAMILY. 

1.  MYRiCA,  BAYBERRY,  SWEET  GALE.     (Ancient  name  of  somo 
aromatic  shrnb.)     Fl.  spring,  with  or  earlier  than  the  leaves. 

M.  Gale,  SWEET  GALE.  Cold  bogs  N. :  l°-4°  high,  with  pale  wedge- 
lanceolate  leaves,  serrate  towards  the  apex ;  little  nuts  crowded,  and  as  if 
winged  by  a  pair  of  scales. 

M.  cerifera,  BAYBERRY,  WAX-MYRTLE.  Along  the  coast :  shrub  2° -8° 
high,  with  fragrant  lance-oblong  or  lanceolate  mostly  entire  leaves,  becoming 
glossy  above,  the  scattered  bony  nuts  thickly  incrusted  with  greenish  or  white 
wax  and  appearing  like  berries. 

2.  COMPTONIA,    SWEET-FERN.       (Named    for  Henry    Compton,   a 
bishop  of  London.)     Flowers  rather  later  than  the  leaves,  in  spring. 

C.  asplenifdlia,  the  only  species,  in  sterile  rocky  soil,  chiefly  E. :  l°-2° 
high,  Avith  linear-lanceolate  downy  leaves  pinnatifid  into  many  short  and  rounded 
lobes,  resembling  a  Fern,  and  sweet-aromatic. 

108.  BETULACE^I,  BIRCH  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  often  resinous-sprinkled  and  aromatic,  with  al- 
ternate, simple,  mostly  straight-veined  leaves,  commonly  deciduous 
stipules,  and  mono3cious  flowers,  both  kinds  in  scaly  catkins,  and  2 
or  3  under  each  bract.  Ovary  2-celled  and  2-ovuled,  but  the  fruit 
(a  little  nut  or  akene  often  surrounded  by  a  wing  like  a  samara) 
1 -celled  and  1-seeded.  Stigmas  2,  thread-like. 

1.  BETULA.     Sterile  catkins  long  and  hanging:  3  flowers  under  each  shield- 

shaped  scaly  bract,  each  with  a  scale  Bearing  4  short  stamens  with  1-celled 
anthers.  Fertile  catkins  stout:  2  or  3  flowers  under  each  3-lobed  bract,  euch 
of  a  naked  ovary  ripening  into  a  rounded  broadly  winged  scale-like  little  key- 
fruit,  tipped  with  the  2  stigmas. 

2.  ALNUS.     Flowers  much  as  in  Betula :  but  usually  a  distinct  3  -  5-parted  calyx ; 

anthers  2-celled;  oval  fertile  catkins  composed  of  thick  and  at  length 
woody  persistent  scales;  and  the  little  nutlets  less  winged  or  wingless. 

1.  BETULA,  BIRCH.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.)  Trees  with  slender 
spray  (or  a  few  low  shrubs),  more  or  less  spicy-aromatic  twigs,  sessile  scaly 
buds,  flowers  in  early  spring  along  with  the  leaves  ;  the  sterile  catkins  golden 
yellow ;  the  fertile  ones  mostly  terminating  very  short  2-leaved  branches  of 
the  season.  The  following  are  all  native  trees. 

*  Trunk  with  brown  or  yellow-grai/  bark,  the  inner  and  the  twigs  and  thin  straight- 

veined  leaves  spicy-aromatic :  pttioles  short  :  thick  fruiting  catkins  with 
their  thin  scales  rather  persistent :  fruit  with  narrow  wing. 

B.  16nta,  SWEET,  BLACK,  or  QHERRY  BIRCH.  Moist  woods  mostly  N.  : 
a  rather  large  tree,  with  fine-grained  valuable  wood,  dark  brown  close  bark  on 
the  trunk  (not  peeling  in  thin  layers)  and  bronze-reddish  twigs,  very  aromatic  ; 
leaves  oblong-ovate  and  somewhat  heart-shaped,  sharply  doubly  serrate  all  round, 
soon  glossy  above  and  almost  smooth  ;  fruiting  catkins  oblong-cylindrical. 

B.  lutea,  YELLOW  or  GRAY  B.  With  the  other  and  more  northward  : 
less  aromatic ;  bark  of  trunk  yellowish-gray  and  somewhat  silvery,  separating 
in  filmy  layers;  leaves  duller,  more  downy,  and  rarely  at  all  heart-shaped; 
fruiting  catkins  short-oblong. 

*  *  Trunk  with  chalky-white  bark  peeling  horizontally  in  thin  sheets :  leaves  and 

narrow  cylindrical  smooth  catkins  slender-stalked:  bracts  falling  with  the 
broad-winged  fruit. 

B.  alba,  var.  populif61ia,  AMERICAN  WHITE  BIRCH.  Small  tree  in  low 
or  sterile  soil,  from  Penn.  N.  E.,  1 5° -25°  high,  with  triangular  very  taper- 
pointed  smooth  and  glos.sy  leaves. 

B.  papyracea,  PAPER  or  CANOE  BIRCH.  Large  tree,  from  upper  part  of 
Penn.  N.,  mostly  farN. ;  with  more  ovate  and  even  heart-shaped  leaves  (dull 


WILLOW    FAMILY.  307 

beneath,  and  even  dark  green  above),  and  more  papery  bark  than  in  White 
Birch,  separating  in  ample  sheets. 

-*  *  *  Trunk  with  greenish-brown  Ixirk,  hardly  peeling  in  layers,  reddish  twigs 
little  aromatic,  and,  oblong  downy  short-stalked  catkins  :  wings  of  fruit  broad. 

B.  nigra,  RIVER  or  RED  BIRCH.  Middle-sized  tree  of  low  river-banks, 
commonest  8. :  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  whitish  and  mostly  downy  beneath. 

2.  ALNUS,  ALDER.  (Ancient  Latin  name.)  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with 
narrow  leaf-buds  of  very  few  scales  and  often  stalked,  and  catkins  mostly 
clustered  or  racemed  on  leafless  branchlets  or  peduncles. 

§  1.  Flowers  with  the  leaves  in  spring,  the  sterile  from  catkins  which  were  naked 
over  winter,  while  the  fertile  catkin  was  enclosed  in  a  scaly  bud. 

A.  viridis,  GREEN  or  MOUNTAIN  ALDER.  Only  rather  far  N.,  and  on 
mountains:  3° -8°  high;  leaves  round-oval  or  ovate,  glutinous;  fruit  with 
a  broad  thin  wing. 

§  2.  Flowers  in  earliest,  spring,  much  before  the  leaves,  both  sorts  from  catkins 
which  have  remained  naked  over  winter :  wing  of  fruit  narrow  and  thickish.  . 

A.  serrulata,  SMOOTH  A.  Common,  especially  S. :  6°  - 12°  high,  with 
obovate  smooth  or  smoothish  leaves  green  both  sides  and  sharply  serrate. 

A.  incana,  SPECKLED  or  HOARY  A.  Common  N.  along  streams :  8°  -20° 
high ;  with  broadly  oval  or  ovate  leaves  rounded  at  base,  serrate  and  often 
coarsely  toothed,  whitened  and  commonly  downy  beneath. 

1O9.   SALICACE^I,  WILLOW  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  bark,  soft  light  wood,  alternate  undi- 
vided leaves,  either  persistent  or  deciduous  stipules,  and  dioecious 
flowers  ;  both  kinds  in  catkins,  one  flower  under  each  bract  or  scale, 
the  staminate  of  naked  stamens  only  j  the  fertile  of  a  1-celled  ovary 
which  becomes  a  2-valved  pod  with  2  parietal  or  basal  placentae, 
bearing  numerous  seeds  furnished  with  a  tuft  of  long  cottony  down  at 
one  end. 

1.  SALIX.     Scales  of  the  catkins  entire.     Sterile  flowers  of  few  or  rarely  many 

stamens,  accompanied  by  1  or  2  little  glands.  Fertile  flowers  with  a  little 
gland  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  on  the  inner  side:  stigmas  2,  short,  each 
sometimes  2-lobed.  Shrubs  or  trees  with  lithe  branches,  mostly  1-scaled 
buds,  and  narrow  leaves. 

2.  POPULUS.     Scales  of  the  catkins  cut  or  cleft  at  the  apex.     Flowers  on  a  cup- 

shaped  oblique  disk.  Stamens  usually  numerous.  Stigmas  long.  Catkins 
drooping;  flowers  preceding  the  leaves,  these  mostly  broad.  Buds  scaly. 

1.  SALIX,  WILLOW,  OSIER.  (The  classical  Latin  name.)  The  Wil- 
lows, especially  the  numerous  wild  ones,  are  much  too  difficult  for  the  be- 
ginner to  undertake.  For  their  study  the  Manual  must  be  used.  The 
following  are  the  common  ones  planted  from  the  Old  World,  with  some  of 
the  most  tree-like  wild  ones. 

§  1.    Stamens  2,  but  their  JUaments  and  often  the  anthers  also  united  into  one. 

S.  purjptirea,  of  Eu.  :  known  by  the  reddish  or  olive-colored  twigs,  lateral 
catkins  before  the  leaves  and  with  dark  scales,  red  anthers,  and  sessile  downy 
ovary. 

§  2.    Stamens  2  and  separate. 

*  Flowers  earlier  than  the  leaves :  catkins  sessile  along  the  shoot  of  preceding  year. 

S.  Viminalis,  BASKET  W.  or  OSIER,  of  Eu.,  the  twigs  best  for  basket- 
work  ;  lias  lance-linear  entire  slendeivpointed  leaves  3'  -  6'  long  and  satiny-white 
underneath. 


308  WILLOW    FAMILY. 

#  #  Flowers  slinhlh)  earlier  than  the  leaves  but  rather  late  in  spring,  on  lateral 

catkins  which  have  4  or  5  leafy  bracts  at  their  base. 

S.  COrdata.  A  common  wild  species  along  streams,  badly  named,  as  the 
leaves  are  seldom  heart-shaped  at  base  and  generally  lanceolate*  often  tapering 
to  both  ends,  sharply  serrate,  smooth,  pale  or  whitish  beneath  ;  stipules  on 
young  shoots  conspicuous,  ovate  or  kidney-shaped  ;  ovary  slender-stalked, 
tapering,  smooth. 

*  *  #  Flowers  in  loose  catkins  terminating  leafy  lateral  shoots  of  the  season,  there- 

fore later  than  the  leaves,  in  late  spring  or  early  summer. 

S.  Iongif61ia,  LONG-LEAVED  W.  Wild  on  river-banks  N.  :  low  shrub  or 
low  tree,  with  very  long  lance-linear  nearly  sessile  sparsely  denticulate  leaves 
grayish-hairy  when  young  ;  catkins  with  narrow  yellowish  scales ;  the  stalked 
silky-downy  ovary  bearing  large  stigmas. 

S.  Babylonica,  WEEPING  W.  Planted  from  the  Orient :  a  familiar  tree, 
with  very  slender  drooping  branches,  and  linear-lanceolate  leaves  white  beneath; 
ill  the  monstrous  variety  called  ANNUL\RIS,  HOOP  W.,  curved  into  a  ring. 

S.  alba,  WHITE  W.,  commonly  the  var.  VITELLINA,  with  yellow  twigs : 
planted  from  Eu. ;  a  familiar  tree ;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  white-silky  under- 
neath ;  stipules  lanceolate  ;  ovary  nearly  sessile  and  smooth. 

S.  fragilis,  BRITTLE  W.,  from  En.  (so  called  because  the  twigs,  used  for 
basket-work,  &c.,  break  off  readily  from  their  base,  as  in  several  other  species) ; 
large  tree,  with  lanceolate  taper-pointed  leaves  white  but  smooth  beneath,  half 
heart-shaped  stipules,  and  nearly  sessile  smooth  ovary. 

§  3.  Stamens  3-5  or  more,  separate  :  catkins  late-Jlowering,  terminating  leafy 
branches  of  the  season  as  in  the  preceding  species :  stamens  hairy :  ovary 
smooth  :  scales  deciduous :  leaves  serrate,  smooth. 

S.  nigra,  BLACK  W.  Low  river-banks  :  wild  tree,  with  rough  black  bark, 
narrow -lanceolate  taper-pointed  leaves,  3-6  stamens,  and  short-ovate  pods. 

S.  pentandra,  BAY  W.  A  handsome  tree,  planted  from  Eu.  for  the  deep 
green  very  glossy  lanceolate  taper-pointed  leaves,  of  the  same  hue  both  sides, 
the  large  staminate  catkins  of  golden  yellow  flowers  also  handsome  :  stamens 
4-12,  commonly  5  ;  pods  tapering. 

S.  lucida,  AMERICAN  BAY  W.  Wild  in  wet  ground  N.  :  very  like  the 
last,  but  a  shrub,  with  shorter  catkins  on  a  less  leafy  short  branch. 

2.   P6PUL US,  POPLAR,  ASPEN.     (Classical  Latin  name.)     Fl.  spring. 
§  1.   Buds  not  glutinous  :  leaves  cottony,  at  least  beneath,  even  when  old. 

P.  alba,  ABELE  or  WHITE  P.  Tree  planted  from  Eu.,  with  spreading 
branches,  roundish  slightly  heart-shaped  wavy-toothed  or  lobed  leaves  soon 
green  above,  very  white-cottony  beneath  :  spreads  inveterately  by  the  root. 

§  2.  Buds  not  glutinous  :  leaves  cottony  when  developed,  but  soon  smooth  and 
green  both  sides  :  bark  smooth  and  close,  greenish-white. 

P.  tremuloides,  AMERICAN  ASPEN.  Small  tree,  common  in  woods  N. ; 
with  small  roundish-heart-shaped  leaves  beset  with  small  regular  teeth;  scales 
of  the  catkin  cut  into  3  or  4  linear  lobes,  fringed  with  long  hairs. 

P.  grandidentata,  LARGER  AMERICAN  ASPEN.  Middle-sized  tree,  com- 
mon in  woods  :  the  larger  roundish-ovate  leaves  with  coarse  and  irregular  blunt 
teeth  ;  scales  unequally  5  -  6-cleft,  slightly  fringed. 

P.  heteroph^lla,  DOWNY  POPLAR.  Wet  grounds,  common  only  W.  & 
S.  :  tree  40°  -  60°  high  ;  leaves  round-ovate  or  heart-shaped  with  the  sinus 
closed  by  the  overlapping  lobes,  obtuse,  serrate  with  incurved  teeth,  3' -5'  long, 
white  wool  deciduous  only  with  age,  leaving  traces  on  the  veins  beneath  and  on 
the  petioles  ;  fruiting  catkins  smooth. 

§  3.    Buds  glutinous  with  aromatic  resin  or  balsam:  leaves  smooth  from  thejirst. 

P.  dilatata,  LOMBARD Y  P.  Stiff  spiry  tree,  with  closely  appressed  branches, 
and  small  broadly  triangular  pointed  leaves,  formerly  much  planted,  from  the 
Old  World,  —  thought  to  be  a  remarkable  state  of 


PINE    FAMILY.  309 

P.  nigra,  BLACK  P.,  of  En.,  which  is  occasionally  planted,  and  has  spread- 
ing branches,  larger  leaves,  more  glutinous  buds,  &c. 

P.  monilifera,  COTTON-WOOD  or  NECKLACE  P.  Along  the  Great  Lakes 
and  rivers,  from  L.  Chumplain  W.  and  S.  W.  :  large  tree,  with  young  branches 
somewhat  angled  ;  leaves  dilated-triangular  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  taper- 
pointed,  serrate  with  cartilaginous  incurved  teeth  and  prominent  lateral  veins  ; 
fertile  catkins  very  long  and  interrupted,  their  scales  cut-fringed  ;  stigmas  very* 
large,  toothed. 

P.  balsamifera,  BALSAM  P.  or  TACAMAHAC.  Middle-sized  tree,  wild 
along  our  Northern  borders  and  N.  W.  :  has  round  or  scarcely  angled  branch- 
lets,  very  glutinous  and  pleasantly  balsamic  strong-scented  bud-scales,  and  ovate 
or  lance-ovate  gradually  tapering  leaves. 

Var.  candicans,  BALM-OF-GILEAD  P. :  planted  around  dwellings  as  a 
shade  tree,  wild  in  some  places,  spreading  inveterately  from  the  root ;  appears 
to  be  a  variety  of  the  Balsam  Poplar,  with  broader  ovate  and  often  heart  shaped 
leaves  lighter-colored  beneath. 

SUBCLASS  II.  GYMNOSPERMOUS  :  no  closed  ovary,  style, 
or  stigma,  but  ovules  and  seeds  naked  on  a  scale  or  some  other  sort 
of  transformed  leaf,  or  in  Yew  at  the  end  of  a  scaly-bracted  stalk  ; 
the  mouth  of  the  ovule  receiving  the  pollen  directly.  (Les?ons,  p.  1 2 1 , 
fig.  264-266;  p.  133,  fig.  312-314.)  Leaves  not  netted-veiued. 

Cycas  revoluta  (Lessons,  p.  19,  fig.  47),  from  the  southern  part  of 
Japan,  a  palm-like  low  tree  of  conservatories,  wrongly  called  SAGO  PALM,  and 

Zamia  integrifblia,  the  COONTIE  of  Florida,  the  root-like  trunk  of 
which  does  not  rise  above  ground,  and  furnishes  a  kind  of  flour  called  FLORIDA 
ARROW-ROOT,  represent  the  order  CYCADACE.E. 

111.   CONIFEKJE,  PINE  FAMILY* 

Trees  or  shrub.*,  with  wood  of  homogeneous  fibre  (no  ducts), 
resinous  juice,  commonly  needle-shaped  or  awl-shaped  leaves,  and 
mono3cious  or  sometimes  dioecious  flowers  destitute  of  both  calyx 
and  corolla,  and  in  catkins  or  the  like.  (See  Lessons,  as  above.) 

I.  PINP^  FAMILY  PROPER.  These  are  true  Coniferce,  or 
cone-bearing  tree.^,  the  fertile  flowers  being  in  a  scaly  catkin  which 
becomes  a  strobile  or  scaly  cone.  The  scales  are  each  in  the  axil 
of  a  bract  (which  is  sometimes  evident  and  projecting,  but  often 
concealed  in  the  full-grown  cone),  and  bear  a  pair  of  ovules  ad- 
hering to  their  inner  face  next  the  base,  the  orifice  downwards, 
and  the  two  winged  seeds  peel  off  the  scale  as  the  latter  expands 
at  maturity.  They  all  have  scaly  buds.  All  the  common  and 
hardy  trees  of  the  family  belong  to  the  following. 

1.  FIXUS.  Leaves  persistent,  long  and  needle-shaped,  2,  3.  or  5  in  a  cluster  from 
the  axil  of  dry  bud-scales,  developed  after  the  scaly  shoot  of  the  season 
lengthens.  Sterile  catkins  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  shoot  of  the  season : 
each  stamen  answers  to  a  flower,  reduced  to  a  2-celled  anther,  with  hardly 
any  filament  Cone  woody,  mostly  large,  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the 
second  year.  Cotyledons  of  the  embryo  several.  (See  Lessons,  p.  18,  fig. 
45,  46;  p.  72,  fig.  140;  p.  133,  144,  fig.  312-314.) 

*  For  a  particular  account  of  the  numerous  trees  of  this  nohle  family  now  planted  or 
beginning  to  be  planted  for  ornament,  special  works  should  be  consulted,  such,  especially,  as 
the  recent  '-Book  of  Evergreens  "  by  Mr.  lloopes.  \\V  give  here  only,  the  principal  species 
of  the  country,  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  well-established  introduced  species,  mainly 
such  as  are  fully  hardy  North. 


310  PINE   FAMILY. 

2.  ABIES.     Loaves  persistent,  linear  or  short  needle-shaped,  borne  directly  on  the 

shoots  of  the  season,  over  which  they  are  thickly  and  uniformly  scattered. 
Sterile  catkins  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  preceding  year.  Fertile  cat- 
kins solitary,  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year;  their  scales  thin  and 
eveiij_  never  prickle-bearing. 

3.  LARIX.    Leaves  all  deciduous  in  autumn,  soft,  short  needle-shaped,  in  sprin°- 

developed  very  many  in  a  dense  cluster  from  axillary  buds  of  the  previous 
summer  (Lessons,  p.  71,  fig.  139),  those  on  shoots  of 'the  season  similar  but 
scattered.  Cones  as  in  Abies,  the  scales  persistent. 

4.  CEDRUS.     Leaves  as  in  Larix,  but  rigid  and  persistent.      Cones  globular, 

large,  of  very  broad  thin  scales,  which  at  length  fall  away  from  the  axis. 

II.  CYPRESS  FAMILY.     These  have  both  kinds  of  flowers 
in  short  often  globular  catkins  of  few  scales  ;  the  fertile  making  a 
globular  or  ovate   small  cone,  which  is  often  fleshy  when  young, 
sometimes  imitating  a  berry.     The  branches  appear  and  the  shoots 
grow  on  without  the  intervention  of  any  scaly  buds.     Leaves  often 
opposite  or  whorled,  sometimes  scale-like  and  adnate  to  the  branch. 

§  1.    Scales  of  the  globular  cone  with  a  pointed  bract  behind  each  icedge-shaped  scale, 

parly  collaring  with  its  back. 

6.  CRYPTOMERIA.  Cone  terminating  a  leafy  branch,  the  recurved  tip  of  the 
bract  and  awl-shaped  lobes  of  the  top  of  the  scales  projecting. 

§  2.   Scales  of  the  fruit  simple,  no  bract  behind  them. 

*  Fruit  a  sort  of  cone,  dry  and  hard  when  mature :  flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious. 
-*-  Leaves  thin  and  delicate,  flat,  deciduous. 

6.  TAXODIUM.     Two  kinds  of  flowers  on  the  same  branches;  the  sterile  catkin 

spike-panicled,  of  few  stamens;  the  fertile  in  small  clusters.     Cone  globular, 
firmly  closed  till  mature,  of  several  very  thick-topped  and  angular  shield- 
shaped  scales,  a  pair  of  erect  3-angled  seeds  on  their  stalk. 
•*-  •*-  Leaves  evergreen,  linear  and  awl-shaped,  alternate,  free,  destitute  of  glands. 

7.  SEQUOIA.     Catkins  globular,  the  scales  of  the  fertile  ones  bearing  several 

ovules.  Cone  woody;  the  shield-shaped  scales  closed  without  overlapping, 
and  bearing  3-5  flat  wing-margined  seeds  hanging  from  the  upper  part  of 
their  stalk-like  base. 

-»--t--i-  Leaves  evergreen,  opposite,  awl-shaped  and  scale-shaped  (the  former  on  the 
more  vigorous  lengthening  shoots,  the  latter  closely  imbricated  and  decussate  on 
the  succeeding  branchlets).  commonly  with  a  resinous  gland  on  the  back.  Seeds 
and  ovules  erect :  cotyledons  only  2  or  3. 

5.  CUPRESSUS.     Cones   spherical;  the  shield-shaped  scales  closing  by  their 

well-fitted  margins,  not  overlapping,  separating  at  maturity,  each  scale  bear- 
ing two  or  usually  several  ovules  and  winged  or  wing-margined  seeds,  its 
broad  summit  with  a  central  boss  or  short  point. 

9.  THUJA.  Cones  oblong  or  globular,  the  scales  not  shield-shaped  but  concave 
and  fixed  by  their  base,  overlapping  in  pairs,  pointed  if  at  all  from  or  near 
their  sxunmit,  spreading  open  at  maturity,  each  bearing  a  single  pair  of 
ovules  and  seeds,  or  rarely  more. 

*  *  Fruit  berry-like  :  flowers  commonly  dioecious. 

10.  JUNIPERUS.     Catkins  very  small,  lateral;  the  fertile  of  3-6  fleshy  scales 

growing  together,  and  ripening  into  a  sort  of  globular  berry,  containing  1-3 
bony  seeds.  Leaves  evergreen,  opposite  or  whorled. 

III.  YEW    FAMILY.      Distinguished   by   having   the   fertile 
catkin,  if  it  may  be  so  called,  reduced  to  a  single  terminal  flower, 
consisting  of  an  ovule  only,  surrounded  by  some  bracts,  ripening 
into  a  nut-like  or  drupe-like   seed :  cotyledons  only  2.      There  is 
nothing  answering  to  the  scales  of  a  pine-cone.     Leaf-buds  scaly  as 
in  the  true  Pine  Family.     Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  axillary. 

11.  TAXUS.    Leaves  linear,  appearing  more  or  less  2-ranked,  green  both  sides. 

Both  kinds  of  catkins,  if  such  tiiey  may  be  called,  are  small  axillary  buds 


PINE    FAMILY.  311 

imbricated  with  persistent  scales,  bearing  at  the  apex,  one  a  few  naked 
stamens,  each  with  3-8  anther-cells  under  a  somewhat  shield-shaped  apex, 
the  other  an  ovate  ovule.  This  in  fruit  becomes  a  nut-like  blackish  seed, 
resting  in  the  bottom  of  a  berry-like  red  cup. 

12.  TORREYA.     Leaves,  catkins,  &c.,  nearly  as  in  Taxus.     Stamens  more  scale- 

shaped  at  top,  each  bearing  4  hanging  anther-cells.  Naked  seed  resembling 
a  thin  fleshed  drupe  or  when  dry  a  nut,  with  no  cup  around  it,  as  large  as  a 
nutmeg,  which  it  resembles  also  in  the  brain-like  interior  structure. 

13.  SALISBfJRIA.     Leaves  wedge-shaped  and  fan-shaped,  deeply  2-cleft  and  the 

lobes  wavy-toothed  and  somewhat  cleft  at  the  broad  truncate  end,  traversed 
with  straight  simple  or  forking  nerves  or  veins,  like  a  Fern.  Flowers  not 
often  seen.  Sterile  catkins  slender  and  loose.  Seed  drupe-like,  and  with  a 
fleshy  short  cup  around  its  base. 

PODOCARPUS,  one  or  two  species  in  choice  conservatories,  and  two  half 
hardy  in  the  Middle  States  as  low  shrubs,  —  the  genus  so  called  because 
the  fleshy  seed  is  raised  on  a  sort  of  stalk,  —  belongs  here.  The  leaves  are 
sometimes  much  unlike  those  of  other  Coniferous  trees,  being  large,  linear, 
lanceolate,  or  even  ovate,  and  veinless,  except  the  midrib. 

1.   PiNUS,  PINE.     (The  classical  Latin  name.)     Flowers  in  late  spring. 

§  1.    PiTCH-PiNES  and  then-  relatives,  with  leaves  only  2  or  3  in  the  cluster, 
scaly-sheathed  at  the  base  :  ivood  resinous. 

#  Cones  lateral  and  persistent  on  the  branch  long  after  shedding  the  seed,  the  scales 
thickened  at  the  end,  often  tipped  icith  a  cusp  or  spine :  leaves  rigid. 
•»—  Leaves  3  in  the  cluster.     All  natives,  but  the  last  Californian. 

P.  australis,  LONG-LEAVED  or  SOUTHERN  YELLOW  PINE.  Lofty  striking 
tree,  of  pine-barrens  from  N.  Car.  S.  ;  with  leaves  10' -15'  long,  very  resin- 
ous wood,  and  cones  6'- 10'  long,  the  scales  tipped  with  a  reflcxed  short  spine. 

P.  tfeda,  LOBLOLLY  or  OLD-FIELD  P.  Smaller  tree,  in  light  soil,  from 
Virginia  S  ,  with  less  resinous  wood,  dark  green  leaves  6'- 10'  long,  and  solitary 
cones  3' -5'  long,  the  scales  tipped  with  a  short  straight  or  incurved  spine. 

P.  rigida,  NORTHERN  PITCH  P.  Sandy  or  thin  rocky  soil,  abounding 
along  the  coast  N.  and  in  the  upper  country  S. :  a  stout  tree,  with  dark  green 
leaves  3' -5'  long  from  short  sheaths,  clustered  ovate-conical  cones  2' -3'  long, 
the  scales  tipped  with  a  recurved  spine  or  prickle. 

P.  serotina,  POND  P.  Small  tree  in  wet  ground  from  N.  Car.  S. ;  with 
valueless  wood,  leaves  4'-  S'  long,  and  mostly  opposite  round-ovate  cones  2' -3' 
long,  their  scales  tipped  with  a  very  small  and  weak  prickle. 

P.  ponderdsa  for  BENTHAMIANA)  ;  planted  from  California,  where  it  is  a 
characteristic  tree,  with  heavy  wood,  deep  green  leaves  6' -11'  long,  arid  clus- 
tered cones  about  3'  long,  rencxed  on  a  short  stalk. 

t-  •*-  Leaves  only  2  in  the  sheath,  or  a  few  of  them  sometimes  in  threes. 

•+-••  Planted  from  Europe. 

P.  Sylv6stris,  SCOTCH  PINE  (wrongly  called  also  Scotch  Fir),  the  com- 
mon Pine  of  N.  Europe :  middle-sized  tree,  known  by  the  bluish-white  hue  of 
its  flat  leaves  (2'-4' long),  reddish  bark  on  the  trunk,  and  narrow  tapering 
cones,  the  scales  with  tubercle-like  tips. 

P.  Austriaca,  AUSTRIAN  P.,  a  probable  variety  of  P.  LARICIO,  or  COR- 
SICAN  P.  of  S.  Eu.  :  a  fast-growing  massive  tree,  with  very  rough  branches, 
dark-green  slender  but  rigid  leaves  4' -6'  long,  and  conical  cones  2£'  -3'  long. 

•»•+  •*-»•  Wild  species  of  the  country. 

P.  ptingens,  TABLE-MOUNTAIN  or  PRICKLY  PINE.  Along  the  Alle- 
ghanies  from  Pcnn.  to  S.  Car.  :  middle-sized  tree  ;  with  dark  bluish-green 
leaves  only  about  2'  long ;  but  the  heavy  and  clustered  cones  fully  3'  long, 
ovate,  and  the  scales  armed  with  a  very  strong  somewhat  hooked  spine. 

P.  mitis,  YELLOW  PINE  of  the  North,  SHORT-LEAVED  YELLOW  PINE  S.  : 
a  middle-sized  tree  in  sandy  or  dry  soil,  with  firm  fine-grained  wood,  slender 
leaves  (not  rarely  in  threes)  3' -5'  long,  and  mostly  solitary  ovate  or  oblorig- 
onical  cones  barely  2'  long,  the  scales  tipped  with  a  minute  weak  prickle. 


312 


PINE    FAMILY. 


P.  inops,  JERSEY  SCRUB  P.  Low  straggling  tree  of  barrens  and  sterile 
hills,  from  New  Jersey  S.  &  W. ;  with  drooping  branchlets,  leaves  l'-37  long, 
and  solitary  ovate-oblong  cones  2'  long,  retiexed  on  a  short  stalk,  the  scales 
tipped  with  an  awl-shaped  prickle. 

P.  Banksiana,  GRAY  or  NORTHERN  SCRUB  P.  Along  our  northern 
frontiers  and  extending  N.,  on  rocky  banks  :  straggling  shrub  or  tree,  5° -20° 
high  ;  with  oblique  ot  contorted  leaves  1'  long,  curved  cones  barely  2'  long,  and 
blunt  scales. 

*  *  Cones  at  the  apex  of  the  branch  and  falling  after  shedding  the  seed,  their 
scales  slightly  thickened  at  the  end  and  without  any  prickly  point ;  leaves 
only  2  in  the  cluster  and  with  a  long  sheath,  slender. 

P.  resinbsa,  RED  PINE,  and  wrongly  called  NORWAY  PINE  :  the  Latin 
name  not  a  good  one,  as  the  tree  is  not  especially  resinous  :  dry  woods  N. 
from  N.  England  to  Wisconsin  ;  50°  -  80°  high,  with  reddish  and  smoothish 
bark,  compact  wood,  dark  green  leaves  5' -6'  long  and  not  rigid,  and  ovate- 
conical  smooth  cones  about  2'  long. 

§  2.  WHITE  PINES,  with  softer  leaves,  5  in  the  cluster,  their  sheath  and  the  scale 
underneath  early  deciduous  :  cones  long,  cylindrical,  terminal,  hanging, 
falling  after  shedding  the  seeds,  their  scales  hardly  if  at  all  thickened  at  the 
end,  pointless :  seed  thin-shelled  and  winged. 

P.  StrobllS,  WHITE  PINE.  Tall  tree  in  IOAV  or  fertile  soil  N.  and  along 
the  mountains ;  with  soft  white  wood  invaluable  for  lumber,  smooth  greenish 
bark  on  young  trunks  and  branches,  pale  or  glaucous  slender  leaves  3'  -  4'  long, 
and  naiTow  cones  5' -6'  long. 

P.  exc^lsa,  BHOTAN  or  HIMALAYAN  WHITE  P.  Ornamental  tree  barely 
hardy  for  N. ;  with  the  drooping  and  white  leaves  and  the  cones  nearly  twice 
the  length  of  those  of  White  Pine. 

P.  Lambertiana,  LAMBERT'S  or  SUGAR  P.  One  of  the  tallest  trees  of 
Oregon  and  California,  beginning  to  be  planted  :  has  leaves  as  rigid  as  in  many 
Pitch  Pines,  3' -5'  long,  bright  green,  the  cones  also  at  first  erect,  when  full 
grown  12' -20' long. 

§  3.  NUT  PINES,  with  leaves,  frc.  as  in  the  preceding  section.,  but  short  thick  cones 
of  fewer  and  thick  pointless  scales,  and  large  hard-shelled  edible  seeds  desti- 
tute of  a  wing. 

P.  C6mbra,  CEMBRA  or  Swiss  STONE  P.  of  the  higher  Alps  :  small, 
slow-growing,  very  hardy  ornamental  tree,  with  green  4-sided  leaves  3' -4'  long 
and  much  crowded  on  the  erect  branches  ;  cones  round-oval,  erect,  2'  long,  the 
round  seeds  as  large  as  peas. 

2.  ABIES,  SPRUCE,  FIR  (Classical  Latin  name.  —  The  names  ABIES 
and  PICEA,  for  Spruce  and  Pir,  are  just  oppositely  used  by  different  authors. 
Linnaeus  employed  the  former  for  Spruce,  the  latter  for  Fir,  and  so  do  some 
late  writers.  The  ancients  used  the  names  just  the  other  way,  and  the  later 
botanists  mostly  follow  them.)  Fl.  late  spring. 

§  1.  SPRUCE.  Cones  hanging  or  nodding  on  the  end  of  a  branch,  their  scales 
persistent :  cells  of  the  anther  opening  lengthwise :  the  needle-shaped  and 
4-sided  leaves  pointing  every  way. 

A.  exc^lsa,  NORWAY  SPRUCE  :  the  most  common  and  most  vigorous 
species  planted,  from  Europe ;  fine  large  tree,  with  stout  branches,  deep  green 
leaves  larger  than  in  the  next,  the  mature  hanging  cones  5' -7'  long. 

A.  nigra,  BLACK  or  DOUBLE  SPRUCE.  Cold  woods  and  swamps  N.  and 
along  the  mountains  S.  :  middle-sized  tree,  with  leaves  (seldom  over  £'  long) 
dark  green,  and  a  glaucous-whitish  variety  E. ;  its  ovate  cones  recurving  on 
short  branches,  l'-l£'  long,  persistent  for  several  years,  thin  rigid  scales  with 
thin  often  eroded  edge. 

A.  alba,  WHITE  SPRUCE.  Wild  only  along  our  northern  borders  and  N. ; 
when  planted  a  very  handsome  tree,  with  pale  glaucous  leaves  ;  cylindrical 
nodding  cones  about  2'  long,  falling  the  first  winter,  the  thinner  scales  with  a 
iirin  even  edge. 


PINE    FAMILY.  813 

A.  Menzi6sii,  MENZIES'  SPRUCE,  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  "W.,  is 
planted  and  likely  to  become  common  :  fine  tree,  with  broader  and  stiffer  leaves 
than  the  foregoing,  almost  prickly-pointed,  silvery-whitish  beneath;  cones  about 
3'  long,  cylindrical,  soft ;  their  scales  rhombic-ovate,  thin  and  pale. 

§2.  HEMLOCK-SPRUCE  (TsuGA).  Cones  hanging  on  declined  branches  of  the 
preceding  year,  small,  persistent,  and  their  sea/ es  persistent.:  sterile  catkins 
very  small  and  globular,  of  a  few  anthers  which  open  across :  leaves  flat,  on 
distinct  little  petioles,  most  of  them  spreading  right  and  left  so  as  to  appear 
2-ranked  on  the  branch. 

A.  Canaddnsis,  HEMLOCK-SPRUCE.  Common  on  hills  N.,  and  planted 
for  ornament :  large  tree,  with  coarse  wood,  light  and  spreading  spray,  broadish- 
lincar  and  blunt  leaves  only  £'  long,  green  above  and  white  beneath,  and  oval 
cones  only  £'  or  \'  long,  their  bracts  very  short  and  hidden. 

A.  Douglasii,  DOUGLAS  SPRUCE,  one  of  the  tall  trees  from  Rocky 
Mountains  and  W.  to  the  Pacific,  planted  but  proves  not  quite  hardy  enough  N., 
is  of  this  section  :  it  has  slender  leaves  1'  or  more  long,  light  green,  indistinctly 
2-ranked ;  cones  2' -3'  long,  loose,  with  pointed  and  toothed  bracts  projecting 
beyond  the  scales. 

§  3.  FIR.  Cones  set  rigidly  erect  on  the  upper  side  of  spreading  branches  of  the 
preceding  year,  their  scales  and  commonly  conspicuous  bracts  falling  away 
with  the  seeds  when  ripe  from  the  persistent  slender  axis :  seeds  resinous : 
anthers  irregularly  bursting :  leaves  flat,  white  foneath  each  side  of  the 
prominent  midrib,  thote  on  horizontal  branches  inclined  to  spread  right  and 
left  so  as  to  appear  2-ranked. 

*  BALSAM  FIRS,  native  trees:  bark  yielding  Canada  balsam  from  blisters-,  Sfc. 

A.  balsamea,  COMMON  B.  Small  tree  of  cold  or  wet  grounds  N.,  hand- 
some when  young,  but  short-lived,  with  worthless  wood,  narrow  linear  leaves 
§'  or  less  than  1'  long  and  much  crowded,  cylindrical  violet-colored  cones  2' -4' 
long  and  1'  thick,  their  bracts  with  only  the  abrupt  slender  point  projecting. 

A.  Fraseri,  ERASER'S  or  SOUTHERN  B.  Along  the  higher  Alleghanies  : 
small  tree,  like  the  preceding  ;  but  the  small  cones  (only  l'-2'  long)  oblong- 
ovate,  with  the  short-pointed  upper  part  of  the  bracts  conspicuously  projecting 
and  reflexed. 

*  *  SILVER-FIRS,  &c.,  very  choice  ornamental  trees,  only  the  first  at  all  common. 

-»-  Leaves  blunt. 

A.  pectinata,  EUROPEAN  SILVER-F.  Large  tree  with  wood,  its  horizon- 
tal branches  with  narrow  leaves  (greener  above  than  in  Balsam  F.,  nearly  as 
white  beneath  and  1|'  long)  forming  a  flat  spray;  cones  6' -8'  long,  with 
slender  projecting  points  to  the  bracts. 

A.  Nordmanniana,  from  the  Crimea  and  N.  Asia ;  with  thicker-set  and 
broader  leaves  than  the  foregoing,  linear,  curved,  1'  long,  deep  green  above  and 
whitened  beneath  ;  cones  large  and  ovate. 

A.  Pichta,  SIBERIAN  SILVER-F.  ;  with  thicker-set  leaves  than  those  of 
European  Silver-Fir,  dark  green  above  and  less  white  beneath ;  cones  only  3' 
long,  their  short  bracts  concealed  under  the  scales. 

A.  grandis,  GREAT  SILVER-FIR  of  Oregon  and  California:  resembles  a 
fine  Balsam  Fir  on  a  large  scale,  with  broader  leaves  notched  at  the  end,  about 
1'  long,  and  thicker  cones  with  concealed  bracts. 

-t-  Leaves  acute  or  pointed,  especially  on  main  shoots,  rigid,  widely  and  about 
equally  spreading  on  all  sides. 

A.  Cephal6nica,  CEPHALONIAN  SILVER-FIR  :  remarkable  for  its  very 
stiff  almost  prickly-pointed  squarrose  leaves  dark  green  above,  white  beneath. 

A.  Pinsapo,  SPANISH  SiLVERrFiR  :  resembles  the  last,  but  not  so  hardy, 
leaves  less  pointed,  and  the  bracts  of  the  cones  are  concealed. 

3.  LARIX,  LARCH.  (The  ancient  name.)  Trees  planted  for  ornament 
and  valuable  for  timber  :  branches  slender,  the  young  ones  pendulous  :  flow- 
ers in  earliest  spring,  much  before  the  leaves  appear  :  catkins  from  later.** 


314  PINE    FAMILY. 

spurs  or  broad  buds ;  the  sterile  globular,  yellow  ;  the  fertile  oval,  crimson- 
red,  being  the  color  of  the  bracts. 

L.  Europsea,  EUROPEAN  LARCH,  the  one  generally  planted  :  a  fine  fast- 
growing  tree,  with  leaves  about  1'  long,  and  longer  cones  of  numerous  scales. 

L.  Americana,  AMERICAN  L.,  TAMARACK  or  HACKMATACK.  Swamps 
N.  :  slender  tree  with  shorter  and  paler  leaves,  and  small  cones  of  few  scales, 
only  £'  or  §'  long. 

4.  CEDRUS,  CEDAR,  i.  e.  of  Lebanon.     (Ancient  Greek  name.)     Wood 
reddish,  fragrant.     Cult,  for  ornament,  but  precarious  in  this  climate. 

C.  Libani,  CEDAR  OF  LEBANON  ;  with  dark  foliage  and  stiff  horizontal 
branches,  the  terminal  shoot  erect  :  not  hardy  E.  of  New  York. 

C.  Deodara,  DEODAR  C.  of  Himalayas*;  with  lighter  drooping  spray  on 
young  trees,  and  whitish  foliage  :  seems  unlikely  to  flourish  in  this  country. 

5.  CRYPTOMERIA.     (Name,  from  the  Greek,  means  concealed  parts  or 
joints.)     Evergreen  tree  from  Japan. 

C.  Jap6nica,  not  hardy  N.  but  often  in  conservatories  ;  leaves  crowded, 
awl-shaped,  many-ranked,  edgewise  and  decurrent  on  the  stem. 

6.  TAXODIUM,  BALD-CYPRESS.     (Name,   from  the  Greek,  means 
Yew-like:  the  resemblance  is  only  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves.)     Fl.  before 
the  leaves,  in  earliest  spring. 

T.  distichum,  AMERICAN  B.  or  SOUTHERN  CYPRESS.  Large  tree  in 
swamps  S.,  and  planted,  even  N.  :  branchlets  slender,  many  of  them  falling  in 
autumn  like  leafstalks ;  leaves  light  green,  £'  long,  narrow-linear,  2-ranked,  on 
some  flower-bearing  shoots  awl-shaped  and  imbricated ;  cones  1'  or  less  thick. 

7.  SEQUOIA,   REDWOOD.     (Named  for  the  Cherokee  half-breed  Indian 
See-qua-yah,  who  invented  an  alphabet  for  his  nation.)      Very  celebrated, 
gigantic,  Californian  trees,  with  fibrous  bark,  not  unlike  that  of  Taxodium, 
and  soft,  fissile,  dull-red  wood.     Neither  species  is  hardy  in  New  England, 
or  safe  in  the  Middle  States  ;  but  the  second  is  disposed  to  stand. 

S.  Semp6rvirens,  Common  Redwood  of  the  coast  ranges  of  California  ; 
with  flat  and  linear  acute  leaves  2-ranked  on  the  branches,  but  small  awl-shaped 
and  scattered  ones  on  the  erect  or  leading  shoots,  and  small  globular  cones 
(barely  1'  long). 

S.  gigantfea,  GIANT  REDWOOD  (in  England  called  WELLINGTONS)  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada ;  with  all  the  leaves  awl-shaped  and  distributed  round  the  branch; 
cones  ovoid,  l^'-2'  long. 

8.  CUPRESSUS,  CYPRESS.     Classical  name  of  the  Oriental  Cypress, 
namely, 

C.  semp^rvirens,  planted  only  far  S. ;  stiff  narrow  tree,  with  slender 
erect  branchlets,  dark  foliage,  and  cone  1'  in  diameter,  each  scale  many-seeded. 

C.  thujoides,  WHITE  CEDAR.  Tree  of  low  grounds  S.  &  E.,  with  white 
valuable  wood,  slender  spray,  and  pale  glaucous-green  triangular-awl-shapcd 
leaves  much  finer  than  in  Arbor  Vita3 ;  cones  hardly  £'  wide,  with  few  seeds  to 
each  scale,  and  these  almost  wingless. 

C.  Lawsoniana,  of  N.  California,  recently  much  planted,  and  if  fully  hardy 
promising  to  be  very  ornamental ;  has  thickly  set  and  plume-like  flat  spray,  of 
bluish-green  hue,  and  cones  scarcely  above  4'  in  thickness,  their  scales  bearing 
2-4  ovules  and  ripening  2  or  3  seeds. 

C.  pisffera,  or  RETIN6SPORA  PISIFERA  (of  which  C.  OBTUSA  is  seemingly 
a  form  with  the  scale-shaped  leaves  blunter  and  cone  larger),  is  a  scarcely  hardy 
species,  introduced  from  Japan,  the  cones  only  as  large  as  peas  (to  which  the 
specific  name  refers),  a  single  pair  of  broad-winged  seeds  to  each  scale. 

C.  squarrbsa,  or  ERICOIDES,  from  Japan,  is  perfectly  hardy  N.,  perhaps 
a  variety  of  the  last,  but  of  strikingly  different  appearance^  bearing  only  loose 
and  awl-shaped  leaves. 


PINE    FAMILY.  315 

9.  THI)"JA,  ARBOR  VITJE.     (Ancient  name  of  some  resin-bearing  ever- 
green.)    The  varieties  planted  in  collections  are  very  numerous  ;  the  follow- 
ing are  the  principal  natural  types,  by  many  taken  for  genera. 

T.  Occident alls,  AMERICAN  ARBOR  VIT.E,  or  WHITE  CEDAR  of  the 
North.  Common  tree  N.,  in  swamps  and  cool  moist  woods,  much  planted, 
especially  for  hedges  and  screens ;  leaves  mostly  of  the  scale-shaped  sort,  blunt 
and  adnate  ;  eones  oblong,  rather  soft,  the  oblong  scales  pointless,  and  bearing 
2  thin  winged  seeds.  Many  nursery  varieties,  some  of  which,  especially  var. 
ERICOIDES  or  HEATH-LIKE  A.,  have  the  loose  awl-shaped  sort  of  leaves. 

T.  orientalis,  or  BI&TA  ORIBNTALIS,  the  CHINESE  A.,  not  fully  hardy 
far  N.  :  small  tree,  with  even  the  scale-shaped  leaves  acute,  cone  larger,  with 
thicker  scales  tipped  with  a  recurving  horn-like  apex  or  appendage,  each 
2-seeded,  and  the  seeds  hard-shelled  and  wingless.  —  Var.  AUREA,  the  GOLDEN 
A.  is  dwarf  and  very  dense,  with  yellow-green  or  partly  golden-tinged  foliage. 
Var.  TARTARICA,  is  a  more  hardy  glossy-green  variety,  the  leaves  scale-shaped. 
Var.  MELDENSIS,  one  with  only  loose  and  awl-shaped  leaves.  Even  the  slender- 
stemmed  and  weeping  T.  PENDULA  is  an  extreme  variety. 

T.  dolabrata,  or  THUJOPSIS  DOLABRATA  of  Japan.  Remarkable  for  its 
very  flat  spray,  broad  and  very  blunt  large  leaves  (sometimes  £'  long)  green 
above  and  white  beneath  ;  the  'cone  with  thick  and  rounded  scales,  each  with 
5  wing-margined  seeds. 

10.  JUNIPERUS,  JUNIPER.     (Classical  Latin  name.)     Fl.  late  spring. 
§  1.   Leaves  (scale-like  and  awl-shaped,  small,  the  former  sort  minute  and  very 

adnate)  like  those  of  Cypress  and  Arbor  VitcB. 

J.  Virginiana,  RED  CEDAR  or  SAVIN.  A  familiar  shrub  and  small  or 
large  tree,  with  most  durable  and  valuable  reddish  odorous  wood  ;  the  small 
fruit  dark  Avith  a  white  bloom,  erect  on  the  short  supporting  branchlet. 

J.  Sabina,  var.  procumbens.  Rocky  banks,  trailing  over  the  ground 
along  our  northern  borders,  with  the  scale-shaped  leaves  less  acute,  and  the 
fruit  nodding  on  the  short  peduncle-like  recurved  branchlet. 

§  2.    Leaves  all  of  one  sort,  in  whorls  of '3,  jointed  with  t/ie  stem,  linear  with  an  awl- 
shaped  prickly  point,  the  midrib  prominent,  also  the  rib-like  margins.          a 

J.  COmmunis,  COMMON  JUNIPER.  Erect  or  spreading  shrub  ;  with  very 
sharp-pointed  leaves  green  below  and  white  on  the  upper  face  ;  berries  large  and 
smooth.  The  wild,  low,  much  spreading  variety  is  common  N.  in  sterile  or 
rocky  ground.  Var.  Hi  BE  UN  ic  A,  very  erect  tree-like  shrub,  forming  a  narrow 
column,  is  most  planted  for  ornament,  from  Eu. 

11.  TAXUS,  YEW.     (Classical  name,  from  the  Greek  for  a  bow,  the  tough 
wood  was  chosen  for  bows.)     El.  early  spring. 

T.  baccata,  EUROPEAN  YEW.  Low  tree,  with  thick  upright  trunk,  spread- 
ing short  branches,  and  pointed  dark  green  leaves  about  1'  long  ;  when  planted 
in  this  country  forms  only  a  shrub. 

Var.  fastigiata,  IRISH  YEW;  a  singular  form,  making  a  narrow  column, 
the  branches  appressed  ;  the  leaves  shorter,  broader,  and  scarcely  in  two  ranks. 

Var.  Canadensis,  AMERICAN  YEW  or  GROUND  HEMLOCK;  shady  cold 
banks  and  woods  N. ;  the  stems  spreading  over  the  ground. 

12.  TORRE YA.     (Named  for  our  Dr.  John  Torrey.}     Elowers  in  spring. 
T.  taxif61ia.     Woods  in  Florida  :  a  handsome  tree,  but  with  the  wood  and 

foliage  ill-scented  ;  leaves  like  those  of  Yew  but  longer  and  tapering  to  a  sharp 
point :  hardy  as  a  shrub  as  far  north  as  New  York.  —  T.  CALIFORNICA,  is  the 
CALIFORNIA*  NUTMEG-TREE.  T.  NUC^FERA,  from  Japan,  is  another  species. 

13.  SALISBURIA,  GINKGO-TREE.     (Named  for  R.  A.  Salisbury.) 

S.  adiantif61ia  (the  name  denotes  the  likeness  of  the  leaves  to  those  of 
the  Maidenhair  Fern)  ,  a  most  singular  tree,  planted  from  Japan,  hardy  even 
N. ;  branches  spreading ;  the  fan-shaped  alternate  leaves  with  their  slender 
staikf-i,  3'  or  4  long. 


816  »  PINE    FAMILY. 

CLASS  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  or  ENDOGENOUS 
PLANTS  :  Distinguished  by  having  the  woody  matter  of  the 
stem  in  distinct  bundles  scattered  without  obvious  order 
throughout  its  whole  breadth,  never  so  arranged  as  all  to 
come  in  a  circle,  when  abundant  enough  to  form  proper 
wood  as  in  Palms  and  the  like*,  this  is  hardest  and  the 
bundles  most  crowded  toward  the  circumference.  Embryo 
with  a  single  cotyledon  ;  the  first  leaves  in  germination 
alternate.  Leaves  mostly,  but  not  always,  parallel-veined. 
Parts  of  the  flower  almost  always  in  threes,  never  in  fives. 
See  Lessons,  p.  117,  and  for  style  of  vegetation,  p.  19,  fig.  47. 

The  plants  of  this  class  may  be  arranged  under  three  gen- 
erally well-marked  divisions. 

I.  SPADICEOUS  DIVISION.  Flowers  either  naked,  i.  e. 
destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla,  or  these  if  present,  not  brightly 
colored,  collected  in  the  sort  of  spike  called  a  spaclix,  which  is 
embraced  or  subtended  by  the  kind  of  developing  bract  termed  a 
spathe.  The  most  familiar  examples  of  this  division  are  offered 
by  the  Arum  Family.  To  it  also  belong  on  one  hand  the  Palms, 
014  the  other  the  Pondweeds  —  here  merely  mentioned,  as  follows  :  — 


Palmetto,  CABBAGE  PALMETTO,  of  the  sandy  coast  from  N.  Car- 
olina S.,  our  only  tree  of  the  class,  with 

S.  serrulata,  SAW  PALMETTO,  of  the  Southern  coast,  the  trunk  of  which 
creeps  on  the  ground,  and  the  short  petioles  are  spiny-margined,  whence  the 
popular  name, 

S.  Adans6nii,  DWARF  PALMETTO,  the  leaves  of  which,  rising  from  a 
stem  underground,  are  smooth-edged,  and 

Chamserops  H^strix,  BLUE  PALMETTO  of  S.  Carolina,  &c.,  with  erect 
or  creeping  trunks  only  2°  -3°  long,  and  pale  or  glaucous  leaves  3°  -4°  high  ; 
—  these  represent  with  us  the  PALM  FAMILY. 

Potamog&ton  natans,  and  other  species  of  POXDWEED  abound  in 
ponds  and  streams,  and  represent  the  NAIADACE^  or  PONDWEED  FAMILY,  — 
plants  of  various  forms  but  of  little  interest  —  in  fresh  water. 

Zost&ra  marina,  GRASS-  WRACK  or  EEL-GRASS  of  salt  water,  witb  its 
long  ribbon-like  bright  green  leaves,  and  flowers  hidden  in  their  upper  sheaths, 
represents  the  same  'family  in  shallow  bays  of  the  ocean. 

Lemna  polyrhiza,  DUCKWEED,  consisting  of  little  green  grains,  about 
I'  -  J'  long,  floating  on  stagnant  water,  producing  a  tuft  of  hanging  roots  from 
their  lower  face,  never  here  found  in  blossom, 

L.  minor,  still  smaller  and  with  only  a  single  root,  —  and  the  less  common 

L.  tristllca,  which  is  oblong-lanceolate  from  a  stalk-like  base,  —  all  propa- 
gating freely  by  budding  from  the  side  and  separating,  —  are  greatly  simplified 
little  plants  representing  the  LEMNACE*:  or  DUCKWEED  FAMILY,  their  mi- 
nute flower  rarely  seen.  Sec  Manual  ;  also  Structural  Botany,  p.  70,  fig.  102. 


ARUM    FAMILY.  317 

112.   ARACE#J,  ARUM  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  pungent  or  acrid  watery  juice,  leaves  mostly  with 
veins  reticulated  so  as  to  resemble  those  of  the  first  class,  flowers 
in  the  fleshy  head  or  spike  called  a  spadix,  usually  furnished  with 
the  colored  or  peculiar  enveloping  bract  called  a  spathe. 

There  are  several  stove-plants  of  the  family  now  rather  common 
in  choice  collections,  mostly  species  and  varieties  of  CALADIUM,  cul- 
tivated for  their  colored  aud  variegated  foliage. 

§  1.   Leaves  with  expanded  blade,  and  with  spreading  nerves  or  veins,  never  linear. 
*  Flowers  tcholly  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla. 

1.  ARTS^EMA.     Leaves  compound,  only  one  or  two,  with  stalks  sheathing  the 

simple  stem,  which  rises  from  a  fleshy  corm,  and  terminates  in  a  long  spadix 
bearing  flowers  only  at  its  base,  where  it  is  enveloped  by  the  convolute  lower 
part  of  the  greenish  or  purplish  spathe.  Sterile  flowers  above  the  fertile, 
each  of  a  few  sessile  anthers ;  the  fertile  each  a  1-celled  5  -  6-ovuled  ovary, 
in  fruit  becoming  a  scarlet  berry:  commonly  dioecious,  the  stamens  being 
abortive  in  one  plant,  the  pistils  abortiye  in  the  other. 

2.  COLOCASIA.     Leaves  simple,  peltate,  and  with  a  notch  at  the  base.     Spathe 

convolute,  yellowish,  much  longer  than  the  spadix:  the  latter  covered  with 
ovaries  at  base,  above  with  some  abortive  rudiments,  still  higher  crowded 
with  numerous  6-8-celled  sessile  anthers,  and  the  pointed  summit  naked. 

3.  PKLTANDRA.     Leaves  arrow-shaped;  these  and  the   scape   from  a  tufted 

librous  root.  Spathe  convolute  to  the  pointed  apex,  green,  wavy-margined. 
Spadix  long  and  tapering,  covered  completely  with  flowers,  i.  e.  above  with 
naked  shield-shaped  anthers  each  of  5  or  6  cells,  opening  by  a  hole  at  the 
top,  below  with  one-celled  ovaries  bearing  several  erect  ovules,  in  fruit  a 
1-3-seeded  fleshy  bag.  Seeds  obovate,  surrounded  by  a  tenacious  jelly. 

4.  RICHARDIA.     Leaves  arrow-shaped ;  these  and  the  long  scape  from  a  short 

tuberous  rootstock.  Spathe  broad,  spreading  above,  bright  white,  convolute 
at  base  around  the  slender  cylindrical  spadix,  which  is  densely  covered  above 
with  yellow  anthers,  below  with  ovaries,  each  incompletely  3-celled,  and  con- 
taining several  hanging  ovules. 

5.  CALL  A.     Leaves  heart-shaped,  on  long  petioles;  these  and  the  peduncles  from 

a  creeping  rootstock.  Spathe  open,  the  upper  face  bright  white,  spreading 
widely  at  the  base  of  the  oblong  spadix,  which  is  wholly  covered  with 
flowers;  the  lower  ones  perfect,  having  6  stamens  around  a  1-celled  ovary; 
the  upper  often  of  stamens  only.  Berries  red,  containing  a  few  oblong  seeds, 
surrounded  with  jelly. 

*  *  Flowers  with  a  perianth,  perfect,  covering  the  whole  spadix. 

6.  SYMPLOCARPUS.     Leaves  ovate,  very  large  and  veiny,  short-petioled,  ap- 

pearing much  later  than  the  flowers  from  a  fibrous-rooted  corm  or  short 
rootstock.  Spathe  shell-shaped,  ovate,  incurved,  thick,  barely  raised  out  of 
ground,  enclosing  the  globular  spadix,  in  which  the  flowers  are  as  it  were 
nearly  immersed.  Each  flower  has  4  hooded  sepals,  4  stamens  with  2-celled 
anthera  turned  outwards,  and  a  1-celled  1-ovuled  ovary  tipped  with  a  short 
awl-shaped  style:  the  fruit  is  the  enlarged  spongy  spadix  under  the  rough 
surface  of  which  are  imbedded  large  fleshy  seeds. 

§  2.  Leaves  linear,  flag-like,  nerved:  spadix  appearing  lateral. 
f .  ACORUS.  Spadix  cylindrical,  naked,  emerging  from  the  side  of  a  2-edged 
simple  scape  resembling  the  leaves,  densely  covered  with  perfect  flowers. 
Sepals  6,  concave.  Stamens  6,  with  linear  filaments  and  kidney-shaped  an- 
thers. Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  with  several  hanging  ovules  in  each  cell,  becoming 
dry  in  fruit,  ripening  only  one  or  two  small  seeds. 

1.  ARISJEMA,  INDIAN  TURNIP,  &c.     (Name  altered  from  Arum,  to 
which  these  plants  were  formerly  referred.)     Wild  plants  of  rich  woods,  fl. 
in  spring,  veiny-leaved,  their  turnip-shaped  corm  farinaceous,  but  imbued 
with  an  intensely  pungent  juice,  which  is  dissipated  in  drying.     % 

A.  triph^llum,  COMMON  INDIAN  TURNIP.    In  rich  woods  ;  leaves  mostly 

2,  each  of  3  oblong  pointed  leaflets;  stalks  and  spathe  either  green  or  variegated 
with  whitish  and  dark-purple  stripes  or  spots,  the  latter  with  broad  or  flat 
summit  incurved  over  the  top  of  the  club-shaped  and  blunt  spadix. 


318  CAT-TAIL    FAMILY. 

A.  Drac6ntium,  DRAGON-ARUM,  PKAGOX-ROOT,  or  GREEX  DRAGOX. 

Low  grounds;  leaf  mostly  solitary,  its  petiole  l°-2°  long,  bearing  7- ii 
pedate  lance-oblong  pointed*  leaflets  ;  the  greenish  spathe  wholly  rolled  into  a 
tube  with  a  short  slender  point,  very  much  shorter  than  the  long  and  taperin«- 
tail-like  spathe. 

2.  COLOCASIA.     (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  common  species.)     ^f 
C.  antiqubrum,  one  variety  called  C.  ESCULENTA  ;  cult,  in  the  hot  parts 

of  the  world  for  its  farinaceous  thick  rootstocks  (which  are  esculent  when  the 
acrid  principle  is  driven  off  by  heat,  as  also  the  leaves),  and  in  gardens  for  its 
magnificent  foliage,  the  pale  ovate-arrow-shaped  leaves  being  2° -3°  long  when 
well  grown  ;  the  stalk  attached  much  below  the  middle,  the  notch  not  sleep. 

3.  PELTANDRA,  ARROW-ARUM.     (Name  of  Greek  words  meaning 
shield-shaped  stamen,  from  the  form  of  the  anthers.)     PI.  summer.     ^ 

P.  Virginica.  Shallow  water  :  1°  -  2°  high  ;  leaves  pale  ;  the  fine  trans- 
verse nerves  running  from  the  midrib  and  netted  with  2  or  3  longitudinal  ones 
near  the  margin  ;  scapes  recurved  in  fruit  ;  top  of  the  spathe  and  spadix 
rotting  off,  leaving  the  short  fleshy  base  firmly  embracing  the  globular  cluster 
of  green  berries. 

4.  RICHARDIA.     (Named  for  the  French  botanist,  L.  C.  Richard.)     TJ. 
R.  Africana,  the  ^ETHIOPIAN  or  EGYPTIAN  CALLA,  of  common  house- 
culture,  but  a  native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  not  a  true  Calla,  —  too 
familiar  to  need  fuller  description. 

5.  CALLA,  WATER  ARUM.    (An  ancient  name.)    PI.  early  summer.   ^ 
C.  palustris.     Cold  and  wet  bogs  from  Penn.  N.  :  a  low  and  small,  rather 

handsome  plant ;  leaves  3' -4'  long  ;  filaments  slender  ;  anthers  2-celled. 

6.  SYMPLOCARPUS,  SKUNK  CABBAGE.     (Name  of  Greek  words 
for  fruit  c/i'oivn  together.)      "jj. 

S.  fcetidus,  the  only  species,  in  swamps  and  wet  woods,  mostly  N. :  send- 
ing up,  in  earliest  spring,  its  purple-tinged  or  striped  spathe  enclosing  the  head 
of  flowers,  and  later  the  large  leaves,  when  full  grown  1°-  2°  long,  in  a  cabbage- 
like  tuft ;  the  fruit  2' -3'  in  diameter,  the  hard  bullet-like  seeds  almost  £'  wide, 
ripe  in  autumn. 

7.  ACORUS,    SWEET   FLAG   or   CALAMUS.     (Ancient  name,   from 
the  Greek,  said  to  refer  to  the  use  as  a  remedy  for  sore  eyes.)     ^ 

1.  A,  Calamus,  COMMON  SWEET-FLAG  :  in  wet  grounds  ;  sending  up  the 
2-edged  sword-shaped  leaves,  2°  or  more  high,  from  the  horizontal  pungent 
aromatic  rootstock  :  fl.  early  summer. 

113.   TYPHACE^J,  CAT-TAIL  FAMILY. 

Marsh  herbs,  or  some  truly  aquatic,  with  linear  and  straight- 
nerved  erect  (unless  floating)  long  leaves,  sheathing  at  base,  and 
monoecious  flowers  on  a  dry  spadix,  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla ; 
the  fruit  dry  and  nut-like,  1 -seeded,  rarely  2-seeded. 

Near  to  this  belongs  PANDANUS,  cult,  for  its  foliage  in  some  con- 
servatories, with  prickly  toothed  leaves  crowded  on  woody  stems. 

1.  TYPHA.    Flowers  indefinite,  in  a  dense  cylindrical  spike  terminating  the  long 

and  simple  reed-like  stem;  the  upper  part  of  stamens  only,  mixed  with  long 
hairs;  the  lower  and  thicker  part  of  slender-stalked  ovaries  tapering  into  a 
style  and  below  surrounded  by  numerous  club-shaped  bristles,  which  form 
the  copious  down  of  the  fruit. 

2.  SPARGANITIM.     Flowers  collected  in  separate  dense  heads,  scattered  siloing 

the  summit  of  the  leafy  *t em;  the  upper  ones  of  stamens  only  with  fconio 


WATKR-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.  319 

minute  scales  interposed,  the  lower  of  pistils,  each  ovary  with  a  few  small 
scales  at  its  base,  the  whole  ripening  into  a  spherical  head  of  small  nuts, 
which  are  wedge-shaped  below  and  with  a  pointed  tip. 

1.  TYPHA,  CAT-TAIL  FLAG.     (From  Greek  word  for  fen,  in  which 
these  plants  abound.)     Fl.  early  summer.      JJ. 

T.  latifdlia,  COMMON  C.  or  REED-MACE  ;  with  flat  leaves,  these  and  the 
stem  6°-  10°  high  ;  no  interval  between  the  sterile  and  fertile  part  of  the  spike. 

T.  angUStif61ia,  NARROW-LEAVED  C.  Less  common,  smaller;  leaves 
narrower,  more  channelled  toward  the  base  ;  commonly  a  space  between  the 
sterile  and  the  fertile  part  of  the  spike. 

2.  SPARGANIUM,  BUR-REED.     (Name  from  Greek  for  a  fillet,  al- 
luding to  the  ribbon-shaped  leaves  )     Fl.  summer.      4. 

S.  eurycarpum,  GREAT  B.  Border  of  ponds  and  streams,  3° -5°  high, 
with  paniclcd-spiked  heads,  the  fertile  when  in  fruit  l£"  thick,  the  nuts  broad- 
tipped  ;  stigmas  2  ;  leaves  |'  -  i|'  wide,  flat  on  upper  side,  keeled  and  concave- 
sided  on  the  other. 

S.  simplex,  SMALLER  B.  Only  N. :  in  water;  erect,  sometimes  floating, 
1°  -  2°  high,  mostly  with  a  simple  row  of  heads ;  leaves  narrower ;  stigma 
simple,  linear,  as  long  as  the  style ;  nuts  tapering  to  both  ends  and  with  a 
stalked  base. 

S.  minimum,  SMALLKST  B.  Mostly  with  leaves  floating  in  shallow 
water  (6' -10'  long)  and  flat;  heads  few;  stigma  simple,  oval;  nuts  oval, 
short-pointed  and  short-stalked. 

II.  PETALOIDEOUS  DIVISION.  Flowers  not  on  a  spadix, 
with  a  perianth  (calyx  and  corolla),  all  or  part  of  it  usually  colored. 

114.   ALISMACE^E,  WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

Marsh  herbs,  with  flowers  on  scapes  or  scape-like  stems,  in  pani- 
cles, racemes,  or  spikes,  with  distinct  calyx  and  corolla,  viz.  3  se- 
pals and  3  petals,  and  from  3  to  many  distinct  pistils  ;  stamens  on 
the  receptacle.  Juice  sometimes  milky.  The  genuine  Alismacese 
have  solitary  ovules  and  seeds,  and  wholly  separate  pistils.  Some 
outlying  related  plants  differing  in  these  respects  are  annexed. 

I.  ARROW-GRASS 'FAMILY.     Calyx  and   corolla  colored 
alike   (greenish).      Anthers   turned    outwards.      Ovaries  3    partly 
united,  or  a  single  3  -  6-celled  compound  pistil.     Leaves  petiole-like, 
without  a  blade. 

1.  TRIGLOCHTN.     Flowers  perfect,  small,  in  a  slender  spike  or  raceme,  bract- 

less.  Calyx  and  corolla  deciduous.  Stamens  3  or  6,  with  oval  anthers  on 
short  filaments.  Ovary  3 -6-celled,  splitting  when  ripe  from  the  central  axis 
into  as  many  closed  and  dry  seed-like  1-seeded  cells:  stigmas  sessile. 

2.  SCHEUCHZKRIA.     Flowers  perfect,  few  and  rather  small,  in  a  loose  bracted 

raceme.  Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  persistent.  Stamens  6,  with  linear  an- 
thers. Pistils  3,  with  globular  2  -  3-ovuled  ovaries  slightly  united  at  base,  aud 
diverging  in  fruit,  forming  3  turgid  pods.  Stigmas  flat,  sessile. 

II.  WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY  PROPER.      Calyx  of  3 
persistent  green  sepals.     Corolla  of  3  deciduous  white  petals.     An- 
thers turned  outwards.     Ovaries  many,  tipped  with  short  style  or 
stigma,  1-ovuled,  becoming  akenes  in  fruit.     Leaves  sometimes  only 
petioles,  commonly  with   distinct  blade,   when   the  nerves  or   ribs 
are  apt  to  be  more  or  less  joined  by  cross  veins  or  netted. 


320  WATER-PLANTAIN    FAMILY. 

3.  ALTS  MA.     Flowers   perfect,   loosely  panicled.      Petals  involute   in   the   bud. 

Stamens  6.  Ovaries  many,  in  a  "ring,  very  flat-sided,  becoming  coriaceous 
flat  akenes,  2  -  3-keeled  on  the  back. 

4.  KCHINODORUS.     Flowers  perfect,  in  proliferous  umbels.     Petals  imbricated 

in  the  bud.  Stamens  9  or  more.  Ovaries  heaped  in  a  head,  becoming  wing- 
less akenes. 

5.  SAGITTARIA.     Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioscious  or  polygamous,  in  suc- 

cessive whorls,  the  sterile  at  the  summit  of  the  scape;  the  lowest  fertile. 
Stamens  usually  numerous.  Ovaries  very  many,  heaped  on  the  globular 
receptacle,  in  fruit  becoming  flat  and  winged  akenes. 

III.  FLOWERING-RUSH  FAMILY.  (BUTOJIEJE.)  Dif- 
fers from  the  preceding  mainly  in  the  few  ovaries  having  numerous 
ovules  distributed  all  over  the  inside. 

6.  LIMNOCHARIS.     Flowers  perfect,  long-peduncled.    Petals  large,  yellow.    Sta- 

mens numerous  with  slender  filaments,  a  few  of  the  outermost  without  an- 
thers, the  rest  with  linear  anthers.  Ovaries  6  or  more,  somewhat  united  at 
base.  Leaves  roundish  and  heart-shaped,  long-petiqjed. 

1.  TRIGLOCHIN,  ARROW-GRASS.      (Name  in  Greek  means  three- 
pointed.  )      Insignificant  rush-like  plants,  in  marshes,  mostly  where  the  wa- 
ter is  brackish  :  fl.  summer.     ^ 

T.  palustre.  Slender,  6' -18'  high,  with  linear-club-shaped  ovary  and 
fruit,  the  3  pieces  when  ripe  separating  from  the  sharp-pointed  base  upwards. 

T.  maritimum.  Stouter,  12' -20'  high,  with  fruit  of  about  6  pieces 
rounded  at  base.  —  Var.  EL\TUM,  in  bogs  of  the  interior,  N.,  20' -30'  high,  the 
pieces  of  the  fruit  sharp-angled  on  the  back. 

T.  triandrum,  a  small  slender  species  along  the  coast  S.,  has  only  3 
sepals,  no  petals,  3  stamens,  and  a  3-lobed  fruit 

2.  SCHEUCHZERI  A.    (Named  for  the  early  Swiss  botanist,  Schcuchztr. ) 
S.  paltistris.     Peat-bogs  from  Penn.  N. :  1°  high  :  fl.  early  summer,     y, 

3.  ALISMA,  WATER-PLANTAIN.     (The  old  Greek  name,  of  uncertain 
meaning.)     Fl.  all  late  summer. 

A.  PlantagO.  Shallow  water :  leaves  long-petioled,  varying  from  or  oblong- 
heart-shaped  to  lanceolate,  3-5-ribbed  ;  panicle  l°-2°  long  of  very  many  and 
loose  small  flowers.  If. 

4.  ECHIN6DORIJS.     (Named  probably  from  Greek  words  for  prickly 
flask,  the  head  of  fruit  being  as  it  were  prickly-pointed  by  the  styles,  but 
hardly  so  in  our  species.     The  following  occur  in  muddy  or  wet  places,  chiefly 
W.  &  S.  :  fl.  summer ;  the  flowering  shoots  or  scapes  mostly  proliferous  and 
creeping. 

E.  parvulus  :  a  tiny  plant,  l'-3'  high,  with  lanceolate  or  spatulate  leaves, 
few-flowered  umbels,  9  stamens,  and  almost  pointless  akenes.  (T) 

E.  rostratUS,  with  broadly  heart-shaped  leaves  (l'-3'  long,  not  including 
the  petiole)  shorter  than  the  erect  scape,  which  bears  a  panicle  of  proliferous 
umbels;  flower  almost  £'  wide;  12  stamens;  akenes  beaked  with  slender 
styles.  © 

E.  radicans,  with  broadly  heart-shaped  and  larger  leaves  (3' -8'  wide) 
which  are  very  open  or  almost  truncate  at  base  ;  the  creeping  scapes  or  stems 
becoming  l°-4°  long  and  bearing  many  whorls  ;  flowers  %' -\'  broad  ;  akenes 
short-beaked. 

5.  SAGITTARIA,  ARROW-HEAD.     (From  the  Latin  for  arrow,  from 
the  sagittate  leaves  which  prevail  in  the  genus.     In  shallow  water :  fl.  all 
summer.     2/ 

#  Filaments  long  and  slender,  i.  e.  as  lonq  as  the  linear-oblong  anthers. 
S.  lancifblia.     Common  from  Virginia  S.  :  with  the  stout  leaves  l°-3° 
and  scapes  2°  -  5°  high,  the  coriaceous  blade  of  the  former  lance-oblong  and 


FROG'S-BIT  FAMILY.  321 

always  tapering  into  the  thick  petiole,  the  nerves  nearly  all  from  the  thick 
and  prominent  midrib. 

S.  variabilis.  The  common  species  everywhere,  exceedingly  variable ; 
almost  all  the  well-developed  leaves  arrow-shaped  ;  filaments  nearly  twice  the 
length  of  the  anthers,  smooth ;  akenes  broadly  obovate,  with  a  long  and 
curved  beak  ;  calvx  remaining  open. 

S.  calycina.  Along  rivers,  often  much  immersed  ;  many  of  the  leaves 
linear  or  with  no  blades  ;  the  others  mostly  halberd-shaped  ;  scapes  weak, 
3'  -  9'  high  ;  pedicels  with  fruit  recurved  ;  filaments  roughish,  only  as  long  as 
the  anthers  ;  akenes  obovate,  tipped  with  short  horizontal  style ;  calyx  appressed 
to  head  of  fruit  and  partly  covering  it ;  the  fertile  flowers  show  9-12  stamens, 
the  sterile  occasionally  some  rudiments  of  pistils. 

#  *  Filaments  very  short  and  broad. 

S.  heteroph^lla.  Common  S.  &  W. :  scapes  3'  -  2°  high,  weak ;  the 
fertile  flowers  almost  sessile,  the  sterile  long-pedicelled ;  filaments  glandular- 
pubescent  ;  akenes  narrow-obovate,  with  a  long  erect  beak  ;  leaves  linear,  lance- 
olate, or  lance-oblong,  arrow-shaped  with  narrow  lobes  or  entire. 

S.  graminea.  Common  S.  :  known  from  the  foregoing  by  the  slender 
pedicels  of  both  kinds  of  flowers,  small  almost  beakless  akenes,  and  leaves 
rarely  arrow-shaped. 

S.  pusilla.  From  N.  Jersey  S.  near  the  coast:  known  by  the  small  size 
(1-3'  high),  few  flowers,  usually  only  one  of  them  fertile  and  recurved  in  fruit ; 
stamens  only  about  7,  with  glabrous  filaments ;  akenes  obovate,  with  erect  beak ; 
and  leaves  without  a  true  blade. 

S.  natans,  only  S.  is  probably  a  large  state  of  the  last,  with  leaves  having 
a  floating  blade  l'-2'  long,  ovate  or  oblong,  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  5-7 
nerved. 

6.   LIMNOCHARIS.     (Name  from  the  Greek  means  delight  of  the  pools.} 

L.  Hum.b61d.tii.  Tender  aquatic  plant  from  S.  America,  which,  turned 
into  pools,  spreads  widely  by  its  proliferous  branching  and  rooting  stems,  and 
flowers  all  summer  and  autumn ;  each  flower  lasting  but  a  day,  the  3  broad 
sulphur-yellow  petals  l'-l^'long;  pistils  about  6;  leaves  about  3' long,  tb.0 
midrib  swollen  below. 

115.  HYDROCHARIDACEJE,  FROG'S-BIT  FAMILY. 

Water-plants,  with  dioecious,  monoecious,  or  polygamous  flowers 
on  scape-like  peduncles  from  a  sort  of  spathe  of  one  or  two  leaves, 
the  perianth  in  the  fertile  flowers  of  6  parts  united  below  into  a 
tube  which  is  coherent  with  the  surface  of  a  compound  ovary  :  —  we 
have  three  plants,  two  of  them  very  common. 

*  Floating,  spreading  by  proliferous  shoots ;  leaves  Img-petioled,  rounded  lieart-sliaped. 
1.   LIMNOBIUM.     Flowers  monoacious  or  dioecious,  from  sessile  or  short-stalked 

leaf-like  spathes,  the  sterile  spathe  of  one  leaf  surrounding  3  long-pedicelled 
staminate  flowers;  the  fertile  2-leaved,  with  one  short-pedicelled  flower. 
Perianth  of  3  outer  oval  lobes  (calyx)  and  3  narrow  inner  ones  (petals).  A 
cluster  of  6-12  unequal  monadelphous  stamens  in  the  sterile  flower:  some 
awl-shaped  rudiments  of  stamens  and  a  6-9-celled  ovary  in  the  fertile 
flower;  stigmas  6-9,  each  2-parted.  Fruit  berry-like,  many-seeded. 

*  #  Growing  under  water,  the  fertile  flowers  only  rising  to  the  surface  ;  the  sterile 

(not  often  detected)  breaking  off  their  short  stalks,  and  floating  on  the  surface 
around  the  pistillate  fiowers. 

1.  AXACHARIS.  Stems  leafy  and  branching.  Fertile  flowers  rising  from  a  tubu- 
lar spathe;  the  perianth  prolonged  into  an  exceedingly  slender  stalk-like 
tube,  6-lobetl  at  top,  commonly  bearing  3-9  apparently  good  stamens:  ovary 
1-celled  with  a  few  ovules  on  the  walls :  style  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the 
perianth:  stigmas  3,  notched. 

3.  VALLISXERIA.  Stemless;  leaves  all  in  tufts  from  creeping  rootstocks.  Fer- 
tile flowers  with  a  tubular  spathe,  raised  to  the  surface  of  the  water  on  an 
21 


322 


PICKEREL-WEED    FAMILY. 


extremely  long  and  slender  scape:  tube  of  the  perianth  not  prolonged  beyond 
the  1-celled  ovary,  with  3  obovate  outer  lobes  (sepals)  and  3  small  inner 
linear  ones  (petals),  and  no  stamens.  Ovules  very  numerous  lining  the  walls. 
btigmas  3,  sessile,  2-lobed.  Fruit  cylindrical,  berry-like. 

1.  LIMNOBIUM,    FROG'S-BIT.       (Name  in  Greek  means  living    in 
pools.)     Flowers  whitish,  the  fertile  ones  larger,  in  summer.     ^ 

L.  Sp6ngia.  Floating  free  on  still  water  S.  &  W.  ;  has  been  found  in  bays 
of  Lake  Ontario:  rooting  copiously;  leaves  l'-2f  long,  purple  beneath,  tumid 
at  base  with  spongy  air-cells. 

2.  ANACHARIS,   WATER-WEED.      (Name  from  the  Greek  means 
destitute  of  charms.)     Fl.  summer.      % 

A.  Canad6nsis.  Slow  streams  and  ponds :  a  rather  homely  weed,  with 
long  branching  stems,  beset  with  pairs  or  whorls  of  pellucid  and  veinless 
1-nerved  minutely  serrulate  sessile  leaves  (£'-!'  long),  varying  from  linear 
to  ovate-oblong,  the  thread-like  tube  of  the  yellowish  perianth  often  several 
inches  long. 

3.  VALLISNERIA,    TAPE-GRASS,  EEL-GRASS  of  fresh  water. 
(Named  for  A.  Vallisneri,  an  early  Italian  botanist.)     Fl.  late  summer.     % 
V.  spiralis.     In  clear  ponds  and  slow  streams,  with  bright  green  and  grass- 
like  linear  leaves  (l°-2°  long),  delicately  nerved   and  netted;  fertile  scapes 
rising  2°  -4°  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water,  afterwards  coiling  up 
spirally  and  drawing  the  fruit  under  water  to  ripen.  —  The  leaves  of  this  and 
the  preceding  are  excellent  to  show  cydosis.     (See  Structural  Botany,  p.  31, 
Lessons,  p.  167.) 

116.   PONTEDERIACE-3E,   PICKEREL-WEED  F. 

A  few  water  plants,  distinguished  from  the  foregoing  by  having 
the  tubular  corolla-like  perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  and  the  flow- 
ers perfect.  Represented  by 

Scll611era  graminea,  or  WATER  STAR-GRASS  ;  a  grass-like  weed  grow- 
ing under  water  in  streams,  with  branching  stems  beset  with  linear  pellucid  ses- 
sile leaves ;  the  flower  with  a  slender  salver-form  pale  yellow  perianth,  of  six 
narrow  equal  divisions  raised  to  the  surface  on  a  very  slender  tube,  and  onlv  3 
stamens. 

Heteranth^ra  renif6rmis,  MUD-PLANTAIN,  in  mud  or  shallow  water 
S.  &  W. ;  with  floating  round-kidney-shaped  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  3-5 
ephemeral  white  flowers,  from  the  sheathing  base  or  side  of  a  petiole ;  their  per- 
ianth salver-form,  with  a  slender  tube,  bearing  6  nearly  equal  divisions  and  3 
dissimilar  stamens,  one  with  a  greenish,  two  with  yellow  anthers. 

H.  limdsa,  in  mud  S.  &  W. :  distinguished  by  its  oblong  or  lance-oblong 
leaves,  and  solitary  blue  flower.  —  The  only  widely  common  plant  of  the  family 
belongs  to 

1.   PONTEDERIA,  PICKEREL-WEED.       (For   the   Italian   botanist 
Pontedera.)     Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike.     Perianth  of  6  divisions  irregularly 
united  below  in  a  tube,  the  3  most  united  forming  an  upper  lip  of  3  lobes,  the 
others  more  spreading  and  with  more  or  less  separate  or  lightly  cohering 
claws  forming  the  lower  lip,  open  only  for  a  day,  rolling  up  from  the  apex 
downwards  as  it  closes ;  the  6-ribbed  base  thickening,  turning  green,  and  en- 
closing the  fruit.     Stamens  6,  the  3  lower  in  the  throat,  with  incurved  fila- 
ments ;  the  3  upper  lower  down  and  shorter,  often  imperfect.    Ovary  3-celled, 
2  cells  empty,  one  with  a  hanging  ovule.     Fruit  a  1-celled  1 -seeded  utricle. 
P.  COrdata,  COMMON  P.     Everywhere  in  shallow  water;  stem  l°-2°hi!.'h, 
naked  below,  above  bearing  a  single  petiolcd  heart-shaped  and  oblong  or  lance- 
arrow-shaped  obtuse  leaf,  and  a  spike  of  purplish-blue  flowers;  upper  lobe  with 
a  conspicuous  yellowish-green  spot :  11.  all  summer.     Ij. 


ORCHIS    FAMILY.  323 

117.   ORCHIDACE^S,   ORCHIS  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  flowers  of  peculiar  structure,  the  perianth  adherent 
to  the  one-felled  ovary  (which  has  numberless  minute  ovules  on 
3  parietal  placentae),  its  chiefly  corolla-like  6  parts  irregular,  3  in 
an  outer  set  answering  to  sepals,  3  within  and  alternate  with  these 
answering  to  petals,  one  of  these,  generally  larger  and  always  differ- 
ent from  the  others,  called  the  labellum  or  lip :  the  stamens  are 
gynandrous,  being  borne  on  or  connected  with  the  style  or  stigma, 
and  are  only  one  or  two;  the  pollen  is  mostly  coherent  in  masses  of 
peculiar  appearance.  All  perennials,  and  all  depend  upon  insects 
for  fertilization.  Beginners  will  not  very  easily  comprehend  the 
remarkable  structure  of  most  Orchideous  flowers.  But  our  more 
conspicuous  common  species  may  be  readily  identified  as  to  genera 
and  species. 

§  1.  EPIPHYTE  or  AIR-PLANT  ORCHIDS.  Of  these  a  great  variety  are  cultivated 
in  the  choicest  conservatories.  We  have  one  in  the  most  Southern  States. 

1.  EPIDEMDUM.     The  3  sepals  and  2  petals  nearly  alike  and  widely  spreading: 

the  odd  petal  or  lip  larger  and  3-lobed,  its  base  united  with  the  style,  which 
bears  a  lid-like  anther,  containing  4-stalked  pollen-masses,  over  the  glutinous 
stigma. 

§  2.   TERRESTRIAL  ORCHIDS,  growing  in  the  soil,  in  woods  or  low  grounds. 
*  Anther  only  one,  but  of  2  cells,  which  when  separated  (as  in  Orchis)  must  not  be 
mistaken  for  two  anthers:  pollen  collected  into  one  01-  more  masses  in  each 
cell :  stigma  a  glutinous  surface. 

••-  Lip  or  odd  petal  produced  underneath  into  a  free  honey-bearing  horn  or  spur: 
pollen  of  each  cell  all  connected  by  elastic  threads  with  a  central  axis  or  stalk, 
the  lower  end  of  which  is  a  sticky  gland  or  disk,  by  adhesion  to  which  the  whole 
mass  (f  pollen  is  dragged  from  the  opening  anther  and  carried  off  by  insects. 

2.  ORCHIS.     The  3  sepals  and  2  petals  are  conniving  and  arched  on  the  upper 

side  of  the  flower;  the  lip  turned  downwards  (i.  e.  as  the  flower  stands  on  its 
twisted  ovary).  Anther  erect,  its  two  cells  parallel  and  contiguous;  the  2 
glands  side  by  side  just  over  the  concave  stigma,  and  enclosed  in  a  sort  of 
pouch  or  pocket  opening  at  the  top. 

3.  HA  BEN  ARIA.     Flower  generally  as  in  Orchis,  but  the  lateral  sepals  com- 

monly spreading;  the  glands  attached  to  the  pollen-masses  naked  and  ex- 
posed. 

H-  -i-  No  spur  to  the  lip :  anther  borne  on  the  bacJc  of  the  style  below  its  tip.  erect  or 
inclined:  the  ovate  stigma  on  the  front.  Flowers  in  a  spike,  small,  white. 

4.  SPIRANTHES.     Flowers  oblique  on  the  ovary,  all  the  parts  of  the  perianth 

erect  or  conniving,  the  lower  part  of  the  lip  involute  around  the  style  and 
with  a  callosity  on  each  side  of  the  base,  its  narrower  tip  somewhat  recurved 
and  crisped.  Pollen-masses  2  (one  to  each  cell),  each  2-parted  into  a  thin 
plate  (composed  of  grains  lightly  united  by  delicate  threads),  their  summits 
united  to  the  back  of  a  narrow  boat-shaped  sticky  gland  set  in  the  beaked  tip 
over  the  stigma.  Leaves  not  variegated. 

6.  GOODYERA.  Flowers  like  Spiranthes;  but  the  lip  more  sac-shaped,  closely 
sessile,  and  destitute  of  the  callous  protuberances  at  base.  Leaves  variegated 
with  white  vein  ing. 

H-  -t~  -H-  No  spur  to  the  lip,  or  one  adherent  to  the  ovary:  anther  inverted  on  the  apex 
of  the  style,  commonly  attached  by  a  sort  of  hinge  :  pollen  2  or  4  separate  soft 
masses,  not  attached  'to  a  stalk  or  gland. 

++  Flowers  rather  large  :  pollen-masses  soft,  of  lightly-connected  powdery  grains. 

6.   ARETHUS  A.     Flower  only  one,  on  a  naked  scape :  the  3  sepals  and  2  petals 

lanceolate  and  nearly  alike,  all  united  at  the  base,  ascending  and  arching 

over  the  top  of  the  long  and  somewhat  wing-margined  style,  on  the  petnl-like 

top  of  which  rusts  the  helmet-shaped  hinged  anther,  over  a  little  shelf,  the 


324  v  ORCHIS    FAMILY. 

lower  face  of  which  is  the  stigma.  Lip  broad,  erect,  with  a  recurving 
rounded  apex  and  a  bearded  crest  down  the  face.  Pollen-masses  4,  two  in 
each  cell  of  the  anther. 

7.  CALOPOGON.     Flowers  2,3,  or  several,  in  a  raceme-like  loose  spike;  the  lip 

turned  towards  the  axis,  diverging  widely  from  the  slender  (above  wing-mar- 
gined) style,  narrower  at  base,  larger  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  strongly 
bearded  along  the  face.  Sepals  and  the  2  petals  nearly  alike,  lance-ovate, 
separate  and  spreading.  Anther  lid-like :  pollen-masses  4. 

8.  POGONIA.     Flowers  one  or  few  terminating  a  leaf-bearing  stem;  the  sepals 

and  petals  separate;  lip  crested  or  3-lobed.  Style  club-shaped,  wingless: 
stigma  lateral.  Anther  lid-like,  somewhat  stalked:  pollen-masses-  2,  only  one 
in  each  cell. 

H-C  ++  Flowers  mostly  small,  dull-colored,  in  a  spike  or  raceme  on  a  brownish  or  yel- 
lowish leajiess  scape :  polltn-masses  4,  ylobular,  soft-waxy. 

9.  CORALLORHIZA.    Flowers  with  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike ;  the  lip  broader, 

2-ridgecl  on  the  face  below,  from  its  base  descends  a  short  sac  or  obscure  spur 
which  adheres  to  the  upper  part  of  the  ovary.  Scape  with  sheaths  in  place 
of  leaves;  the  root  or  rootstock  thickish,  much  branched  and  coral-like. 

10.  APLECTRUM.     Flowers  as  in  No.  9,  but  no  trace  of  a  spur  or  sac,  larger. 

Scape  rising  from  a  large  solid  bulb  or  corm,  which  also  produces,  at  a  differ- 
ent season,  a  broad  and  many-nerved  green  leaf. 

He  #  Anthers  2  (Lessons  p.  Ill,  fig.  226),  borne  one  on  each  side  of  the  style,  and  a 
trowtl-shaf>ed  body  on  the  'upper  side  answers  to  the  third  stamen,  the  one  that 
alone  is  present  in  other  Orchids :  pollen  powdery  or  pulpy :  stiyma  rouyhisn, 
not  ylutinous. 

11.  CYPRIPEDIUM.     Sepals  in  appearance  generally  only  2,  and  petals  2,  besides 

the  lip  which  is  a  large  inflated  sac,  into  the  mouth  of  which  the  style,  bear- 
ing the  stamens  and  terminated  by  the  broad  terminal  stigma,  is  declined. 
Pollen  sticky  on  the  surface,  as  if  with  a  delicate  coat  of  varnish,  powdery  or 
at  length  pulpy  underneath. 

1.  EPIDENDUM.     (Name  in  Greek  means  upon  a  tree,  i.  e.  an  epiphyte.) 
E.  COn6pseum,  our  only  wild  Orchideous  Epiphyte  or  Air-plant,  is  found 

from  South  Carolina  S.  &  W.  on  the  boughs  of  Magnolia,  £c.,  clinging  to  the 
hark  by  its  matted  roots,  its  tuberous  rootstocks  bearing  thick  and  firm  lance- 
olate leaves  (l'-3'  long),  and  scapes  2' -6'  long,  with  a  raceme  of  small  greenish 
and  purplish  flowers,  in  summer.  (Lessons,  p.  34,  35,  fig.  35.) 

2.  ORCHIS.     (The  ancient  name,  from  the  Greek.)    We  have  only  one  true 
Orchis,  viz. 

O.  spectabilis,  SHOWY  ORCHIS.  Rich  hilly  woods  N. ;  with  2  oblong 
obovate  glossy  leaves  (3'  — 5'  long)  from  the  fleshy-fibrous  root,  and  a  leafy - 
bracted  scape  4' -7'  high,  bearing  in  a  loose  spike  a  few  pretty  flowers,  pink- 
purple,  the  ovate  lip  white  :  in  late  spring. 

3.  HABENARIA,  popularly  called  ORCHIS.    (Name  from  Latin  habena, 
a  rein  or  thong,  from  the  shape  of  the  lip  of  the  corolla  in  some  species.) 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract,  in  late  spring  or  sum- 
mer.   In  all  but  one  species  the  ovary  twists  and  the  lip  occupies  the  lower  or 
anterior  side  of  the  flower. 

§  1.  FRINGED  ORCHIS.  Lip  and  often  the  other  petals  cut-fringed  or  clfft, 
shorter  than  the  tony  curving  spur:  cells  of  the  anther  more  or  less  diverging 
and  tapering  below,  the  sticky  yfatid  at  their  lower  end  strongly  projecting 
forwards.  These  are  our  handsomest  wild  Orchises :  all  grow  in  boys  or  low 
'grounds:  stems  leafy,  l°-4°  high. 
#  Flowers  violet-purple,  in  s'limmer :  the  lip  fan-shaped,  3-parfed  nearly  down  to  the 

stalk-like  base,  and  the  divisions  more  or  less  f tinned. 

H.  fimbriata,  LARGER  PURPLE  FRINGED  0.  Wet  meadows  from  Ten n. 
N.  E. :  lower  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  upper  few  and  small;  raceme-like  spiled 
oblong,  with  rather  few  large  flowers  in  early  summer ;  petals  oblong,  toothed 
down  the  sides ;  lip  almost  V  wide,  hanging,  cut  into  a  delicate  fringe. 


ORCHIS    FAMILY.  325 

H.    psyc6des,    SMALLER    PFRPLE   FRINGED  O.      Common,   especially 
N. :   leaves   oblong,  above  passing  into  lance-linear  bracts ;    spike  cylindrical, 
4' -10' long,  crowded  with  smaller  and  fragrant  flowers;  lateral  petals  wedge- ' 
obovate,  almost  entire;  lip  spreading,  only  £'  wide,  cut  into  denser  fringe. 

H.  peramcena.  From  Perm.  W.  &  S.  along  and  near  the  mountains : 
flowers  of  size  intermediate  between  the  two  preceding,  the  broad  wedge-shaped 
lobes  of  the  lip  moderately  cut-toothed,  but  not  fringed. 

*  *    Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish-white,  in  late  summer :  glands  oval  or  lanceolate, 

almost  facing  each  other :  spike  long  and  loose. 

H.  leucophsea.  From  Ohio  W.  &  S. :  2°  -4°  high ;  leaves  lance-oblong ; 
flowers  rather  large,  the  fan-shaped  lip  3-parted,  |'  long,  and  many-cleft  to  the 
middle  into  a  thread-like  fringe. 

H.  lacera,  RAGGED  FRINGED  O.  Common  N.  &  E. :  l°-2°  high ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong ;  petals  oblong-linear,  entire ;  divisions  of  the  slender-stalked 
3-parted  lip  narrow  and  slenderly  fringed. 

*  *  *  Fioivers  bright  white,  in  summer:  the  lip  fringe-margined  but  not  cleft. 

H.  blephariglottis,  WHITE  FRINGED  O.  Peat-bogs  N. :  like  the  next, 
but  rather  smaller,  1°  nigh,  the  fringe  of  the  lance-oblong  lip  hardly  equal  to 
the  width  of  its  body. 

*  *  *  *  Flowers  bright  orange-yellow,  in  late  summer:  glands  orbicular,  projecting 

on  the  beak-pointed  bases  of  the  very  diverging  anther-cells  :  ovary  and  pod 
long,  tapering  to  the  summit. 

H.  Ciliar is,  YELLOW  FRINGED  O.  Sandy  bogs:  l^°-2°  high;  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate ;  spike  short,  of  many  crowded  very  showy  flowers  ;  petals 
cut-fringed  at  apex,  the  oblong  body  of  tlie  lip  narrower  than  the  copious  long 
and  fine  fringe. 

H.  cristata,  from  Penn.  S. :  smaller,  with  narrower  leaves,  and  flowers 
only  a  quarter  the  size  of  the  preceding,  the  petals  crenate,  and  the  ovate  lip 
with  a  narrow  lacerate  fringe. 

§  2.     Ydloiv,  green,  or  white  species,  with  lip  entire,  at  least  not  fringed. 

*  Stem  leafy:  ieaves  oblong  or  lanceolate :  flowers  small :  anther-cells  nearly  parallel. 
H.  Integra.     Pine  barrens  from  New  Jersey  S. :    resembles  II.  cristata, 

having  small  bright  orange-yellow  flowers,  but  the  lip  is  ovate  and  entire  or 
barely  crenulate. 

H!  virescens.  Wet  grounds,  common:  10' -20'  high,  with  a  conspicu- 
ously bracted  at  length  long  and  loose  spike  of  small  dull-green  flowers ;  the 
lip  oblong,  almost  truncate  at  the  apex,  its  base  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  and 
a  nasal  protuberance  on  the  face ;  spur  slender,  club-shaped. 

H.  viridis,  var.  bracteata.  Cold  damp  woods  N. :  6' -12'  high,  with 
lower  leaves  obovate,  upper  reduced  to  bracts  of  the  short  spike,  which  are  much 
longer  than  the  green  flowers;  lip  truncate  and  2 - 3-toothed  at  the  tip,  very 
much  longer  than  the  sac-shaped  spur. 

H.  hyperbdrea.  Cold  low  woods  and  bogs  N.  :  6'- 2°  high,  very  leafy; 
leaves  lanceolate ;  spike  dense,  often  long ;  flowers  greenish,  the  lanceolate  lip 
like  the  other  petals,  spreading,  entire,  about  the  length  of  the  incurved  spur. 

H.  dilatata.  Resembles  the  last,  grows  in  same  places,  but  commonly  more 
slender  and  with  linear  leaves ;  flowers  white,  less  wide,  open,  the  lanceolate 
lip  with  a  rhombic-dilated  base  ;  glands  strap-shaped. 

H.  nivea.  Sandy  bogs,  from  Delaware  S. :  l°-2°  high,  all  the  upper 
leaves  bract-like ;  flowers  white,  in  a  loose  cylindrical  spike,  very  small,  different 
from  all  the  rest  in  having  the  (white)  ovary  without  a  twist  and  the  linear- 
oblong  entire  lip  with  its  long  thread-like  spur  therefore  looking  inwards. 

*  #  Stem  a  naked  scape :  tlte  leaves  only  2  at  the  ground :  flowers  pretty  large  in 

a  loose  spike :  anther-cdls  widely  diverging  at  their  tapering  or  beak-like 
projecting  base. 

H.  orbicul£ta,  GREAT  GREEN  0.  Evergreen  woods  and  hillsides  N. :  a 
striking  plant;  its  exactly  orbicular  leaves  4' -8'  wide,  bright  green  above  and 
silvery  beneath,  lying  flat  on  the  ground ;  scape  l°-2°  high,  bracted,  bearing 
many  large  greenish-white  flowers  in  a  loose  raceme;  sepals  roundish;  lip  nar- 


326  ORCHIS    FAMILY. 

rowly  spatulate-linear  and  drooping;  spur  about  l£' long,  curved,  gradually 
thickened  towards  the  blunt  tip  :  fl.  July. 

H.  Hookeri.  Sandy  woods  from  Penn.  N. :  smaller  in  all  parts,  flowers 
in  June;  the  orbicular  leaves  only  3' -5'  broad  and  flat  on  the  ground;  scape 
naked,  6' -12'  high,  bearing  fewer  yellowish-green  flowers  in  a  strict  spike; 
sepals  lance-ovate;  lip  lanceolate  and  pointed,  incurved,  the  other  petals  lancc- 
awl-shaped;  spur  slender,  acute,  nearly  1'  long. 

4.  SPIRANTHES,.  LADIES'-TRESSES.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  de- 
notes that  the  flowers  are  spiral :  they  often  are  apparently  spirally  twisted  in 
the  spike.)     Flowers  white.     The  species  are  difficult ;  tlie  following  are  the 
commonest. 

*  Flowers  crowded  in  3  ranks  in  a  close  spike  :  wet  banks  or  bogs. 

S.  latlfolia.  Only  from  Delaware  N. :  known  by  its  oblong  or  lance-ob- 
long leaves  (l'-3'  long),  all  at  the  base  of  the  scape,  and  narrow  spike  of  small 
smooth  flowers  early  in  June. 

S.  Romanzoviana.  Cold  bogs,  from  N.  New  England  W. :  5'  - 15'  high, 
with  oblong-lanceolate  or  grassy-linear  leaves,  a  dense  spike  of  flowers  at  mid- 
summer, all  3  sepals  and  2  petals  conniving  to  form  an  upper  lip. 

S.  c6rnua,  Common  E.  and  S. :  6' -20'  high,  with  lance-linear  leaves, 
cylindrical  often  lengthened  spike,  and  lower  sepals  not  upturned  but  parallel 
with  the  lower  petal  or  lip  :  fl.  in  autumn. 

*  #  Flowers  in  one  straight  or  often  spiral/y  twisted  rank,  in  summer. 

S.  graminea.  "Wet  grassy  places  from  N.  England  S.  :  stem  about  1° 
high,  towards  its  base  and  at  the  fleshy  root  bearing  linear  or  lance-linear  leaves, 
which  mostly  last  through  the  flowering  season ;  spike  dense  and  much  twisted, 
rather  downy. 

S.  gracilis.  Hills  and  sandy  plains  :  scape  slender,  8'- 18'  high,  bearing  a 
slender  spike ;  leaves  all  from  the  tuberous  root,  short,  ovate  or  oblong,  apt  to 
wither  away  before  the  small  flowers  appear  in  late  summer. 

5.  GOODYERA,  RATTLESNAKE  PLANTAIN.      (Named  for  John 
Goodyer,  an  English  botanist.)     Flowers  small,  in  summer,  greenish-white, 
spiked  on  a  scape ;  the  leaves  all  clustered  at  the  root,  ovate,  small. 

G.  ripens.  Evergreen  woods  N. :  3'  -  8'  high,  slender  ;  flowers  in  a  loose 
one-sided  spike,  with  inflated  sac-shaped  lip. 

G.  pub^SCens.  Oak  and  pine  woods  E.  &  S.  :  6'-  12'  high  ;  larger,  with 
leaves  more  beautifully  white-reticulated,  and  flowers  not  one-sided  in  the  denser 
spike  ;  lip  globular. 

G.  Menzi6sii.  Woods,  only  from  New  York  W.  :  9'- 12'  high  ;  leaves  less 
reticulated  ;  flowers  loose  in  the  spike,  narrower  and  pointed  in  the  bud,  the  lip 
hardly  sac-shaped  at  the  base  and  tapering  to  a  narrow  apex. 

6.  ARETHUSA.    (Mythological  name  of  a  nymph  and  fountain.)    Fl.  late 
spring. 

A.  blllb6sa.  A  charming  little  plant,  in  wet  bogs  N. :  consists  of  a  scape 
6'-  10'  high  rising  from  a  solid  bulb  or  corm,  sheathed  below  with  one  or  two 
green  bracts,  and  terminated  with  the  bright  rose-pink  flower  1'-  2'  long. 

7.  CALOPOGON.     (Name  in  Greek  means  beautiful  beard,  referring  to 
the  lip.)     Fl.  early  summer. 

C.  pulch&lllS.  Wet  bogs  :  scape  about  1°  high,  from  a  small  solid  bulb, 
slender,  bearing  next  the  base  a  long  linear  or  lanceolate  many-nerved  grass-like 
leaf,  and  at  the  summit  2-6  beautiful  pink-purple  flowers  (!'  broad),  the  lip  as 
if  hinged  at  its  base,  bearded  with  white,  yellow,  and  purple  club-shaped  hairs. 

8.  POGONIA.     (Name  in  Greek  means  bearded,  i.  e.  on  the  lip  :  this  is 
hardly  the  case  in  most  of  our  species.)     We  have  several,  but  the  only  widely 
common  one  is 

P.  OphioglOBSOideS.  Wet  bogs  along  with  the  Calopogon,  and  in 
blossom  at  the  same  time  :  stem  6'  -  9'  high  from  a  root  of  thick  fibres,  bearing 


ORCHIS    FAMILY.  327 

an  oral  or  lance-oblong  closely  sessile  leaf  near  the  middle,  and  a  smaller  one  or 
bract  near  the  terminal  flower,  sometimes  a  second  flower  in  its  axil ;  flower  1' 
long,  pule  rose-color  or  whitish,  sweet-scented ;  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike ; 
lip  erect,  beard-crested  and  fringed. 

9.  CORALLORHIZA,    CORAL-ROOT    (which  the  name  means  in 

Greek). 

C.  innata.  Low  woods,  mostly  N.  :  3' -6'  high,  yellowish,  with  5-10  very 
small  almost  sessile  flowers ;  lip  3-lobed  or  halberd-shaped  at  base :  fl.  spring. 

C.  Odontorhiza.  Rich  woods,  common  only  S. :  6' -16' high,  thickened 
at  base,  brownish  or  purplish,  with  6-20  pedicelled  flowers,  and  lip  not  lobed 
but  rathe*  stalked  at  base,  the  spur  obsolete. 

C.  multiflbra.  Common  in  dry  woods,  9' -20'  high,  purplish,  stout,  Avith 
10-30  short-pedicelled  flowers,  lip  deeply  3-lobed,  and  adnate  spur  manifest. 

10.  APLECTRTJM,    PUTTY-ROOT,    ADAM-AND-EVE.      (Name, 
from  the  Greek,  means  destitute  of  spur.) 

A.  hyemale.  Woods,  in  rich  mould,  mostly  towards  the  Alleghanies  and 
N. :  scape  and  dingy  flowers  in  early  summer  ;  the  large  oval  and  plaited-nerved 
petioled  leaf  appears  towards  autumn  and  lasts  over  winter ;  solid  bulbs  one 
each  year,  connected  by  a  slender  stalk,  those  of  at  least  two  years  found  to- 
gether (whence  one  of  the  popular  names),  1'  thick,  filled  with  strong  glutinous 
matter,  which  has  been  used  for  cement,  whence  the  other  name. 

11.  CYPRIPEDIUM,  LADY'S    SLIPPER,  MOCCASON-FLOWER. 

(Greek  name  for  Venus,  joined  to  that  for  a  slipper  or  buskin.)     Two  exotic 
species  are  not  rare  in  conservatories  ;  the  others  are  among  the  most  orna- 
mental and  curious  of  our  wild  flowers  :  in  spring  and  early  summer.     Root- 
stocks  very  short  and  knotty,  producing  long  and  coarse  fibrous  roots. 
§  1.    The  three  sepals  separate:  stem  leafy,  one-flowered. 

C.  arietinum,  RAM'S  HEAD  C.  Cold  bogs  N. :  not  common ;  the  smallest 
species,  with  slender  stem  6' -10' high,  oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  and  a  dingy 
purplish  flower,  the  sac  conical  and  in  some  positions  resembling  a  ram's  head, 
one  sepal  lance-ovate,  the  two  others  and  the  two  petals  linear. 

§  2.  Two  of  the  sepals  united  by  their  edges  into  one  under  the  sac  or  slipper,  but 
their  very  tips  sometimes  separate. 

*  Stem  l°-2°  high,  leafy  to  the  l-3-flowered  summit:  haves  lance-oblong  or 
ovate,  with  many  somewhat  plaited  nerves,  more  or  less  pubescent:  sac  or 
slipper  horizontal,  much  inflated,  open  by  a  rather  large  round  orifice. 

-«-  Sepals  and  linear  wavy-twisted  petals  brownish,  pointed,  larger  than  the  sac. 

C.  pub^SCens,  YELLOW  LADY'S-SLIPPER.  Low  woods  and  bogs,  mainly 
N. :  sac  light  yellow,  higher  than  broad,  convex  above ;  sepals  long-lanceolate  : 
flowers  early  summer,  scentless. 

C.  parviflbrum,  SMALLER  YELLOW  L.  In  similar  situations ;  stems  and 
leaves  generally  smaller,  and  flower  about  half  the  size  of  the  other,  somewhat 
fragrant,  the  sac  broader  than  high,  deep  yellow,  and  the  lance-ovate  sepals 
browner. 

C.  candidum,  SMALL  WHITE  L.  Bogs  and  low  prairies,  chiefly  W. : 
small,  barely  1°  high,  slightly  pubescent ;  sac  like  that  of  preceding  but  white. 
•i-  •«—  Sepals  and  petals  broad  or  roundish  and  flat,  white,  not  larger  than  the  sac. 

C.  spectabile,  SHOWY  L.,  and  deserving  the  name,  in  bogs  and  rich  low 
woods  N.,  and  along  the  mountains  S. :  downy,  2°  or  more  high,  with  leaves 
6' -8' long,  white  flowers  with  the  globular  lip  (1^'long)  painted  with  pink- 
purple,  in  July. 

*  *  Scape  naked,  bearing  a  small  bract  and  oneflowei'  at  summit. 
•«-  Wild  species,  with  only  a  pair  of  oblong  many-nerved  downy  leaves  at  the  root. 
C.  acaiile,  STEMLESS  L.     Moist  or  sandy  ground  in  the  shade  of  ever- 
greens:  scape  8-12'  high;  sepals  and  petals  greenish  or  purplish,  the  latter 


328  BANANA    FAMILY. 

linear,  shorter  than  the  rose-purple  oblong-obovate  drooping  sac,  which  is  split 
down  the  front  but  nearly  closed  :  fl.  spring. 

1-  -i-  East  Indian  species  of  the  conservatory,  with  several  thick  and  firm  keeled 
leaves  in  2  ranks  at  the  root :  sac  hanging,  largely  open  at  top. 

C.  insigne,  has  linear  strap-shaped  cartilaginous  leaves,  and  yellow  flower 
with  some  greenish  and  purple-spotted. 

C.  veniistum,  with  more  fleshy  oblong-strap-shaped  mottled  and  spotted 
leaves,  and  purplish  flower  with  some  greeii  and  yellow. 

118.  SCITAMINE^E,    BANANA   FAMILY. 

Here  is  assembled  a  group  of  tropical  or  subtropical  plants,  with 
leaves  having  distinct  petiole  and  blade,  the  latter  traversed  by 
nerves  running  from  the  midrib  to  the  margin  ;  flowers  irregular, 
with  a  perianth  of  at  least  two  ranks  of  divisions,  below  all  combined 
into  a  tube  which  is  adherent  to  the  3-celled  ovary  ;  the  stamens 
1-6  and  distinct.  We  have  only  tw6,  by  no  means  common,  wild 
representatives  on  our  southeastern  borders  ;  the  cultivated  ones 
are  chiefly  grown  for  their  ornamental  foliage,  and  most  of  them  are 
rarely  seen  in  blossom.  They  may  therefore  be  simply  referred  to, 
as  follows. 

I.  GINGER  FAMILY.     Seeds,  rootstocks,  or  roots  hot-aro- 
matic.    Stamen  only  one,   with  a  2-celled  anther,  commonly  em- 
bracing the  style,  but  not  united  with  it. 

Hed^chium  Gardnerianam,  GARLAND-FLOWER,  cult,  from  India  : 
stems  3° -4°  high,  furnished  to  the  top  with  oblong  2-ranked  leaves,  terminating 
in  a  large  spike  of  handsome  light-yellow  flowers,  a  slender  tube  bearing  6 
divisions  which  may  be  likened  to  those  of  an  Orchideous  flower,  one  (answer- 
ing to  the  lip)  much  larger  and  broader  than  the  5  others,  and  a  very  long 
protruding  reddish  filament  terminated  by  a  yellow  anther  sheathing  the  style 
up  almost  to  the  stigma. 

II.  ARROWROOT  or  INDIAN-SHOT  FAMILY.     No  hot- 
aromatic   properties,  the   thick  rootstocks,    &c.,  commonly  contain 
much  starch,  from  which  genuine  arrowroot  is  produced.     Stamen 
only  one  with  an  anther,  and  that  one-celled. 

Thalia  dealbata,  wild  in  marshes  and  ponds  far  S.,  is  dusted  over  with  a 
white  powder,  the  heart-ovate  long-pctioled  leaves  all  from  the  root,  reed-like 
scape  branching  above  into  panicled  spikes  of  small  much-bracted  purple  flowers. 

Maranta  zebrina,  rarely  flowers,  but  is  a  showy  leaf-plant  in  conserva- 
tories ;  the  oblong  leaves  2  or  3  feet  long,  purple  beneath,  the  upper  surface 
satiny  and  with  alternating  stripes  of  deep  and  pale  green  ;  flowers  dull  purple, 
inconspicuous,  in  a  bracted  head  or  spike  near  the  ground  on  a  short  scape. 

Canna  Indica,  COMMON  IXDIAX  SHOT  (so  called  from  the  hard  shot- 
like  seeds,  these  several  in  the  3  cells  of  the  rough-walled  pod)  :  frequently 
planted  for  summer  flowering  ;  the  lance-ovate  or  oblong  pointed  leaves  6'  -12' 
long ;  flowers  several  in  a  simple  or  branching  spike,  about  2'  long,  red, 
varving  to  yellow,  or  variegated ;  stamen  with  petal-like  filament  bearing  the 
anther  on  one  side,  otherwise  resembling  the  3  divisions  of  an  inner  corolla, 
these  probably  transformed  sterile  stamens.  —  The  following,  more  magnificent 
for  summer  foliage,  and  sometimes  for  flowers,  are  choicer  sorts,  but  much 
confused  as  to  species. 

C.  Warszewiczii,  4° -5°  high,  with  mostly  purplish  or  purple-margined 
pointed  leaves,  and  crimson-red  flowers. 


PINE-APPLE    FAMILY.  329 

C.  discolor,  grows  6°  -10°  high,  with  broad  purple-tinged  very  large 
leaves,  and  crimson  or  red-purple  flowers. 

C.  glauca,  especially  its  var.  ANN^I,  8° -13°  high,  with  its  glaucous 
pale  taper-pointed  leaves,  and  yellow  or  red  flowers  4'  long. 

C.  flaccida,  wild  in  swamps  from  South  Carolina  S. :  2°  -4°  high,  with 
ovate-lanceolate  pointed  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  3' -4'  long;  all  the  inner 
divisions  obovate  and  wavy,  lax,  the  3  outer  or  calyx  reflexed. 

III.  BANANA  FAMILY  PROPER.  Not  aromatic  or  pungent. 
Stamens  5  with  2-celled  anthers,  and  an  abortive  naked  filament. 

Strelitzia  Reginae,  a  large  stemless  conservatory  plant,  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  winter-flowering,  with  2-ranked  root-leaves,  their  long  rigid 
.petioles  bearing  an  ovate-oblong  thick  blade ;  scape  bearing  at  apex  an  oblique 
or  horizontal  and  rigid  conduplicate  spathe,  from  which  several  large  and 
strange-looking  blossoms  appear  in  succession  ;  the  3  outer  divisions  of  the  peri- 
anth 3'  -  4'  long,  orange-yellow,  one  of  them  conduplicate  and  taper-pointed,  and 
somewhat  like  the  two  larger  of  the  bright  blue  inner  set,  or  true  petals,  which 
are  united  and  cover  the  stamens,  the  other  petal  inconspicuous. 

Musa  sapientum,  BANANA  ;  cult,  for  foliage  and  for  the  well-known 
fruit ;  the  enwrapping  bases  of  the  huge  leaves  forming  a  sort  of  tree-like  suc- 
culent stem,  10° -20°  high  ;  the  flower-stalk  rising  through  the  centre,  and  de- 
veloping a  drooping  spike,  the  flowers  clustered  in  the  axil  of  its  purplish 
bracts  ;  perianth  of  2  concave  or  convolute  divisions  or  lips,  the  lower  3-5- 
lobed  at  the  apex  and  enclosing  the  much  smaller  upper  one ;  berry  oblong,  by 
long  cultivation  (from  offshoots)  seedless.  (Lessons,  p.  19,  fig.  47.) 

M.  Cavendishii.  A  dwarf  variety,  flowering  at  a  few  feet  in  height,  is 
the  more  manageable  one,  principally  cultivated  for  fruiting. 

119.   BROMELIACEJS,  PINE-APPLE  FAMILY. 

Tropical  or  subtropical  plants,  the  greater  part  epiphytes,  with 
dry  or  fleshy,  mostly  rigid,  smooth  or  scurfy  leaves,  often  prickly 
edged,  and  perfect  flowers  with  6  stamens,  —  represented  by  several 
species  of  Tillandsia  in  Florida,  a  small  one  further  north,  and  sev- 
eral of  various  genera  in  choice  conservatories,  not  here  noticed. 

Ananassa  sativa,  PINE-APPLE  ;  cult,  for  its  fruit,  the  flowers  abortive, 
and  sometimes  for  foliage,  especially  a  striped-leaved  variety. 

Tillandsia  usneoides,  the  LONG  Moss  or  BLACK  Moss  (so  called), 
hanging  from  trees  in  the  low  country  from  the  Dismal  Swamp  S. :  gray- 
scurfy,  with  thread-shaped  branching  stems,  linear-awl-shaped  recurved  leaves, 
and  small  sessile  green  flowers  ;  the  ovary  free,  forming  a  narrow  3-valved  pod, 
filled  with  club-shaped  hairy-stalked  seeds  :  fl.  summer. 

120.   AMARYLLIDACE^l,  AMARYLLIS  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  leaves  and  scape  from  a  bulb,  corm, 
&c.,  the  leaves  nerved  from  the  base,  and  rarely  with  any  distinction 
of  blade  and  petiole  ;  the  perianth  regular  or  but  moderately 
irregular  and  colored,  its  tube  adherent  to  the  surface  of  the  3-celled 
ovary  ;  and  6  stamens  with  good  anthers.  Bulbs  acrid,  some  of 
them  poisonous.  To  this  family  belong  many  of  the  choicer  bulbs 
of  house-culture,  only  the  commonest  here  noticed. 

§  1.     Scape  and  linear  hairy  leaves  from  a  little  solid  bulb  or  corm. 
1.  HYPOXYS.    Perianth  6-parted  nearly  to  the  ovary,  spreading,  greenish  out- 
side, yellow  within,  persistent  and  withering  on  the  pod. 
S  &  F— 25 


330  AMARYLLIS    FAMILY. 

§  2.     Scape  and  mostly  smooth  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb. 
*  A  cup-shaped,  funnel-shaped,  or  saucer-shaped  crown  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth. 

2.  NARCISSUS.     Perianth  with  a  more  or  less  cylindrical  tube,  6  equal  widely 

spreading  divisions,  and  stamens  of  unequal  length  included  in  the  cup  or 
crown.  Scape  with  one  or  more  flowers,  from  a  scarious  1-leaved  spathe. 

3.  PANCRATIUM.     Perianth  with  a  slender  tube,  6  long  and  narrow  divisions, 

and  a  cup  to  which  the  long  filaments  adhere  below,  and  from  the  edge  of 
which  they  project.  Anthers  linear,  fixed  by  the  middle.  Scape  bearing  a 
few  flowers  in  a  cluster,  surrounded  by  some  leaf-like  or  scarious  bracts. 

#  #  No  cup  nor  crown  to  the  flower,  or  only  minute  scales  sometimes  in  the  throat.  •' 
-i-  Filaments  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  flower :  anthers  Jixed  by  the  middle,  versatile  : 
spathe'  of  1  or  2  scales  or  bracts. 

4.  CRINUM.    Perianth  with  a  slender  long  tube  and  6  mostly  long  and  narrow 

spreading  or  1'ecurved  divisions.  Stamens  tang-  Scape  solid,  bearing  few  or 
many  flowers,  in  an  umbel-like  head.  Bulb  often  columnar  and  rising  as  if 
into  a  sort  of  stem.  Leaves  in  several  ranks. 

5.  AMARYLLIS.     Perianth  various;  the  divisions  oblong  or  lanceolate.     Scape 

bearing  one  or  more  flowers.    Leaves  mostly  2-ranked. 

t-  •*-  Filaments  on  the  ovary  at  the  base  of  the  ^-parted  perianth:  anthers  erect,  not 
versatile :  spathe  a  bract  opening  on  one  side. 

6.  GAL ANTHUS.     Scape  with  usually  a  single  small  flower  on  a  nodding  pedicel. 

Perianth  of  6  oblong  separate  concave  pieces ;  the  three  inner  shorter,  less 
spreading,  and  notched  at  the  end.  Anthers  and  style  pointed. 

7.  LEUCOIUM.     Scape  bearing  1-7  flowers  on  nodding  pedicels.     Perianth  of 

6  nearly  separate  oval  divisions,  all  alike.  Anthers  blunt.  Style  thickish 
upwards. 

§  2.    Stems  leafy,  or  scape  beset  with  bracts,  from  a  tubervut  rootstock  or  croivn. 

8.  ALSTRCEMERIA.     Stems  slender  and  weak  or  disposed  to  climb,  leafy  to  the 

top,  the  thin  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  commonly  twisting  or  turning  over. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  umbel.  Perianth  6-parted  nearly  or  quite  to  the  ovary, 
rather  bell-shaped,  often  irregular  as  if  somewhat  2-lipped.  Stamens  more  or 
less  declirfed.  Style  slender:  stigma  3-cleft. 

9.  POLIANTHES.     Stem  erect  and  simple  from  a  thick  tuber,  bearing  long-linear 

channelled  leaves,  and  a  spike  of  white  flowers.  Perianth  with  a  cylindrical 
and  somewhat  funnel-shaped  slightly  curved  tube,  and  6  about  equal  spread- 
ing lobes.  Stamens  included  in  the  tube :  anthers  erect.  The  summit  of  the 
ovary  and  pod  free  from  the  calyx-tube;  in  this  and  other  respects  it  ap- 
proaches the  Lily  Family. 

10.  AGAVE.  Leaves  thick  and  fleshy  with  a  hard  rind  and  a  commonly  spiny 
margin,  tufted  on  the  crown,  which  produces  thick  fibrous  roots,  and  suckers 
and  offsets ;  in  flowering  sends  up  a  bracted  scape,  bearing  a  spike  or  panicle 
of  yellowish  flowers.  Perianth  tubular-funnel-shaped,  persistent,  with  6  nar- 
row almost  equal  divisions.  Stamens  projecting:  anthers  linear,  versatile. 
Pod  containing  numerous  flat  seeds. 

1.  HYPOXYS,  STAR-GRASS.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  means  acute  at 

the  base ;  the  pod  is  often  so. ) 

H.  erdcta,  the  common  species,  in  grass;  with  few-flowered  scape  3' -8' 
high,  and  leaves  at  length  longer ;  yellow^star-like  flower  over  £'  broad. 

2.  NARCISSUS.     (Greek  name,  that  of  the  young  man  in  the  mythology 
who  is  said  to  have  been  changed  into  this  flower.)     Most  of  them  are  per- 
fectly hardy  :  fl.  spring. 

IT.  podticus,  POET'S  N.  Leaves  nearly  flat ;  scape  1-flowered ;  crown  of 
the  white  flower  edged  with  pink,  hardly  at  all  projecting  from  the  yellowish 
throat :  in  full  double-flowered  varieties  the  crown  disappears. 

N.  bif!6rus,  TWO-FLOWKRED  N.,  or  PRIMROSE  PEERLESS  of  the  old 
gardeners,  has  two  white  or  pale  straw-colored  flowers,  and  the  crown  in  the 
form  of  a  short  yellow  cup. 

N.  poly£nthos  is  the  parent  of  the  choicer  sorts  of  POLYANTHUS  N.  ; 
flowers  numerous,  white,  the  cup  also  white. 


AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.  331 

N.  Tazdtta,  POLYANTHUS  N.  Leaves  as  of  the  preceding  linear  and 
nearly  flat,  glaucous ;  flowers  numerous  in  an  umbel,  yellow  or  sometimes 
white,  with  the  crown  a  golden  or  orange-colored  cup  one  third  or  almost  one 
halt'  the  length  of  the  divisions. 

N.  Jonquilla,  JONQUIL.  Leaves  narrow,  rush-like  or  half-cylindrical ; 
flowers  2  to  5,  small,  yellow,  as  also  the  short  cup,  very  fragrant. 

N.  Pseudo-Narcissus^  DAFFODIL.  Leaves  flat,  and  1-flowered  scape 
short ;  flower  large,  yellow,  with  a  short  and  broad  tube,  and  a  large  bell-shaped 
cup,  having  a  wavy-toothed  or  crisped  margin,  equalling  or  longer  than  the 
divisions  :  common  double-flowered  in  country  gardens. 

3.  PANCRATIUM.     (Name  in  Greek  means  all  powerful:  no  obvious 
reason  for  it.)      Flowers  large,   showy,  fragrant,  especially  at  evening  in 
summer.     Cult,  at  the  North ;  the  following  wild  S.  in  wet  places  on  and 
near  the  coast. 

P.  maritimum.  Glaucous  ;  leaves  linear,  erect ;  scape  barely  flattish  ; 
perianth  5'  long,  its  green  tube  enlarging  at  summit  into  the  funnel-shaped 
12-toothed  cup,  to  the  lower  part  of  which  the  spreading  narrow-lanceolate 
divisions  of  the  perianth  are  united. 

P.  rotatum  (or  P.  MEXICANUM).  Leaves  linear-strap-shaped,  widely 
spreading,  bright  green,  2'  or  more  wide  ;  scape  sharply  2-edged ;  slender  tube 
of  the  perianth  and  its  linear  widely  spreading  divisions  each  about  3'  long,  the 
latter  wholly  free  from  the  short  and  broadly  open  wavy-edged  cup. 

4.  CRINUM.    (The  Greek  name  for  a  Lily.)    Showy  conservatory  plants, 
chiefly  from  tropical  regions  ;  one  wild  S. 

C.  amabile,  from  East  Indies  ;  the  huge  bulb  rising  into  a  column ;  leaves 
becoming  several  feet  long  and  3' -5'  wide;  flowers  numerous,  8' -10'  long, 
crimson-purple  outside,  paler  or  white  within. 

C.  Americanum,  wild  in  river  swamps  far  S. ;  much  smaller,  with  a 
globular  bulb;  scape  l°-2°  high;  flower  white,  6' -7'  long. 

5.  AMARYLLIS.     (Dedicated  to  the  nymph  of  this  name.)     One  wild 
species  S. ;  many  in  choice  cultivation,  and  the  species  mixed.     The  following 
are  the  commonest  types. 

A.  Atamasco,  ATAMASCO  LILT,  wild  from  Virginia  S.  in  low  grounds ; 
scape  6' -12'  high,  mostly  shorter  than  the  glossy  leaves;  flower  2' -3'  long, 
single  from  a  2-cleft  spathe,  regular,  funnel-form,  white  and  pinkish ;  stamens 
and  style  declined. 

A.  formosissima,  JACOBEAN  or  ST.  JAMES'S  LILY,  of  the  section 
SPREKELIA:  cult,  from  South  America :  scape  bearing  a  single  large  and  de- 
clined deep  crimson-red  flower,  with  hardly  any  tube,  and  2-lipped  as  it  were, 
three  divisions  recurved-spreading  upwards,  three  turned  downwards,  these  at 
base  involute  around  the  lower  part  of  the  deflexed  stamens  and  style. 

A.  Reginae,  from  South  America ;  with  2-4  large  almost  regular  nodding 
flowers,  crimson-red,  with  hardly  any  tube,  and  the  deflexed  stamens  curved 
upwards  at  the  end. 

A.  Bellad6nna,  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  has  elongated  bulbs,  chan- 
nelled narrow  leaves  shorter  than  the  solid  scape,  and  several  almost  regular 
large  rose-red  fragrant  flowers,  funnel-form  with  very  short  tube,  the  stamens 
not  much  declined. 

A.  speci6sa,  or  VALL6TA  PURPUREA,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  the  scar- 
let-red flowers  with  funnel-shaped  tube  rather  longer  than  the  broad  ovate  and 
nearly  equal  spreading  divisions. 

6.  GALANTHTJS,  SNOWDROP.     (Name  formed  of  the  Greek  words 
for  milk  and^oitw,  probably  from  the  color.)     Fl.  earliest  spring. 

G.  nivalis,  of  Europe,  sends  up  soon  after  the  winter's  snow  leaves  the 
ground  a  pair  of  linear  pale  leaves  and  a  scape  3' -6'  high,  bearing  its  delicate 
drooping  white  flower,  the  inner  divisions  tipped  with  green :  a  variety  is  full 
double. 


332  IRIS     FAMILY. 

7.  LEUCdlUM,  SNOWFLAKE.     (Ancient  Greek  name  means   Whit« 
Violet.)     In  gardens  from  Europe;  much  like  Snowdrops  on  a  larger  scale, 
flowering  later,  the  scape  more  leafy  at  base,  and  leaves  bright  green. 

L.  V6rnum,  SPRING  S.  Scape  about  1°  high,  mostly  1-flowered,  in  spring ; 
pod  pear-shaped  and  6-sided. 

L.  eestivum,  SUMMER  S.  Scape  2°  high,  bearing  3-7  rather  broader 
flowers  in  late  spring  or  early  summer  j  pod  rounder. 

8.  ALSTRCEMERIA.     (Named  by  Linnaeus  for  his  friend  Baron  AJstroc- 
mer.)     Plants  of  the  conservatory,  from  W.  South  America,  of  mixed  species. 
A.  Pelegrina,  LILY  or  THE  INCAS,  from  Peru.     Flowers  few  or  solitary 

at  the  end  of  the  branches,  open,  rose-colored  or  whitish,  blotched  with  pink 
and  spotted  with  purple,  with  some  yellow  on  the  inner  divisions. 

A.  psittacina.  Flowers  umbelled,  funnel-form  in  shape,  the  spatulate 
divisions  more  erect  and  close,  red,  tipped  with  green  and  brown-spotted. 

A.  versicolor.  Flowers  few,  terminating  the  drooping  or  spreading 
branches,  yellow  spotted  with  purple. 

9.  POLIANTHES,  TUBEROSE.     (Name  from  Greek  words  for  city  and 
flower;  therefore  not  Pdyanthes.     And  the  popular  name  relates  to  the  tuber- 
ous rootstock,  therefore  not  Tube-Rose. ) 

P.  tuberbsa,  the  only  species  cultivated,  probably  originally  from  Mexico  ; 
the  tall  stem  with  long  several-ranked  leaves  at  base  and  shorter  and  sparser 
ones  towards  the  many-flowered  spike  (produced  in  autumn  when  planted  out) ; 
the  blossoms  very  fragrant,  white,  or  slightly  tinged  with  rose,  the  choicer  sorts 
full-double. 

10.  AGAVE,  AMERICAN  ALOE.   (Name  from  Greek  word  for  wonderful.) 
Plants  flower  only  after  some  years,  and  die  after  maturing  the  fruit. 

A.  Virginica,  of  sterile  soil  from  Virginia  to  111.  and  S.  ;  has  lance-oblong 
denticulate  and  spiny-tipped  leaves  6' -12'  long,  and  scape  bearing  a  loose 
simple  spike  of  small  flowers,  3°  -  6°  high. 

A.  Americana,  of  Mexico,  is  the  common  CENTURY  PLANT  or  AMERICAN 
ALOE  ;  with  very  thick  spiny-toothed  and  spine-pointed  leaves,  2° -4°  long, 
pale  green,  or  a  variety  yellowish-striped,  the  scape  when  developed  from  old 
plants  (said  to  flower  only  after  100  years  in  cool  climates)  tree-like,  bearing  an 
ample  panicle. 

121.  IBIDACE-EJ,   IRIS  FAMILY. 

Distinguished  by  the  equitant  erect  leaves  (Lessons,  p.  68,  fig. 
133,  134),  of  course  2-ranked,  and  the  3  stamens  with  anthers  facing 
outwards.  Flowers  showy,  colored,  mostly  from  a  spathe  of  two  or 
more  leaves  or  bracts ;  the  tube  of  the  perianth  coherent  with  the 
3-celled  ovary  and  often  prolonged  beyond  it,  its  divisions  6  in  two 
sets  (answering  to  sepals  and  petals),  each  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Style  1,  or  rarely  3-cleft:  stigmas  3,  opposite  the  3  stamens  and  the 
outer  divisions  of  the  perianth.  Fruit  a  3-celled  and  many-seeded 
pod.  Stems  or  herbage  rising  from  a  rootstock,  tuber,  or  solid  bulb 
(corra,  Lessons,  p.  45,  fig.  71,  72)  ;  these  are  acrid,  sometimes  very 
much  so.  All  are  perennial  herbs. 

§  1.  Perianth  of  3  outer  recurving,  and  3  inner  commonly  smaller  erect  or  incurving 

divisions  :  stigmas  or  more  properly  lobes  of  tfie  style  petal-like. 

1.  IRIS.  Flowers  with  tube  either  slightly  or  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary, 
in  the  latter  case  coherent  also  with  the  style.  Stamens  under  the  overarch- 
ing branches  of  the  style:  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  fixed  by  the  base.  Tho 
real  stigma  is  a  shelf  or  short  lip  on  the  lower  face  of  the  petal-like  branch 
of  the  style,  only  its  inner  surface  stigmatic-  Tod  3  -  6-angled. 


IRIS    FAMILY.  833 

§  2.  Periantli  parted  almost  to  the  base  into  6  nearly  equal  widely  spreading  divisions." 
stamens  separate  or  nearly  so :  style  3 -  Q-lobed. 

2.  PARDANTHUS.     Foliage  and  aspect  of  an  Iris  with  leafy  branching  stem, 

from  a  rootstock.  Divisions  of  the  flower  oblong  with  a  narrow  base.  Fila- 
ments slender,  much  longer  than  the  anthers.  Style  long,  club-shaped,  its 
simple  branches  tipped  with  a  broad  and  blunt  stigma,  rod  pear-shaped ; 
the  valves  falling  away  expose  the  centre  covered  with  black  berry-like 
seeds. 

3.  NEMASTYLIS.     Stem  simple  or  sparingly  branching  above,  from  a  solid  bulb 

like  that  of  a  Crocus.  Divisions  of  the  flower  obovate.  Filaments  awl- 
shaped,  much  shorter  than  the  linear  anthers.  Style  short,  its  8  lobes  parted 
each  into  two,  bearing  long  and  thread-like  diverging  stigmas.  Pod  truncate. 
Seeds  dry,  angular. 

§  3.  Perianth  deeply  cleft  or  parted  into  6  widely  spreading  divisions :  stamens  mon- 
adelphous  to  (he  top :  style  long :  stigmas  3  or  6,  thread-like  :  Jiowers  oj>ening 
in  sunshine  and  but  once  for  a  few  hours. 

4.  SISYRINCHIUM.     Root  mostly  fibrous:    leaves  grass-like.     Divisions  of  the 

wheel-shaped  flower  all  alike.     Stigmas  3,  simple. 

6.  TIGRIDIA.  From  a  solid  bulb  with  some  hard  brittle  coating.  Leaves  lance- 
olate, large,  very  much  plaited.  Three  outer  divisions  of  the  perianth  very 
large  and  with  a  concave  base;  the  other  3  very  much  smaller  and  fiddle- 
shaped.  Stigmas  3,  each  2-cleft. 

§  4.  Perianth  tubular  at  base,  the  6  divisions  all  more  or  less  spreading:  stamens  sepa- 
rate: style  long :  stigmas  3,  more  or  less  dilated:  Jiowers  lasting  for  several 
days.  Plants' from  solid  bulbs  or  corms.  (Lessons,  p.  45,  fig.  71,  72.) 

6.  GLADIOLUS.     Flowers  numerous  in   a  spike,  on  a  rather  tall  leafy  stern 

remaining  open,  irregular,  the  short-funnel-shaped  tube  being  somewhat 
curved,  and  the  divisions  more  or  less  unequal,  the  flower  commonly  oblique 
or  as  if  somewhat  2-lipped.  Stamens  (inserted  on  the  tube,)  and  style  as- 
cending. Leaves  sword-shaped,  strongly  nerved. 

7.  CROCUS.     Flowers  and  narrow  linear  leaves  rising  from  the  bulb,  the  ovary 

and  pod  seldom  raised  above  ground:  perianth  with  a  long  and  slender  tube; 
its  oval  or  roundish  divisions  alike,  or  the  3  inner  rather  smaller,  concave, 
fully  spreading  only  in  sunshine.  Leaves  with  revolute  margins. 

There  are  besides  many  tender  plants  of  the  family  in  choice  collections,  the 
greater  part  confined  to  the  conservatories,  —  mostly  belonging  to 

txia  maculata,  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  others,  once  of  that  genus, 
now  called  SpARixis,  WATSONIA,  &c. ;  also  to  MONTBRETIA  or  TRITONIA,  &c. 

Schiz6stylis  COCCinea,  from  South  Africa,  lately  introduced :  not  very 
tender,  with  long  and  keeled  linear  leaves,  and  stems  3°  high,  bearing  a  spike 
of  bright  crimson-red  flowers  2'  across,  the  ovate  acute  lobes  all  alike  and  widely 
spreading  from  a  narrow  tube ;  the  slender  style  deeply  cleft  (whence  the  name) 
into  3  thread-like  branches. 

Moraea  iridoides,  of  the  Cape ;  very  like  an  Iris,  as  the  specific  name 
denotes ;  but  the  6  divisions  of  the  perianth  all  nearly  alike  and  widely  spread- 
ing, white  with  a  yellow  spot  on  the  3  outer  ones. 

1.   IRIS,  FLOWER-DE-LUCE,  BLUE  FLAG.     (Greek  and  Latin  my- 
thological name,  and  name  of  the  rainbow.)     Fl.  spring  and  early  summer. 

§  1.      Wild  species  of  the  country,  all  with  creeping  rootstocks. 
#  Dwarf,  with  simple  very  short  stems  (or  only  leafy  tufts),  1  -3- flowered  in  ear/y 
spring,  from  creeping  and  branching  slender  rootstocks,  here  and  there  tuber' 
ous-thickened:  Jiowers  viokt-blue,  with  a  long  slender  tube,  and  no  beard. 
I.  V6rna,  SLENDER  DWARF-!RIS.     Wooded  hillsides,  from  Virginia  and 
Kentucky  S. ;  with  linear  grassy  leaves,  tube  of  flower  about  the  length  of  its 
almost  equal  divisions,  which  are  on  slender  orange-yellow  claws,  the  outer  ones 
crestless. 

I.  cristata,  CRESTED  D.  Along  the  Alleghanies,  &c.,  sometimes  cnlt  ; 
with  lanceolate  leaves,  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  tube  of  flower  (2'  lon<r) 
much  longer  than  the  scarcely  stalked  divisions,  the  outer  ones  crested ;  pod 
sharply  triangular. 

A     I 

Tt  i  ^  ft*   I .  . 


334  IRIS    FAMILY. 

*  *  Taller:  the  several-flowered  often  branching  stems  l°-3°h<'gh:  tube  of  the 

flower  short :  the  outer  divisions  naked,  beard/ess,  and  all.  but  one  crestless ; 
the  inner  very  much  smaller:  fl.  late  spring  and  early  summer,  in  swamps. 

I.  Virginica,  SLENDER  BLUE  FLAG.  Slender;  with  very  narrow  linear 
leaves,  ana  blue  flowers  with  some  white  (barely  2'  long),  on  slender  peduncles, 
with  hardly  any  tube  beyond  the  3-angled  ovary. 

I.  Versicolor,  LARGER  BLUE-FLAG.  Stout;  stem  angled  on  one  side; 
leaves  sword-shaped,  f '  wide ;  flowers  light  blue  variegated  with  some  yellow, 
white,  and  purple,  hardly  3'  long,  the  inflated  tube  shorter  than  the  obtusely 
3-angled  ovary ;  pod  oblong,  3-angled. 

I.  hexagona.  Only  S.  near  the  coast ;  with  simple  stem,  narrowish  long 
leaves,  and  deep  blue  variegated  flowers  4'  long,  the  outer  divisions  crested,  the 
tube  longer  than  the  6-angled  ovarv. 

I.  CUprea.  Only  S.  and  W. ;  with  copperish-yellow  flowers  2'  long,  the 
tube  about  the  length  of  the  6-angled  ovary. 

I.  tripetala.  Only  S.  in  pine-barren  swamps ;  with  rather  short  SAvord- 
shaped  glaucous  leaves,  and  few  blue  flowers  (2' -3'  long),  variegated  with 
yellow  and  purple,  the  inner  divisions  very  short  and  wedge-shaped,  the 
tube  shorter  than  the  3-angled  ovary. 

§  2.    Garden  species  from  the  Old  World,  cult,  for  ornament. 

*  A  dense  beard  along  the  lower  part  of  the  3  outer  divisions  of  the  flower:  the 

stamens  in  all  spring  from  thickened  rootstucks. 

•*-  Dwarf:  flowering  in  early  spring. 

I.  ptimila,  DWARF  GARDEN  IRIS.  Stem  very  short;  the  violet  and  pur- 
ple flower  close  to  the  ground,  with  slender  tube  a"nd  obovate  divisions,  hardly 
exceeding  the  short  sword-shaped  leaves. 

•*—  •*-  Taller  and  larger,  sever al-floicered,  in  early  summer. 

I.  Germanica,  COMMON  FLOWER-DE-LUCK  of  the  gardens,  with  very 
large  scentless  flowers,  the  deep  violet  pendent  outer  divisions  3'  long,  the  obo- 
vate inner  ones  nearly  as  large,  lighter  and  bluer. 

I.  sambucina,  ELDER-SCENTED  F.,  is  taller,  3°  or  4°  high,  and  longer- 
leaved  ;  the  flowers  about  half  as  large  as  in  the  preceding,  the  outer  divisions 
less  reflexcd,  violet,  but  whitish  and  yellowish  toward^the  base,  painted  with 
deeper-colored  lines  or  veins ;  upper  divisions  pale  grayish  or  brownish  blue ; 
spathe  broadly  scarious-margined. 

I.  squalens,  very  like  preceding,  with  longer  dull  violet  outer  divisions  to 
the  flower  whitish  and  striped  at  base,  and  purplish-buiF-colored  inner  divisions. 

I.  variegata,  has  much  smaller  flowers,  with  spatulate-obovate  divisions 
2'  long,  white  with  pale  yellow,  the  outer  divisions  veined  with  dark-purple  and 
purplish-tinged  in  the  middle. 

I.  Florentina,  FLORENCE  or  SWEET  F.  Less  tall  than  the  Common  F., 
with  broader  leaves,  and  white  faintlv  sweet-scented  flowers,  bluish  veined,  the 
obovate  outer  divisions  2£'  -3'  long,  with  yellow  beard.  Its  violet-scented  root- 
stock  yields  orris-root. 

*  #  No  beard  nor  crest  to  the  flower :  all  but  the  last  with  rootstocks. 

I.  PseudacorilS,  YELLOW  IRIS,  of  wet  marshes  in  Europe,  with  very  long 
linear  leaves  and  bright  yellow  flowers,  sparingly  cultivated. 

I.  graminea,  GRASS-LEAVED  I.,  has  narrow  linear  root-leaves  2° -3° 
long  and  often  surpassing  the  1-3-flowered  stem;  flower  purple-blue,  with 
narrow  divisions. 

I.  P6rsica,  PERSIAN  IRIS.  A  choice  house-plant,  dwarf,  nearly  stcmless 
from  a  kind  of  bulb-like  tuber,  from  which  the  flower  rises  on  a  lony:  tulxj, 
earlier  than  the  leaves,  delicately  fragrant,  bluish,  with  a  deep-purple  spot  at 
the  tip  of  the  outer  divisions,  the  inner  divisions  very  small  and  spreading. 

2.    PARDANTHUS,  BLACKBERRY  LILY.     (Name  from  the  Greek, 
means  pard-flower,  alluding  to  the  spotted  perianth.)     Fl.  late  summer. 

Pardanthu.8  Chin&nsis,  from  China,  cult,  in  country  gardens  and 
escaping  into  roadsides:  3° -4°  high,  more  branching  than  an  Iris;  the  di- 
visions of  the  orange-colored  flower  (!'  long)  mottled  above  with  crimson  spots, 


YAM    FAMILY.  335 

the  fruit,  when  the  valves  fall  and  expose  the  berry-like  seeds,  imitating  a  black- 
berrv,  whence  the  common  name. 

3.  NEMASTYLIS.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  means  thread-like  style,  ap- 
plicable here  to  the  stigmas.)     Fl.  spring  and  summer. 

N.  cCBlestina.  Pine  barrens  S.  :  l°-2°  high,  with  handsome  but  fuga- 
cious bright  blue  flowers ;  the  leaves  mainly  from  the  small  buib,  linear  and 
plaited. 

4.  SISYRINCHIUM,  BLUE-EYED  GRASS.     (Name  in  Greek  means 
hog's  snout,  the  application  not  apparent.)     Fl.  all  summer. 

S.  Bermudiana.  In  all  moist  meadows  ;  the  slender  2-winged  stems 
6' -12'  high,  in  tufts,  longer  than  the  root-leaves,  almost  naked;  the  small 
flowers  in  an  umbel  from  a  2-leaved  spathe,  their  obovate  divisions  bristle-tipped 
from  a  notch,  pale  blue,  sometimes  purplish,  in  a  Western  variety  white. 

5.  TIGRIDIA,  TIGER-FLOWER  (as  the  name  denotes).     Fl.  summer. 
T.  pavdnia,    from  Mexico,   the  principal  species,  with   several   varieties, 

planted  out  for  summer  flowering,  sends  up  a  stem  2°  high,  bearing  in  succession 
a  few  very  large  showy  flowers  5'  or  6'  across,  yellow  or  orange-red,  the  dark 
centre  gaudily  spotted  with  crimson  or  purple. 

6.  GLADIOLUS,    CORN-FLAG.      (Name  a  diminutive  of  the  Latin 
word  for  sivord,  from  the  leaves. )     Several  choice  tender  species  in  conserva- 
tories ;  while  the  hardy  ones  and  those  which  bear  planting  out,  which  make 
our  gardens  gay  in  late  summer  and  autumn,  are  from  the  following : 

G.  commtinis,  of  Europe,  is  the  old-fashioned  hardy  species,  with  rather 
few  rose-red  (rarely  white)  flowers  ;  the  filaments  longer  than  the  anthers.  /  fj 

G.  Byzantinus,  of  the  Levant,  is  larger  in  all  its  parts,  with  more  flowers 
in  the  spike  and  more  showy  ;  filaments  shorter  than  the  linear  anthers. 

G.  blandus,  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  is  the  parent  of  many  of  the 
tender  white  or  pale  rose-colored  varieties. 

G.  cardinalis,  of  the  Cape,  also  tender,  has  large  scarlet-red  flowers, 
often  white  along  the  centre  of  its  3  lower  divisions. 

G.  psittacinUS,  of  the  Cape,  is  a  tall  and  robust  species,  its  numerous 
large  flowers  with  very  broad  divisions,  dull  yellow,  mixed  or  bordered  with 
scarlet.  This  is  the  parent  of  G.  GANDAV£XSIS,  now  universally  cultivated, 
and  from  which  so  many  fine  sub-varieties  have  been  produced,  with  scarlet,  red 
and  yellow,  orange,  and  other  colors. 

7.  CROCUS.     (The  Greek  name  of  Saffron.)     Cult,  from  the  Old  World. 
C.  v6rnus,  SPRING  CROCUS  ;  with  violet,  purple,  white  or  mixed  colored 

flowers,  the  broad  divisions  rarely  expanded,  and  short  dilated  stigmas  with 
jagged  margins. 

C.  lilteus  and  C.  Susianus,  YELLOW  CROCUS,  with  yellow  or  orange 
flowers,  and  opening  wider,  are  mere  varieties  of  the  first. 

C.  satiVUS,  FALL  CROCUS,  with  violet  purple  and  fragrant  flowers,  in 
autumn,  is  rarely  seen  here.  Its  long  and  narrow  orange-red  stigmas  are 
saffron. 

122.   DIOSCOREACEJE,  YAM  FAMILY. 

Twining  plants,  from  tubers  or  thick  rootstocks  or  roots,  having 
ribbed  and  netted-veined  petioled  leaves  more  or  less  imitating  those 
of  Exogens,  and  small  greenish  or  whitish  dioecious  flowers,  with 
the  tube  of  the  perianth  in  the  fertile  ones  adhering  to  the  3-celled 
ovary  ;  its  6  divisions  regular  and  parted  to  near  the  base  or  to  the 
ovary.  Styles  3,  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Ovules  and  seeds  1  or  2  in 
each  cell. 


33G  SMILAX    FAMILY. 

Tamus  elephailtipes,  or  TESTUDIN\RIA  ELAPIIAICTIPES,  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  is  a  curiosity  in  conservatories ;  the  globular  or  hemispherical 
trunk,  resting  on  the  ground,  covered  with  very  thick  bark  soon  cracked  into 
separate  portions,  and  resembling  the  back  of  a  tortoise ;  out  of  it  spring  every 
year  slender  twining  stems,  bearing  rounded  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped  leaves. 

1.  DIOSCOREA,  YAM.  (Named  for  Dioscorides.)  Flowers  in  axillary 
panicles  or  racemes :  stamens  6  in  the  sterile  ones,  separate.  Fertile  ones 
producing  a  3-celled  3-winged  pod,  when  ripe  splitting  through  the  wings. 
Fl.  summer.  2/ 

D.  vil!6sa,  WILD  YAM  :  sends  up  from  a  knotty  rootstock  its  slender 
stems,  bearing  heart-shaped  pointed  leaves,  either  alternate,  opposite,  or  some 
in  fours,  9-11-ribbed  and  with  prominent  cross-veinlets.  In  thickets,  com- 
moner S. :  slightly  downy,  or  usually  almost  smooth,  so  that  the  specific  name 
is  not  a  good  one. 

D.  Batatas  (or  D.  JAP6NICA  of  some),  CHINESE  YAM:  cult,  from  China 
and  Japan,  for  ornament,  or  for  its  very  deep  and  long  farinaceous  roots,  — 
a  substitute  for  potatoes,  if  one  could  only  dig  them ;  with  very  smooth  heart- 
shaped  partly  halberd-shaped  opposite  leaves,  and  produces  bulblets  in  the  axils. 

D.  sativa,  TRUE  YAM,  with  great  thick  roots,  is  only  of  hot  climates. 

123.    SMILACEJE,  SMILAX  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  woody-stemmed  plants,  a  few  herbaceous,  climbing  or 
supported  by  a  pair  of  tendrils  on  the  sides  of  the  petiole,  having 
ribbed  and  netted-veined  leaves  and  small  dioecious  flowers,  as  in  tlie 
foregoing ;  but  the  ovary  is  free  from  the  perianth,  bears  mostly  3 
long  and  diverging  sessile  stigmas,  and  in  fruit  is  a  berry ;  the  an- 
thers are  only  1-celled,  opening  by  one  longitudinal  slit  (the  division 
of  the  cell,  if  any,  corresponding  with  the  slit).  Consists  of  the  genus 

1.  SMILAX,  GREENBRIER,  CATBRIER,  or  CHINA-BRIER.  (An- 
cient Greek  name.)  All  wild  species,  in  thickets  and  low  grounds;  flowers 
small,  greenish,  in  clusters  on  axillary  peduncles,  in  summer,  or  several  of 
the  Southern  prickly  ones  in  spring. 

§  1 .     Stems  woody,  often  prickly :  ovules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell. 

*  Smooth,  and  the  leaves  often  glossy,  5-9-ribbed:  stigmas  and  cells  of  ovary  3. 

•<-  Berries  red:  peduncles  short:  leaves  5-ribbcd:  prickles  hardty  any. 

S.  lanceolata,  from  Virginia  S. :  climbs  high;  leaves  evergreen,  lance- 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends ;  rootstock  tuberous. 

S.  Walter!,  from  New  Jersey  S. :  6°  high ;  leaves  deciduous,  ovate  or 
lance-oval,  roundish  or  slightly  heart-shaped;  peduncles  flat;  rootstock  creeping. 

-»-  Beiries  black,  often  with  a  bloom :  leaves  mostly  roundish  or  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  at  base :  peduncles  almost  always  flat. 

S.  rotundifblia,  COMMON  GREENBRIER.  Yellowish-green,  often  high- 
climbing;  branchiets  more  or  less  square,  armed  with  scattered  prickles ;  leaves 
ovate  or  round-ovate,  thickish,  green  both  sides,  2' -3'  long;  peduncles  few- 
flowered,  not  longer  than  the  petioles. 

S.  glauca.  Mostly  S.  of  New  York :  like  the  preceding,  but  less  prickly, 
the  ovate  leaves  glaucous  beneath  and  seldom  at  all  heart-shaped,  smooth  edged, 
and  peduncles  longer  than  petiole. 

S.  tamnoides.  New  Jersey  to  111.  and  S. :  differs  from  preceding  in  the 
leaves  varying  from  round-heart-shaped  to  fiddle-shaped  and  halberd-shaped, 
green  both  sides,  pointed,  and  the  edges  often  sparsely  bristly. 

S.  Pseudo-China,  CHINA-BRIER;  from  New  Jersey  and  Kentucky  S. : 
rootstock  tuberous ;  prickles  none  or  rare ;  leaves  ovate  and  heart-shaped,  green 
both  sides,  often  contracted  in  the  middle,  and  rough-ciliate,  3' -5'  long;  flat 
peduncles  2' -3'  long. 


LILY    FAMILY.  337 

S.  hispida.  Only  from  Penn.  N. :  rootstock  long ;  stem  high-climbing, 
below  beset  with  long  and  dark  bristly  prickles ;  leaves  ovate  and  heart-shaped, 
green  both  sides,  thin,  4' -5' long;  flat  peduncles  l£'- 2'  long;  flowers  larger 
than  in  the  Common  Greenbrier. 

#  #  Downy  or  smooth :  stigma,  cell  of  the  ovary,  and  seed  only  one  ! 

S.  ptimila.  Sandy  soil  S. :  rising  only  1° -3°  high,  not  prickly,  soft-downy, 
with  ovate  or  oblong  and  heart-shaped  5-ribbed  evergreen  leaves,  when  old 
smooth  above ;  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  petioles,  densely-flowered ;  berries 
whitish. 

S.  Iaurif61ia.  From  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey  S. :  very  smooth,  high- 
climbing,  stem  with  some  prickles ;  leaves  thick,  evergreen,  glossy,  varying 
from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  3-nerved ;  peduncles  not  exceeding  the  petiole  and 
pedicels;  berries  black. 

§  2.    Stems  herbaceous,  never  prickly,  smooth :  leaves  long  petioled,  thin :  ovules 
and  seeds  usually  a  pair  in  each  cell:  berries  blue-black  with  a  bloom. 

S.  herbacea,  CARRION  FLOWER  (the  scent  of  the  blossoms  justifies  the 
name) :  common  in  moist  ground  ;  erect  and  recurving,  often  without  tendrils, 
or  low-climbing,  very  variable  in  size,  generally  smooth ;  leaves  ovate-oblong 
or  roundish  and  mostly  heart-shaped,  7  -  9-nerved  ;  peduncles  sometimes  short, 
generally  3'  -  4'  or  even  6'  -  8'  long,  even  much  surpassing  the  leaves,  20  -  40- 
flowered. 

S.  tamnifolia.  Pine  barrens  from  New  Jersey  S.  :  differs  in  its  heart- 
shaped  and  some  halberd-shaped  only  5-nerved  leaves  ;  peduncles  rather  longer 
than  the  petioles,  and  berry  fewer-seeded. 

124.   LILIACE^I,  LILY  FAMILY. 

Large  family,  known  as  a  whole  by  its  regular  symmetrical  flow- 
ers, with  perianth  of  6  (in  one  instance  of  4)  parts,  as  many  stamens 
with  2rcelled  anthers,  and  a  free  3-celled  (rarely  2-celled)  ovary. 
Perianth  either  partly  or  wholly  colored,  or  greenish,  but  not  glu- 
maceous.  Flowers  not  from  a  spathe,  except  in  Allium,  &c. 
Chiefly  herbs,  with  entire  leaves ;  all  perennials.  The  great  groups 
comprised  are  the  following. 

I.  TRILLIUM  FAMILY;  with  netted-veined  leaves  all  in  one 
or  two  whorls  on  an  otherwise  naked  stem,  which  rises  from  a  fleshy 
rootstock :  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3,  separate  down  to  the  ovary. 
Fruit  a  berry. 

1.  TRILLIUM.    Perianth  of  3  green  persistent  sepals,  and  3  colored  petals;  the 

hitter  at  length  withering  away  after  flowering,  but  not  deciduous.  Anthers 
linear,  adnate,  on  short  filaments,  looking  inwards.  Awl-shaped  styles  or  stig- 
mas persistent.  Ovary  3  -  6-angled.  Berry  purple  or  red,  ovate,  many-seeded. 

2.  MEDEOLA.     Perianth  of  6  oblong  and  distinct  nearly  similar  pieces,  recurved, 

deciduous.  Anthers  oblong,  shorter  than  the  slender  filaments.  Stigmas  or 
styles  long  and  diverging  or  recurved  on  the  globular  ovary,  deciduous. 
Berry  dark-purple,  few-seeded. 

II.  MELANTHIUM   FAMILY;  with  alternate  and  parallel- 
veined  leaves  ;  stem  simple,  at  least  up  to  the  panicles  ;  and  flower* 
often  polygamous,  sometimes  dicecious;  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3r 
separate  down  to  the  ovary.     Fruit  a  pod.     Anthers  almost  always 
turned  outwards.     Perianth  withering  or  persisting,  not  deciduous, 
the  6  parts  generally  alike.     Mostly  acrid  or  poisonous  plants,  some 
used  in  medicine. 

22 


338  LILY    FAMILY. 

§  1.  Stemless :  the  large  flmoer  with  a  long  lube  rising  directly  from  a  thin-coated 
solid  bulb  or  corm :  anthers  2-celled. 

•  3.  COLCHICUM.    Perianth  resembling  that  of  a  Crocus.     Stamens  borne  on  the 
throat  of  the  long-tubular  perianth.     Styles  very  long. 

§  2.  Perianth  without  any  tube,  q/"6  distinct  or  almost  separate  divisions. 
*  Anthers  2-celled,  short:  Jlowers  in  a  simple  raceme  or  spike :  pod  loculiddal. 

4.  CHAM-DELIRIUM.     Flowers  dioecious  or  mostly  so.     Perianth  of  6  small  and 

narrow  white  pieces.     Pod  ovoid-oblong,  many-seeded.     Spike  or  raceme 

slender. 
6.  HELONIAS.     Flowers  perfect,  in  a  short  dense  raceme,  lilac-purple,  turning 

green  in  fruit;  the  divisions  spatulate-oblong,  spreading.     Filaments  slender: 

anthers  blue.     Pod  3-lobed ;  cells  many-seeded. 
6.  XEROPHYLLUM.     Flowers  perfect,  in  a  compact  raceme,  white;  the  divisions 

oval,  sessile,  widely  spreading,  naked.     Filaments  awl-shaped.     Pod  globular, 

3-lobed,  with  2  wingless  seeds  in  each  cell. 

*  *  Anthers  kidney-shaped  or  round  heart-shaped,  the  two  cells  confluent  into  one, 
shield-shaped  after  opening  :  styles  awl-shaped :  pod  %-horntd,  septicidal:  sttds 
commonly  Jiat  or  thin-margined. 

t.  AMIANTHIUM.  Flowers  perfect,  mostly  in  a  simple  raceme.  Perianth  white, 
the  oval  or  obovate  spreading  divisions  without  claws  or  spots.  Filaments 
Ion <*  and  slender.  Seeds  Avingless,  1  -  4  in  each  cell.  Leaves  chiefly  from  the 
bulbous  base  of  the  scape-like  stem,  linear,  keeled,  grass-like. 

8.  STENANTHIUM.     Flowers  polygamous,  JIK  paaicled  racemes  on  a  leafy  stem. 

Perianth  white,  with  spreading  and  not  spotted  lanceolate  divisions  tapering 
to  a  narrow  point  from  a  broader  base,  which  coheres  with  the  base  of  the 
ovary.  Stamens  very  short.  Seeds  several,  wingless.  Leaves  linear,  keeled, 
grass-like. 

9.  VERATRUM.     Flowers  polygamous,  in  panicled  racemes.     Perianth  greenish 

or  brownish,  its  obovate-oblong  divisions  nan-owed  at  base,  free  from  the 
ovary,  not  spotted.  Filaments  short.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  wing-margined. 
Leaves  broad,  many-nerved.  Base  of  the  leafy  stem  more  or  less  bulb-like, 
producing  many  long  white  roots.  . 

10.  MELANTHIUM.     Flowers  polygamous,  in  racemes  forming  an  open  pyramidal 

panicle.  Perianth  cream-colored,  turning  green  or  brownish  with  age,  per- 
fectly free  from  the  ovary,  its  heart-shaped  or  oblong  and  partly  halberd- 
shaped  widely  spreading  divisions  raised  on  a  claw  and  marked  with  a  pair 
of  darker  spots  or  glands.  Filaments  short,  adhering  to  the  claws  of  the 
perianth,  persistent.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell,  broadly  winged.  Leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  grass-like.  Stem  roughish-downy  above,  its 
base  more  or  less  bulbous. 

11.  ZYGADENUS.     Flowers  pefect  or  polygamous,  in  a  terminal  panicle.     Peri- 

anth greenish  white,  its  oblong  or  ovate  widely  spreading  divisions  spotted 
with  a  pair  of  roundish  glands  or  colored  spots  near  the  sessile  or  almost 
sessile  base.  Stamens  free  from  and  about  the  length  of  the  perianth.  Leaves 
linear,  grass-like ;  stem  and  whole  plant  smooth. 

III.  BELL  WORT  FAMILY;  with  alternate  and  broad  not 
grass-like  parallel-veined  leaves :  stem  from  a  rootstock  or  from 
fibrous  roots,  branching  and  leafy:  style  one  at  the  base,  but  3-cleft 
or  3-parted.  Fruit  a  pod,  few-seeded.  Anthers  turned  rather 
outwards  than  inwards.  Perianth  of  6  almost  similar  and  wholly 
separate  pieces,  deciduous.  Not  acrid  nor  poisonous.  Plants  inter- 
mediate between  the  preceding  groups  and  the  next 

12.  UVULARIA.     Flowers  solitary  or  sometimes  in  pairs  at  the  end  or  in  the  forks 

of  the  forking  stem,  drooping,  yellowish;  the  perianth  rather  bell-shaped 
and  lily-like,  its  divisions  spatulate-lanceolate,  with  a  honey-bearing  groove 
or  pit 'at  the  erect  narrowed  base.  Stamens  short,  one  at  the  base  of  each 
division:  anthers  linear,  much  longer  than  the  filaments.  Pod  triangular  or 
3-lobed,  loculicidal  from  the  top.  Seeds  thick  and  roundish. 


LILY    FAMILY.  339 

IV.  ASPARAGUS  FAMILY;  with  parallel-veined  mostly 
alternate  leaves,  branching  or  simple  stems  from  a  rootstock,  at 
least  there  is  no  bulb,  a  single  style  (if  cleft  or  lobed  at  all  only  at 
the  summit),  and  fruit  a  few  several-seeded  berry.  Pedicels  very 
often  with  a  joint  in  the  middle  or  under  the  flower.  Flower 
almost  always  small,  and  white  or  greenish,  chiefly  perfect. 

§  1.  Herbs  with  ordinary  broad  leaves. 

#  Flowers  bell-shaped,  of  6  separate  and  similar  deciduous  divisions:  stamens  on  the 

receptacle  or  nearly  so :  anthers  turned  outioards. 

13.  CLINTONIA.     Flowers  erect,  few  or  several  in  an  umbel  on  a  naked  scape, 

the  base  of  which  is  sheathed  by  the  stalks  of  a  few  large  oval  or  oblong  and 
ciliate  root-leaves.  Filaments  long  and  slender;  anthers  linear  or  oblong; 
style  long.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  becoming  a  blue  berry.  Rootstocks  creeping, 
like  those  of  LilyK>f-the- Valley,  which  the  leaves  also  resemble. 

14.  PROS  ARTES.     Flowers  single  or  few,  hanging  at  the  end  of  the  leafy  spreading 

branches  on  slender  simple  stalks,  yellowish.  Divisions  of  the  perianth 
lanceolate  or  linear.  Filaments  much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  blunt 
anthers.  Ovary  with  a  pair  of  hanging  ovules  in  each  of  the  3  cells,  becom- 
ing an  ovoid  or  oblong  and  pointed  red  berry.  Rootstock  short,  not  creep- 
ing: herbage  downy. 

15.  STREP  TOPUS.     Flowers  single  or  rarely  in  pairs  along  the  leafy  and  forking 

stem,  just  out  of  the  axils  of  the  ovate  clasping  leaves:  the  slender  peduncle 
usually  beut  in  the  middle.  Divisions  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute,  the 
three  inner  ones  keeled^.  Anthers  arrow-shaped,  on  short  and  flattish  fila- 
ments. Ovary  3-celled,  making  a  red  many-seeded  berry. 

*  *  Flowers  with  perianth  of  one  piece,  but  often  deeply  parted,  the  stamens  on  Us 

base  or  tube  :  anthers  turned  inwards :  stems  not  branched. 

16.  CONVALLARIA.    Flowers  nodding  in  a  one-sided  raceme,  on  an  angled  scape 

which  rises,  with  the  about  two  oblong  leaves,  from  a  running  rootstock. 
Perianth  short  bell-shaped,  with  6  recurving  lobes.  Stamens  included. 
Style  stout.  Ovary  with  several  ovules,  becoming  a  few-seeded  red  berry. 

17.  SM1LACINA.     Flowers  in  a  raceme  or  cluster  of  racemes  terminating  a  leaf- 

bearing  stem,  small,  white.  Perianth  6-parted,  in  one  4-parted."  Filaments 
slender :  anthers  short.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  making  a  1  -  2-seeded  berry.  Root- 
stocks  mostly  creeping. 

18.  POLYGONATUM.    Flowers  nodding  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  along  a  leafy 

and  recurving  simple  stem,  which  rises  from  a  long  and  thickened  rootstock. 
Perianth  greenish,  cylindrical,  6-lobed  or  6-toothed,  bearing  the  6  included 
stamens  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the  tube.  Style  slender.  Ovary  3-celled 
with  few  ovules  in  each  cell,  in  fruit  becoming  a  globular  black  or  blue  few- 
seeded  berry. 

§  2.  Plants  with  small  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  from  the  axils  of  which  are  produced 
false-leaves,  i.  e.  bodies  which  by  their  position  are  seen  to  be  of  the  nature  of 
branches,  but  which  imitate  ana  act  as  leaves.  Perianth  greenish  or  whitish, 
G-parted,  the  stamens  borne  on  its  base.  Berry  ^-celled,  the  cells  2-seeded. 

19.  ASPARAGUS.    Flowers  greenish-yellow,  bell-shaped,  scattered  along  the  much 

divided  branches.  Styles  short :  stigma  3-lobed.  The  so-called  leaves  very 
narrow. 

20.  MYRSIPHYLLUM.     Flowers  2  or  3  in  the  axils,  greenish-white;  the  linear- 

oblong  divisions  of  the  perianth  recurved.  Stamens  almost  as  long  as  the 
perianth.  Style  slender:  stigma  entire.  The  so-called  leaves  lance-ovate. 
Stems  twining. 

V.  LILY  FAMILY  PROPER  (including  Asphodel  Family)  :  dis- 
tinguished by  the  single  undivided  style  (or  rarely  a  sessile  stigma), 
and  fruit  a  loculicidat  pod.  Perijfcith  with  all  6  parts  generally 
corolla-like,  and  in  all  the  following  nearly  similar.  Leaves  par- 
allel-veined or  ribbed,  sometimes  with  netted-veins  also.  Stem  or 
scape  mostly  simple. 


340  LILY    FAMILY. 

§  1.  From  a  coated  or  sometimes  scaly  bulb. 

*  Stem  leafy,  especially  above,  the  leaves  often  whorled  or  crowded:  divisions  of  the 

perianth  with  a  honey-bearing  furrow  or  spot  at  or  near  the  base  :  style  long  : 
stigmas  or  lobes  3 :  pod  packed  with  2  rows  of  depressed  and  Jlat  soft-coated 
seeds  in  each  cett.  FUnoers  large,  often  several. 

21.  LILirM.    Flower  bell-shaped  or  funnel-form  with  the  separate  or  partly  united 

divisions  spreading  or  recurved  above:  the  honey-bearing-groove  beginning 
at  their  base.  Anthers  linear,  at  first  ei'ect,  at  length  versatile;  Pod  oblong. 
Bulb  mostly  scaly  ( Lessons,  p.  46,  fig.  73,  74). 

22.  FRITILLARIA.      Divisions  ot  the  bell-shaped  flower  distinct,  not  at  all  re- 

curving; the  honey-bearing  spot  above  their  base.  Bulb  coated  or  scaly. 
Flowers  always  nodding,  often  spotted. 

*  *  Stem  2-leaved  or  few-leaved  at  or  towards  the  base,  naked  above  and  ordinarily 

\-Jlowered  at  summit:  the  six  pieces  of  the  bell-shaped  perianth  separate  :  sta- 
mens on  the  receptacle  or  nearly  so :  anthers  erect :  seeds  many,  pale. 

23.  TULIP  A.     Stem  1  -  2-leaved  above  the  ground,  bearing  an  erect  large  flower. 

Divisions  of  the  perianth  broad,  not  recurved  nor  spreading.  Ovary  and  pod 
triangular,  columnar:  stigmas  3,  sessile.  Seeds  nearly  as  in  Lily. 

24.  ERYTHRONIUM.     Scape  2-leaved  from  the  ground,  bearing  a  nodding  flower. 

Divisions  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  recurved  or  spreading  above.  Ovary 
and  pod  obovate :  seeds  globular.  Style  long,  more  or  less  club-shaped. 

*  #  #  Scape  naked,  bearing  several  or  many  flowers:  seeds  very  few,  globular  or 

angled,  mostly  with  a  crustaceou's  or  brittle  black  coat. 
-»-  Perianth  6-parted  or  Q-sepalled,  either  wheel-shaped  or  less  widely  spreading. 

25.  ORNITHOGALUM.     Flowers    in    a  corymb,  bracted,   white,  wheel-shaped. 

Style  3-sided :  stigma  3-angled. 

26.  ALL'IUM.     Flowers  in  a  simple  umbel,  from  a  1- 2-leaved  or  scarious  spathe. 

Style  persistent,  slender:  stigma  entire. 

27.  SCILLA.    Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme,  mostly  blue.    Style  slender. 

•t-  1-  Perianth  merely  Q-toothed  or  Q-cleft,  bearing  the  short  included  stamens  on  its 
tube :  pod  triangular. 

28.  MUSCARI.     Flowers  in  a  raceme;  the  globular  or  urn-shaped  narrow-mouthed 

perianth  nearly  6-toothed. 

29.  HYACINTHUS.     Flowers  in  a  raceme;  the  short-funnel-shaped  or  bell-shaped 

perianth  6-cleft,  the  lobes  spreading. 

§  2.  Scape  and  leaves  from  a  tuberous  rootstock  or  fibrous-rooted  crown :  no  bulb. 

*  Stamens  and  styles  long  and  slender,  declined:  stigma  nearly  simple :  flowers  large. 

30.  AGAPANTHUS.     Flowers  in  a  2-bracted  umbel,  blue.     Perianth  tubular  at 

base,  with  6  widely  spreading  divisions  nearly  regular.  Pod  triangular, 
munv  seeded.  Seeds  flat,  brownish,  winged  above.  Leaves  linear,  flat. 
-81.  FUNKlA.  Flowers  in  a  raceme,  blue  or  white.  Perianth  funnel-form,  6-cleft, 
the  lobes  hardly  spreading,  somewhat  irregular.  Pod  oblong,  prismatic, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  black,  with  a  soft  and  thin  coat,  winged  at  the 
apex.  Leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  netted-veiiiy  between  the  ribs,  and  on 
long  petioles. 

32.  HEMEROCALLIS.     Flowers  few  on  a  somewhat  branching  scape,  yellow, 

lasting  but  a  day.     Perianth  funnel-form,  with  short  narrow  tube  closely  in- 
vesting the  ovary;  the  nearly  similar  divisions  more  or  less  spreading.     1  od 
thick,  at  first  fleshy.     Seeds' few  in  each  cell,  roundish,  with  a  hard  and  brit- 
tle black  coat.    Leaves  linear,  grassy,  keeled. 
*  *  Stamens  and  style  straight,  protruding  from  the  tubular  perianth. 

33.  TRITOMA.     Flowers  very  many,  nodding  in  a  dense  raceme  or  spike  on  a 

bracted  scape.     Perianth  tubular,  regular,  red  or  yellow,  6-toothed.    1  ila- 
ments  of  two  lengths..    Pod  many-seeded.     Leaves  narrow-linear,  long  and 
grassy,  keeled,  crowded  at  the  root. 
§  3.  Stem  a  woody  trunk,  either  short  or  tree-like,  bearing  a  crowd  of  rigid  and 

pungent-pointed  sword-shaped  persistent  leaves  :  no  bulb. 

32.  YUCCA.  Flowers  in  an  ample  terminal  compound  panicle,  large,  often  polyga- 
mous, white  or  whitish.  Perianth  of  6  separate  oval  or  oblong  acute  divis- 
ions, not  deciduous,  the  3  inner  broader,  longer  than  the  stamens.  Stigmas 
3,  sessile.  Pod  oblong,  many-seeded;  the  depressed  seeds  as  in  Lily. 


LILY   FAMILY.  341 

Among  the  various  cultivated  plants  of  the  choicer  collections,  the  following 
are  not  rarely  met  with. 

*  Not  bulbous. 

Phormium  tenax,  NEW  ZEALAND  FLAX.  Nearly  hardy  N.,  hut  does 
not  flower ;  the  very  linn  finely  nerved  linear  evergreen  leaves  tufted  on  matted 
rootstocks,  strongly  keeled,  conduplicate  below,  nearly  flat  above,  yielding  a 
very  strong  fibre  for  cordage. 

Dracaena  and  Cordyline,  DRAGON-TREES,  two  or  three  species,  orna- 
ments of  choice  conservatories,  cult,  for  their  foliage. 

A16e  anglllata,  A.  variegkta,  and  other  ALOES,  with  very  thick  and 
fleshy  2-ranked  leaves  crowded  or  imbricated  at  the  ground,  sending  up  a  slen- 
der scape,  bearing  a  spike  or  raceme  of  tubular  flowers  ;  in  conservatories. 
*  #  From  coated  bulbs,  sending  up  leaves  and  scapes. 

Lachcnalia  tricolor;  tender  bulb  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  with 
lanceolate  soft  leaves  blotched  with  purple,  and  a  raceme  of  small,  rather  sin- 
gular than  handsome,  greenish-purple  and  yellow  flowers,  its  erect  divisions 
connivent,  the  three  interior  longer. 

Caloch6rtus,  Cyclob6thra,  Brodisea,  and  Triteldia,  handsome 

flowered  bulbs,  chiefly  from  California  and  Oregon,  hardly  any  quite  hardy  N. 

1.  TRILLIUM,  THREE-LEAVED  NIGHTSHADE,  WAKE  ROBIN, 
BIRTHROOT.  (Name  from  Latin  trUix,  triple,  the  parts  throughout  being 
in  threes.)  Low  stem  from  a  short  tuber-like  rootstock  (Lessons,  p.  42,  fig.  67), 
bearing  a  whorl  of  three  green  conspicuously  netted-veined  ovate  or  rhom- 
boidal  leaves,  and  a  terminal  flower,  in  spring.  All  grow  in  rich  or  moist 
woods,  or  the  last  in  bogs. 

§  1.   Flower  sessile:  petals  and  sepals  narrow,  the  former  spatulate,  dull  purple. 

T.  Sessile.  From  Penn.  W.  &  S. :  leaves  sessile,  often  blotched ;  petals 
sessile,  rather  erect,  turning  greenish,  long  persisting. 

T.  recuryatum.  Only  W. :  differs  in  having  the  leaves  narrowed  at 
base  into  a  petiole,  sepals  reflexed,  and  pointed  petals  with  a  narrowed  base. 

§  2.    Flower  raised  on  a  peduncle:  petals  withering  away  soon  after  flowering. 

*  Peduncle  erect  or  inclined:  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  sessile  by  a  wedge-shaped  base, 

abruptly  taper-pointed:  petals  flat. 

T.  grandifl6rum,  GREAT-FLOWERED  WHITE  T.  From  Vermont  to 
Penn.  and  W.,  flowering  rather  late:  handsome,  the  obovate  petals  2' -2£'  long, 
much  larger  than  the  sepals,  gradually  recurving  from  an  erect  base,  pure  white, 
in  age  becoming  rose-colored. 

T.  erdctum,  PURPLE  T.  or  BIRTHROOT.  Chiefly  N. :  not  so  large  as  the 
preceding;  the  dark  dull  purple  petals  ovate,  widely  spreading,  little  longer 
than  the  sepals,  !'-!£' long. 

Var.  album,  from  New  York  W. :  has  greenish  white,  rarely  yellowish 
petals. 

Var.  declinatum,  from  Ohio  N.  W.,  has  peduncle  fully  half  the  length  of 
the  leaves  and  horizontal,  or  in  fruit  even  reflexed ;  petals  w'hite  or  pinkish. 

*  *  Peduncle  recurved  from  iheflrst  under  the  short-petioled  or  almost  sessile  leaves, 

not  longer  than  the  ovary  and  recurved  white  petals. 

T.  C^rnuum,  NODDING  T.  Commonest  E. :  leaves  rhombic-ovate ;  petals 
oblong,  ovate,  acute,  i'-|'  long;  styles  separate. 

T.  Styl6sum.  tipper  country  S. :  leaves  oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends ; 
petals  oblong,  tinged  with  rose-color,  much  longer  and  broader  than  the  sepals ; 
styles  united  at  base. 

*  *  *  Peduncle  nearly  erect ;  leaves  rounded  at  the  base  and  short-petioled. 
T.  nivale,  DWARF  WHITE  T.     From  Ohio  N.  W. :  very  early-flowering, 
2' -4'  high;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  pure  white, 
1'  long ;  styles  slender. 


312  LILY    FAMILY. 

T.  erythrocarpum,  PAINTED  T.  Low  woods  or  bogs  N. :  leaves  ovate, 
taper-pointed ;  petals  lance-ovate,  pointed,  wavy,  white  with  pink  stripes  at  the 
base ;  berry  bright  red. 

2.  MEDEOLA,  INDIAN  CUCUMBER-ROOT  (from  the  taste  of  the 
tuberous  white  and  horizontal  rootstock ;  the  Latin  name  from  Mtdea,  the 
sorceress).     Fl.  early  summer. 

M.  Virginica,  the  only  species  :  in  woods:  simple  stem  l°-3°  high,  cot- 
tony when  young,  bearing  near  the  middle  a  whorl  of  5  -  9  obovate-lanceolate 
thin  and  veiny  but  also  parallel-ribbed  leaves,  and  another  of  3  (rarely  4  or  5) 
much  smaller  ovate  ones  at  the  top,  around  an  umbel  of  a  few  small  "recurved- 
stalked  flowers. 

3.  COLCHICUM.     (Named  from  the  country,  Colchis.)     Flowers  in  au- 
tumn, sends  up  the  lanceolate  root-leaves  the  next  spring.     Sparingly  cult, 
from  Eu.  for  ornament. 

C.  autumnale,  COMMON  C.,  mostly  with  rose-purple  or  lilac  flowers. 
C.  variegatum,  perhaps  a  variety,  has  shorter  and  wavy  leaves,  and  peri- 
anth variegated  with  small  purple  squares,  as  if  tessellated. 

4.  CHAMJELIKIUM,  DEVIL'S  BIT.     (Name  in  Greek  means  Ground 
Lily,  of  no  obvious  fitness.)     Fl.  summer. 

C.  luteum,  also  called  BLAZING-STAR  :  low  grounds,  commoner  W.  &  S. : 
rootstock  short  and  abrupt,  sending  up  a  stem  l°-3°  high,  bearing  flat  lance- 
olate leaves  at  base,  some  shorter  ones  up  the  stem,  and  a  wand-like  spike  or 
raceme  of  small  bractless  flowers,  the  sterile  ones  from  the  stamens  appearing 
yellow. 

6.   HELONI  AS.     (Name  probably  from  the  Greek  for  a  swamp,  in  which 
the  species  grows.)     Fl.  spring. 

H.  bullata.  Rare  and  local  plant,  from  New  Jersey  to  E.  Virginia,  but 
sometimes  cult. :  very  smooth,  the  tuberous  stock  producing  a  tuft  of  oblong  or 
lance-spatulate  evergreen  leaves,  from  the  centre  of  which  rises  in  spring  a  leaf- 
less scape  l°-2°  high,  bearing  the  rather  handsome  flowers. 

6.  XEROPHYLLUM.     (Name  means,  in  Greek,  arid-leaved,  the  narrow 
leaves  being  dry  and  rigid.)     Fl.  early  summer. 

X.  asphodelioides.  Pine  barrens,  from  New  Jersey  S. :  a  striking  plant, 
with  the  aspect  of  an  Asphodel;  simple  stout  stem  rising  2° -4°  high  from  a 
thick  or  bulb-like  base,  densely  beset  at  base  with  very  long  needle-shaped  rigid 
recurving  leaves,  above  with  shorter  ones,  which  at  length  are  reduced  to  bristle- 
like  bracts ;  the  crowded  white  flowers  showy. 

7.  AMIANTHIUM,  FLY-POISON.     (Name,  from  the  Greek^ alludes 
to  the  flowers  destitute  of  the  spots  or  glands  of  Melanthium  and  Zygade- 
nus.)     Flowers  summer,  turning  greenish  or  purplish  with  age. 

A.  muscsetoxicum,  BROAD-LEAVED  F.     Open  woods  from  New  Jersey 

5.  :  with  a  rather  large  bulb  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  bearing  many  broadly  linear 
(£'-!'  wide)  blunt  leaves;  raceme  dense;  flowers  rather  large;  seeds  few,  red 
and  fleshy. 

A.  angUStifolium.  Pine  barrens  S. :  stem  hardly  bulbous  at  base,  2' 
high ;  leaves  narrow,  acute,  pale ;  seeds  linear,  not  fleshy. 

8.  STENANTHIUM.     (Name  from  Greek  means  narrow  Jlower.)     Fl. 
summer. 

S.  angU8tif61ium.  Low  meadows  and  prairies,  from  Penn.  S.  &  \V. : 
2° -6°  high,  leafy,  the  leaves  long  and  narrow  ;  flowers  only  4'  long,  in  a  pro- 
longed terminal  and  many  shorter  lateral  racemes,  making  an  ample  light 
panicle. 


LILY    FAMILY.  343 

9.  VERATRUM,  FALSE  HELLEBORE.     (Old  name,  from  Latin  vere 
ater,  truly  black  )     Mostly  pubescent  stout  herbs ;  the  roots  yield  the  acrid 
poisonous  veratrin.     Flowers  summer. 

V.  viride,  AMERICAN  WHITE  HELLEBORE,  or  INDIAN  POKE.  Swamps, 
mostly  N. :  stout  stem  2°  -4°  high,  thickly  beset  with  the  broadly  oval  or  ovate 
strongly  plaited  sheath-clasping  leaves  ;  panicle  of  spike-like  racemes  pyramidal ; 
flowers  yellowish-green  turning  greener  with  age. 

V.  parvifldrum,  along  the  Alleghanies,  is  slender,  2° -5°  high,  with  scat- 
tered oval  or  lanceolate  scarcely  plaited  leaves  below,  and  a  long  and  loose  pan- 
icle of  greenish  small  flowers  turning  dingy  or  brownish  with  age. 

10.  MELANTHIUM.     (Name,  from  the  Greek,  means  black  Jlower,  the 
perianth  turning  darker,  yet  not  black.)     Fl.  summer. 

M.  Virginicum,  BUNCH-FLOWER.  Moist  grounds,  from  S.  New  York 
S.  &  W. :  3° -5°  high;  lowest  leaves  sometimes  1'  wide,  the  upper  few  and 
small ;  flowers  rather  large. 

11.  ZYGADENUS.     (Name  in  Greek  means  yoked  glands.)     Fl.  summer. 
Z.  glaberrimus.     Pine  barren  bogs  S. :  l°-3°  high,  from  a  running  root- 
stock  ;  leaves  rather  rigid,  keeled,  nerved,  taper-pointed ;  panicle  many-flowered; 
divisions  of  perianth  £'  long,  a  pair  of  round  spots  above  the  narrowed  base. 

Z.  glatlCUS.  Bogs  along  our  N.  borders  :  l°-3°  high,  from  a  bulb ;  leaves 
flat,  pale ;  flowers  rather  few  ;  base  of  perianth  coherent  with  that  of  the  ovary, 
the  divisions  marked  with  an  inversely  heart-shaped  spot. 

12.  UVULARIA,  BELLWORT.    (Name  from  the  Latin  wula,  or  palate ; 
the  application  obscure.)     Stems  6' -2°  high,  naked  below,  leafy  above:  fl. 
spring.     All  in  rich  woods. 

*  Leaves  oblong,  the  base  clasping  round  the  stem  ivhich  seems  to  run  through  the 

blade  just  above  its  base  (Lessons,  p.  67,  fig.  131) :  pod  3-lobed:  rootstock 
very  short,  and  erect. 

U.  grandiflbra,  the  common  one  from  W.  New  England  W. :  with  pale 
greenish-yellow  flower  1^'  long  and  smooth  or  nearly  so  inside. 

U.  perfoliata,  common  E.  &  S. :  smaller,  with  sharper  tips  to  the  an- 
thers, and  the  parts  of  the  barely  yellowish  perianth  granular-roughened  inside. 

U.  flava,  chiefly  N.  E.,  with  bright  yellow  flower  about  1'  long,  and  nearly 
smooth  inside. 

#  *  Leaves  not  surrounding  the   stem,  merely  sessile:   rootstock  creeping:  pod 

sharply  triangular. 

IT.  Sessilifblia,  common,  especially  N.  :  6' -12'  high,  with  pale  lance-ob- 
long leaves,  and  whitish  cream-colored  flower  |'  long;  pod  stalked. 

13.  CLINTONIA.     (Named  for  DeWitt  Clinton  of  New  York.)     Cold 
moist  woods  :  flowers  early  summer. 

C.  borealis.  Only  N.  and  along  the  mountains;  flowers  2-7,  greenish 
yellow,  over  £'  long ;  berry  rather  many-seeded. 

C.  umbellata.  Along  the  Alleghanies  ;  flowers  numerous,  \f  long,  white 
speckled  with  green  or  purplish  dots ;  seeds  only  2  in  each  cell. 

14.  PROSARTES.     (Name  from  Greek  word  meaning  hanging.) 

P.  lanugindsa.  Rich  woods  the  whole  length  of  the  Alleghany  region  to 
Canada  :  branches  widely  spreading  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  rounded  or 
slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  sessile  base ;  flowers  £'  long,  greenish  ;  style  with  3 
stigmas  :  fl.  late  spring. 

15.  STREPTOPTJS,  TWISTED-STALK  (which  the  name  denotes  in 
Greek).     In  cold  damp  or  wet  woods  N. :  flowers  in  late  spring  and  early 
summer,  small,  barely  £'  long. 


344  LILY    FAMILY. 

S.  amplexif61ius.  Stem  stout,  rough  at  base,  2°  -  3°  high  ;  leaves  strong- 
ly clasping,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath  ;  flower  whitish,  on  a  long  stalk  with 
abrupt  bend  above  the  middle  ;  anthers  slender-pointed  ;  stigma  truncate. 

S.  r6seus.  Stem  l°-2°  high;  leaves  green,  finely  ciliate,  and  with  the 
few  branches  beset  with  more  short  and  fine  bristly  hairs ;  flower  rose-purple, 
on  a  less  bent  stalk ;  anthers  2-horned ;  stigma  3-cleft. 

16.  CONVALLARIA,    LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY.       (Name  altered 
from  the  Latin  Lilium  convallinm,  of  which  the  English  name  is  a  translation.) 
Fl.  late  spring. 

C.  majalis,  the  only  true  .species,  cult,  everywhere,  from  Europe,  and  wild 
on  the  higher  Alleghanies ;  its  small  sweet-scented  white  flowers  familiar. 

17.  SMILACINA,  FALSE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.     (Name  a  diminutive 
of  Smilax,  which  these  plants  do  not  resemble.)     Wild  in  woods  or  low 
grounds  :  fl.  late  spring. 

§  1.    Perianth  of  only  4  reflexed  spreading  divisions:  stamens  4  :  ovary  2-cellfd. 
S.  bifolia.     In  all  moist  woods  N. :  3'  -6'  high  ;  stem  bearing  2  (sometimes 
3)  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  a  short  raceme  of  small  flowers;  berries  red. 

§  2.    Perianth  of  6  divisions :  stamens  6  :  ovary  3-Cflled,  rarefy  2-celled. 

S.  trifdlia.  Cold  bogs  N. :  3'  -6'  high,  smooth,  with  mostly  3  oblong 
leaves  tapering  to  a  sheathing  base  ;  raceme  loose,  few-flowered ;  berries  red. 

S.  Stellata.  Rocky  places  N. :  l°-2°  high,  smooth,  or  the  7-12  lance- 
oblong  leaves  minutely  downy  when  young;  raceme  several-flowered;  berries 
blackish. 

S.  racem6sa.  Moist  copses  and  banks,  chiefly  N. :  2°  high,  minutely 
downy,  leafy  to  the  top ;  the  oblong  or  lance-oval  leaves  ciliate,  pointed  at  each 
end  ;  flowers  small,  crowded  in  a  compound  raceme;  the  divisions  of  perianth 
narrow ;  berries  pale  red  and  speckled. 

18.  POLYGONATUM,  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.     (Name  in  Greek  means 
many-jointed.     The  English  name  is  from  the  rootstocks,  the  impression  of 
the  seal  being  the  scar  left  by  the  death  and  separation  of  the  stem  of  a  former 
year:  Lessons,  p.  42,  fig.  66.)     Stem  recurving  or  turned  to  one  side.     Fl. 
late  spring  and  early  summer. 

P.  bifl6rum,  SMALLER  S.  Wooded  banks  :  l°-3°  high ;  the  ovate-oblong 
or  lance-oblong  leaves  nearly  sessile  and  glaucous  or  minutely  whitish-downy 
beneath ;  peduncles  mostly  2-flowered ;  filaments  roughened,  borne  above  the 
middle  of  the  tube. 

P.  gigant&um,  LARGER  S.  Alluvial  grounds  N.  :  3° -8°  high,  smooth  ; 
leaves  ovate,  partly  clasping  ;  peduncles  2  -  8-flowered ;  filaments  smooth  and 
naked,  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  tube. 

19.  ASPARAGUS.     (The  ancient  Greek  name.)     Fl.  early  summer. 

A.  officinalis,  COMMON  ASPARAGUS.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for  its  esculent 
spring  shoots,  spontaneous  about  gardens  :  tall,  bushy-branched,  the  leaves 
thread-shaped. 

20.  MYRSIPHYLLTTM.     (The  name  in  Greek  means  myrtk-leaved.} 
M.    asparagoides,    of    Cape    Good    Hope  :    a    very    smooth    delicate 

twiner,  cult,  in  conservatories  for  winter  decoration,  under  the  name  of 
SMILAX  :  the  bright  green  so-called  leaves  1'  or  more  long,  glossy-green  both 
sides,  nerved,  set  edgewise  on  the  branch,  but  turning  so  as  to  present  an  upper 
and  under  face ;  the  small  flowers  produced  in  winter,  sweet-scented,  with 
reddish  anthers;  berries  green.  —  That  the  seeming  leaves  are  of  the  nature 
of  branches  is  shown  in  Ruscus,  the  BUTCHER'S  BROOM,  of  Europe  (here 
rarely  cultivated),  where  they  are  rigid,  spiny-tipped,  and  bear  flowers  on  on« 
face. 


LILT    FAMILY.  345 

21.  LILIUM,  LILY.     (The  classical  Latin  name,  from  the  Greek.)     All, 
including  our  four  wild  Lilies,  more  or  less  commonly  cultivated  :  fl.  summer. 

§  1.  Flowers  erect,  orange  or  orange-red,  of  bell-shaped  outline,  the  divisions  widely 
separate  and  on  slender  claws :  no  bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the,  leaves.  Wild 
species  of  sandy  soil. 

L.  Philad61phicum,  WILD  ORANGE-RED  LILY.  Chiefly  N.  &  W. : 
l°-2°  high,  with  lanceolate  or  lance-linear  leaves  nearly  all  in  whorls  of  5-8, 
and  1-3  open-bell-shaped  reddish-orange  flowers,  2^'-3'  long,  spotted  inside 
with  dark  purple. 

L.  Catesbsei,  SOUTHERN  RED  L.  Chiefly  S. :  l°-2°  high,  with  scattered 
linear-lanceolate  leaves,  a  solitary  and  larger  nearly  scarlet  flower ;  the  oblong- 
lanceolate  divisions  wavy-margined,  recurving  above,  3' -4'  long,  with  very 
slender  claws,  within  crimson-spotted  on  a  yellow  ground. 

§  2.  Flowers  erect,  orange;  the  oblong  divisions  without  claws,  conniving  at  tJie 
broad  base,  the  upper  part  spreading. 

L.  bulbiferum,  BULBLET-BEARING  L.  Cult,  in  old  gardens,  from  Europe : 
l|°-3°high,  producing  bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the  lanceolate  irregularly  scat- 
tered leaves,  and  few  reddish-orange  flowers,  the  divisions  2'  -2^'  long,  with 
some  rough  brownish  projections  at  base  inside,  but  hardly  spotted. 

§  3.  Flowers  nodding;  the  divisions  without  claws,  rolled  back,  mostly  dotted  inside. 
*  Bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

L.  tigrinum,  TIGER  BULBLET-BEARING  L.  Cult,  from  China:  stem 
4°  -  5°  high,  cottony ;  leaves  lanceolate,  scattered ;  flowers  panicled,  numerous, 
very  showy,  orange-red,  the  divisions  about  4'  long,  black-spotted  inside. 

#  #  No  bulblets  in  the  axils. 

•*-  Wild  species  of  the  country  in  moist  meadows  and  bogs :  flowers  orange  or 
orange-red,  strongly  dark-spotted  inside. 

L.  Canad6nse,  CANADA  L.  Stem  2° -5°  high,  bearing  few  or  several 
long-peduncled  flowers  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  all  in  whorls,  their  edges  and  nerves 
minutely  rough;  divisions  of  the  flower  2'-3;  long,  recurved-spreading  above 
the  middle. 

L.  superbum,  AMERICAN  TURK'S  CAP  L.  Stem  3'  -  7'  high,  bearing  few 
or  many  flowers  in  a  pyramidal  panicle :  leaves  lanceolate,  smooth,  imperfectly 
whorled  or  many  of  them  scattered;  divisions  of  the  flower  strongly  rolled 
backwards,  about  3'  long. 

L.  Carolinianum,  CAROLINA  L.,  in  the  low  country  S.,  appears  to  be  a 
variety  of  the  above,  2°  -  3°  high,  with  broader  leaves  and  only  1  -  3  flowers 
more  variegated  with  yellow. 

•*-  -*-  Cultivated  species  from  the  Old  World. 

L.  Pompbnium,  TURBAN  L.,  of  Europe:  slender,  with  scattered  and 
crowded  lance-linear  or  lance-awl-shaped  leaves,  and  several  small  orange-red  or 
scarlet  (rarely  white)  flowers,  their  lanceolate  acute  divisions  somewhat  bearded 
inside.  This  and  the  next  small-flowered,  and  not  common  in  gardens. 

L.  Chalceddnicum,  RED  L.  of  Palestine  and  throughout  the  East; 
stem  thickly  beset  with  scattered  narrow  lance-linear  erect  leaves,  their  margins 
rough-pubescent ;  flowers  several,  scarlet  or  vermilion,  the  divisions  bearded 
towards  the  base  within,  not  spotted. 

L.  Martagon,  TURK'S  CAP  or  MARTAGON  L.,  of  Europe  :  3° -5°  high, 
with  lance-oblong  leaves  in  whorls,  their  edges  rough,  and  a  panicle  of  rather 
small  but  showy  light  violet-purple  or  flesh-color  (rarely  white)  flowers  dotted 
with  small  brown-purple  spots. 

L.  specibsum,  of  Japan  :  stem  l°-3°  high  ;  leaves  scattered,  lance-ovate 
or  oblong,  pointed,  slightly  petioled ;  flowers  few,  odorous,  the  strongly  revo- 
lute  divisions  about  5'  long,  white  or  pale  rose-color,  with  prominent  purple 
warty  projections  inside :  now  of  many  varieties. 

L.  auratum,  GOLDEN-BANDED  L.,  of  Japan  :  stem  l°-2°  high:  leaves 
lanceolate,  scattered;  flowers  1-3,  barely  nodding,  sweet-scented,  very  large, 


346  LILY    FAMILY. 

the  ovate-lanceolate  divisions  6'  or  more  long,  spreading  almost  from  the  base 
and  the  tips  revolute,  white  with  a  light  yellow  band  down  the  middle  of  the 
upper  face,  which  is  spotted  all  over  with  prominent  purple  spots  and  rough 
with  bristly  projections  near  the  base.  Probably  a  Japanese  hybrid  of  the  pre- 
ceding with  some  other  :  the  most  showy  species  known. 

§  3.  Flowers  inclined,  white,  more  or  less  funnel-form  in  outline ;  the  naked  sessile 
divisions  conniving  or  someivhat  united  below  into  a  tube,  their  summits 
more  or  less  spreading,  but  hardly  recurving.  All  cultivated,  from  Asia, 
with  scattered  leaves. 

L.  candidum,  COMMON  WHITE  LILY.  Cult,  from  Persia,  &c. :  with  lan- 
ceolate leaves,  and  few  or  several  bell-shaped  flowers,  smooth  inside,  sometimes 
double. 

L.  Jap6nicum,  JAPAN  WHITE  L.  Cult,  from  Japan :  2°  high,  with 
mostly  only  one  flower,  which  is  nodding  and  larger  than  in  the  foregoing,  below 
connivent  into  a  narrower  tube,  and  above  with  the  divisions  more  widely 
spreading. 

L.  longiflorum,  LONG-FL.  WHITE  L.,  of  Japan  :  1°  high,  with  lanceo- 
late leaves,  and  a  single  horizontal  funnel-form  flower,  5'  or  6'  long,  the  narrow 
tubular  portion  longer  than  the  rather  widely  spreading  portion. 

22.  FRITILLARIA.     (Latin  fritilfns,  a  dice-box,  from  the  shape  of  the 
flower,  which  differs  from  a  Lily  iii  its  more  cup-shaped  outline,  the  divisions 
not  spreading. )     Fl.  spring. 

F.  Meleagris,  GUINEA-HEN  FLOWER.  Cult,  from  Eu.  :  1°  high,  with 
linear  alternate  leaves,  mostly  solitary  terminal  flower  purplish,  tessellated  with 
blue  and  purple  or  whitish ;  the  honey-bearing  spot  narrow. 

F.  imperialis,  or  PET*  LIUM  IMPERIALE,  CROWN  IMPERIAL.  Cult,  from 
Asia:  a  stately  herb  of  early  spring,  3° -4°  high,  rather  thickly  beset  along 
the  middle  with  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  bright  green  leaves  more  or  less  in 
whorls  ;  flowers  several  hanging  in  a  sort  of  umbel  under  the  terminal  crown 
or  tuft  of  leaves,  lar^e,  orange  yellow,  or  sometimes  almost  crimson,  a  round 
pearly  gland  on  the  base  of  each  division  ;  pod  6-angled. 

23.  TULIPA,  TULIP.      (Name  and   the  common   species  said  to  come 
from  Persia.)     Fl.  spring  and  early  summer  :  all  from  the  Old  World. 

T.  Gesneriana,  COMMON  T.,  from  Asia  Minor,  is  the  original  of  the 
various  ordinary  hardy  kinds  ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  glaucous,  shorter  than  the 
flower-stalk  ;  divisions  of  the  flower  very  obtuse. 

T.  suaveoleus,  SWEET  T.  of  Eu.  :  low ;  flower  sweet-scented,  its  divisions 
acute,  appearing  very  early. 

24.  ERYTHRONITJM,  DOG-TOOTH-VIOLET.      (Name  from  tho 
Greek  word  for  red,  —  not  appropriate  even  for  the  original  European  species.) 
Fl.  spring. 

E.  Dens-canis,  DOG-TOOTH-VIOLET  of  Eu  :  sometimes  cult. ;  has  broadly 
oblong  pale  leaves  little  spotted,  and  a  rose-purple  or  almost  white  flower  in 
earliest  spring. 

E.  Americamim,  YELLOW  D.  or  ADDER'S-TONGUE.  Moist  or  low 
— woods,  very  common  E.  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mottled  and  dotted  with 
dark-purplish  and  whitish  ;  flower  light  yellow. 

E.  albidum,  WHITE  D.  Hare  in  N.  Y.  and  Pcnn.,  but  common  W. : 
leaves  less  or  not  at  all  spotted ;  flower  bluish-white. 

25.  ORNITHOGALUM,  STAR  OF  BETHLEHEM.    (Name  in  Greek 
means  bird's-milk,  a  current  expression   for  some  marvellous  thing.)      Fl. 
early  summer. 

O.  umbellatum,  COMMON  S.  or  TEN-O'CLOCK,  from  Eu.  :  in  old  gardens 
and  escaped  into  some  low  meadows  :  leaves  long  and  grass-like ;  flowers  bright 
white  within,  green  outside,  opening  in  the  sun,  on  slender  stalks. 


LILT    FAMILY.  347 

26.  ALLIUM,  ONION,  LEEK,  GARLIC,  &c.     (Ancient  Latin  name.) 
Taste  and  odor  alliaceous. 

§  1.    Wild  species  of  the  country,  or  one  a  naturalized  weed. 

*  Leaves  bruad :  flowers  white,  in  summer :  ovules  and  seeds  sinyfe  in  each  cell. 
A.  tric6ccum,  WILD  LEEK.     Rich  woods  N.  :    bulbs  clustered,  large, 

pointed,  sending-  up  in  spring  2  or  3  large  lance-oblong  flat  leaves,  and  after 
they  wither,  in  summer,  a  many-flowered  umbel  on  a  naked  scape. 

*  *  Leaves  linear,  grass-like  :  ovules  and  seeds  a  pair  in  each  cell :  flowers  rose- 

color,  in  sumrner. 

A.  cdrnuum,  NODDING  WILD  ONION.     Banks,  through  the  Alleghany  u 
region  and  N.  W.  :  scape  angular,  l°-2°  long,  often  nodding  at  the  apex;  >- 
pedicels  of  the  loose  many-flowered  umbel  drooping;  flowers  light  rose-color; 
leaves  linear,  sharply  keeled  on  the  back,  channelled. 

A.  mutabile,  CHANGEABLE  WILD  O.  Dry  sandy  soil  S. :  scape  1°  high, 
terete,  bearing  an  erect  umbel  of  white  flowers  changing  to  rose-color ;  leaves 
narrow,  concave ;  bulb  coated  with  a  fibrous  network. 

A.  vineale,  FIELD  or  CROW  GARLIC.  A  weed  from  Eu.  in  gardens  and 
cult  or  waste  low  grounds ;  slender  scape  sheathed  to  the  middle  by  the  hollow 
thread-shaped  leaves  which  are  grooved  down  the  upper  side  :  flowers  grecnish- 
rose-color;  often  their  place  is  occupied  by  bulblets. 

*  *  *  Leaves  narrow -linear,  grass-like:   ovules  and  seeds  several   in  each  cell: 

flowers  nearly  white,  in  spring. 

A.  Striatum.  Low  pine  barrens  and  prairies,  Virginia  to  Illinois  and  S. : 
scape  and  leaves  6'- 12'  high,  the  latter  involute  and  striate  on  the  back ;  flowers 
3-10  in  the  umbel. 

§  2.    Cultivated  from  the  Old  World:  flowers  in  summer. 
#  Learesflat. 

A.  Mbly,  GOLDEN  GARLIC.  Cult,  for  ornament  in  some  gardens  :  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate;  scape  1°  high;  flowers  numerous,  large,  golden  yellow. 

A.  sativum,  GARDEN  GARLIC.  Bulbs  clustered,  pointed;  leaves  lance- 
linear,  keeled;  flowers  few,  purple,  or  bulblets  in  their  place;  filaments  all 
broad  and  3-cleft. 

A.  Porrum,  GARDEN  LEEK.  Bulb  elongated,  single ;  leaves  broadly  linear, 
keeled  or  folded  ;  flowers  in  a  head,  white,  with  some  rose-colored  stripes ;  3  of 
the  filaments  3-forked. 

#  #  Leaves  cylindrical,  hol/ow :  umbel  globular,  many -flowered. 

A.  Ascaldnicum,  SCHALLOTT.  Bulb  with  oblong  offsets ;  leaves  awl- 
shaped  ;  flowers  lilac-purple ;  3  of  the  filaments  3-forked. 

A.  SchCDn6prasum,  CHIVES.  Low,  tufted;  leaves  awl-shaped,  equal- 
ling the  scape ;  flowers  purple-rose-color,  its  divisions  lanceolate  and  pointed, 
long ;  filament  simple. 

A.  C6pa,  ONION.  Bulb  depressed,  large;  leaves  much  shorter  than  the 
hollow  inflated  scape ;  flowers  white,  or  bulblets  in  their  place. 

27.  SCiLLA,  SQUILL.     (The  ancient  name  of  S.  MARSHA  of  S.  Europe, 
the  bulb  of  which  is  the  officinal  squill.) 

S.  Fraseri,  WILD  S.  called  WILD  HYACINTH  at  the  W.,  QIJAMAPH. 
Moist  banks  and  prairies  from  Ohio  W.  &  S.  W.  :  scape  and  linear-keeled 
leaves  1°  high  ;  flowers  pale  blue,  in  a  long  loose  raceme,  in  spring. 

S.  amcena,  S.  v6rna,  &c.  are  cult,  from  Europe  in  some  choice  collections, 
for  their  early  bright  blue  flowers,  but  are  rare. 

28.  MUSCARI,  GRAPE  or  GLOBE  HYACINTH.      (Name  from  tho 
musky  scent  of  the  flowers  in  one  species.)     All  from  Eu.  :  fl.  spring. 

M.  botryoides,  COMMON  GRAPE-HYACINTH,  of  country  gardens,  es- 
caping into  lawns  and  fields  :  a  pretty  little  plant,  sending  up  in  early  spring 


348  LILY    FAMILY. 

its  narrow  linear  leaves,  and  a  scape  (5' -7'  high)  bearing  a  dense  raceme  of 
globular  deep  blue  flowers  which  are  barely  4'  long,  resembling  minute  grapes 
scentless. 

M.  racem6sum,  less  common  in  gardens,  is  more  slender,  with  flaccid 
leaves  and  ovoid  faintly  scented  flowers. 

M.  moschatum,  is  glaucous,  and  lias  larger  and  ovoid-oblong  livid  musky  - 
Been  ted  flowers,  and  linear-lanceolate  shorter  leaves. 

M.  COmbsum,  is  larger,  9'  high,  with  violet-colored  oblong  flowers,  on 
longer  pedicels  in  a  loose  raceme,  the  uppermost  in  a  tuft  and  abortive  :  the 
monstrous  variety  most  cultivated  produces,  later  in  the  season,  from  the  tufted 
apex  of  the  scape  a  large  panicled  mass  of  abortive,  contorted,  bright  blue 
branchlets,  of  a  striking  and  handsome  appearance. 

29.  HYACINTHUS,   HYACINTH.      (Mythological   name,   the   plant 
dedicated  to  the  favorite  of  Apollo.) 

H.  orientalis,  COMMON  H.,  of  the  Levant,  with  its  raceme  of  blue  flow- 
ers, is  the  parent  of  the  numberless  cultivated  varieties,  of  divers  colors,  single, 
and  double  :  fl.  spring. 

30.  AGAPANTHTJS.     (Of  Greek  words  for  amiable  flower.}    One  species, 
A.  umbellatus.    Cult,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  a  handsome  house-plant, 

turned  out  blooms  in  summer;  leaves  large,  bright-green,  l°-2°long;  scape 
l£°-2°  high,  bearing  an  umbel  of  pretty  large  blue  flowers. 

31.  FUNKIA.  (Named  for  one  Funk,  a  German  botanist.)     Ornamental, 
large-leaved,  hardy  plants,  cult,  from  Japan  and  China :  fl.  summer.     For- 
merly united  with  the  Day-Lily. 

F.  subcordata.  WHITE  DAY-LILT,  is  the  species  with  long,  white,  and 
tubular-funnel-form  flowers. 

F.  ovata,  BLUE  D.,  the  one  with  smaller,  more  nodding,  blue  or  violet 
flowers,  abruptly  expanded  above  the  narrow  tube. 

32.  HEMEROCALLIS,  DAY-LILY.     (Name,  in  Greek,  means  leauty- 
of-a-day,  the  large  flower  ephemeral.)      Cult,  from  the  Old  World,  especially 
in  country  gardens ;   the  first  species  escaped  into  roadsides  :  fl.  summer. 

H.  ftilva,  COMMON  DAY-LILT.  A  familiar,  rather  coarse  and  tall  plant, 
with  broadish  linear  leaves  and  tawny  orange  flower,  the  inner  divisions  wavy 
and  obtuse. 

H.  flava,  YELLOW  D.  Less  coarse,  with  narrower  leaves  and  light  yellow 
flowers,  the  inner  divisions  acute. 

33.  TRITOMA.     (Name  in  Greek  means  thrice  cut,  supposed  to  allude  to 
the  three  sharp  edges  of  the  tapering  apex  of  the  leaves,  viz.  the  two  margins 
and  the  keel.)     Flowers  unpleasantly-scented,  showy,  in  autumn. 

T.  Uvaria,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  planted  out,  is  ornamental  in  autumn, 
the  scape  rising  from  the  thick  clumps  of  long  grassy  leaves  3°  or  4°  high,  the 
cylindrical  spike  or  raceme  producing  a -long  succession  of  flowers,  which  are 
at  first  erect  and  coral-red,  soon  they  hang  over  and  change  to  orange  and  at 
length  to  greenish  yellow.  Roots  half  hardy  N. 

34.  YUCCA,  BEAK-GRASS,  SPANISH-BAYONET.     (American  ab- 
original name.)     Wild  in  sandy  soil  S.,  extending  into  Mexico,  &c.     Cult, 
for  ornament,  but  only  the  nearly  stemless  species  is  really  hardy  N. :   fl. 
summer,  large,  and  whole  plant  of  striking  appearance.    Under  various  names 
and  varieties,  the  common  ones  mainly  belong  to  the  following  : 

*  Trunk  short,  covered  with  leaves,  rising  only  a  foot  or  two  above  the  ground : 
flowering  stalk  scape-like:  pod  dry. 

Y.  fllamentdsa,  COMMON  BEAR-GRASS,  or  ADAM'S  NEEDLE.  From  E. 
Virginia  S.  :  leaves  lanceolate,  l°-2°  long,  spreading,  moderately  rigid,  tipped 
with  a  weak  prickly  point,  the  smooth  edges  bearing  thread-like  filaments  ;  scape 
3°  -6°  high  ;  flowers  white  or  pale  cream-color,  sometimes  tinged  purplish. 


RUSH   FAMILY.  349 

Y.  angustifdlia,  wild  over  the  plains  beyond  the  Mississippi,  is  smaller, 
with  erect  and  narrow  linear  leaves,  few  threads  on  their  white  margins,  and 
yellowish-white  flowers. 

*  *  Trunk  arborescent,  2° -8°  high  in  wild  plants  on  the  sands  of  the  coast 
S.,  or  much  higher  in  conservatories,  naked  below ;  no  threads  to  the  leaves. 

Y.  gloribsa.  Trunk  low,  generally  simple;  leaves  coriaceous,  smooth- 
edged,  slender-spiny  tipped,  l°-2°long,  !'-!£'  wide;  flowers  white,  or  pur- 
plish-tinged outside,  in  a  short-peduncled  panicle. 

Y.  aloifblia,  SPANISH-BAYONET.  Trunk  4° -20°  high,  branching  when 
old ;  leaves  very  rigid,  strongly  spiny-tipped,  with  very  rough-serrulate  saw- 
like  edges,  2°  or  more  long,  1^'  -  2'  wide;  the  short  panicle  nearly  sessile. 


125.   JUNCACE^S,  RUSH  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  the  appearance  and  herbage  of  Sedges  and  Grasses, 
yet  with  flowers  of  the  structure  of  the  Lily  Family,  having  a  com- 
plete perianth  of  6  parts,  3  outer  and  3  inner,  but  greenish  and 
glume-like.  Stamens  6  or  3,  style  1 :  stigmas  3. 

1.  JUNCUS.    Ovary  and  pod  3-celled  or  almost  3-celled,  many-seeded.    Herbage 

smooth:  stems  often  leafless,  generally  pithy. 

2.  LUZULA.    Ovary  and  pod  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae,  and  one  seed  to 

each.    Stems  and  leaves  often  soft-hairy. 

1.  JUNCUS,  RUSH,  BOG-RUSH.  (The  classical  Latin  name,  from  the 
verb  meaning  to  join,  rushes  being  used  for  bands.)  Flowers  summer.  — We 
have  more  than  30  species,  chiefly  in  bogs  or  wet  grounds,  most  of  them  diffi- 
cult and  little  interesting  to  the  beginner,  —  to  be  studied  in  the  Manual  and 
in  Dr.  Engelmann's  monograph.  The  following  are  the  commonest. 

§  1.  LEAFLESS  RUSHES,  with  naked  and  jointless  round  stems,  wholly  leafless, 
merely  with  sheaths  at  base,  in  tufts  from  matted  running  rootstocks :  Jlowers 
in  a  lateral  sessile  panicle.  If. 

J.  effllSUS,  COMMON  RUSH,  in  low  grounds ;  has  soft  and  pliant  stems 
2°  -  4°  high,  panicle  of  many  greenish  flowers,  3  stamens,  and  very  blunt  pod. 

J.  filiformis,  of  bogs  and  shores  only  N.,  is  slender,  pliant,  "l°- 2°  high, 
with  few  greenish  flowers,,  6  stamens,  and  a  broadly  ovate  blunt  but  short- 
pointed  pod. 

J.  Balticus,  of  sandy  shores  N.  ;  has  very  strong  rootstocks,  rigid  stems 
2°  -  3°  high,  a  loose  panicle  of  larger  (2"  long)  and  chestnut-colored  with  green- 
ish flowers,  6  stamens,  and  oblong  blunt  but  pointed  deep-brown  pod. 

§  2.    GRASSY-LEAVED  RUSHES,   with  stems  bearing  grass-like  flat  or  thread- 
shaped  (never  knotty)  leaves,  at  least  near  the  base :  panicle  terminal. 

*  Flowers  crowded  in  heads  on  the  divisions  of  the  panicle :  stems  flattened : 

leaves  flat:  stamens  3. 

J.  marginatUS.  Sandy  wet  soil,  from  S.  New  England  S.  &  W.  :  l°-3° 
high ;  leaves  long  linear ;  heads  several -flowered,  brownish  or  purplish.  2/ 

J.  rdpens.  Miry  banks  S. :  spreading  or  soon  creeping,  4' -6'  high;  leaves 
short  linear ;  heads  of  green  flowers  few  in  a  loose  leafy  panicle. 

*  *  Flowers  single  on  the  ultimate  branches  of  the  panicle,  or  rarely  clustered: 

stamens  6  :  leaves  slender. 

J.  bufbnius.  Along  all  wet  roadsides,  &c. :  stems  low  and  slender,  branch- 
ing, 3'  -  9'  high  ;  greenish  flowers  scattered  in  a  loose  panicle ;  sepals  lance- 
linear  and  awl-pointed,  (i) 

J.  Gerardi,  BLACK  GRASS  of  salt  marshes :  in  tufts,  with  rather  rigid  stems 
l°-2°  high,  and  a  contracted  panicle  of  chestnut-brown  but  partly  greenish 
flowers,  the  sepals  blunt.  1J. 


350  SPIDERWORT    FAMILY. 

J.  t6nuis.  Open  low  grounds  and  fields,  everywhere  N. :  in  tufts,  with 
wiry  stems  10' -20'  high,  a  loose  panicle  shorter  than  the  slender  leaves  near  it, 
and  green  flowers  with  lanceolate  very  acute  sepals  longer  than  the  green  blunt 
and  scarcely  pointed  pod.  2/ 

J.  dichotomus.  Low  sandy  grounds,  takes  the  place  of  the  preceding  S. : 
has  more  thread-like  leaves,  flowers  more  one-sided  on  the  branches  of  the  pan- 
icle, and  greenish  sepals  only  as  long  as  the  globular  and  beak-pointed  brown- 
ish pod.  ~)l 

§  3.  KNOTTY-LEAVED  RUSHES,  the  stems  (often  branching  above)  having  2-4 
thread-shiiped  or  laterally  flattened  leaves,  which  are  knotty  as  if  jointed 
(especially  when  dry)  by  internal  cross-partitions:  panicle  terminal.  Of 
these  there  are  many  species,  needing  close  discrimination  :  the  following  are 
only  the  very  commonest,  especially  the  northern  ones.  ^ 

J.  acuminatUS.  Very  wet  places  :  10' -30'  high ;  heads  3-10-flowered  in 
a  loose  spreading  panicle,  greenish  turning  straw-colored  or  brownish ;  sepals 
lance-awl-shaped,  barely  as  long  as  the  triangular  sharp-pointed  pod  ;  stamens 
3  ;  seeds  merely.acute  at  both  ends.  It  flowers  in  early  summer. 

J.  nodosus.  Mostly  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil :  spreading  by  slender  root- 
stocks  which  bear  little  tubers,  6' -15'  high;  heads  few,  crowded,  chestnut- 
brown,  each  of  8-20  flowers;  sepals  lance-linear  and  awl-pointed,  hardly  as 
long  as  the  slender  and  taper-pointed  pod ;  seeds  abruptly  short-pointed  at  both 
ends ;  stamens  6. 

J.  SCirpoides.  From  New  York  S. :  stems  rigid,  l°-3°  high  from  a 
thick  rootstock ;  heads  spherical  and  dense,  1 5  -  80-flowered,  dull  pale  green; 
sepals  rigid,  awl-shaped  and  bristly-pointed ;  stamens  3 ;  pod  taper-pointed  ;  seeds 
abruptly  short-pointed  at  each  end. 

J.  Canadensis.  Wet  places,  common,  flowering  in  autumn,  very  variable, 
l°-3°  high;  heads  numerous,  greenish  or  light  brownish,  5  -  many-flowered ; 
sepals  lanceolate,  the  3  outer  shorter;  stamens  3 ;  seeds  tail-pointed  at  both 
ends. 

2.  LTJZTJL  A,  WOOD-RUSH.    (Lucfola.  is  Italian  for  the  glow-worm.)    % 
Ii.  pilbsa.     Shady  banks  N. :   6' -9'  high;  with  lance-linear  leaves,  and 

chestnut-brown  flowers  in  an  umbel,  in  spring. 

L.  campestris.     Dry  or  moist  fields  and  woods,  6'- 12'  high,  with  linear 

leaves,  and  4-  12  spikes  or  short  heads  of  light  brown  or  straw-colored  heads  in 

an  umbel,  in  spring. 

126.   COMMELYNACE^E,  SPIDERWORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  mucilaginous  juice,  jointed  and  mostly  branching  leafy 
stems,  and  perfect  flowers,  having  a  perianth  of  usually  3  green  and 
persistent  sepals,  and  three  ephemeral  petals  (these  commonly  melt 
into  jelly  the  night  after  expansion) ;  6  stamens,  some  of  them  often 
imperfect,  and  a  free  2  -  3-celled  ovary ;  style  and  stigma  one.  Pod 
2  -  3-celled,  few-seeded.  Not  aquatic,  the  greater  part  tropical. 

1.  COMMELYNA.    Flowers  blue,  irregular.     Sepals  unequal,  2  of  them  sometimes 

united  by  their  contiguous  margins.  Two  of  the  petals  rounded  and  on  slen- 
der claws,  the  odd  one  smaller  or  abortive.  Stamens  unequal ;  three  of  them 
fertile,  one  of  these  bent  inwards;  three  smaller  and  with  cross-shaped  im- 
perfect anthers :  filaments  naked.  Leaves  abruptly  contracted  and  sheathing 
at  base,  the  uppermost  forming  a  spathe  for  the  flowers. 

2.  TRADESCANTIA.     Flowers  regular.     Petals  all  alike,  ovate,  sessile.     The 

6  stamens  all  with  similar  and  good  anthers,  on  bearded  filaments. 

1.  COMMELlTNA,  DAY-FLOWER.  (There  were  three  Commelyns, 
Dutch  botanists,  two  of  them  were  authors,  the  other  published  nothing.  In 
naming  this  genus  for  them,  Linnreus  is  understood  to  have  designated  the 


YELLOW-EYED    GRASS    FAMILY.  351 

two  former  by  the  full -developed  petals,  the  latter  by  the  smaller  or  abortive 

petal. )    Ours  are  branching  perennials,  or  continued  by  rooting  from  the  joints  ; 

in  alluvial  or  moist  shady  soil :  fl.  all  summer. 

C.  er^Cta.  From  Penn.  S.  &  W. :  stem  erect,  2° -4°  high;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  3' -7'  long,  the  margins  rough  backwards,  and  sheaths  fringed  with 
bristles ;  spathes  crowded,  hooded,  top-shaped  in  fruit ;  odd  petal  like  the  others 
but  smaller. 

C.  Virginica.  From  S.  New  York  S.  &  W. :  stems  reclining  and  rooting 
at  base ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  narrower ;  spathes  scattered,  conduplicate, 
round-heart-shaped  when  laid  open ;  odd  petal  inconspicuous. 

2.   TRADESClNTIA,  SPIDERWORT.     (Named  for  the  gardener-bot- 
anist Tradescant.)     Leaves  sheathed  at  the  base.      ^ 

#   Wild  species  of  moist  or  rich  ivoods,  one  very  common  in  gardens :  with  erect 
stems,  linear  or  lanceolate  keeled  leaves,  the  uppermost  nearly  like  the  others. 

•«-  Umbels  sessile  at  the  end  of  the  stem  and  branches  between  a  pair  of  leaves,  or  later 
also  in  the  lower  axils :  flowering  in  summer. 

T.  Virginica.  Common  wild  from  W.  New  York  W.  &  S.,  and  in  gar- 
dens :  leaves  lance-linear,  tapering  regularly  from  the  base  to  the  point,  ciliate ; 
umbels  terminal ;  flowers  blue,  in  garden  varieties  purple  or  white. 

T.  pilbsa.  Chiefly  W. :  2°  or  more  high,  with  zigzag  stem,  more  or  less 
pubescent  leaves  lanceolate  from  a  narrowish  base,  very  dense  terminal  and  ax- 
illary umbels  of  smaller  and  later  purple-blue  flowers,  and  hairy  calyx  and 
pedicels. 

•«-  -i-  Umbels  one  or  two  on  a  naked  peduncle. 

T.  rbsea.     Sandy  woods  chiefly  S.  &  W.  :  slender,  6' -12'  high,  smooth, 
with  linear  grass-like  leaves,  and  rose-colored  flowers  £'  wide. 
*  *  Conservatory  species  from  the  tropics. 

T.  zebrina,  the  only  one  common,  spreads  by  branching  and  rooting  freely, 
rarely  blossoms,  is  cult,  for  its  foliage  ;  the  lance-ovate  or  oblong  rather  succu- 
lent leaves  crimson  beneath,  and  green  or  purplish  above,  variegated  with  two 
broad  stripes  of  silvery  white. 


127.   XYRIDACE^E,  YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  F. 

Rush-like  herbs,  with  equitant  leaves,  like  Sedges,  or  rather  Bul- 
rushes, in  having  flowers  in  a  head  or  spike  one  under  each  firm 
glume-like  bract,  but  with  a  regular  perianth  of  3  sepals  and  3  col- 
ored (yellow)  petals ;  also  a  1 -celled  many-seeded  ovary  and  pod 
with  3  parietal  placentas,  somewhat  as  in  the  Rush  Family,  repre- 
sented by 

Xyris  flexubsa,  COMMON  YELLOW-EYED  GRASS,  of  sandy  bogs.  Scape 
4' -16'  high;  head  roundish;  lateral  sepals  glume-like  lance-oblong,  boat- 
shaped,  wingless;  the  anterior  one  larger,  membranaceous,  enwrapping  the 
corolla  in  the  bud  and  deciduous  with  it ;  petals  3,  with  claws,  alternating  with 
3  stei-ile  bearded  or  plumose  filaments  and  bearing  on  their  base  3  naked  fila- 
ments with  linear  anthers  ;  style  3-cleft.  y. 

X.  Caroliniana,  the  commonest  of  several  Southern  species ;  also  N.  : 
l°-2°  high,  the  scape  2-edged  at  top,  bearing  a  larger  head  (about  £'  long), 
lateral  sepals  winged  but  nearly  naked  on  the  keel.  ^ 

X.  limbriata,  from  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  S. :  2°  high,  with  oblong 
head  almost  1'  long,  the  lateral  sepals  fringed  on  the  keel.  }/ 


352  SEDGE    FAMILY. 


128.  ERIOCAULONACEJE,  PIPEWORT  FAMILY. 

Another  small  group  of  marsh  or  aquatic  herbs,  of  Rush-like 
appearance,  with  a  head  of  monoecious  white-bearded  flowers,  in 
structure  somewhat  like  the  Yellow-eyed  Grass,  terminating  a  naked 
scape,  at  the  base  of  which  is  a  tuft  of  grassy  awl-shaped,  linear, 
or  lanceolate  leaves  of  loose  cellular  texture,  not  equitant,  but  the 
upper  surface  concave. 

Briocaulon  Septangulare,  in  ponds  or  in  their  gravelly  margins,  is 
the  common  species  N.,  with  7-angled  scape  2'-  6'  high,  or  more,  when  the  water 
is  deeper  :  fl.  summer. 

E.  gnaphalpdes,  with  grassy  awl-shaped  taper-pointed  leaves,  in  pine- 
barren  swamps  from  N.  Jersey  S. 

E.  decangulare,  with  similar  or  wider  and  blunt  leaves,  10-12-ribbed 
scapes  l°-3°  high,  and  heads  sometimes  £'  wide;  in  similar  situations  S. 


III.  GLUMACEOUS  DIVISION.  Flowers  enclosed  or  sub- 
tended by  glumes  or  husk-like  bracts ;  no  proper  calyx  or  corolla, 
except  sometimes  minute  bristles  or  scales  which  represent  the  peri- 
anth. Stems  of  the  straw-like  sort,  called  culms. 

129.   CYPERACE^E,  SEDGE  FAMILY. 

Some  rush-like,  others  grass-like  plants,  with  flowers  in  spikes  or 
heads,  one  in  the  axil  of  each  glume,  the  glume  being  a  scale-like  or 
husk-like  bract.  No  calyx  nor  corolla,  except  some  vestiges  in  the 
form  of  bristles  or  occasionally  scales,  or  a  sac  which  imitates  a 
perianth ;  the  1-celled  1-ovuled  ovary  in  fruit  an  akene.  Divisions 
of  the  style  2  when  the  akene  is  flattish  or  lenticular,  or  3,  when  it 
is  usually  triangular.  Leaves  when  present  very  commonly  3- 
ranked,  and  their  sheath  a  closed  tube;  the  stem  not  hollow.  A  large 
family,  to  be  studied  in  the  Manual,  &c.,  and  too  difficult  for  the 
beginner.  Therefore  passed  over  here. 

None  cultivated,  except  sparingly  CYPERUS  ESCULENTUS  of  the 
Mediterranean  region,  for  its  nut-like,  sweet-tasted  tubers,  called 
CHUFA  :  only  two  are  pernicious  weeds,  and  that  from  their  multi- 
plying by  similar  nut-like  tubers,  which  are  hard  to  extirpate ;  these 
are  CYPERUS  PHYMATODES,  in  sandy  soil,  but  troublesome  only  S. ; 
and  C.  ROTUNDUS,  var.  HYDRA,  the  NUT-GRASS  or  COCO-GRASS 
of  the  South.  In  the  genus  SCIRPUS,  the  tall  COMMON  BULRUSH, 
S.  LACUSTRIS,  or  better  the  small  one  with  3-sided  stems,  S.  PUN- 
GENS,  in  the  borders  of  ponds,  is  used  for  rush-bottomed  chairs. 
CLADIUM  EFFUSUM,  with  its  coarse  saw-edged  leaves  is  the  SAW- 
GRASS  of  the  South.  Of  Sedges  proper  (CAREX)  there  are  about 
160  species,  several  of  which  contribute  (more  in  bulk  than  value) 
to  the  hay  of  low  coarse  meadows  and  half-reclaimed  bogs. 


GRASS    FAMILY.  353 

130.   GRAMINE^I,  GRASS  FAMILY. 

Grasses,  known  from  other  glumaceous  plants  by  their  2-ranked 
leaves  having  open  sheaths,  the  jointed  stems  commonly,  but  not 
always  hollow,  and  the  glumes  in  pairs,  viz.  a  pair  to  each  spikelet 
even  when  it  consists  of  a  single  flower  (these  called  glumes  proper), 
and  a  pair  to  each  flower  (called  palets),  rarely  one  of  them  want- 
ing. Flower,  when  perfect,  as  it  more  commonly  is,  consisting  of  3 
stamens  (rarely  1,  2,  or  6),  and  a  pistil,  with  2  styles  or  a  2-cleft 
style,  and  2  either  hairy  or  plumose-branched  stigmas:  ovary  1- 
celled,  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  grain :  the  floury  part  is  the  albumen 
of  the  seed,  outside  of  which  lies  the  embryo  (Lessons,  p.  16,  17, 
fig.  38-42). 

The  real  structure  and  arrangement  of  the  flowers  and  spikelets 
of  Grasses  are  much  too  difficult  and  recondite  for  a  beginner.  For 
their  study  the  Manual  must  be  used :  in  which  the  genera  both  of 
this  and  the  Sedge  Family  are  illustrated  by  plates.  Here  is  offered 
merely  a  shorthand  way  of  reaching  the  names  of  the  commonest 
cultivated  and  meadow  grasses  and  the  cereal  grains. 

A.     Stems  hollow,  or  soon  becoming  so. 

§  1 .   Spikelets  in  panicles,  sometimes  crowded  but  never  so  as  to  form  a  spike. 
*  Flowers  monoecious,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  separate  in  the  same  panicle. 

Zizania  aquatica,  INDIAN  RICE  or  WATER  OATS  :  in  water,  common- 
est N.  W. ;  tall  and  reed-like  Grass,  with  leaves  almost  as  large  as  those  of 
Indian  Corn,  the  upper  part  of  the  ample  panicle  bearing  pistillate  flowers  on 
erect  club-shaped  pedicels,  the  lower  bearing  staminate  flowers  on  spreading 
branches  ;  each  flower  or  spikelet  with  only  one  pair  of  glumes,  the  outer  one 
lorig-awned ;  grain  slender,  £'  long,  collected  for  food  by  N.  W.  Indians.  (T) 

*  *  Flowers  one  and  perfect  in  each  spikelet,  with  or  without  rudiments  of  others. 
•«-  Stamens  6. 

Orjrza  sativa,  RICE.  Cult.  S.,  from  Asia,  in  low  grounds  :  2° -4°  high, 
with  upper  surface  of  the  lance-linear  leaves  rough ;  branches  of  the  panicle  erect ; 
outer  glumes  minute,  the  inner  coriaceous,  very  much  flattened  laterally,  so  as 
to  be  strongly  boat-shaped  or  conduplicate,  closing  over  the  grain  and  falling 
with  it,  the  outer  one  commonly  bearing  an  awn.  0 

•«-  •*-  Stamens  3,  or  rarely  fewer. 

Agr6stis  Vlllgaris,  RED-TOP.  Rather  low  and  delicate  grass  of  meadows 
and  pastures,  with  oblong  spreading  panicle  of  small  purple  or  purplish  spikelets ; 
the  lanceolate  proper  glumes  thin,  but  much  firmer  than  the  delicate  palets, 
about  the  length  of  the  outer  one,  the  upper  truncate  palet  one  half  shorter.  ^ 

A.  alba,  FIORIN  or  WHITE  BENT  GRASS.  Less  abundant  in  meadows, 
the  stems  with  procumbent  or  creeping  base ;  ligule  long  and  conspicuous ; 
panicle  more  dense,  greenish  or  slightly  purplish  :  a  valuable  meadow-grass.  1]. 

Calamagrostis  Canadensis,  BLUE-JOINT  GRASS.  In  all  bogs  N.,  and 
in  reclaimed  low  meadows,  much  liked  by  cattle :  3°-5°  high ;  resembles  an  Agros- 
tis,  but  taller,  and  with  a  tuft  of  downy  long  hairs  around  the  flower  almost  of 
its  length,  the  lower  palet  with  a  delicate  awn  low  down  on  its  back  and  scarcely 
stouter  than  the  surrounding  down.  J£ 

C.  aren&ria,  SEA  SAND-REED  of  beaches,  where  it  serves  a  useful  pur- 
pose in  binding  the  sand  by  its  long  running  rootstocks ;  has  the  panicle  con- 
tracted into  a  long  spike-like  inflorescence,  so  that  it  would  be  sought  in  the 
next  division  ;  leaves  long  and  strong ;  spikelets  pale,  rather  rigid,  the  hairs  at 
the  base  of  the  palets  two  thirds  shorter  than  they.  ^[ 
S  &  F — 26 


354  GRASS    FAMILY. 

Phalaris  arundinacea,  REED  CANARY-GRASS,  the  striped  variety  is 
the  familiar  RIBBON-GRASS  of  country  gardens  ;  wild  in  bogs  and  low  grounds  ; 
2°  -  4°  high,  with  flat  leaves  nearly  £'  wide,  flowering  in  early  summer,  in  a 
pretty  dense  contracted  panicle,  but  open  when  the  blossoms  expand ;  the  ovate 
whitish  glumes  longer  and  much  thinner  than  the  blunt  coriaceous  palets  ;  a 
hairy  rudiment  or  appendage  at  the  base  of  each  of  the  latter.  Jj. 

P.  Canari6nsis,  CANARY-GRASS.  Cult,  from  En.  for  Canary-seed,  and 
running  wild  in  some  waste  places:  l°-2°  high,  with  the  panicle  contracted 
into  a  sort  of  oblong  spike,  the  glumes  with  wing-like  keels,  and  a  little  scale  or 
rudimentary  sterile  flower  at  the  base  of  each  palet.  © 

*  *  *  Flowers  several  in  each  spikelet,  all  or  nearly  all  perfect. 
•*-  Reeds  or  Canes  of  the  borders  of  rivers  and  ponds.     ^ 

Phragmites  commtmis,  COMMON  REED,  mostly  N.:  5° -12°  high, 
with  leaves  l'-2'  wide,  the  stems  dying  down  to  the  base;  panicle  in  late  sum- 
mer or  autumn,  loose ;  spikelets  3  -  7-flowered,  beset  with  white  silky  long  hairs. 

Arundinaria  macrosp^rma,  LARGE  CANE,  forming  the  cane-brakes 
8.  :  with  woody  stems  10° -20°  high  and  leaves  l'-2'  wide,  branching  the  sec- 
ond year,  at  length  flowering  from  the  branches,  in  Feb.  or  March  ;  the  panicle 
of  a  few  small  racemes  of  large  many-flowered  naked  spikelets,  the  palets  downy. 

A.  t6cta,  SMALLER  REED,  S.,  is  only  4° -  10°  high,  and  more  branching. 
H-  •*-  Meadow- Grasses,  Sfc.;  with  awn  if  any  terminating  the  glume  or  palet. 

Dactylis  glomerata,  ORCHARD-GRASS.  Nat.  from  Europe  in  meadows 
and  yards  :  a  tall  and  coarse  but  valuable  grass  for  hay,  &c.,  flourishes  in  shady 
places,  3°  high ;  with  broadly  linear,  rather  rough,  pale,  and  keeled  leaves,  and 
a  dense  panicle  of  one-sided  clusters,  on  which  the  spikelets  are  much  crowded, 
each  3  -  4-flowered,  both  the  glumes  and  the  laterally  compressed-keeled  lower 
palet  tapering  into  a  short  awn,  rough-ciliate  on  the  keel :  fl.  early  summer.  ^[ 

P6a,  MEADOW-GRASS  ;  several  common  species  ;  known  by  the  open  panicle 
of  3-10-flowered  spikelets,  the  glumes  and  palets  blunt  (no  awn  nor  pointed 
tip),  the  latter  laterally  compressed  and  deep  boat-shaped,  with  scarious  or  white 
membranaceous  edges,  and  usually  some  delicate  cobwebby  hairs  towards  the 
base.  Fl.  summer.  %,  all  but  the  first. 

Poa  annua,  Low  SPEAR-GRASS.  Very  low  weedy  grass  in  cult,  ground, 
waste  places,  paths,  &c. :  fl.  in  spring  or  again  in  summer.  © 

P.  compressa,  WIRE  GRASS.  In  gravelly  waste  soil:  pale,  with  low 
very  flat  stems,  rising  obliquely  from  a  creeping  base ;  panicle  small. 

P.  serdtina,  FOWL-MEADOW-GRASS  or  FALSE  RED-TOP:  an  important 
native  grass  in  wet  meadows  N. ;  flowers  in  late  summer  in  a  loose  panicle,  the 
2 -4-flowered  spikelets  green  with  dull  purple;  lower  palet  narrow,  acutish. 

P.  trivialis,  ROUGHISH  MEADOW-GRASS.  A  common  introduced  meadow 
and  pasture  grass,  N. :  flowering  before  midsummer,  with  open  panicle  of  green 
spikelets,  these  mostly  3-flowered,  the  lower  palet  prominently  5-nerved ;  sheaths 
and  leaves  roughish ;  ligule  oblong,  acute.  A  white-striped  variety,  lately  in- 
troduced, is  cult,  for  ornament  and  very  pretty. 

P.  pratensis,  COMMON  M.  or  westward  called  KENTUCKY  BLUE  GRASS. 
Dry  meadows  and  pastures,  spreading  by  running  rootstocks,  and  with  moi'e 
crowded  and  often  purplish  panicle  than  the  foregoing,  flowering  in  earliest 
summer,  the  sheath  smooth,  and  ligule  short  and  blunt;  lower  palet  hairy 
along  the  margins  and  the  5  nerves. 

Festuca,  FESCUE  GRASS.  Known  from  Poa  by  the  firmer  or  even  cori- 
aceous texture  of  the  lower  palet,  which  is  convex  on  the  back,  not  cobwebby, 
and  sometimes  awn-tipped. 

F.  OVina,  SHEEP'S  FESCUE.  Valuable  pasture  and  lawn-grass,  £°  -  2°  hi.^h, 
tufted,  with  slender  or  involute  pale  leaves,  3  -  8-flowered  spikelets  in  a  short 
1 -sided  panicle,  open  in  flowering,  contracted  afterwards,  the  lower  palet  rolled 
up,  almost  awl-shaped  and  tipped  with  a  sharp  point  or  bristle-like  awn.  2/ 


GRASS    FAMILY.  355 

F.  elatior,  TALLER  MEADOW  FESCUE,  A  rather  rigid  grass  of  meadowa 
and  pastures,  nat.  from  Europe:  l°-4°  high,  with  green  flat  leaves,  a  narrow 
panicle  with  short  branches  appressed  before  and  after  flowering,  5  -  10-flowered 
^reen  spikelets,  the  lower  palet  blunt,  or  acute,  or  rarely  with  a  short  awn.  ^J 

Brbmus,  BROME  GRASS.  Spikelets  large,  at  length  drooping  in  an  open, 
panicle,  containing  5- 10  or  more  flowers,  the  lower  palet  with  a  short  bristle 
point  or  an  awn  from  the  blunt  rounded  tip  or  notch,  the  upper  palet  soon  adher- 
ing to  the  grain.  Coarse  grasses  :  two  or  three  wild  species  are  common,  and  the 
following  are  weeds  of  cultivation,  from  Europe,  or  the  last  cultivated  for  fodder. 

B.  secalinus,  COMMON  CHESS  or  CHEAT.  Too  well  known  in  wheat- 
fields  ;  nearly  smooth ;  panicle  open  and  spreading,  even  in  fruit ;  spikelets 
turgid  ;  flowers  laid  broadly  over  each  other  in  the  two  ranks ;  lower  palet 
convex  on  the  back,  concave  within,  awnless  or  short-awned.  ©  © 

B.  racemdsus.  UPRIGHT  CHESS  :  like  the  other,  but  with  narrower 
erect  panicle  contracted  in  fruit,  lower  palet  slender-awned,  and  sheaths  some- 
times hairy.  ©  © 

B.  m6llis,  SOFT  CHESS  :  like  the  preceding,  but  soft-downy,  with  denser 
conical-ovate  spikelets,  and  the  long-awned  lower  palet  acute.  ©  © 

B.  unioloides,  or  B.  SCHRADERI  (CERATOCHLOA  UNIOLOIDES)  :  lately 
much  prized  for  fodder,  may  be  valuable  S.,  is  rather  stout  and  broad-leaved, 
with  drooping  large  spikelets  much  flattened  laterally,  so  that  the  lower  palets 
are  almost  conduplicate  and  keeled  on  the  back.  2J. 

Briza  maxima,  LARGE  QUAKING  GRASS  or  RATTLESNAKE-GRASS,  is 
sometimes  cult,  in  gardens  for  ornament,  from  Eu.  :  a  low  grass,  with  the 
hanging  many-flowered  ovate-heart-shaped  spikelets  somewhat  like  those  of 
Bromus,  but  pointless,  very  tumid,  purplish,  becoming  dry  and  papery,  rattling 
in  the  wind,  —  whence  the  common  name.  © 

*-•*-•*-  Grain  and  Meadow- Grasses,  with  a  mostly  twisted  or  bent  awn  on  the 
back  of  the  lower  palet :  flowers  2  or  3,  or  few  in  the  spikelet,  and  mostly 
shorter  than  the  glumes. 

*+  Flowers  perfect  or  the  uppermost  rudimentary. 

Avdna  sativa,  CULTIVATED  OAT,  from  Old  World :  soft  and  smooth, 
with  a  loose  panicle  of  large  drooping  spikelets,  the  palets  investing  the  grain, 
one  flower  with  a  long  twisted  awn  on  the  back,  the  other  awnless.  © 

A.  Hilda,  SKINLESS  OAT,  rarely  cult,  from  Old  World  :  has  narrower 
roughish  leaves,  3  or  4  flowers  in  the  spikelet,  and  grain  loose  in  the  palets.  © 

•w-  -«-f  One  flower  perfect  and  one  staminate  only. 

Arrenath&rum  avenaceum,  OAT-GRASS,  or  GRASS-OF-THE-ANDES. 

Rather  coarse  but  soft  grass,  introduced  from  Europe  into  meadows  and  fields, 
and  rather  valuable  :  2°  -4°  high,  with  flat  linear  leaves,  long  and  loose  panicle, 
thin  and  very  unequal  glumes,  including  a  staminate  flower,  the  lower  palet,  of 
which  bears  a  long  bent  awn  below  its  middle,  above  this  a  perfect  flower  with 
its  lower  palet  bristle-pointed  from  near  the  tip,  and  above  that  a  rudiment  of  a 
third  flower.  # 

HolGUS  lanatus,  VELVET-GRASS,  or  MEADOW-SOFT-GRASS.  Introduced 
from  En.  into  meadows,  not  very  common,  l£°-2°  high,  well  distinguished  by 
its  paleness  and  velvety  softness,  being  soft  downy  all  over ;  panicle  crowded  ; 
the  flowers  only  2  in  the  spikelet,  small,  rather  distant,  the  lower  one  perfect 
and  awnless,  the  upper  staminate  and  with  a  curved  or  hooked  awn  below  the 
tip  of  its  lower  palet.  ^ 

§  2.  Spikelets  either  strictly  spiked  or  in  a  panicle  so  contracted  and  dense  as  to 
imitate  a  spike.  (Here  would  besought  one  species  o/'Calamagrostis  and 
one  of  Phalaris,/or  which  see  above,  p.  354,  355.) 

#  Awn  borne  low  down  on  the  back  of  one  or  two  palets. 

Anthoxanthum  odoratum,  SWEKT-SCKNTED  VERNAL-GRASS,  nat. 
from  Eu.  :  the  plant  which  gives  delicious  fragrance  to  drying  hay  (the  other, 


356  GRASS    FAMILY. 

viz.  HIEROCHLOA  RORE\Lis,  SENECA  or  HOLY-GRASS,  being  rare)  :  low, 
slender,  soft  and  smooth  ;  the  pale  brown  or  greenish  spikelets  crowded  in  an 
evident  spike-like  panicle  ;  each  composed  of  a  pair  of  thin  very  unequal  glumes, 
above  and  within  these  a  pair  of  obcordate  or  2-lobed  hairy  empty  palets,  one 
with  a  bent  awn  from  near  its  base,  the  other  with  a  shorter  awn  higher  up  ; 
above  and  within  these  a  pair  of  very  small  smooth  and  roundish  palets,  of 
parchment-like  texture,  enclosing  2  stamens  and  the  2-styled  pistil,  finally  in- 
vesting the  grain.  1J. 

Alopectirus  prat£nsis,  MEADOW  FOXTAIL.  Introduced  from  Europe 
abundantly  into  meadows  E.  :  flowering  in  spring  ;  stem  about  2°  high,  bearing 
few  pale  soft  leaves,  terminated  by  a  cylindrical  soft  and  dense  spike,  or  what 
seems  to  be  so,  for  the  spikelets  are  really  borne  on  short  side  branches,  not  on 
the  main  axis  ;  these  spikelets  very  flat  contrary  to  the  glumes,  which  are  con- 
duplicate,  united  by  their  edges  towards  the  base,  keeled,  fringed-ciliate  on  the 
keel;  these  enclose  a  single  conduplicate  lower  palet  (the  upper  one  wholly 
wanting)  which  bears  a  long  awn  from  below  the  middle  of  the  back,  and  sur- 
rounds 3  stamens  and  the  pistil. 

*  #  Awn,  if  any,  from  the  apex  of  the  glumes  or  palets. 

•*-  Spikelets  densely  crowded  in  a  long  perfectly  cylindrical  apparent  spike,  each  spike- 
let  strictly  l-floivered  :  ylumes  2,  keeled  and  nearly  conduplicate,  aim-pointed, 
much  larger  and  of  firmer  texture  than  the  thin  and  truncate  a  wnl  ess  palets. 

Phl&um  prat6nse,  CAT-TAIL  GRASS,  TIMOTHY,  or  HERD'S  GRASS  ; 
introduced  from  Eu.  ;  a  coarse  but  most  valuable  meadow  grass,  2°  -4°  high, 
with  green  roughish  spike  3'  -8'  long;  the  small  spikelets  are  crowded  on  very 
short  branches,  and  therefore  the  seeming  spike  is  not  a  true  one.  11 

•»-  •*-  Spikelets  strictly  spiked  all  on  one  side  of  a  Jlattened  jointless  rhachis,  much 
crowded:  the  2-5  spikes  digitate,  i.  e.  all  on  the  apex  of  the  flowering  stem: 
palets  awnless.  Finger-grass  might  be  sought  here  ;  see  Panicum  below. 

•*+  Flower  only  one  to  each  spikelet,  and  a  mere  rudiment  beyond  it,  awnless. 


lon,  BERMUDA  or  SCUTCH  GRASS.  An  introduced  weed 
chiefly  S.,  where  it  is  useful  in  sandy  soil,  where  a  better  grass  is  not  to 
be  had  ;  creeping  extensively,  the  rigid  creeping  stems  with  short  flattish 
leaves  and  sending  up  flowering  shoots  a  few  inches  high,  bearing  the  3-5  slender 
spikes.  11 

•w  .M.  Flowers  3-5  or  more  in  each  spikelet,  the  uppermost  generally  imperfect  : 
seed  loose,  proportionally  large,  rough-wrinkled.  (T) 

Eleusine  Indica,  CRAB-GRASS,  YARD-GRASS,  DOG'S-TAIL,  or  WIRE- 
GRASS.  Introduced  only  in  yards  or  lawns  N.,  more  abundant  S.,  where  it  is 
valuable  for  cattle  ;  low,  spreading  over  the  ground,  pale  ;  glumes  and  palets 
pointless. 

Dactyloctfcnium  JEgyptlacum,  EGYPTIAN  GRASS.  Yards  and  fields, 
chiefly  a  weed,  S.  :  creeping  over  the  ground,  low  ;  spikes  dense  and  thickish  ; 
glumes  flattened  laterally  and  keeled,  one  of  them  awn-pointed,  the  strongly 
keeled  boat-shaped  lower  palet  also  pointed. 

••-•«-  H-  Spikelets  spiked  alternately  on  opposite  sides  of  a  zigzag  jointed  rhachis. 
**  Glume  only  one  to  the  solitary  spikelet,  which  stands  edgewise. 

Ii61ium  per6nne,  DARNEL,  EYE-GRASS,  or  RAY  GRASS.  Introduced 
from  Europe  :  a  good  pasture-grass,  l°-2°  high,  with  loose  spike  5'  -6'  long, 
of  12  or  more  about  7-flowered  spikelets  placed  edgewise,  so  that  one  row  of 
flowers  is  next  the  glume,  the  other  next  the  rhachis  ;  lower  palet  short-awned 
or  awnless. 

•»•+  Glumes  a  pair  to  the  single  spikelet,  right  and  left  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis. 

Triticum  ripens,  COUCH-GRASS,  QUITCH  or  QUICK-GRASS,  &c.,  belongs 
to  the  section  with  perennial  roots;  this  spreads  amazingly  by  its  Vigorous 
long  running  rootstocks,  is  a  peat  in  cultivated  fields,  arid  is  too  coarse  and 


GRASS    FAMILY.  357 

hard  for  a  meadow  grass :  of  many  varieties,  introduced  from  Europe  ;  spikelets 
4-  8-flowered  ;  lower  palet  either  pointless  or  short-awned.  ^ 

T.  vulgare,  WHEAT.  Spike  dense,  somewhat  4-sided ;  the  spikelets 
crowded,  4  -  5-flowered,  turgid ;  glumes  ventricosc,  blunt ;  palet  either  uwued 
or  awnless ;  grain  free.  0  . 

T.  Spelta,  SFELT.  A  grain  rarely  cult,  in  this  country ;  spike  flat,  the 
rhachis  fragile,  breaking  up  at  the  joints  ;  grain  enclosed  in  the  palets.  © 

Secale  cereale,  RYE.  Tall;  spike  as  in  wheat;  spikelets  with  only  2  per- 
fect flowers  ;  glumes  a  little  distant,  bristly  towards  the  base  ;  lower  palet  ven- 
tricose,  long  awned  ;  grain  brown. 

t-  •*-  H-  Glumes  6  at  each  joint,  in  front  of  the  3  spikelets,  farming  an  involucre. 

H6rdeum  VUlgare,  COMMON  BARLEY,  from  the  Old  World  :  spike 
dense,  the  3  spikelets  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  all  with  a  fertile  flower,  its 
lower  palet  long-awned.  © 

H.  distichum,  TWO-ROWED  BARLEY,  from  Tartary :  only  one  spikelet 
at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  with  a  fertile  flower,  the  two  lateral  spikelets  being 
reduced  to  sterile  rudiments,  the  flowers  therefore  two-rowed  in  the  spike.  © 

•t-  -i-  -H-  •<-  Spikelets  in  a  contracted  panicle  or  seeming  spike,  or  if  spiked  some- 
what on  one  side  of  the  rhachis  :  each  with  a  single  perfect  flower,  its  palets 
of  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous  texture  :  by  the  side  of  it  are  either  one  or  two 
thin  palets  of  a  sterile  usually  neutral  flower. 

Setaria,  FOXTAIL-GRASS.  Spikelets  in  clusters  on  the  branches  of  the 
contracted  spike-like  panicle  or  seeming  spike,  these  continued  beyond  them 
into  awn-like  rough  bristles ;  but  no  awns  from  the  spikelets  themselves. 
Weeds,  or  the  last  one  cult. ;  all  from  Old  World  ;  fl.  late  summer.  © 

S.  glauca,  COMMON  FOXTAIL  :  in  all  stubble  and  cultivated  grounds  ;  low ; 
spike  tawny  yellow,  dense  ;  long  bristles  6-11  in  a  cluster,  rough  upwards  (as 
also  all  the  following) ;  palets  of  perfect  flower  wrinkled  crosswise. 

S.  viridis,  GREEN  FOXTAIL  or  BOTTLE-GRASS  ;  has  less  dense  and  green 
spike,  fewer  bristles,  and  palets  of  perfect  flower  striate  lengthwise. 

S.  Italica,  or  GERMANICA,  ITALIAN  MILLET,  BENGAL  GRASS,  &c.  Cult, 
for  fodder,  3°  -  5°  high,  with  rather  large  leaves,  a  compound  or  interrupted  so- 
called  spike,  which  is  evidently  a  contracted  panicle,  sometimes  6'  -  9'  long  and 
nodding  when  ripe ;  bristles  short  and  few  in  a  cluster ;  palets  of  the  fertile 
flower  smooth. 

Panicum  (Digitaria)  sanguinale,  FINGER-GRASS  or  CRAB-GRASS. 
Chiefly  a  weed  in  cult,  fields  in  late  summer  and  autumn,  but  useful  in  thin 
grounds  S.  for  hay;  herbage  reddish;  spikes  4-15,  slender,  digitate,  nearly 
1-sided;  spikelets  seemingly  1-flowered  with  3  glumes  ;  no  awns.  © 

P.  Crus-galli,  COCK'S-FOOT  P.,  or  BARNYARD-GRASS.  Common  weedy 
grass,  of  moist  barnyards  and  low  rich  grounds  :  coarse,  with  rather  broad  leaves, 
and  numerous  seeming  spikes  along  the  naked  summit  of  the  flowering  stems, 
often  forming  a  sort  of  panicle  ;  spikelets  containing  one  fertile  and  one  sterile 
flower,  the  lower  palet  of  the  latter  bearing  a  coarse  rough  awn.  © 

P.  capillare,  WITCH  GRASS  of  stubble  and  corn-fields  in  autumn,  having 
a  very  open  capillary  panicle,  would  be  sought  under  another  division ;  it  is  a 
mere  weed.  © 

B.     Stems  not  hollow,  pithy. 

§  1.   Spikelets  clustered  or  scattered  in  an  ample  panicle,  each  with  one  perfect  and 
one  neutral  or  staminate  flower. 

*  Without  silky-down :  glumes,  SfC.  russet-brown,  coriaceous. 
S6rgh.um  VUlgare,  INDIAN  MILLET,  DuRRA,or  DOURA,  &c.,  from  Africa 
or  India;  the  var.  CERNUUM,  GUINEA  CORN,  has  densely  contracted  panicle, 
and  is  cult,  for  the  grain.  Var.  SACCHARXTUM,  SWEET  SORGHUM,  CHINESE 
SUGAR-CANE,  IMPHEE,  &c.,  cult,  for  the  syrup  of  the  stem;  and  BROOM-CORN, 
for  the  well-known  corn-brooms.  © 


358  GRASS   FAMILY. 

#  *  Long  white  silky  down  with  thefloivcrs. 

Sacchamm  Offlcinarum,  TRUE  SUGAR-CANE  :  cult,  far  S. :  rarely 
left  to  flower,  propagated  by  cuttings;  stem 8° -20° high,  l'-2'  thick.  2/ 

Gynfcrium  arg6nteum,  PAMPAS  GRASS.  Tall  reed-like  grass,  from 
S.  America,  planted  out  for  ornament ;  with  a  large  tuft  of  rigid  linear  and 
tapering  recurved-spreading  leaves,  several  feet  in  length  ;  the  flowering  stem  6 
to  12  feet  high,  in  autumn  bearing  an  ample  silvery-silky  panicle.  % 

§  2.    Spikelets  in  spikes :  staminate  and  pistillate  separate, 
#  In  the  same  spike,  the  upper  part  of  which  is  stani  inate,  the  lower  pistillate. 
Tripsacum  dactyloides,    GAMA  GRASS,  SESAME  GRASS.     Wild  in 
moist  soil  from  Conn.  S. :  proposed  for  fodder  S. ;  nutritious,  but  too  coarse ; 
leaves  almost  as  large  as  those  of  Indian  corn ;  spikes  narrow,  composed  of  a 
row  of  joints  which  break  apart  at  maturity  ;  the  fertile  cylindrical,  the  exter- 
nally cartilaginous  spikclets  immersed  in  the  rhachis,  the  sterile  part  thinner 
and  flat.     ^ 

*  *  In  different  spikes. 

Z6a  Mays,  MAIZJE,  INDIAN  CORN.  Stem  terminated  by  the  clustered 
slender  spikes  of  staminate  flowers  (the  tassel.)  in  2-flowcred  spikelets;  the  pis- 
tillate flowers  in  a  dense  and  many-rowed  spike  borne  on  a  short  axillary  branch, 
two  flowers  within  each  pair  of  glumes,  but  the  lower  one  neutral,  the  upper  pis- 
tillate, with  an  extremely  long  style,  the  silk.  © 


SERIES   II. 

FLOWERLESS  OR  CRYPTOGAMOUS  PLANTS: 

THOSE  which  fructify  without  true  flowers,  that  is,  with- 
out stamens  and  pistils,  and  produce  spores  (simple  cells)  in 
place  of  seeds. 

CLASS  III.  ACROGENS  ;  the  highest  class  of  Flower- 
less  Plants,  those  with  a  distinct  axis,  or  stem,  growing 
from  the  apex,  containing  woody  matter  and  ducts,  and 
bearing  leaves,  or  something  answering  to  leaves. 

The  account  of  the  three  following  families  is  contributed  by  PROFESSOR 
DANIEL  C.  EATOX,  of  Yale  College.  Figures  of  the  indigenous  genera  are 
given  in  the  Manual. 

131.  EQUISETACE^I,  HORSE-TAIL  FAMILY. 

Perennial  flower-less  plants,  rising  from  creeping  rootstocks;  the 
stems  mostly  hollow,  furrowed,  many-jointed,  with  mere  scales  at 
the  joints  united  into  a  sheath  in  place  of  leaves ;  either  simple  or 
with  branches  in  whorls  about  the  joints ;  fructification  in  terminal 
cone-like  spikes,  composed  of  5-angled  short-stalked  and  shield- 
shaped  scales,  each  bearing  on  the  under  surface  about  6  one-celled 
spore-cases.  Contains  but  one  genus. 

1.  EQUISETTJM,  HORSE-TAIL,  SCOURING-RUSH.  (Name  from 
the  Latin,  meaning  horse-tail.)  Stems  grooved,  the  cuticle  often  containing 
silex  ;  each  joint  closed  at  the  lower  end,  and  bearing  at  the  upper  a  tubular 
sheath  (a  whorl  of  united  leaves)  which  encloses  the  base  of  the  next  joint, 
and  is  split  into  as  many  narrow  teeth  as  there  are  ridges  in  the  stem.  Seeds 
(that  is,  spores)  minute,  each  with  four  club-shaped  threads,  which  are  coiled 
about  the  spore  when  moist,  but  uncoil  suddenly  when  dried.  —  Of  25  species, 
most  of  them  widely  distributed  throughout  the  world,  four  or  five  are  com- 
mon with  us. 

§  1.   Stems  living  through  the  winter,  unbranched,  or  with  very  few  branches,  fruit- 
ing in  summer, 

E.  hyemkle,  DUTCH  RUSHES,  SCOURING-RUSH.  Common  on  wet  banks, 
N. :  stems  solitary  or  2-4  together,  cylindrical,  l°-4°  high,  with  many  rough 
ridges  ;  sheaths  marked  with  one  or  two  black  rings,  and  divided  into  15-25 
narrow  teeth,  their  points  deciduous. 

E.  SCirpoides.  Wooded  hillsides,  from  Penn.  N.  :  stems  in  dense  clus- 
ters, 3' -6'  hitfh,  not  hollowed,  very  alender  and  wiry,  entangled,  about  6-fur- 
rowed  ;  sheaths  3-toothed. 


360  FERN    FAMILY. 

§  2.    Stems  annual,  not  living  through  the  winter,  branched,  at  least  the  sterile  one*. 

E.  limbsum.     Muddy  edges  of  streams,  rather  common  :  stems  all  alike, 
2°  -  3°  high,  with  many  furrows,  fruiting  in  summer,  and  afterwards  sending 
out  a  few  upright  branches  ;  sheaths  with  15-20  dark-colored  acute  teeth. 
I       /C4fv«  ^?*  arv^nse»  COMMON  HORSE-TAIL.     Moist   sandy   places,   common   N.  : 
.  ^fertile  stems  unbranched,  with  very  conspicuous  sheaths,  4'  -  8'  high,  appearing 
in  earliest  spring  and  soon  withering ;  sterile  stems  8'  -  20'  high,  producing 
many  whorls  of  rather  rigid  slender  and  mostly  simple  4-angled  branches. 

E.  sylvaticum,  WOODLAND  H.  Common  N.,  along  the  edges  of  moist 
woods  :  fertile  stems  appearing  in  early  spring,  but  lasting  all  summer,  both 
these  and  the  sterile  ones  producing  many  whorls  of  spreading  or  gracefully 
decurved  compound  softish  3  -  5-furrowed  branches  and  branchlets  ;  sheaths  of 
the  main  stem  loose,  8-  14- toothed. 

132.   PILICES,  FERN  FAMILY. 

Flowerless  plants  with  creeping  or  ascending  rootstocks,  or  even 
erect  trunks,  bearing  distinct  leaves  (fronds),  which  are  rolled  up 
(circinate)  in  the  bud  (except  in  one  group),  and  bear  commonly  on 
the  under  surface  or  on  the  edges  the  simple  fructification,  consist- 
ing of  1 -celled  spore-cases  (technically  called  sporangia)  variously 
grouped  in  dots,  lines,  or  masses,  and  containing  but  one  kind  of 
minute,  1-celled,  powdery,  numerous  spores.  A  large  family,  most 
abundant  in  warm  and  moist  regions,  consisting  of  8  suborders,  6  of 
which  are  represented  with  us. 

[The  divisions  of  a  pinnatifid  frond  are  properly  called  segments;  of  a  pinnate 
frond,  pinna ;  of  a  2-3-  4-pinnate  frond,  pinnuls  or  ultimate  segments.  The  static 
of  the  frond  is  a  stipe;  its  continuation  through  the  frond,  the  rhachis  ;  its  branches, 
partial  or  secondary  rhachises.  A  rhachis  bordered  by  the  leafy  portion  becomes  a 
midrib,  which  may  be  primary,  secondary,  $*c.J 

I.  POLYPODIACEJE,  or  TRUE  FERNS :  characterized  by 
stalked  spore-cases,  having  a  vertical,  incomplete,  many-jointed, 
elastic  ring,  which  straightens  at  maturity,  breaking  open  the  spore- 
case  transversely,  and  so  discharging  the  spores.  Spore-cases  rarely 
if  ever  on  very  narrow  thread-like  branches ;  the  fruit-dots  often 
covered  by  a  scale-like  involucre  (the  indusium). 

§  1.  No  definite  fruit-dots,  but  the  spore-cases  in  large  patches  on  the  under  surface 
of  the  jertite  frond,  or  entirely  covering  the  under  surface:  no  indusium. 

1.  ACROSTICHUM   §  CHRYSODIUM.     Fronds  simple  or  pinnately  branched, 

with  reticulated  veins  :  spore-cases  covering  the  whole  under  surface  of  the 
frond  or  of  its  upper  divisions. 

2.  PLATYCERIUM.     Fronds  irregularly  forking;  veins  reticulated:  spore-cases 

in  large  patches  on  special  portions  of  the  under  surface. 

§  2.  Spore-cases  on  the  back  of  the  frond,  sometimes  near  the  margin,  in  dots  or  lines 
(sori)  placed  on  the  veins  or  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  but  loithout  indusium  of 
any  kind. 

3.  POLYPODIUM.    Fronds  simple  or  pinnate,  rarely  twice  pinnate;  veins  free 

or  reticulated;  fruit-dots  round  or  roundish,  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  or  at  the 
point  where  several  veins  meet  (anastomose).  Stalk  articulated  to  the  root- 
stock,  and  leaving  a  distinct  scar  when  decayed  away. 

14.  PHEGOPTERIS.  Agrees  with  Polypodium  in  most  respects ;  but  has  the  fruit- 
dots  smaller,  and  commonly  on  the  veins,  not  at  their  ends,  and  the  stalk  is 
not  articulated  to  the  rhachis.. 

4.  GYMNOGRAMME    §  CEROPTERIS.      Fronds   compound,  covered   beneath 

with  white  or  yellow  waxy  powder:  fruit-dots  in  long  often  forking  lines 
on  the  veins. 


FERN    FAMILY.  361 

6.  NOTHOL-fENA.  Fronds  once  or  twice  pinnate,  woolly,  scaly  or  powdery  be- 
neath ;  fruit-dots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  forming  a  line  next  the  margin  of 
the  divisions. 

§  3.    Spore-cases  on  the  back  along  the  margin  of  the  frond,  provided  vrith  an  invo- 
lucre formed  of  its  rejlexed  and  more  or  less  altered  margin. 

6.  ADI  ANT  UM.     Fruit-dots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  borne  on  the  inner  side  of  a 

reflexed  portion  of  the  margin.  Stalk  dark  and  polished,  sometimes  chaffy- 
bristly.  Pinnules  always  separate,  distinctly  stalked  or  almost  sessile,  but 
never  decurrent  on  the  rhachis. 

7.  PTERIS.     Spore-cases  on  a  transverse  veinlike  receptacle  within  the  margin, 

which  connects  the  ends  of  the  veins,  and  is  covered  by  the  reflexed  thin 
margin.  Stalk  light-colored  (except  in  §  Doryopteris.)  Pinnules  or  ultimate 
segments  adnate  to  the  rhachis,  often  decurrent. 

8.  PELL^E  A.     Spore-cases  in  short  lines  on  the  upper  part  of  the  veins,  confluent 

in  a  sub-marginal  band  of  fructification,  white  within,  more  or  less  covered 
by  the  reflexed  and  commonly  thin  margin.  Stalk  dark  and  polished,  some- 
times chaffy.  Pinnules  mostly  distinct,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

§  4.  Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  on  transverse  reticulating  veinlets,  in  rows  near  the 
midrib  and  parallel  to  it:  indusium  of  the  same  shape  as  the  fruit-dot,  opening 
toward  the  midrib  and  attached  by  the  outer  edge  to  the  fruitful  cross-vemlet. 

9.  WOODWARDIA.     Fruit-dots  straight,  oblong-linear,  in  chain-like  rows,  partly 

sunken  in  shallow  cavities  of  the  under  surface  of  the  frond.  Rather  large, 
native.  Veins  reticulated,  often  very  much  so. 

10.  DOODIA.     Fruit-dots  oblong,  often  slightly  crescent-shaped,  not  sunken  in  the 

frond.     Exotics ;  the  narrow  fronds  pinnatifid  or  simply  pinnate. 

§  5.  Fndt-dots  oblong  or  linear,  on  one  or  both  sides  of  oblique  veinlets,  with  involt*- 
cres  of  like  shape  attached  by  one  edge  to  the  vei'nlet  and  free  along  the  other. 

11.  ASPLENIUM.     Fruit-dots  single  and  placed  on  the  upper  side  of  the  veinlets, 

rarely  double  and  set  back  to  back  on  both  sides  of  the  same  veinlet.  Veins 
mostly  free. 

12.  SCOLO'PENDPJUM.     Fruit-dots  linear,  elongated,  double  and  placed  face  to 

face  along  contiguous  veinlets ;  each  pair  thus  seeming  to  be  a  single  one 
with  an  indusium  opening  along  the  middle.  Frond  simple,  ribbon-shaped 
or  tongue-shaped,  with  free  forking  veins. 

13.  CAMPTOSORTjS.      Fruit-dots  various,  mostly  short;  those  near  the  midrib 

double  as  in  the  last ;  the  outer  ones  angled,  curved  or  straight,  simple  as  in 
Asplenium.  Frond  simple,  tapering  to  a  long  and  narrow  usually  rooting 
point.  Veins  reticulated. 

§  6.  Fruit-dots  on  the  back  of  the  veins,  rarely  at  the  ends,  round  or  roundish,  covered 
at  least  when  young  by  a  special  indusium  of  the  same  general  shape.  Sterile 
and  fertile  fronds  alike  or  nearly  so. 

15.  ASPIDIUM.     Indusium  flat,  round  or  kidney-shaped,  fixed  at  or  near  the  cen- 

tre, opening  all  round  the  edge.  Mostly  rather  large  Ferns,  from  once  to  thrice 
pinnate.  Veins  free  in  the  native  species. 

16.  CYSTOPTERIS.    Indusium  convex,  fixed  by  the  base  partly  under  the  fruit- 

dot,  at  length  reflexed.  Small  Ferns,  with  delicate  twice  or  thrice  pinnate 
fronds.  Veins  free. 

§  Sterile  fronds  broad  and  leafy:  fertile  ones  with  contracted  and  rolled  up  and  pod- 
like  or  berry-hke  divisions :  indusium  very  obscure,  irregularly  semicircular, 
placed  at  the  base  of  a  short  receptacle  to  which  the  spore-coses  are  attached. 

17.  STRUTHIOPTERIS.     Sterile  fronds  tall,  with  free  veins,  growing  in  a  crown; 

Fertile  fronds  coming  up  much  later  in  an  inner  circle,  pinnate,  each  pinna 
rolled  up  from  the  edges  into  a  somewhat  cylindrical  or  necklace-like  body, 
containing  the  fruit, 

18.  ONOCLEA.     Fronds  scattered  on  a  long  creeping  rootstock;  sterile  ones  wifh 

reticulated  veins ;  fertile  ones  twice  pinnate,  the  divisions  contracted,  rolled 
up  and  berry-like. 

§  8.  Involucres  star-shaped,  with  broad  and  ragged  or  else  capillary  and  jointed  rays, 
placed  on  the  veins  under  the  round  fruit-dots,  sometimes  at  first  enveloping 
the  spore-cases. 

19.  WOODSIA.     Small  Ferns,  often  growing  in  dense  tufts  s  fronds  once  or  twice- 

pinnate:  veins  forked,  free. 


8C2  FERN    FAMILY. 

§  9.  fruit-dots  separate  or  laterally  confluent  at  or  near  the  margin  of  the  frond, 
borne  on  me  ends  of  tiie  veins,  or  on  the  ends  of  very  short  side-veinlets :  the 
indusium  attached  at  the  base  or  base  and  sides,  and  opening  toward  the  mar- 
gin of  the  fruitful  portion  of  the  frond. 

20.  DAVALLIA.     Indnsium  of  a  single  piece,  flattish  or  often  convex  nncl  shaped 

like  half  a  goblet  cut  lengthwise.     Exotic  Ferns,  mostly  decompound. 

21.  DICKSONIA.     Indusium  united  by  its  sides  with  a  little  lobe  or  tooth  of  the 

frond, 

as  the 

\  •';'•:        arborescent. 


7i.li.fV.          J.1H-1 1.4^111111     Ullll^U     UV     Ita    JMUC:^     Wltll    «L      11LL1U      !UUt5       Ul        IU1H11      Ul      HlO 

forming  a  minute  2-lipped  cup,  at  first  nearly  or  quite  closed,  opening 
)  spore-cases  ripen.    Large  Ferns,  native  or  exotic,  some  of  the  latter 


II.  CYATHEACEJE,or  TREE  FERNS:  with  erect  and  tree- 
like stems,  often  many  feet  high.     Fruit-dots  round,  not  marginal, 
naked,  or  with  an  involucre  placed  beneath  the  stalked  spore-cases, 
which  are  seated  on  a  globose  or  elevated  receptacle,  have  a  some- 
what oblique  complete  ring,  and  burst  open  transversely. 

22.  CYATHEA.     Fruit-dots  on  a  vein  or  in  the  forking  of  a  vein,  at  first  enclosed 

in  a  globose  involucre,  which  opens  at  the  top,  and  remains  cup-shaped  with 
an  entire  or  broken  edge. 

23.  ALSOPHILA.     Fruit-dots  as  on  the  last,  but  entirely  naked,  or  with  a  rudi- 

mentary indusium  consisting  of  a  minute  scale  beneath  the  spore-cases: 
veins  free. 

III.  HYMENOPHYLLACE^E,  or  FILMY  FERNS:   these 
have  very  delicate  and  translucent  fronds,  the  short-pedicelled  spore- 
cases  growing  on  a  short  or  long  thread-like  receptacle,  included  in 
a  goblet-shaped  or  2-lipped  involucre,  and  furnished  with  a  complete 
transverse  or  slightly  oblique  ring. 

24.  TRICHOMANES.     Fruit-dots  marginal,  at  the  end  of  a  vein,  which  extends 

through  the  funnel-form  or  goblet-shaped  involucre,  as  a  thread-like  recepta- 
cle bearing  the  spore-cases ;  involucres  sunken  more  or  less  in  the  frond,  and 
of  the  same  pellucid  texture. 

IV.  SCHIZ^ACE^E :  mostly  small  Ferns,  or  else  with  climb- 
ing fronds.     Spore-cases  ovate,  sessile,  having  a  complete  transverse, 
articulated  ring  or  cap  at  the  apex,  and  opening  by  a  longitudinal 
slit. 

*  Ferns  with  elegant  climbing  fronds,  rising  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks:  spore- 

cases  fixed  by  their  side. 

25.  LYGODIUM.    Pinnse  or  frondlets  in  pairs.     Spore-cases  covered  by  imbri- 

cating scale-like  indusia  in  a  double  row  on  narrow  lobes  of  the  frond. 

*  *  Not  climbing:  rootstock  short :  fronds  clustered:  spore-cases  fixed  by  their  base: 

'no  indusium. 

28.  ANEIMIA.     Spore-cases  on  the  narrow  panicled  branches  of  the  lowest  pair  of 
pinna?  of  the  1-3  pinnate  frond,  or  on  separate  fronds. 

27.  SCHIZJSA.     Spore-cases  in  a  double  row  on  the  narrow  divisions  of  a  pinnate 

.or  rarely  pedate  special  appendage  to  the  simple  and  linear,  or  fan-shaped, 
£    ~\find  sometimes  many-forked  frond. 

V.  OSMUNDACE.E,  or  FLOWERING  FERNS:  rather  large 
Ferns;  the  spore-cases  covered  with  reticulated  ridges,  opening 
longitudinally  into  two  valves,  and  with  no  ring,  or  a  mere  vestige 
of  a  transverse  ring  at  the  back. 

28.  OSMUNDA.     Rootstock  very  thick,  creeping,  the  growing  end  producing  a 

crown  of  tall  showy  fronds.  Fertile  fronds  or  parts  of  fronds  contracted, 
pinnately  compound,  the  narrow  often  thread-like  divisions  densely  covered 
with  nearly  sessile  spore-cases. 


PERN   FAMILY.  363 

VI.  OPHIOGLOSSACE^E,  the  ADDER'S-TONGUE  FAM- 
ILY: mostly  rather  small  ferns,  with  sessile,  globular,  coriaceous 
opaque  and  smooth  spore-cases,  opening  transversely  into  2  valves, 
and  wholly  destitute  of  a  ring.  Fronds  not  rolled  up  in  the  bud, 
as  they  are  in  all  the  foregoing,  rising  from  a  very  short  rootstock 
or  conn,  with  fleshy  roots. 

29.  BOTRYCHIUM.     Spore-cases  in  pinnate  or  compound  spikes,  distinct.    Sterile 

part  of  the  frond  compound;  veins  free. 

30.  OPHIOGLOSSUM.     Spore-cases  cohering  in  a  simple  spike.     Sterile  part  of 

frond  simple  iu  our  species  ;  the  veins  reticulated. 

1.  ACROSTICHUM  §  CHRYSODIUM.     (From  Greek  words  meaning 
a  row  at  the  top,  the  application  not  evident.)     All  tropical. 

A.  aureum.  A  large  evergreen  Fern,  along  the  coast  of  South  Florida  ; 
the  fronds  simply  pinnate,  coriaceous;  pinnae  4'  -6'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  elliptical 
or  oblong-linear. 

2.  PLATYCERITJM,  STAG-HORN  FERN.     (Name  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  broad  horns.)     Natives  of  Africa,  Australia,  &c.:  cult,  in  conserva- 
tories. 

P.  alcic6rne.  Sterile  fronds  sessile,  rather  thin,  flat  and  rounded,  over- 
lapping each  other  ;  fertile  ones  erect,  1°  high,  whitish  and  minutely  downy 
beneath,  2-3  times  forked,  with  divisions  about  1'  wide,  the  topmost  ones 
fruitful. 


3.  POLYPODIUM,  POLYPODY.  (Name  in  Greek  means  many-footed, 
referring  to  the  branching  rootstock.)  An  immense  genus,  found  in  all  parts 
of  the  world. 

§1.   POLYPODIUM  proper.     Veins  free  :  the  following  all  native. 
P.  VUlgare,  COMMON  POLYPODY.     Rocky  places  N.,  small,  simply  pin- 
natifid,  evergreen,  smooth  both  sides,  4'  -10'  high,  l'-3'  wide,  the  numerous 
divisions  oblong-linear  ;  fruit-dots  rather  large. 

P.  incanum.  Shady  places  S.,  often  on  trees  ;  nmch  like  the  last,  but 
much  smaller,  and  beneath  grayish  and  scurfy  with  peltate  scales  ;  fruit-dots 
rather  small. 

§  2.  CAMPYLONEFRONT.  Veins  parallel.,  pinnate  from  the  midrib,  connected  by 
numerous  transverse  angularly  arched  veinlets,  ivith  short  fruit-bearing  vdii- 
lets  proceeding  from  the  angles. 

P.  Phyllitidis,  HARTS-TONGUE,  of  Tropical  America;  frond  simple, 
linear-lanceolate,  l°-l£°  long,  l'-2'  wide,  thinly  chartaceous,  smooth  and 
shining  ;  fruit-dots  in  2  rows  between  the  veins. 

§  3.  NIPHOBOLUS.  Veins  much  as  in  the  preceding,  but  very  obscure  and  closely 
reticulated.  Fronds  simple,  of  a  thickish  texture,  covered  on  both  sides  wiili 
a  close  stellate  down. 

P.  Lingua.  Cult,  from  Japan  :  fronds  4'  -  8'  long,  ovate-oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, entire,  at  length  nearly  smooth  above  ;  fruit-dots  exceedingly  numerous, 
closely  arranged  in  many  rows. 

§  4.   PHLEB6DIUM.     Veins  reticulated,  with  free  veinlets  included  in  the  larger 
meshes.     Fruit-dots  in  1-3  rows  between  the  midrib  and  margin,  commonly 
placed  each  one  on  the  converging  ends  of  a  pair  of  veinlets. 
P.  aureum.     A  large  showy  Fern  of  Florida,  and  cult,  from  West  Indies  ; 
fronds  on  a  stont  stalk,  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  smooth,  pale  green  above, 
glaucous  beneath,  pinnately  parted  into  5-9  or  more  oblong-linear  or  lanceo- 
late spreading  divisions. 


\t   j/    \*~\ 
*^  j 


364  FERN    FAMILY. 

4,,   GYMNO  GRAMME.     (Name  meaning  in  Greek  a  naked  line,  from 

the  elongated  fruit-clots.)    The  following  cult,  species  all  have  free  veins,  and 

the  under  surface  of  the  fronds  covered  with  a  yellow  or  whitish  waxy  powder. 

G.  triangular  is,  CALIFORNIA^  GOLD-FERN.     Deserves  more  general  cul- 

tivation ;  frond  4'  -  6'  long,  on  slender  and  polished  stalks,  broadly  3-  or  rather 

5-angled  in  outline,  twice  pinnate  below,  pinnate  above  ;  pinnae  oblong-lanceo- 

late, deeply  pinnatifid  into  obtuse  lobes.     Smooth  and  green  above,  beneath 

uf  a  rich  golden  yellow,  sometimes  paler  ;  the  fertile  fronds  at  length  nearly 

covered  with  brownish  lines  of  spore-cases. 

G.  sulphurea,  of  West  Indies  :  fronds  narrowly  lanceolate  in  outline, 
l°-l£°  high,  2'  -3'  wide,  pinnate;  pinnae  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  lower  ones 
gradually  smaller  and  very  remote,  pinnatifid  into  ovate  obtuse  toothed  or  rag- 
ged lobes,  the  lower  surface  covered  with  sulphur-yellow  powder. 

G.  calomdlanos,  from  Tropical  America,  the  commonest  Gold  and  Silver 
ferns  of  the  conservatories  ;  much  like  the  last,  but  broader  and  larger,  the  lower 
pinnae  largest,  and  lobes  mostly  acute.  The  powder  white,  or  in  var.  CHRYSO- 
FHYLLA  golden  yellow. 

5.  NOTHOLJENA.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  signifying  spurious  wool,  the 
woolly  pubescence  of  some  species  concealing  the  marginal  fruit-dots.  )     The 
following  cult  species  are  small,  4'  -8'  high,  ovate   in  outline,  mostly  tri- 
pinnate  ;  their  ultimate  divisions  roundish-ovate  or  oblong,  distinct,  stalked, 
and  covered  beneath  with  a  waxy  powder  :  stalk  and  branches  dark  brown 
and  polished. 

N.  flavens,  from  Central  America  :  powder  bright  yellow;  fruit-dots  ex- 
tending from  the  edge  almost  to  the  midrib,  so  that  it  might  equally  well  be 
considered  a  Gymnogramme. 

N.  niyea.  Also  Central  American,  and  very  like  the  other  ;  but  the  powder 
snowy  white,  and  the  fruit-dots  closer  to  the  margin. 

6.  ADIANTTJM,  MAIDEN-HAIR.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  meaning 
)Jinwett-ed>  tne  rain-drops  not  adhering  to  the  fronds.)     A  large  genus,  most 

abundant  in  warm  climates. 

*  Frond  simply  pinnate  :  exotic. 

A.  macroph^llum.  Cult,  in  hot-houses  from  West  Indies;  pinnae  2-5 
pairs  and  a  terminal  one,  nearly  sessile,  deltoid-ovate,  2'  -3'  long,  nearly  half 
as  wide;  fructification  in  long  marginal  rarely  interrupted  lines.  Pinnae  of 
sterile  fronds  wider  and  somewhat  crenately  incised  and  toothed. 

*  *  Frond  2-  4  times  pinnate,  ovate-lanceolate  in  general  outline. 

A.  Capillus-V6neris,  VENUS-HAIR,  so  named  from  the  shining  capillary 
branches  of  the  rhachis  ;  native  S.,  often  in  conservatories  N.  :  twice  pinnate  or 
thrice  pinnate  at  the  base,  the  long  upper  part  simply  pinnate;  pinnules  about 
£'  broad,  on  very  slender  stalks,  sharply  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  rounded  at 
the  top,  or  rhomboidal,  commonly  deeply  lobed  from  the  upper  margin  ;  fruit- 
dots  one  to  each  lobe  ;  involucres  kidney-shaped  or  transversely  oblong.  Plant 
G'-12'  high,  often  pendent  from  damp  shaded  rocks  in  the  mouths  of  wells, 
&c.,  in  S.  of  Europe. 

A.  JEthi6picum,  as  commonly  seen  in  hot-houses,  is  much  like  the  last  ; 
but  has  smaller  pinnules  not  so  sharply  wedge-shaped,  often  broader  than  long, 
and  less  deeply  lobed  ;  fruit-dots  in  deep  sinuses  of  the  upper  margin  ;  involucres 
kidney-shaped  or  crescent-shaped. 

A.  CUneatum,  from  S.  America,  is  a  much  larger  plant,  broadly  triangu- 
lar in  outline,  3-4  times  pinnate;  pinnules  smaller  and  very  numerous,  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  the  upper  edge  deeply  lobed  ;  fruit-dots  as  in  the  last. 

*  *  *  Frond  two-forked,  with  elongated  simply  pinnate  divisions  springing  from 
the  upper  side  of  the  two  recurved  branches:  midrib  of  the  pinnules  none: 
veins  forked  from  the  base. 


A.  pedatum,  MAIDEN-HAIR.     Native  in  shady  woods  ;  whole  plant  smooth, 
l°-2°  high;    principal  divisions  4'  -10'   long,    \'  -\£  wide;    pinnules  very 


FERN    FAMILY.  365 

numerous,  oblong,  broadest  at  the  base,  obtuse,  lobed  from  the  upper  edge; 
fruit-dots  at  the  top  of  the  lobes  ;  involucres  transversely  oblong  or  linear. 
'  A  hiSDidulum.  from  Australia,  &c.  :  commonly  less  symmetrical  than 
the  last  when  young  irregularly  3 -4-branched;  a  smaller  plant  with  finely 
chaffy  or  bristly  stalk  and  rhacliis ;  pinnules  minutely  hairy,  nearly  entire; 
fruit-dots  crowded  along  the  upper  margin,  involucres  rounded  kidney-shaped. 

7     PTERIS    BRAKE.     (The  ancient  Greek  name  for  Ferns,  meaning  a 

'icing,  from  the  feather-like  fronds. )  Another  large  and  widely  distributed  genus. 

§1.  Veins  free:  stalk  straw-colored  or  brownish. 

*  Frond  simply  pinnate :  pinnce  undivided. 

P  longifblia.  Cult,  from  warm  regions,  native  in  S.  Florida :  oblong- 
lanceolate  in  outline  ;  pinnae  numerous,  linear  and  tapering  from  a  truncate  or 
cordate  base,  the  upper  and  lower  ones  gradually  smaller. 

*  *  Frond  pinnate,  and  with  the  lower  pairs  of  pinnce  forked  or  again  pinnate, 

the  divisions  and  upper  pinnoz  elongated,  simple. 

P.  Cretica.  Cult,  from  warm  climates,  native  in  Florida:  l°-2°  high; 
pinna:  1-4  pairs,  the  upper  ones  slightly  decurrent,  lower  ones  cleft  almost  to 
the  base  into  2-3  long  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  divisions  ;  sterile  ones  and 
tips  of  the  narrower  fertile  ones  finely  and  sharply  serrate.  Var.  ALBO-LINEATA 
has  a  whitish  stripe  in  the  middle  of  each  division. 

P.  serrulata.  Cult,  from  China:  l°-l£°  high;  pinna3  3-8  pairs,  all 
but  the  lowest  decurrent  and  forming  a  wing  3"  wide  on  the  main  rhachis  ; 
lower  pairs  pinnately  or  pedately  cut  into  several  narrow  linear-acuminate 
divisions ;  upper  ones  simple,  sterile  ones  spiuulose-serruhvte. 

*  *  *  Fronds  pinnate,  and  the  numerous  primary  divisions  pinnately  cut  into  many 

lobes,  the  lowest  ones  mostly  with  1-3  elongated  similarly-lobtd  branches  on 
the  lower  side. 

P.  quadriaurita.  Cult,  from  East  or  West  Indies,  &c.  :  fronds  l°-3° 
long,  6' -12'  wide,  broadly  ovate  in  outline;  lobes  of  primary  divisions  linear- 
oblong,  £'-!'  long,  3"  wide,  very  numerous  and  often  crowded,  mostly  rather 
obtuse.  Var.  ARGYREA,  has  a  band  of  white  along  the  middle  of  the  primary 
divisions  ;  to  this  is  added  a  tinge  of  red  in  var.  TRICOLOR. 

*  #  #  #  Fronds  broadly  triangular,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  throughout:  lowest 

primary  divisions  long-stalked. 

P.  aquilina,  COMMON  BRAKE.  Plentiful  everywhere,  l°-5°  high,  harsh 
to  the  touch  ;  the  lowest  primary  divisions  standing  obliquely  forward  ;  second- 
ary divisions  pinnatifid  with  many  oblong  or  linear  sometimes  hastate  lobes, 
which  in  a  fruiting  frond  are  bordered  everywhere  with  brown  spore-cases. 

§  2.  DORYOPTERIS.  Veins  finely  reticulated:  frond  pedate,  and  5-angled: 
stalk  black  and  shining. 

P.  pedata.  Cult,  from  West  Indies  and  S.  America:  frond  2' -6'  long 
and  nearly  as  wide,  almost  parted  into  a  few  primary  divisions ;  upper  ones  en- 
tire, lowest  pair  again  cleft ;  the  lobes  on  the  lower  side  much  largest. 

8.  PELL-ZE A,  CLIFF-BRAKE.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  meaning  dark- 
colored,  descriptive  of  the  stalk.)  Mostly  small  Ferns  :  the  following  species 
have  fronds  of  a  somewhat  coriaceous  texture. 

P.  rotundifdlia,  from  New  Zealand:  frond  narrow,  6' -12'  long,  on  a 
chaffy  and  pubescent  wiry  stalk,  simply  pinnate;  pinnae  round  or  roundish- 
oblong  and  entire ;  band  of  spore-cases  very  wide  and  concealing  the  narrow 
involucre. 

P.  atropurpurea.  Wild,  on  shaded  limerock  :  fronds  tufted,  6'- 12'  long, 
2' -4'  wide,  with  polished  and  sparingly  downy  stalks,  2-pinnate,  simply  pinnate 
toward  the  top ;  pinnules  distinct,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  rarely  halberd-shaped, 
obtuse  or  slightly  mucronate ;  involucre  rather  broad,  and  at  length  hidden  by 
the  spore-cases. 

P.  hastata,  from  South  Africa :  mostly  larger  than  the  last  and  very  vari- 
able ;  frond  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  1  -  3-pinnate ;  pinnules  lanceolate  or 


3C6  PERN   FAMILY. 

rhomboid-ovate,  very  often  halberd-shaped,  the  end  ones  of  the  primary  plnnre 
much  the  largest,  often  l'-2'  long  and  £'-!'  broad;  stalk  and  branches  black 
and  polished,  smooth ;  involucre  rather  narrow. 

9.  WOODWARDIA,  CHAIN-FERN.     (Named  in  honor  of  Thomas  J. 
Woodward,  an  English  botanist  of  the  last  century.)     A  small  genus  of  rather 
large  Ferns,  all  natives  of  the  N.  temperate  zone. 

W.  Virginica.  Tall,  growing  in  swamps  N.  &  S. :  sterile  and  fertile 
fronds  alike,  ovate  in  outline,  pinnate,  with  lanceolate  deeply  pinnatifid  .pinna; ; 
lobes  oblong,  obtuse ;  veins  reticulated,  forming  a  single  row  of  meshes  along 
the  midribs  of  pinna3  and  of  lobes,  the  outer  veinlets  free;  fruit-dots  oblong, 
close  to  the  midribs. 

W.  angUStifdlia.  Range,  &c.  of  the  last,  but  less  common  :  fronds  6'  - 
10'  long,  4' -6'  broad,  pinnatifid  almost  to  the  winged  rhachis  into  17-27  lobes, 
which  are  broadly  lanceolate  and  with  copiously  reticulated  veins  in  the  sterile 
frond,  but  are  narrowly  linear  in  the  fertile,  and  with  a  single  row  of  narrow 
meshes  next  the  midrib ;  fruit-dots  linear,  sausage-shaped,  one  iu  .each  mesh. 

10.  DOODIA.     (Named  in  honor  of  Samuel  Doody,  an  early  English  Crypto- 
gamic  botanist.)     Small  Ferns,  cult,  from  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 

D.  caudata.  Fronds  9'-15'  long,  linear-lanceolate,  on  dull-black  nearly 
smooth  stalks,  pinnate  with  many  linear  serrate  and  nearly  sessile  pinnae,  which 
are  about  lf  long,  often  slightly  auriculate  at  base,  the  lower  ones  rather  trian- 
gular, distant ;  fruit-dots  in  a  single  row  next  the  midrib. 

D.  aspera.  Stalk  black  and  rough  with  small  ragged  points  ;  fronds  broadly 
lanceolate,  rather  coriaceous,  harsh  to  the  touch,  pinnatifid  to  the  rhachis ;  di- 
visions crowded,  oblong-linear,  spinulose-serrate,  lower  ones  gradually  smaller; 
fruit-dots  not  close  to  the  midrib,  sometimes  a  second  row  next  the  margin. 

11.  ASPLENIUM,  SPLEENWORT.     (Name  from  the  Greek ;  refers  to 
supposed  action  on  the  spleen.)     A  very  large  genus,  the  size  of  the  species 
ranging  from  quite  small  up  to  very  large  and  even  tree-like. 

§  1.   Fronds  undivided,  large  and  showy :  calt.fiom  East  Indies,  frc. 

A.  Nidus,  BIRD'S-NEST  FERN.  Fronds  numerous,  broadly  lanceolate, 
2° -4°  long,  4' -8'  wide,  entire,  short-stalked,  arranged  in  a  crown  around  the 
central  upright  rootstock ;  fruit-dots  very  narrow,  elongated,  crowded,  running 
from  the  stout  midrib  obliquely  half-way  to  the  margin. 

§  2.    Fronds  small,  pinnatifid  below,  tapering  into  a  long  entire  point  •  native. 

A.  pinnatifidum.  Very  rare,  near  Philadelphia,  and  sparingly  W.  &  S., 
especially  along  the  Alleghanies  :  fronds  3'  -  6'  long,  £"  -  1  {'  wide  at  the  base ; 
lobes  roundish-ovate  mostly  obtuse ;  fruit-dots  small,  irregular. 

§  3.    Fronds  simply  pinnate. 
*  Small  Ferns,  4'  - 15'  high :  all  except  the  last  are  wild  species. 

A.  Trich6manes.  Common,  forming  dense  tufts  in  crevices  of  shady 
rocks  :  fronds  linear,  4' -8'  long,  with  black  and  shining  stalk  and  rhachis,  and 
many  roundish  or  oblong  slightly  crenated  or  entire  pinnae,  about  4'  long  and 
about  half  as  broad ;  fruit-dots  few  to  each  pinna. 

A.  ebeneum.  Common  in  rocky  woods :  fronds  linear-lanceolate,  nar- 
rower at  the  base,  8' -15' long,  1'- 2' wide;  stalk  dark  and  polished;  pinna; 
many,  linear-oblong,  often  slightly  curved,  finely  serrate,  auricled  on  one  or 
both  sides  at  the  base  ;  fruit-dots  numerous. 

A.  flab  ell  if  61  ilim.  Cult,  from  Australia :  lax,  the  rhachis  often  pro- 
longed and  rooting  at  the  very  end  ;  fronds  linear ;  pinnae  sharply  wedge-shaped 
at  the  base,  the  broad  and  rounded  end  crenated  ;  fruit-dots  irregularly  radiat- 
ing from  the  base  of  the  pinnae. 

*  *  hirge  Ferns,  l°-30high. 

A.  angU8tif61ium.  Rich  woods  N.,  and  S.,  mainly  along  the  mountains  : 
fronds  thin,  long-lanceolate,  pinnae  many  3' -4' long,  linear-lanccolato  from  a 


• 


FERN   FAMILY.  367 

truncate  or  rounded  base,  acuminate,  nearly  entire ;  those  of  the  fertile  frond 
narrower ;  fruit-dots  slightly  curved,  very  numerous. 

§  4.    Fronds  more  than  once  pinnate. 
*  Fruit-dots  more  ttian  one  in  each  smallest  division  of  the  frond. 

A.  Rllta-muraria,  WALL-RUB.  On  exposed  cliffs  of  limestone,  from 
Vermont  W.  &  S.  :  fronds  small,  l'-4'long,  ovate,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate, 
the  few  divisions  rather  thickish,  wedge-shaped  or  rhomboid,  toothed  at  the 
top  ;  fruit-dots  few,  becoming  confluent. 

A.  furcatum.  Cult,  from  Trop.  America,  S.  Africa,  &c. :  fronds  8' -15' 
long,  3' -6'  wide,  on  a  somewhat  hairy  stajk,  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnate  with 
lance-obloug  acuminate  pinuaj,  which  are  again  pinnately  cut  nearly  or  quite  to 
the  midrib ;  divisions  oblique,  wedge-shaped,  narrow,  serrate,  rather  coriaceous, 
deeply  marked  by  the  forking  veins ;  fruit-dots  elongated,  radiating  from  the 
base  of  the  division. 

A.  thelypteroides.  In  rich  rocky  woods,  not  rare  :  fronds  l£°-3°  high, 
thin  in  texture,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate;  pinnae  3;-6'  long,  lanceolate, 
deeply  pinnatifid  into  close-set  oblong  and  obtuse  minutely  toothed  lobes  ;  fruit- 
dots  6-12  to  each  lobe,  some  of  them  commonly  double. 

\A.  Filix-fODinina,  LADY-FERN.  Common  in  moist  woods  :  fronds  large 
(2° -3°  high,  4' -8'  broad),  growing  like  the  last  in  a  crown,  2-3-pinnate; 
pinnae  lanceolate,  with  a  narrow  border  to  the  secondary  rhachis  :  pinnules 
oblong  and  sharply  serrate,  or  in  larger  plants  lanceolate  and  pinnatifid  with 
incised  lobes ;  fruit-dots  short,  variously  curved,  at  length  confluent. 

*  *  Smallest  divisions  of  the  frond  narrow,  entire,  containing  but  a  single  veinl 
and  but  one  fruit-dot. 

A.  Belangeri.  Cult,  from  Malacca  and  Java:  fronds  l°-l£°  high, 
2'  -  3'  wide,  coriaceous,  pale  green,  as  is  the  stoutish  stalk ;  pinnae  oblong, 
truncate  at  the  base,  Avith  a  rounded  apex,  pinnatifid  to  the  winged  midrib  into 
numerous  narrowly  oblong  and  obtuse  lobes,  the  upper  basal  ones  of  each  pinna 
2  -  3-cleft,  the  rest  entire  and  bearing  on  the  side  farthest  from  the  main  rhachis 
a  solitary  elongated  fruit-dot. 

A.  myriophyllum.  Limestone  caves  in  Jackson  Co.,  Florida:  fronds 
delicate,  almost  translucent,  lanceolate,  6' -9'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  2-3-pinnate  ; 
smallest  divisions  obovate-oblong,  2"  -3"  long,  ^"  wide  ;  fruit-dot  in  the  lower 
half  of  each  division. 

A.  bulblferum.  Cult,  from  New  Zealand,  &c :  fronds  herbaceous,  ample, 
broadly  lanceolate,  l°-3°  long,  6' -12'  wide,  2-3-pinnate,  often  producing 
leafy  bulbs  on  the  upper  surface ;  pinnae  triangular-lanceolate,  with  a  broadly 
winged  midrib;  pinnules  lanceolate,  deeply  toothed  or  cut  into  oblong-linear 
lobes  ;  fruit-dots  extending  from  the  middle  of  the  lobes  downward  almost  to 
the  midrib  of  the  pinnules. 

12.  SCOLOPENDRIUM.     (Name  from  the  Greek  word  for  a  centipede, 
suggested  by  the  many  oblique  lines  of  fruit  each  side  of  the  midrib.) 

S.  vulgare,  HART'S-TONGUE.     Rare,  among  shaded  rocks  in  Central  New    2 
York  and  in  Canada  West;  fronds  6' -18'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  oblong-lanceolate 
from  a  heart-shaped  base,  herbaceous,  the  margin  entire  or  wavy.     Cultivated 
forms  from  England  are  crisped,  crested,  many-forked,  &c. 

13.  CAMPTOSORUS,    WALKING-LEAF.     (Name  from   the   Greek, 
meaning  a  bent,  heap,  referring  to  the  curved  and  angled  fruit-dots.)     Almost 

the  only  species  is 

C.  rhizophyllus.  Damp  mossy  rocks  N.  &  S.,  mainly  along  the  moun- 
tains :  frond  4'-  12'  long,  tapering  from  a  heart-shaped  or  auricled  base  6"-  12" 
wide  to  a  long  narrow  point,  which  often  roots  at  the  end,  and  there  gives  rise 
to  a  new  plant,  ready  to  take  another  step  in  advance. 

14.  PHEGOPTERIS,  BEECH-FERN  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek, 
the  original  species  often  found  among  beeches).     Chiefly  tropical;  but  the 
following  are  all  wild  species,  in  rocky  or  shady  woods. 


J/.  / 

368  PERN    FAMILY. 

*  Fronds  twice  pinnatifid:  the  sessile  pinnce  mostly  firming  an  irregular  and 
many-angled  wing  along  the  rhachis. 

P.  polypodioides,  formerly  POLYPODIUM  PnEGdPTERis.     Common  N.  : 
fronds  4'  -9'  long,  longer  than  broad,  triangular-ovate,  slightly  hairy  beneath; 


lanceolate,  the  lower  pair  turned  obliquely  forwards  ;  secondary  divisions 
crowded,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  ;  fruit-dots  all  near  the  margin. 

P.  hexagonoptera.  Common  N.  &  S.  :  larger  than  the  last,  which  it 
much  resembles,  but  the  frond  is  broader  than  long  ;  lowest  pinna)  much  the 
largest  and  with  elongated  and  pinnatifid  divisions  ;  fruit-dots  not  exclusively 
near  the  margin. 

#  #  Fronds  with  three  primary  divisions,  which  are  stalked,  rhachis  wingless, 

P.  Dryopteris.  Common  N.  :  fronds  broadly  triangular,  4'  -6'  wide, 
smooth  ;  the  three  primary  divisions  triangular,  once  or  twice  pinnate  with  ob- 
long obtuse  entire  or  toothed  lobes  ;  fruit-dots  near  the  margin. 

16.   ASPIDIITM,  SHIELD-FERN.     (Greek  for  a  little  shield,  referring  to 
the  indusium.)  —  A  very  large  genus,  inhabiting  all  parts  of  the  world. 

§  1.   NEPHR6DIUM  or  DRYOPTERIS.     Indusium  round-kidney-shaped  or  nearly 

circular  with  a  narrow  cleft  from  the  lower  side  almost  to  the  centre. 
#  Fronds  thickish,  simply  pinnate,  the  few  pinnae  entire  or  nearly  so. 

A.  Sieb61dii.  Cult,  from  Japan  :  fronds  coriaceous,  smooth,  about  1° 
high,  with  2-4  pairs  of  side  pinnae,  each  4'  -6'  long  and  nearly  1'  wide,  and  a 
terminal  one  rather  larger  than  the  others  ;  veins  with  4-6  free  parallel  branch- 
es ;  fruit-dots  large,  scattered  in  several  rows. 

#  *  Fronds  thin,  decaying  in  early  autumn  (or  tender  hot-house,  plants),  pinnate  : 

pinnce  simply  pinnatifid  with  mostly  entire  obtuse  lobes  :  indusium  small. 

•*-  Rootstock  creeping,  slender,  nearly  naked  and  bearing  scattered  fronds  :  veins 
free,  simple  or  once  forked  :  wild  species,  common  in  bogs  and  low  grounds. 

A.  Thetypteris.  Fronds  lanceolate,  10'  -18'  long,  on  slender  stalks, 
nearlv  smooth  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  2'  -  4'  long,  about  ^'  wide,  spreading  or 
turned  down,  the  lowest  pair  scarcely  shorter  ;  divisions  oblong,  fruiting  ones 
seeming  acute  from  the  revolute  margins  ;  veins  mostly  forked  ;  fruit-dots  con- 
fluent when  ripe  ;  indusium  smooth. 

A.  Noveboracen.se.  Much  like  the  last,  but  hairy  beneath  along  the 
rhachis  and*  veins  ;  fronds  tapering  both  ways  from  the  middle  ;  lower  pinnae 
gradually  smaller  and  distant  ;  lobes  flat,  the  basal  ones  often  larger  and  incised  ; 
veins  rarely  forked  ;  fruit-dots  distinct  ;  indusium  slightly  glandular. 

•*-  •*-  Rootstock  oblique  or  erect,  stouter,  l>earing  the  fronds  in  a  crown  :  veins  simple, 
free,  or  the  lower  ones  of  contiguous  lobes  united:  indusium  hairy. 

A.  patens.  Low  shady  grounds,  Florida  and  W.  :  fronds  l°-2°  high, 
sparsely  pubescent,  ovate-oblong;  pinnae  3'  -6'  long,  £'  wide,  numerous,  lance- 
olate from  a  broad  base,  lowest  pairs  a  litile  smaller  ;  divisions  oblong,  slightly 
falcate,  obtuse  or  acutish  ;  veins  entirely  free  ;  indusium  slightly  hairy. 

A.  mdlle.  Cult,  from  tropical  countries  :  very  much  like  the  last,  but  ev- 
erywhere downy  or  soft-hairy  ;  pinnae  less  deeply  lohcd  ;  lobes  obtuse  ;  lower 
veinlets  (1  or  2  pairs)  uniting  with  the  corresponding  ones  of  contiguous  lobes 
and  sending  out  a  ray-like  veinlet  to  the  sinus  ;  indusium  very  hairy. 

#  *  *  Fronds  smooth,  from  once  to  thrice  pinnate,  growing  in  a  crown  from  a 

stout  and  chaffy  rootsfock,  and  often  remaining  green  through  the  winter  : 
veins  2  -  4-f»r&ed  or  branching.      Wild  species  of  the  country. 

•*-  Fronds  imperfectly  evergreen,  once  pinnate  with  deeply  pinnafijid  pinnce,  or 
nearly  twice  pinnate  :  fruit-dots  not.  close  to  the  margin  :  indusium  rather 
large,  flat,  smooth,  persistent. 

A.  Goldianum.  Rich  moist  woods  N.  :  fronds  broadly  ovate,  2°  -4°  high, 
9'  -12'  wide;  pinna?  oblong-lanceolate,  broadest  about  the  middle,  parted  to  the 


FERN    FAMILY.  369 

midrib;   divisions  very  numerous,  nearly  1'  long,   somewhat  scythe-shaped, 
rather  acute,  serrate  with  incurved  teeth ;  fruit-dots  very  near  the  midvein. 

A.  cristatum.  Wet  places  in  woods,  common  :  fronds  narrowly  oblong, 
l°-2°  high,  3' -5' wide,  rather  rigid,  erect;  pinnae  triangular-ovate,  broadest 
at  base,  pinnatifid  almost  to  the  midrib,  divisions  not  many,  oblong,  obtuse, 

«  »  ,11  ^1          1 • xJli/l    1^1 1    .      £ **.    J^A^ 


and  is  often  mistaken  for  A.  Goldianum.  —  Var.  FLORID\NUM,  in  wet  woods 
S.,  has  the  lower  pinnae  triangular-lanceolate  and  sterile,  but  the  upper  ones 
fertile,  narrower  and  longer,  with  very  short  obtuse  rather  distant  divisions, 
which  are  decurrent  on  the  winged  secondary  rhachis. 

•t-  H-  Fronds  imperfectly  evergreen,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate :  the  divisions  cut.- 
toothed  or  incised :  fruit-dots  not  near  the  margin :  indusium  rather  small, 
withering  away. 

A.  spimildsum.  Shady  woods,  very  common  N. :  fronds  thin,  oblong- 
ovate  ;  pinnae  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  broader  and  somewhat  triangu- 
lar ;  pinnules  very  numerous,  oblong-ovate,  pinnately  incised,  the  oblong  lobes 
with  spinulose  teeth  toward  the  ends  ;  indusium  smooth  or  minutely  glandular 
at  the  margin.  —  Has  several  forms. — Var.  DILAT\TUM,  in  mountainous  places, 
N.,  is  larger,  broader  in  outline  and  commonly  but  twice  pinnate  ;  pinnules  of 
the  lowest  pinnae  greatly  elongated.  — Var.  BOOTTII,  in  swampy  woods  N.,  is 
2° -3°  high,  of  narrow  outline,  barely  twice  pinnate,  with  oblong-ovate  toothed 
pinnules,  or  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid  :  —  it  runs  apparently  into  A.  cristatum. 

-i-  -i—  -v-  Fronds  fully  evergreen,  thickish,  about  twice-pinnate  :  fruit-dots  n<ar  the 
margin  :  indusium  thickish,  convex,  persistent. 

A.  marginale.  Rocky  woods,  common  N. :  fronds  l°-2°  long,  ovate- 
oblong,  bluish-green,  the  stalk  very  chaffy ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  3'  -  5'  long ; 
pinnules  oblong,  often  curved,  entire  or  obtusely  toothed,  attached  by  a  broad 
base  to  the  narrowly  winged  secondary  rhachis  ;  fruit-dots  close  to  the  margin, 
rather  large. 

§  2.   POLYSTICHTJM.     Indusium  orbicular,  peltate,  attached  by  the  centre  to  a 
short  stalk:  veins  forking,  free  :  wild  species  of  the  country. 

A.  acrostichoides.  Rocky  woods,  common  ;  fronds  l°-2°  high,  grow- 
ing in  crowns,  with  chaffy  rootstocks  and  stalks,  evergreen,  shining,  lanceolate, 
simply  pinnate ;  pinnae  numerous,  oblong-lanceolate  from  an  unequal  half- 
halberd-shaped  base,  serrulate  with  bristle-pointed  teeth,  rarely  incised,  upper 
ones  of  the  fertile  frond  smaller  and  bearing  copious  soon  confluent  fruit-dots. 

§3.  CYRT6MIUM.  Indusium.  as  in  §  POLYSTICHUM.  Fronds  once  pinnate  : 
veins  pinnate  from  the  midrib,  pinnately  branching,  the  veinlets  reticulated 
and  forming  arched  meshes  with  1-3  free  included  veinlets  rising  from  the 
base  of  the  arch :  exotic. 

A.  falcatum.  Cult,  from  Japan:  fronds  l°-2°high,  5' -9' broad;  base 
of  stalk  chaffy  with  large  scales ;  pinnae  thick  and  shining,  end  one  large  and 
rhomboid  or  halberd -shaped ;  side  ones  few  or  many,  oblong-ovate,  long-pointed, 
nearly  entire,  lower  side  of  base  rounded,  upper  side  angled  or  slightly  auricled  ; 
fruit^dots  in  many  rows  on  all  or  nearly  all  the  pinnae. 

16.   CYSTOPTERIS.     (Greek  for  Bladder  Fern,  alluding  to   the   thin, 
sometimes  inflated  indusium.)     Species  few,  mostly  Northern. 

C.  fragilis.     Shaded  or  moist  rocky  places,  common  N.  :  fronds  very  deli- 
cate, 4' -8'  long,  with  slender  stalks,  oblong-ovate,  twice-pinnate;  pinnae  with        ' 
a  narrowly  margined  rhachis ;  pinnules  oblong  or  ovate,  toothed  or  incised,  very 
variable;  indusium  pointed  at  the  upper  end. 

C.  bulbifera.      Wet  places,  oftenest  in  ravines,  from  N.  Carolina  N.  : 
fronds  l°-3°  high,  3' -5'  wide  at  the  base,  narrowed  above  and  much  elon- 
gated, twice  pinnate,  bearing  scattered  bulblets  beneath  ;  pinnules  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  mdusium  roundish,  truncate  on  the  upper  side. 
24 


370  PERN    FAMILY. 

17.  STRTJTHIOPTERIS,  OSTRICH-FERN  (which  the  name  means 
in  Greek,  from  the  large  plume-like  sterile  frtfnds). 

S.  Germanica.  Alluvial  grounds,  N.  :  sterile  fronds  tall,  2°  -  5°  high, 
lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short  angular  stalk,  pinnate ;  pinnae 
very  many,  narrowly  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  more  than  half-way  to  the  midrib  ; 
lobes  numerous,  oblong ;  fertile  fronds  very  much  shorter,  blackish,  standing 
erect  after  the  others  have  withered. 

18.  ONOCLEA.     SENSITIVE-FERN.     (Name,  from  the  Greek,  mean- 
ing a  dosed  vessel,  referring  to  the  berry-like  fructification.)  The  only  species  is 
O.  sensibilis.     Common  in  wet  places  :  sterile  fronds  of  all  sizes  up  to  2° 

high,  broadly  triangular-ovate,  the  rhachis  winged ;  pinna}  not  many,  lanceolate, 
entire  or  obtusely  lobed  less  than  half-way  to  the  midrib,  veins  everywhere 
reticulated ;  fertile  fronds  with  few  closely  appressed  pinna?. 

19.  WOODSIA.     (For  Joseph  Woods,  an  English  botanist.) 

W.  Obttisa.  Rocky  places,  from  Carolina  N.  :  fronds  6'  -  18'  high,  slightly 
glandular,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate  with  ovate  or  oblong  deeply  pinnatifid 
or  again  pinnate  divisions  ;  lobes  oblong,  obtuse ;  indusium  at  first  closed, 
opening  into  a  few  ragged  lobes.  jfo. 

W.  Ilvensis.  Exposed  rocks,  common  N.,  and  along  the  Alleghanies: 
forms  large  tufts ;  fronds  4'  -  8'  high,  rusty  chaffy  beneath,  oblong-lanceolate, 
pinnate;  divisions  ovate,  obtusely  lobed ;  *  indusium  obscure,  consisting  of  a 
few  jointed  hairs. 

20.  DAVALLIA.     (Named  for  M.  Davall,  a  Swiss  botanist.)     Many  trop- 
ical or  sub-tropical  species,  the  following  cult,  in  conservatories. 

D.  Canariensis,  HARE'S-FOOT-FERN,  from  the  Canary  Islands,  etc. : 
rootstock  creeping  above  ground,  covered  with  brownish  scales,  and  looking  not 
unlike  an  animal's  paw;  fronds  few,  smooth,  broadly  triangular,  8' -15' long 
and  about  as  wide,  3-4-pinnate  ;  pinnules  cut  into  a  few  narrow  lobes  ;  these 
are  directed  upwards,  bearing  at  or  just  below  the  end  a  single  fruit-dot ;  indu- 
sium whitish,  deeply  half-cup-shaped. 

D.  tenuifblia,  from  India  and  China  :  rootstock  creeping,  crisp  with  short 
chaffy  hairs;  fronds  smooth,  1°- 2°  high,  broadly  lanceolate,  3  -  4-pinnate  ; 
smallest  divisions  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  bearing  at  the  truncated  ends  one  or 
two  fruit-dots  ;  indusium  brownish,  mostly  broader  than  deep. 

21.  DIGKSONIA.     (For  James  Dickson,  an  English  botanist.)     The  spe- 
cies all  but  one  tropical  or  in  the  southern  hemisphere. 

D.  punctil6bllla.  Moist  shady  places,  from  N.  Carolina  N.  :  rootstock 
creeping,  slender ;  fronds  scattered,  thin,  minutely  glandular,  pleasantly  odor- 
ous, lancelote,  long-pointed,  2°  -  3°  high,  mostly  bipinnate  ;  pinnules  pinnatifid  ; 
the  divisions  toothed,  each  bearing  a  minute  fruit-dot  at  the  upper  margin  ; 
indusium  globular. 

D.  antarctica.  Tree-fern  from  New  Zealand,  a  great  ornament  in  large 
conservatories:  trunk  3' -5'  thick,  sometimes  many  feet  high,  bearing  in  a 
crown  at  the  top  many  fronds,  6°  -  9°  long,  2°  -  4°  broad,  coriaceous,  twice 
pinnate  ;  pinnules  oblong,  acute,  pinnatifid  ;  the  oblong-ovate  divisions  bearing 
1-4  rather  large  fruit-dots  ;  indusium  prominent,  plainly  two-valved. 

22.  CYATHEA.     (Name  from  the  Greek  word  for  a  small  cup,  referring  to 
the  involucre.)     Tree-ferns  from  tropical  countries. 

C.  arborea.  Rarely  cult,  from  W.  Indies:  trunk  sometimes  20°  high, 
stalk  mostly  light-brown,  and  without  prickles  or  chaff;  fronds  4°  -  10°  long, 
bipinnate  ;  pinna}  1°  -  2°  long,  6'  -  8'  wide,  lanceolate  ;  pinnules  narrowly  lance- 
olate, spreading,  pinnatifid  to  the  midrib  ;  lobes  oblong,  slightly  serrate,  with 
4-9  fruit-dots  near  the  midvein  ;  involucre  beautifully  cup-shaped,  the  margin 
entire.  —  Several  other  species,  as  well  as  one  or  two  of  the  allied  genus  HK MI- 
TELIA  (with  an  imperfect  involucre,  veins  often  partly  reticulated),  arc  rarely 
seen  in  conservatories. 


FERN    FAMILY.  371 

23.  ALSOPHILA.     (From  Greek  words' meaning  grove-loving,  the  species 
growing  in  tropical  forests. 

A.  aspera.  Rarely  cult,  from  W.  Indies :  trunk  6°  -  8°  high  ;  stalks 
prickly,  clothed  at  the  base  with  pale,  narrow  scales  ;  fronds  6°  -  8°  long,  2° -3° 
wide,  bipinnate  ;  rhachis  hairy  above  ;  pinnae  oblong-lanceolate  ;  pinnules  very 
many,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  almost  to  the  midrib ;  lobes  oblong,  curved,  ser- 
rate:,"  obtuse ;  fruit-dots  8-10  to  a  lobe;  indusium  a  thin  scale  on  one  side  of 
the  fruit-dot,  often  disappearing  with  age. 

A.  pruinata,  from  S.  America,  is  sometimes  seen  ;  a  much  smaller  plant ; 
rootstock  short,  clothed  with  bright-brown  wool ;  fronds  smooth,  green  above, 
pale  and  glaucous  often  almost  white  beneath,  bipinnate ;  pinnules  deeply 
toothed  ;  fruit-dots  solitary  at  the  base  of  each  tooth ;  spore-cases  mixed  with 
woolly  hairs. 

24.  TEICHOMANES.     (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  Fern,  referring 
to  the  hair-like  stalks.)     A  large  genus  ;  most  of  the  species  tropical. 

T.  radicans.    On  dripping  rocks,  Alabama  and  Tennessee,  very  rare :  fronds  ; 
pellucid,  4'  -8'  high,  the  stalk  and  rhachis  narrowly  winged,  lanceolate,  pinnate 
with  I  -  2-pinnatifid  ovate  pinnae  ;  involucres  on  short  lobes,  funnel-shaped, 
with  long  exserted  receptacles.  —  A  broader  and  more  compound  form  from 
Killarney,  Ireland,  is  grown  in  Wardian  cases. 

25.  LYGODIUM,    CLIMBING-FERN.      (Name  from  a  Greek  word 
meaning  flexible,  alluding  to  the  twining  and  climbing  fronds.)     Not  many 
species ;  all  but  ours  tropical. 

L.  palmatum.  Low  shady  woods,  rather  rare :  smooth,  slender,  and  deli- 
cate, 2° -4°  high,  entangled  among  herbs;  pinnae  roundish,  12"- 18"  wide, 
deeply  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  palmately  5  —  7-lobed,  upper  ones  decompound 
an  I  fertile. 

L.  Japonicum.  Conservatory  plant  from  Japan  :  climbing  10°  - 12°  high, 
smooth;  pinnae  ovate,  5' -9'  long,  bipinnate,  divisions  ovate-lanceolate,  often 
halberd-shaped ;  divisions  of  the  upper  pinna;  bordered  with  narrow  fertile  lobes. 

26.  ANEIMIA.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  meaning  without  covering,  allud- 
ing to  the  naked  spore-cases.)     Mainly  tropical. 

A.  Phyllitidis.     Cult,  from  S.  America  :  12'  - 18'  high,  has  the  two  lower   N/ 
pinnae  long-stalked,  narrowly-elongated,  3-4-pinnate,  fertile;   middle  portion 
of  the  frond  sterile,  simply  pinnate ;  pinna?  lanceolate,  finely  serrate ;  veins  re- 
ticulated. 

A.  adiantoides.  Native  in  Key  West,  Florida ;  with  lower  pinnae  as  in 
the  last ;  middle  portion  sterile,  2  -  3-pinnate ;  pinnae  long-pointed ;  divisions 
obovatc-wcdgc-shaped,  entire  or  toothed  at  the  end,  with  free  veins  forking  from 
the  base. 

27.  SCHIZ^IA.     (Name  from  the  Greek  verb  which  means  to  split,  refer- 
ring to  the  many-forked  fronds  of  certain  tropical  species.) 

S.  pusilla.  Wet  sand,  in  pine  woods  of  New  Jersey :  sterile  fronds  very 
slender,  flattened,  simple  and  linear,  curled  up ;  fertile  ones  similar,  but  straight, 
2' -3'  high,  bearing  at  the  top  the  fertile  portion,  2" -3"  long,  composed  of 
about  5  pairs  of  minute  pinnre. 

28.  OSMUNDA,    FLOWERING  FERN.     (Name  of  doubtful  origin,         - 
anciently  "  Osmund  the  Waterman"  who  was  perhaps  St.  Osmund,  Bishop  of 
Salisbury,  or  possibly  St.  Christopher,  patron  of  watermen.     Vide  Hooker's 
British  Ferns. )     Species  very  feAV,  fruiting  in  spring  or  early  summer. 

#  Fruiting  fronds  distinct  from  the  leafy  ones. 

O.  cinnamdmea,  CINNAMON-FERN.  Swamps,  abundant  everywhere : 
sterile  fronds  2°  -  5°  high,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate  with  many  lanceolate 
deeply  pinnatifid  pinnaj ;  fertile  ones  much  shorter,  at  first  woolly)  soon  with- 
ering ;  fructification  bright  cinnamon  color. 


/ 
C* 


372  CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY. 

*  *  Fructification  borne  at  the  top  or  middle  of  an  otherwise  leafy  frond. 

O.  Claytoniana.  Wet  places,  common  :  sterile  fronds  much  like  those 
of  the  last,  but  more  obtuse  at  the  top  ;  fertile  ones  with  2-4  pairs  of  contracted 
and  fertile  blackish  pinna?  just  below  the  middle,  —  otherwise  like  the  sterile. 

O.  regalis,  ROYAL  FERN.  Also  common  in  swamps  and  wet  woods, 
fruiting  later  than  the  others  :  fronds  truly  bipinnate;  pinnules  oval  or  oblong, 
serrulate,  obtuse,  sometimes  a  little  heart-shaped  at  base,  or  slightly  auricled  on 
one  side;  fertile  portion  at  the  top  of  the  frond,  panicled;  spore-cases  light- 
b^wn. 

29.  BOTRYCHIUM,  MOONWORT.     (Name  from  the  Greek  word  for 
a  bunch  of  grapes,  from  the  appearance  of  the  fructification.)  Species  very  few, 
none  cultivated. 

B.  ternatum.  Shaded  grassy  pastures  and  hillsides  :  plant  fleshy,  3'  -  10' 
high  ;  common  stalk  with  two  branches,  a  long-stalked  fertile  one  with  twice  or 
thrice  pinnate  fructification  facing  a  triangular  ternately  compound  sterile  por- 
tion on  a  longer  or  shorter  stalk.  —  Has  several  forms:  var.  LUNARIOIDKS  has 
roundish  kidney-shaped  sterile  divisions;  in  var.  OBLIQUUM  they  are  lanceolate 
from  an  oblique  base  ;  and  in  var.  DISSECTUM,  pinnatifid  into  narrowly  toothed 
and  ragged  lobes. 

B.  Virginicum.  In  rich  woods  :  plant  herbaceous,  not  fleshy,  6'  -  1  8'  high  ; 
sterile  portion  sessile  on  the  common  stalk,  thin,  broadly  triangular,  ternate  ; 
the  parts  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  ;  divisions  thin,  obloncr-lanceolate,  incised  or 
toothed;  fertile  portion  long-stalked,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate.  —  Other  smaller 
species  occur  rarely  N. 

30.  OPHIOGLOSSUM.     (Greek  equivalent  of  the  common  name.) 

O.  Vlllgatum,  ADDER'S-TONGUE.  Wet  meadows  or  hillside  pastures, 
rare:  3'  -10'  high;  sterile  portion  somewhat  fleshy,  ovate  or  elliptical,  entire, 
l'-2'  long,  sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  stalk  which  supports  the  short  two- 
sided  spike.  —  Some  rare  tropical  species  have  large  and  palmate,  or  pendulous 
and  ribbon-like  fronds. 


134.  LYCOPODIACE^E,  CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY. 

Flowerless  plants,  often  moss-like  or  fern-like,  witli  leafy,  often 
elongated  and  branching  stems,  the  spores  contained  in  rather  large 
solitary  spore-cases  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  simple  mostly  awl- 
shaped  leaves. 

§  1.  Growinq  on  land:  stems  more  or  less  elongated  and  branching:  leaves  mostly 
less  than  I'  long,  often  minute:  spore-cases  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  (often 
transformed  and  imbricated)  scale-tike  leaves. 

1.  LYCOPODIUM.     Mostly  evergreen   plants  ;   the  leaves  awl-shaped,  in  4  or 

more  rows ;  the  2-valved  kidney-shaped  spore-cases  all  of  one  kind,  contain- 
ing only  minute  numberless  spores. 

2.  SELAGINELLA.     But  one  species  evergreen  N. ;  leaves  mostly  flattened,  rare- 

ly awl-shaped,  mostly  in  4  rows,  two  rows  being  of  smaller  leaves ;  spore-cases 
of  2  kinds ;  one  2-valved  and  filled  with  minute  spores,  the  other  3  -  4-valved 
and  containing  very  few  large  spores. 

§  2.  Growing  in  water  or  mud :  stems  very  short,  and  corm-like :  leaves  rush-like, 
elongated,  with  large  spore-cases  adhering  to  the  upper  surface  of  their  dilated 
bases,  and  as  if  imbedded  in  them. 

3.  ISOETES.     Outer  spore-cases  with  large  reticulated  spores ;  inner  ones  with 

minute  powdery  spores. 

1.  LYCOPODIUM,  CLUB-MOSS.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  meaning 
ir»(rs-foot,  probably  from  the  short  hairy  branches  of  L.  davatnm. )  Specie* 
about  100,  in  all  parts  of  the  world  :  the  following  all  wild  species. 


CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.  373 

§  1.  Fructification  not  in  a  distinct  spike.  Leaves  all  alike,  dark-green,  rigid, 
in  about  8  rows. 

L.  lucidulum.  Damp  woods  N. :  stems  4'  -  8'  long,  tufted,  ascending, 
forking ;  leaves  spreading  or  rettexed,  sharp-pointed,  irregularly  serrulate,  dark 
green  and  shining. 

§  2.  Fructification  spiked  at  the  top  of  an  erect  branch :  fertile  leaves  and  those  of 
the  creeping  stems  nearly  alike,  soft,  narrowly  linear,  many-rowed. 

L.  alopecuroides.  Pine-barren  swamps,  New  Jersey  &  S. :  scarcely  ever- 
green :  stem  and  sparingly  forked  sterile  branches  creeping,  fertile  ones  6'-  18' 
high,  all  rather  stout  and  thickly  clothed  with  spreading  soft  linear-awl-shaped 
bristly-dilute  leaves,  those  of  the  spike  with  long  slender  tips. 

§  3.    Fructification  spiked:  the  fruiting  leaves  yellowish,  scale-like,  shorter  and 

broader  than  those  of  the  sterile  branches. 
*  Spike  sessile  at  the  top  of  an  ordinary  branch. 

L.  anno'tinum.  Cold  woods  N. :  stem  creeping,  l°-4°  long;  branches 
4'  -  9'  high,  nearly  erect,  once  or  twice  forked  ;  leaves  about  5-rowed,  spreading 
or  reflexed,  rigid,  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  entire  ;  those  of  the  solitary  spikes 
ovate,  with  spreading  points  and  ragged  scarious  margins. 

L.  dendroideum,  GROUND-PIKE.  Moist  woods,  common  N. :  rootstock 
creeping,  under-ground,  nearly  leafless ;  stems  looking  much  like  a  miniature 
hemlock,  9'  -  1 2'  high ;  the  many  spreading  branches  with  shining  lanceolate 
entire  leaves  in  about  six  rows ;  leaves  of  the  lower  and  often  of  the  upper  row 
smaller  than  the  rest ;  spikes  single,  or  4  -10  on  a  plant ;  scales  ovate  pointed, 
margin  slightly  scarious,  nearly  entire. 

*  *  Spikes  raised  above  the  ordinary  branches  on  a  slender  stalk  which  has  only  a 

few  inconspicuous  leaves. 
•*-  Stems  creeping,  very  short :  spikes  always  single. 

L.  Car Olmianu.nl.  Wet  pine-barrens,  New  Jersey  and  S.  :  scarcely  ever- 
green ;  stem  and  prostrate  branches  rooting  underneath ;  leaves  soft,  lanceolate, 
entire,  spreading  horizontally,  with  an  upper  appressed  row  ;  spikes  slender  on 
stalks  4' -6'  high.  —  Allied  in  habit  to  L.  alopecuroides. 

•i—  •*-  Stems  extensively  creeping :  spikes  often  in  pairs  or  Jours. 

Ii.  clavatum,  CLUB-MOSS.  Common  N.  in  dry  woods  :  running  stem  long 
and  leafy ;  branches  mostly  erect,  cordlike,  irregularly  pinnate ;  branchlets 
4-10,  thickly  covered  with  linear- awl-shaped  entire  commonly  bristle-tipped 
leaves  ;  spikes  mostly  in  pairs. 

L.  cpmplanatum.  Dry  woods,  commonest  among  evergreens  :  running 
stems  with  scattered  awl-shaped  very  small  leaves ;  branches  erect,  several  times 
branched ;  the  parts  repeatedly  forked  into  many  horizontally  spreading  flat- 
tened branchlets. 

2.   SELAGINELLA.     (Name  a  diminutive  of  Selago,  a  species  of  Lyco- 
podium.)     Species  over  200,  the  greater  part  tropical. 

§  1.  Native  species. 

S.  rupdstris.  Exposed  rocks  :  a  common  moss-like  little  evergreen ;  stems 
and  densely  tufted  branches  l'-2'  high  ;  leaves  awl-shaped,  marked  with  a  nar- 
row furrow  on  the  back,  and  tipped  with  a  minute  bristly  point ;  spikes  four- 
cornered. 

S.  apus.  Damp  places  in  meadows ;  common,  especially  S. :  very  delicate ; 
stems  2'  -  4'  high,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  4-rowed,  those  of  the  side  rows 
spreading  horizontally,  scarcely  1"  long,  ovate  with  the  upper  side  larger,  mi- 
nutely serrulate  ;  intermediate  ones  half  as  large,  erect,  very  acute ;  spikes 
2"  -  6"  long.  —  Often  cult,  as  S.  densa. 

§  2.  Cultivated,  mostly  tropical  species,  seen  in  conservatories:  much,  branched: 
leaves  of  the  branches  four-rowed,  two  side  rows  of  spreading  leaves  set  ap- 
parently edgewise,  and  two  upper  rows  of  smaller  appressed  leaves.  Spike 
four-cornered,  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets. 


CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY. 

#  Stems  trailing,  sending  out  rootlets  nearly  up  to  the  end. 
•*-  Branchlets  only  1"  broad:  leaves  wide  apart  in  each  row. 
S.  delicatlSSima.     Stems  4'  -  8'  long,  irregularly  forked  and  branched  • 
branches  rather  distant ;    leaves  oblong-roundish,  obtuse,  with  a  few  slender 
cilia  towards  the  base  ;  intermediate  ones  ovate,  pointed. 

•*-  ••-  Branchlets  2"  -  3"  broad,  their  leaves  closely  placed  in  each  row. 

S.  Kraussiana.  (LYCOPODIUM  DENTICUL\TUM  of  the  florists.)  Stems 
rery  long,  articulated  below  each  branch ;  branches  distant,  bcarin"-  a  few  short 
forked  brauchlets ;  leaves  bright  green,  the  larger  ones  oblong-ovate,  acute, 
rounded  on  the  upper  side,  nearly  straight  on  the  lower,  minutely  denticulate  • 
smaller  ones  with  longer  often  reflexed  points. 

S.  uncinata.  (Lye.  CESIUM  of  florists.)  Stems  very  long,  not  articu- 
lated, freely  branched  ;  branches  2  -  3-pinnate  with  short  crowded  branchlets  • 
leaves  when  living  with  a  steel-blue  iridescence,  fading  to  green  when  dried  very 
closely  placed,  larger  ones  oblong,  equal-sided,  obtuse,  entire ;  smaller  ones 
ovate  with  slender  incurved  points. 

*  *  Stems  ascending,  only  the  lower  part  bearing  long  rootlets. 

S.  Martdnsii.     (LYC.  STOLONfFERUM  of  florists.)     Stems  6'-10'  long, 

much  branched  from  the  base;    branches  bipinnate,  with  copious  branchlets 

2  '  -  3"  or  even  4"  wide ;  larger  leaves  crowded,  obliquely  ovate,  the  upper  side 

broadest,  obtuse,  entire ;  smaller  ones  ovate  with  a  slender  often  recurved  point. 

*  *  *  Steins  erect,  or  nearly  so,  rooting  only  at  the  very  base. 

S.  er^thropus.  Stalk  2'  -  6'  high,  bright  red,  having  a  few  closely  ap- 
pressed  red  leaves,  and  bearing  at  the  top  a  broad  frond-like  stem  pinnately  or 
pedately  divided  into  a  few  2-3  times  pinnate  branches,  with  very  numerous 
extremely  crowded  branchlets  1"  -  l£"  wide ;  leaves  closely  imbricated,  obliquely 
ovate-oblong,  curved  upward,  rather  obtuse,  ciliate;  smaller  ones  ovate,  with 
long  straight  points. 

S.  Braiimi.  (LYC.  WiLLDEx6vn  of  florists.)  Stalk  straw-color  or  pale 
red,  shorter  than  in  the  last,  finely  pubescent,  as  are  the  branches  ;  frond-like 
stems  long-ovate,  4  times  pinnate,  resembling  an  elegant  fern ;  branchlets  not 
crowded,  about  1"  wide;  leaves  scarcely  imbricated,  ovate,  obtuse,  entire; 
smaller  ones  with  straight  points. 

*  *  *  #  Stems  in  a  dense  nest-like  tuft,  not  rooting :  branches  often  curling  up 

when  dry. 

S.  CUSpidata.  (LYC.  CIRCIN!LE  of  florists.)  Frond-like  stems  6'- 8' 
long,  green  above,  paler  beneath,  oblong  or  lyre-shaped,  loosely  3-pinnate  ; 
branchlets  1"  wide  ;  leaves  obliquely  triangular-ovate,  with  long  often  incurved 
bristle-points,  having  a  narrow  whitish  margin,  sparingly  ciliated  and  minutely 
denticulate  ;  smaller  ones  obliquely  ovate,  with  long  slender  points. 

S.  lepidoph^lla,  from  Lower  California,  &c.,  is  the  "  Bird's-Nest  Moss," 
or  "  Resurrection-Plant."  It  is  a  nest-like  ball  when  dry,  but  when  moist  it  un- 
folds and  displays  the  densely  2 -3-pinnate  elegant  fern-like  branches  radiating 
from  a  coiled-up  central  stem  ;  the  leaves  white-margined,  closely  imbricated, 
round-ovate,  obtuse.  —  Nearly  30  species  are  cultivated  in  Great  Britain,  besides 
those  here  described. 

3.  ISOETES,  QUILL  WORT.  (Name  from  the  Greek  words  for  equal  and 
year,  meaning  that  the  plant  is  the  same  at  all  seasons.)  The  species  demand 
too  nice  discrimination  for  the  beginner,  and  must  be  studied  by  aid  of  the 
Manual. 

I.  laciistris,  rather  rare  only  N.,  and  the  far  commoner 
I.  6Chin6spora,  are  the  principal  northern  species,  living  under  water. 
I.  riparia  and  I.  Engelmanni,  with  leaves  4'  -  20'  long,  live  partly 
out  of  water,  at  least  for  a  p:irt  of  the  summer. 

I.  melan6poda,  only  W.,  lives  in  shallow  ponds  or  pools  which  dry  up  in 


INDEX. 


*#*  The  names  of  the  Classes,  Subclasses,  and  Orders  are  in  full  capitals ;  those  of  the 
Genera,  &c.,  as  well  as  popular  names,  are  in  common  type. 


Abele-tree                            308 

Althaea                       70,  71,  74 

Apple-of-Peru                      268 

Abies                            310,  312 

Alsophila                      362,  371 

Apricot                                  118 

Abronia                                 283 

Alstroemeria                  330,  332 

AQUIFOLIACE^J                218 

Abutilon                          70,  73 

Alum-Root                            135 

Aquilegia                          34,  40 

Acacia                             99,  115 

Alyssum                            52,  56 

Arabia                               51,  54 

Acalypha                       293,  295 

AMARANTACE31               286 

ARACEJ3                 .            317 

ACANTHACEJE                  239 

Amaranth                             286 

Arachis                           96,  106 

Acanthus                              240 

AMARANTH  FAMILY       286 

Aralia                                    166 

ACANTHUS  FAMILY        239 

Amarantus                            286 

ARALIACE^E                       166 

Acer                                  89,  91 

AMARYLLIDACEJ3           329 

Arbor-Vita;                           315 

Aceratea                        276,  278 

Amaryllis                     330,  331 

Archangelica                163,  165 

Achillea                        183,  199 

AMARYLLIS  FAMILY      329 

Arctostaphylos             211,  214 

Achinienes                            228 

Amberboa  (Ainberboi)         188 

Arenaria                           64,  67 

Achyranthes                         286 

Ambrosia                       180,  188 

Arethusa                     323,  326 

Acnida                                   286 

Amelanchier                 117,  129 

Argemone                         48,  49 

Aconitum  (Aconite)         34,  41 

American  Laurel                  216 

Arisaema                              317 

AcoruH                          317,  318 

American  Aloe                      332 

Aristolochia                          282 

ACHOGENS                          359 

American  Columbo              272 

ARISTOLOCHIACEJ3        282 

Acroatichum                 360,  363 

American  Ipecac                  121 

Armeria                                 222 

Actsea                                34,  39 

Amianthium                 338,  342 

Arnica                           182,  194 

Actinomeris                  184,  203 

Ammania                              150 

Aromatic  Wintergreen        214 

Adam-and-Eve                       327 

Ammobium                   181,  190 

Arrenatherum                      a55 

Adam's  Needle                      348 

Amorpha                         95,  103 

Arrow-Arum                        318 

Adder  's-  tongue             346,  372 

Ampelopsis                       85,  86 

Arrow  Grass                         320 

ADDER'S-TONGUE  F.       363 

Amphiearpaea                 97,  109 

ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY  319 

Adiantum                     361,  364 

Amsonia                        274,  275 

Arrow-IIead                          320 

Adlumia                                   50 

ANACARDIACE^                84 

ARROWROOT  FAMILY    328 

Adonis                               34,  37 

Anacharis                      321,  322 

Arrow-wood                          172 

^Eschynomene                95,  105 

Anagallis                       223,  225 

Artemisia                      180,  188 

JEsculus                            89,  90 

Ananassa                               329 

Artichoke                              186 

African  Marigold                  206 

Andromeda                  212,  215 

Arum  Family                       317 

Agapanthus                  340,  348 

Aneimia                         362,  371 

Arundinaria 

Agati                                     106 

Anemone                           34,  35 

Asarabacca                            282 

Agave                            330,  332 

Angelica-tree                        166 

Asarum                                  282 

Ageratum                      182,  193 

ANGIOSPERMOUS 

ASCLEPIADACE^!             276 

Agrimonia  (Agrimony)        125 
Agrostis                                 353 

PLANTS                             33 

Anise-tree                                43 

Asclepias                      276,  277 
Ascyrum                                 6l 

Ailanthus                                 83 

Anoda                                70,  72 

Ash                                        281 

Albizzia                           99,  114 

ANONACE^!                          43 

Ash-leaved  Maple                  92 

Alcheruilla                    117,  125 

Antennaria    s/            181,  190 

Asimina                                  44 

Alder                                     307 

Anthemia                       183,  199 

Asparagus                     339,  344 

Alder-Buckthorn                   87 

Anthoxanthum                    355 

ASPARAGUS  FAMILY      339 

Alisma                                   320 

Antirrhinum                230,  235 

Aspen                                   308 

ALISMACEJE                       319 

Anychia                            64,  68 

Aspidium                      361,  368 

Allamanda                            274 

APETALOUS  DIVISION   282 

Asplenium                    3fil,  366 

Allium                          340,  347 

Aphyllon                      228,  229 

Aster                              183,  196 

Almond                                 118 

Apios                              97,  108 

Astilbe                           132,  137 

ALMOND  FAMILY             116 

Apium                           163,  H35 

Astragalus                       96,  107 

Alnus                             306,  307 

Aplectrum                     324,  327 

Atamasco  Lily                      331 

Aloe                                       341 

APOCYNACE^E                   274 

Atragene                                 35 

Alonsoa                         230,  233 

Apocynum                    274,  275 

Atriplex                                 284 

Alopecurus                          356 

Appl.                                   129 

Atropa                          266,  269 

376 


INDEX. 


Aubergine                             267 

Birthwort                            282 

Brome  Grass                        355 

Aucuba                          167,  168 

BIRTH  \VORT  FAMILY     282 

BROMELIACEJ3                  329 

Auricula                               223 

Bishop;s-Cap                        137 

Bronius                                   355 

Avena                                    355 

Bitter-Cress                             54 

Brooklime                             234 

Avens                                     1^2 

Bitter  Sweet                           88 

Brookweed                            225 

Azalea                          212,  217 

Bittersweet                             268 

Broom-corn                          357 

Bitterweed                            188 

BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY  228 

Bald-Cypress                        314 
Balloon-Vine                          90 

Black  alder                           219 
Black  bean                            109 

Broussonetia                 297,  299 
Browallia                      229,  232 

Ballota                                  252 

Blackberry                            124 

Brunella                        245,  252 

Balm                              249,  250 

Blackberry  Lily                   334 

Brunfelsia                     229,  232 

Balm-of-Gilead                     251 
Balm-of-Gilead  Poplar        309 

Black  Grass                          349 
Black  Moss                           329 

Bryophyllum                138,  139 
Buchnera                      230  234 

Bahnony                               238 

Black  Sampson                    205 

Buckeye                                  90 

Balsam                                    81 

Black  Snakeroot                    39 

Buckthorn                              87 

Banana                                  329 

Black-Thorn                         118 

BUCKTHORN  FAMILY       86 

BANANA  FAMILY             328 

Bladder  Campion                   66 

Buckwheat                           289 

Baneberry                               39 

Bladder  Ketmia                     74 

BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY   287 

Baptisia                          98.  Ill 

Bladder-nut                            90 

Buffalo-Berry                       292 

Barbadoes  Flower-fence       113 

BLADDER-NUT  FAMILY   89 

Buffalo-nut                           292 

Barbarea                           51,  54 

Bladder-Senna                      107 

Bugbane                                 39 

Barberry                                 45 

Bladderwort                          225 

Bugleweed                              247 

BARBERRY  FAMILY          44 

BLADDER  WORT  FAMILY 

Bugloss                                 257 

Barley                                    357 

225 

Bulrush                                352 

Barnyard  Grass                    357 

Blazing-Star                  191,  342 

Bumelia                                220 

Barren  Strawberry              121 

Bleeding  Heart                      60 

Bunch-berry                         167 

Barren-wort                            45 

Blephilia                       245,  251 

Bunch-Flower                      343 

Bartonia               161,  271,  273 

Blessed  Thistle                    187 

Burchellia  Capensis             173 

Basil                              248,  249 

Elite                                     285 

Burdock                                187 

Basil  Thyme                         249 

Blitum                         284,  285 

Bur-Marigold                       202 

Basswood                                75 

Blood-root                              49 

Burnet                                  125 

Bastard  Pennyroyal            246 

Blue  Beech                           805 

Burning-bush                        88 

Bauera  rubioides                  131 

Blueberry                             213 

Bur-Reed                              319 

Bayberry                               306 

Bluebottle                             187 

Bush-Clover                         104 

Bean                                      108 

Blue  Curls                            246 

Bush-Honeysuckle               171 

Bean-trefoil-tree                   101 

Bluets                                    176 

Butcher's  Broom                 344 

Bearberry                              214 

Blue-Eyed-Grass                  835 

Butomeae                               320 

Bear-Grass                            348 

Blue  Flag                             333 

Butter-and-Eggs                  235 

Beaver-Poison                      165 

Blue  Hearts                           234 

Buttercup                               37 

Bedstraw                               174 

Blue-Joint  Grass                  353 

Butterfly-Pea                       109 

Bee-Balm                              249 

Blue  Lettuce                         208 

Butterfly-Weed                     277 

Beech                                     305 

Blue-Tangle                          213 

Butternut                              300 

Beech-Drops                         229 

Blueweed                               255 

Butterweed                   193,  198 

Beech-Fern                           367 

Blumenbachia                       152 

Butterwort                           226 

Beehive                                 101 

Bocconia                           48,  49 

Button-bush                         175 

Bee*                                       285 

Boehmeria                     297.  299 

Button-Snakeroot        164,  191 

Beggar's  Lice                       257 

Bois  d'Arc                             299 

Button-weed                         175 

Beggar-Ticks                        202 

Bokhara                                101 

Button  wood                          300 

Begonia                                 161 

Boltonia                        183,  198 

Buxus                          293,  296 

BEGONIACE^J                    161 

Bonamia                        263,  264 

BEGONIA  FAMILY           161 

Boneset                                   192 

Cabbage                                  52 

Belladona                              269 

Borage                                    255 

Cacalia                  182,  193,  194 

Bellflower                              210 

BORAGE  FAMILY             254 

CACTACE^!                         152 

Bellis                    182,  183,  199 

BORRAGINACEJS              254 

CACTUS  FAMILY              152 

Bellwort                                343 

Borrago                         254,  255 

Csesalpiuia                      99  113 

BELLWORT  FAMILY        338 

Botrychium                  363,  372 

Caiophora                             152 

Bengal  Grass                        357 

Bottle-brush                         149 

Cakile                                62,  56 

Benjamin-Bush                    291 

Bottle  Gourd                        159 

Calabash                               159 

Benzoin                                 291 

Bottle  Grass                          357 

Caladium                              317 

BERBERIDACEJE                44 

Bouncing  Bet                         66 

Calamagrostis                       353 

Berberis                            44,  45 

Boussingaultia             284,  285 

Calaminth                             249 

Berchemia                        86,  87 

Bouvardia                     174,  176     Calamintha                           249 

Bergamot                              250 

Bowman's  Root                    121     Calampelis                            227 

Bermuda  Grass                     356 

Bow-  Wood                            299     Calamus                                318 

Beta                               284,  285 

Box                                        296     Calandrinia                            69 

Betonica  (Betony)        246,  253 

Boxberry                               214     Calceolaria                    230,234 

Betula                                   306 

Box-Elder                               92     Calendula                     184,  200 

BETULACEJE                      306 

Boykinia                        132,136     Calico-bush                          216 

Bidens                           184,  202 

Brachycome                  183,198     California  Nutmeg-tree       315 

Bignonia                       226,  227 

Bracted  Bindweed                264     Calla                              317,318 

BIGNONIACEJE                  226 

Brake                                    865  |  Callicarpa                     241,243 

BIGNONIA  FAMILY         226 

Bramble                                124     Calliopsis                              201 

Bilsted                                   140 

Brassica                            61,  52    Callirrhoe                         70,  72 

Bindweed                      264,  289 

Brasenia                                   46     Callistemon 

Biota                                     315 

BRASILETTO  FAMILY      98    Callistephus                  182,  196 

Birch                                         306 

Brier  Rose                            125    Calluna                         211,  214 

BIRCH  FAMILY                306 

Briza                                       355     Calochortus                           841 

Bird's-nest  Fern                    366 

Broccoli                                  52     Calonyction                          2(»3 

Birthroot                              341 

Brodisea                                341     Calopogon                     324,  326 

INDEX. 


377 


Caltha                               34,  39 

^entradenia                         148 

Climbing-Fern                      371 

CALYCANTHACE,E           130 

Centranthus                         177 

Climbing  Fumitory               50 

Calycanthus                          131 

Centrosema                     97,  109 

Climbing  Hempweed            191 

CALYCANTHUS  FAMILY  130 

Century  Plant                      332 

Clintonia               208,  339,  343 

Calystegia                     262,  264 

Cephalanthus               174.  175 

Clitoria                            97,  109 

Camelina                           51,  55 

Cerastium                         64,  67 

Clotbur                                  188 

Camellia                                  76 

Ceratochloa                          355 

Clover                                    101 

CAMELLIACEJE                    75 

Cercis                             98,  113 

Club-Moss                            372 

CAMELLIA  FAMILY           75 

Cereus                            153,  154 

CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY       372 

Campanula                   209,  210 

Ceropteris                              360 

Cnicus                          180,  187 

CAMPANULACE^E             209 

Cestrum                         267,  270 

Cobsea                           260,  262 

CAMPANULA  FAMILY     209 

Chain-Fern                           366 

Cocculus                                44 

Camptosorus                 361,  367 

Chamselirium               338,  342 

Cocklebur                            188 

Campyloneuron                   363 

Chamomile                            199 

Cockscomb                          287 

Canary-bird  Flower 

Charlock                                52 

Coco-Grass                            352 

Canary-Grass                        354 

Chaste-Tree                         243 

Coffea  (Coffee)               174,  176 

Cancer-Root           .               229 

Cheat                                     355 

Cohosh                                    45 

-Candytuft                               65 

Checkerberry                        214 

Colchicum                    338,  342 

Canna                                    328 

Cheiranthus                      51,  54 

Coleus                          244,  247 

Cannabis                       297,  299 

Chelidonium                    48,  49 

Collinsia                       230,  235 

Canterbury  Bells                  210 

Chelone                        232,  238 

Collinsonia                   244,  248 

Cape  Jessamine                    176 

CHENOPODIACE^J           284 

Colocasia                      317,  318 

Crape-Myrtle                        150 

Chenopodium               284,  285 

Coltsfoot                              193 

CAPER  FAMILY                  56 

Cherry                                   118 

Columbine                              40 

Capers                                     56 

Chess                                     355 

Colutea                          96,  107 

CAPPARIDACE.E                 56 

Chestnut                              304 

Colza                                      62 

Capparis  spinosa                    66 

Chick-Pea                             111 

Comandra                             292 

CAPRIFOLIACE^E              169 

CHICKWEED  FAMILY       64 

Comfrey                               "257 

Capsella                           52,  55 

Chickweed-Wintergreen      224 

Commelyna                           350 

Capsicum                      266,  268 

Chicory                                206 

COMMELYNACE^!             350 

Caragana                         96,  106 

Chili  Jessamine                   275 

Compass-Plant                     201 

Caraway                                165 

Chimaphila                  212,  218 

COMPOSITE                      179 

Cardamine                        61,  54 

Chimonanthus                      131 

COMPOSITE  FAMILY       179 

Cardinal-Flower                   209 

China-Aster                          196 

Comptonia                    305.  306 

Cardiospermum               89,  90 

China-brier                           336 

Cone-Flower                       '  205 

Cardoon                                 186 

China-tree                               84 

CONIFERS                        309 

Carex                                     352 

Chinese  Sugar-Cane            357 

Conium                          163,  165 

Carolina  Allspice                  131 

Chinese  Sumach                    83 

Conoclinium                 182,  193 

.   ,    Carpet-weed                            68 
--Uarpinus                       302,  305 
Carrion  Flower                     337 

Chinquapin                           305 
Chiogenes                      211,  214 
Chionanthus                 279,  281 

Conopholis                   228.  229 
Convallaria                  339,  344 
CONVOLVULACE^J            262 

Carrot                                    164 

Chives                                    347 

Convolvulus                 262,  264 

Carthamnus                 180,  187 

Chokeberry                          130 

CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY  262 

Carum                           163,  165 

Chorizema                       98,  111 

Coontie                                309 

Carya                             300,  301 

Christmas  Rose                      39 

Coptis                               34,  39 

CARYOPHYLLACE^E           63 

Chrysanthemum          183,  199 

Coral-berry                            170 

Cashew  Family                       84 

Chry  sodium                         363 

Corallorhiza                 324,  327 

Cassandra                      211,  215 

Chrysopsis                    182,  195 

Coral-Root                           327 

Cassia                              99,  113 

Chrysosplenium           133,  137 

Cordyline                             341 

Castanea                        302,  304 

Chufa                                   352 

Coreopsis                      184,  201 

Castilleia                      232,  239 

Cicer                              98,  111 

Coriander                             164 

Castor-oil  Plant                   295 

Cichorium                    185,  206 

Coriandrum                  163,  164 

Catalpa                          226,  227 

Cichory                                 206 

Corn                                     358 

Catbrier                                336 

Cicuta                          163,  165 

CORNACE^J                        167 

--  Catchfly                                  65 

Cimicifuga                       34,  39 

Corn-Cockle                           65 

Catgut                                   106 

Cinchona                               176 

Cornel                                    167 

Cat-Mint                               251 

CINCHONA  FAMILY        173 

Corn-Flag                            335 

Catnip                                   251 

Cineraria                               194 

Cornflower                            187 

CAT-TAIL  FAMILY          318 

Cinnamon-Fern                   371 

Corn  Salad 

Cat-Tail  Flag                        319 

Cinquefoil                              122 

Cornus                                 167 

Cat-tail  Grass                       356 

Circsea                          141,  142 

Coronilla                        95,  106 

Cauliflower                             52 

Cirsium                         179,  186 

Corpse-plant                        218 

Caulophyllum                        45 

CISTACE^!                            60 

Corydalis                               50 

.Cayenne  Pepper                   268 

Cistus  Ladaniferus                60 

Corylus                         302,  305 

Ceanothus                               87 

Citron                             83,  160 

Cosmanthua                         259 

Cedar                                     314 

Citrullus                       159,  160 

Costmary                             188 

Cedronella                    245,  251 

Citrus                               82,  83 

Cotoneaster                   117,  129 

Cedrus                           310,  314 

Cladium                                 352 

Cotton                                    74 

Celandine                                49 

Cladrastis                       98,  112 

Cotton-Rose                         189 

Celandine  Poppy                    49 

Clarkia                          142,  143 

Cotton  Thistle                     187 

CELASTRACE^E                   87 

Claytonia                               69 

Cotton-wood                          309 

Celastrus                                 88 

Cleavers                                 174 

Cotyledon                     138,  139 

Celery                                    165 

Clematis                           33,  35 

Couch-Grass                        356 

Celosia                          286,  287 

Cleome                                     57 

Cow-herb                               66 

Celsia                             230,  233 
Celtis                              296,  298 

Clethra                        212,  217 
Clianthus                                96 

Cow-parsnip                         166 
Cowslip                                223 

Centaurea                    180,  187 

Cliff-Brake                             365 

Cowslips                                39 

Centaury                               271 

Climbing  False  Buckwheat  289 

Cow-Wheat                         239 

S  &  F— 27 


378 


INDEX. 


Crab-Grass                   366,  357  i  Decumaria                   132,  134 
Cranberry                             213    Deerberry                              213 
Cranberry-tree                     17'2    Deer-Grass                            148 

,  Echinospermum          255,  257 
Echites                          274,  275 
Echium                          254  255 

Cranesbill                                79  j  Delphinium                      34  40 

Eel-Grass                        316  '  322 

Crassula                        138,  139 
CRASSULACE^E                 137 

Dentaria                            62,  55 
Deodar                                    314 

Egg  Plant                             267 

EffVlltlJlll    (rr*15«!                                       Qf^A 

Crataegus                      117,  128 
Creeping  Snowberry            214 
Crinkle-root                           55 

Desnianthus                    99,  114 
Desmodium                     95,  104 
Deutzia                          132,  135 

*fiJt'W*U  \JItlC-S                                       OOO 

ELJSAGNACEJE                  292 
Elagagims                               292 
BLATINAC&fi                     63 

Crinum                          330,  331 

Devil's  Bit                             342 

Elatine                                    63 

Crocus                           333,  335 

Devil-wood                            281 

Elder                                     173 

Crotalaria                       94,  100 
Crowfoot                                 37 
CROWFOOT  FAMILY         33 

Dewberry                                125 
Dianthera                     240,  241 
Dianthus                                 64 

Elecampane                -          195 
Elephant's  Ear                     161 
Eleusine                                356 

Crownbeard                          203 

Dicentra                                  50 

Elm                                       297 

Crown  Imperial                    346 

Diervilla                        169,  171 

ELM  FAMILY                     296 

CRUCIFER^l                         51 

Dicksonia                     362,  370 

Elodes          •                     61  63 

CRYPTOGAMOUS  PLANTS 

Dicliptera                              240 

Emilia                                     'l94 

359 

DICOTYLEDONOUS 

Endive                                  206 

Cryptomeria                 310,  314 
Cuckoo-Flower                      55 

PLANTS                        13,  33 
Dictamnus                              82 

ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS  316 

Enslenia                        276,  278 

Cucumber                             160 

Diclytra                                    50 

Eutoca                                  259 

Cucumber-tree                       43 

Digitalis                        231,  236 

Epidendrum                 323,  324 

Cucumis                        159,  160 

Diodia                            173,  175 

Epigsea                          211,  214 

Cucurbita                             159 
CUCURBITACE.E               158 

Dionaea                              59,  60 
Dioscorea                              33$ 

Epilobium                     142,  143 
Epimedium                       44  45 

Cudweed                                189 

DIOSCOREACRZE               335 

Epiphegus                     228,  229 

Culver's  Root                       233 
Cunila                           244,  248 
Cunonia  Capensis                 131 

Diospyros                               219 
Diplopappus                          197 
DIPSACK^E                          178 

Epiphyllum                  153,  154 
EQUISETACEJE                  359 
Equisetum                            359 

Cuphaea                         150,  151 

Dipsacus                                178 

Erechthites                   181,  189 

Cup-Plant                             201 

Dirca                              291,  292 

Erica                             211  214 

Cupressus                      310,  314 
CUPULIFERJE                    301 

Ditch  Stone-Crop                 138 
Dittany                                 248 

ERICACEJ3                          210 
Eriobotrya                            129 

Currant                                 133 

Dock                                      289 

Eriocaulon                            352 

Cuscuta                         263,  265 

Dockmackie                          172 

ERIOCAULONACE.E         352 

CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY 

Dodecatheon                 222,  223 

Eriogonuni                           287 

43    Dodder                                  265 

Erigeron                        183,  198 

Cyanophyllum                      148 

Cyathea                         362,  370 

DODDER  FAMILY              263 
Dogbane                                275 

Erodium                           78,  79 
Eryngium  (Eryngo)     162,  164 

CYATHEACEJS                   362 

DOGBANE  FAMILY           274 

Erysimum                        51,  54 

CYCADACEJE                      309 

Dog's-tail                              356 

Erythrina                 95,  97,  108 

Cycas                                     309 

Dog-Tooth-Violet                 346 

Erythronium                340.  346 

Cyclamen                      223,  224 

Dogwood                               167 

Eschscholtzia                   48,  49 

Cyclobothra                          341 

DOGWOOD  FAMILY          167 

Eucharidium                142,  143 

Cydonia                         117,  130 

Dolichos                          97,  109 

Eucnide                                 152 

Cynara                          179,  186 

Doodia                          361,  366 

Eugenia                                149 

Cynodon                               356 

Doorweed                              287 

Eupatorium                  182  192 

Cynoglossum                255,  257 

Doryopteris                           365 

Euphorbia                     293,  294 

CYPKRACEJB                      352 

Doura                                    357 

EUPIIORBIACEJE              293 

Cyperus                                 352 

Downingia                             208 

Euonymus                              88 

Cypress                                   314 

Draba                                52,  55 

Evening-Primrose                 143 

CYPRESS  FAMILY           310 

Dracaena                                341 

EVENING  PRIMROSE 

Cypress  Vine                        263 

Dracopis                        185.  205 

FAMILY                           141 

Cypripedium                324,  327 

Dragon-Arum                       318 

Everlasting                    189,  190 

Cyrtomium                           369 

Dragon-Root                         318 

Evolvulus                      263,  264 

Cystopteris                   361,  369 

Dragon  Tree                          341 

EXOGENOUS  PLANTS  12,  33 

Cytisus                           94,  100 

Dropwort                               121 

DROSERACELE                      59 

Fagopyrum                  287,  289 

Dactylis                                 354 

Dryopteris                             368 

Fagus                            302,  305 

Dactyloctenium                    356 

Duckweed                              316 

Fair  Maids  of  France             38 

Daffodil                                 331 

DUCKWEED  FAMILY       316 

Fall  Dandelion                     206 

Dahlia                          184,  201 

Durra                                     357 

False  Beech-drops                218 

Daisy                                      199 

Dutchman's  Breeches            50 

False  Dandelion                   207 

Dalea                              95.  102 

Dutchman's  Pipe                 282 

False  Dragon-Head              251 

Dalibarda                      116,  124 

Dutch  Rushes                       359 

False-flax                                55 

Dandelion                             207 

Dysodia                        185,  206 

False  Gromwell                    255 

Dangleberry                          213 

False  Hellebore                     343 

Daphne                                  291 

EBEXACE^E                        219 

False  Indigo                 103,  111 

Darlingtonia                           47 

K1JOXY  FAMILY                219 

False  Lettuce                       208 

Darnel                                   a56 

Ecbalium                              158 

False  Loosestrife                  146 

Date-Plum                            219 

Eccremocarpus             226,  227 

False  Mermaid                        79 

Datura                           266,  269 

Enchanter's  Nightshade      142 

False  Mitrewort                    137 

Daucus                          162,  164 

Echeveria                              139 

False  Nettle                          299 

Davallia                         362,  370 

Echinacea                     185,  205 

False  Pennyroyal                 246 

Day-Flower                           350 

Echinocactus                153,  156 

False  Pimpernel                   237 

Day-Lily                                348 

Echinocystis                 159,  160 

False  Red-top 

Dead-Nettie                          252 

Eohinodorug                          320 

False  Saffron                          187 

INDEX. 


379 


False  Solomon's  Seal           344 
Furfugium 
Farkleberry                            213 
Featherfoil                              225 

Fumitory                                50 
FUMITORY-FAMILY          49 
Fuukia                          340,  348 

Granadilla                           158 
Grape                                       85 
Grape  Hyacinth                   347 
Grass-Cloth  Plant                 299 

Feather  Geranium                285 
Fedia                               177,  178 

Gaillardia                      183,  200 
Galactia                          97,  109 

GRASS  FAMILY                 353 
Grass-of-Paruassus               135 

Fennel                                     165 

Galanthus                      330,331 

Grass-of-the-Andes              355 

Fennel-flower                           40 
Fenugreek                              101 

Galeopsis                       246,  252 
Galium                          173,  174 

Grass-Wrack                         316 
Gratiola                         231,  237 

FERN  FAMILY                   360 

Gall-of-the-Earth                 207 

Greek  Valerian                     262 

Fescue  Grass                         354 

Garna  Grass                     _     358 

Greenbrier                            336 

Festuca                                  354 

Gardenia                       174,  176 

Green-Dragon                       318 

Fetid  Marigold                       206 
Feverbush                             291 

Garget                                  284 
Garland  Flower                     328 

Green  Milkweed                    278 
Green-weed                             100 

Feverfew                                199 

Garlic                                     347 

Gromwell                               256 

Fever-tree                             176 

Garrya                                   167 

Ground  Cherry                    268 

Feverwort                               170 

Gaultheria                    211,  214 

Ground  Ivy                           251 

Ficus                            296,  298 

Gaura                            142,  143 

Ground  Laurel                     214 

Fig                                         298 

Gaylussacia                  211,  213 

Ground-nut          106,  108,  167 

FIG  FAMILY                       296 

Gazania                          183,  200 

Ground-Pine                         373 

Fig-Marigold                          157 

Gelseinium                            273 

Ground  Pink                        261 

FIG-MARIGOLD  FAMILY 

Genista                            94,  100 

Groui^  Plum                      107 

156 

Gentiana  (Gentian)      271,  272 

Groundsel                             193 

Figwort                                  238 

GENTIANACE2E                 270 

Guava                                    149 

FIG  WORT  FAMILY           229 

GENTIAN  FAMILY           270 

Guelder  Rose                        172 

Filago                             181,  189 

Georgia  Bark                          176 

Guinea  Corn                         357 

Filbert                                     305 

GERANIACEJE                      77 

Guinea-Hen  Flower             346 

FILICES                               360 

Geranium                          78,  79 

Gumbo                                    74 

Filmy  Ferns                           362 

GERANIUM  F  VMILY          77 

Gymnocladus                 99,  113 

Finger-Grass                         357 
Fiorin                                     353 

Gerardia                        231,  236 
Germander                            246 

Gymnogramme             360,  364 
GYMNOSPERMOUS 

Fir                                          312 

German  Ivy                          194 

PLANTS                     27,  309 

Fire-Pink                                66 

GESNERIACE.E                  228 

Gynandropsis                         57 

Fireweed                        143,  189 

Gesneria                                  228 

Gj-nerium                              358 

Five-finger                             122 

GESNERIA  FAMILY         228 

Gypsophila                      64,  66 

Flax                                         77 

Geum                             116,  122 

FLAX  FAMILY                     77 

Giant  Hyssop                        251 

Habenaria                     823,  324 

Fleabane                                 198 

Gilia                             260,  261 

Habrothamnua                     270 

Flcerkea                             78,  79 

Gill                                   '    251 

Hackberry                             298 

Flower-de-luce                      333 

Gillenia              •           116,  121 

Hackmatack                         314 

Flowering-Fern                     371 

Gilliiiower                               £3 

Halesia                         220,  221 

FLOWERING  FERNS        3-J2 

GINGER  FAMILY              328 

HALORAGE^I                      140 

FLOWERING-RUSH 

Giukgo-Tree                          315 

HAMAMELACE.E               140 

FAMILY                            320 

Ginseng                                 167 

Hamamelis                            140 

FLOWERING  PLANTS  12,  33 

GINSENG  FAMILY            166 

Hardenbergia                  97,  109 

Flowering  Wintergreen         93 

Girasole                                 204 

Hardback                              120 

FLOWERLESS  PLANTS    359 

Glade-Mallow                          72 

Harebell                                210 

Flower-of-an-hour                  74 

Gladiolus    •                  333,335 

Hare's-Foot-Fern                 370 

Fly-Poison                            342 

Glass  wort                              284 

Hart's-tongue               363,  367 

Foeniculum                   163,  165 

Gleditschia                      99,  114 

Haw                               128,  172 

Fog-fruit                               242 

Globe-flower                            39 

Hawkbit                                206 

Forget-me-not                      256 

Globe  Hyacinth                    347 

Hawkweed                             207 

Forked  chickweed                  68 

Glottidium                            106 

Hawthorn                             128 

Forsteronia                   274,  275 

Gloxinia                                228 

Hazel-nut                              305 

Forsythia                      279,  280 

GLUMACEOUS  DIVISION 

Heal-all                                 252 

Fothergilla                            140 

30,352 

Heart's-ease                            59 

Four-o'clock                         283 

Gnaphalium                  181,  189 

Heart-Seed                              90 

FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY  283 

Goatsbeard                            121 

Heath                                    214 

Foul-Meadow-Grass             354 

Godetia                                  145 

Heather                                 214 

Foxglove                               237 

Golden  Aster                        195 

HEATH  FAMILY               210 

Foxtail-Grass                        357 

Golden  Chain                       101 

Hedeoma                      244,  248 

Fragaria                        116,  123 

Golden-Rod                           195 

Hedera                            166,  167 

Franciscea                             232 

Golden  Saxifrage                  137 

Hedgehog  Cone-Flower       205 

Frangula                                 87 

Gold-Fern                             3<?4 

Hedge-hyssop                       237 

Franklinia                               76 

Goldthread                             39 

Hedge-Mustard                      53 

Frasera                          271,  272 

Gomphrena                   286.  287 

Hedge-Nettle                          253 

Fraxinella                               82 

Gonolobus                    276,  278 

Hedychium                           328 

Fraxinus                       279,  281 

Good-King-Henry                285 

Helenium                       183,  200 

French  Marigold                  206 

Goody  era                       323,  326 

Helianthemum                       60 

French  Mulberry                  243 

Gooseberry                            133 

Ilelianthus                    184,  203 

Fringe-Tree                            281 

Goosefoot                              285 

Helichrysum                         190 

Fritillaria                      340,  346 

GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY      284 

Heliophytum                255,  258 

Frogs-Bit                                322 
FROG'S-BIT  FAMILY      321 

Goose-grass                    175,  287 
Gordonia                                 76 

IIHiopsis                         184,  204 
HELIOTROPE  FAMILY    255 

Frost  weed                               60 

Gossypium                        70,  74 

Heliotropium  (Heliotrope) 

Fuchsia                         142,  147 

Gourd                                    159 

255,  257 

Fumaria                                   50 

GOURD  FAMILY                158  '  Hellebore                              343 

FUMARIACEJE                     49 

GRAMINE.E                        353  (  Helleborus  (Hellebore)    34,  39 

380 


INDEX. 


Helonias                        338,  342 

Hyssopus  (Hyssop)      244,  248 

Kale                                         52 

Hemerocallis                 340,  348 

Kalinia                          212,  216 

Ilemitelia                              370 

Iberis                                62,  55 

Keuuedya                         97.  110 

Hemlock  Spruce                  313 

Ice-Plant                               157     Kentucky  Blue  Grass          354 

Hemp                                     299 

Hex                                        219  i  Kentucky  Coffee-tree           113 

HEMP  FAMILY                  297 

lllicium                             42,  43    Kerria                            116,  121 

Hemp-Nettle                         252 

Ilysanthes                     281,  237  ;  Kidney  Bean                        Iu8 

Henbane                               269 

Immortelle                    189  190    Kinnikinnik                         168 

Hepatica                           34,  36 

Impatiens                         78,  81    Kitaibelia                          70,  71 

Heracleum                    163,  166 

Imphee                                  357     Knapweed                             187 

Herba  Impia                        189 

Ipomoea                         262,  2G3    Knawol                                    68 

Herb  Robert                           79 

Ipomopsis                             261    Knot-grass                            287 

Hercules'  Club                     166 

Indian  Bean                         227  ]  Knotweed                              287 

Herd:s  Grass                         356 

Indian  Corn                         358  :  Koelreuteria                      89,  90 

Hesperis                            61,  53 

Indian  Cress                           81     Kohlrabi                                 52 

Heteranthera                        322 

Indian  Cucumber-Root       342  :  Kosteletzskya                   70,  73 

Heterocentron                      148 

Indian  Currant                    170  i  Kuhnia                         182.  191 

Heuchera                      132,  ia5 

Indian  Fig                            153 

7 

Hibiscus                            70,  74 

Indian  Hemp 

LABIATE                           243 

Hickory                                 301 

Indian  Mallow                        73 

Labrador  Tea                       217 

Uieracium                     185,  207 

Indian  Millet                         357 

Laburnum                      94,  101 

Hierochloa                    »      356 

Indian  Physic                      121 

Lactuca                         186,  208 

Hippuris                                141 
Hoary-pea                            106 

Indian  Pipe                          218 
INDIAN  PIPE  FAMILY    212 

Ladies'  Eardrops                   147 
Ladies'  Smock                        55 

Hobble-bush                        172 

Indian  Plantain                   193 

Ladies'-Tresses                     326 

Hog-Pea-nut                         109 

Indian  Poke                          343 

Lady-Fern                              367 

Hogweed                               188 

Indian  Rice                          353 

Lady's  Mantle                      125 

Holcus                                   355 

Indian  Shot                          328 

Lady's  Slipper                      827 

Holly                                     219 

INDIAN-SHOT  FAMILY  328 

Lady's  Thumb                     288 

HOLLY  FAMILY               218 

Indian  Turnip                      317 

Lagenaria                      158,  159 

Hollyhock                               71 

Indian  Wheat                      289 

Lagerstroemia               149,  150 

Holly-Grass                           356 

India-Rubber-Tree              298 

Lambkill                               216 

Honesty                                  55 

Indigofera                      96,  106 

Lamb-Lettuce                       178 

Honey-Locust                       114 

Indigo-plant                         106 

Lamb's-Quarters                  285 

Honeysuckle                         170 

Inkberry                               219 

Lamium                        246,  252 

HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY  Ki9 

Inula                             182,  195 

Lantana                         241,  242 

Hop                                       299 

Iresine                                   286 

Laportea                       297,  299 

Hop-Hornbeam                    305 

IRIDACE^!                          332 

Lappa                            180,  187 

Hop-tree                                  83 

Iris   '                            332,333 

Larch                                     813 

Hordeum                               357 

IRIS  FAMILY                    332 

Large  Cane                           354 

Horehound                           252 

Irish  Broom 

Larix                             810,  313 

Hornbeam                           305 

Iron-weed                              190 

Larkspur                                40 

Horse-Balm                          248 

Iron-wood                             305 

Lathyrus                        98,  110 

Horse  Bean                           111 

Isanthus                       243,  246 

LAUKACE^E                        290 

Horse-Chestnut                      90 

Isatis                                 52,  56 

LAUREL  FAMILY              290 

Horse-Gentian                      170 

Isoetes                           372,  374 

Laurestinus                          172 

Horse-mint                   250,  251 

Italian  May                          120 

Lavandula                     244,  247 

Horse-Nettle                         267 

Italian  Millet                       357 

Lavatera                           70,  71 

Horseradish                            53 

Itea                              132,  134 

Lavender                               247 

Horse-Sugar                          221 

Ivy                                         167 

Lead-Plant                            103 

Horse-tail                              359 

Ixia                                      333 

Lead  wort                                222 

HORSE-TAIL  FAMILY     359 

LEADWORT  FAMILY       222 

Horseweed                            198 

Jacobaean  Lily                     331 

Leaf-cup                                  201 

Hoteia                                     137 

Jacob's  Ladder                     262 

Leather-leaf                           215 

Hottonia                       223,  225 

Jamestown-Weed                 269 

Leatherwood                         292 

Houndstongue              191,  257 

Japan  Alspice                       131 

Lechea                              60,  61 

Houseleek                             138 

Jasminum                     279,  280 

Ledum                           212,  217 

Houstonia                     174.  176 

Jatropha                       293,  296 

Leek                                       347 

Hoya                             276,  278 

Jeffersonia                        45,  46 

LEGUMINOS.E                     94 

Huckleberry                         213 

Jerusalem  Artichoke            204 

Leiophyllum                 212,  217 

Hudsonia                                60 

Jerusalem  Cherry                268 

Lemna                                   316 

Humea                          181  190 

Jerusalem  Oak                     285 

LEMNACE^                        316 

Humulus                      297,  299 

Jerusalem  Sage                     253 

Lemon                                     83 

Hyacinthus                          340 

Jessamine                              280 

Lemon-scented  Verbena      242 

Hyacinth                              348 

Jewel-Weed                             81 

Lens                                 98,  111 

Hydrangea                    132,  135 

Joe-Pye  Weed                       192 

LENTIBULACE.E               225 

Ifvdrastis                          34  38 

Jointed  Charlock                   56 

Lentil                                    111 

HYDROCIIARIDACE^;    321 

Jointweed                             287 

Leontodon                     185,  206 

Hydrocotyle                  163,  164 

Jonquil                                   331 

Leonurus                       246,  253 

Hydrolea                       258,  260 
llVdrophvllum             258,  259 

Judas-tree                             113  1  Lepachys                      185,  205 
JUGLANDACE^J                300  |  Lepidium                          52,  56 

IIYDROPHYLLACE^E        258 

Juglans                                 300  1  Leptosiphon                          261 

J  I  YM  KN  OPHYLLACE/E     362 

JUNCACE^J                        349    Lespedeza                        95,104 

Hvosrvamus                 266,  269 

Juncus                                  349    Lettuce 

HYPERICACEjE                    61 

June-Berry                           129    Leucanthemum            183,  199 

HviKM-icum                               61 

Jufliperus  (Juniper)    310,  315    Leucoium                      330,  332 

Hypoxys                        329,  330 

Jupiter's-Beard                    177    Leucothoii                     21  1   215 

Hyptis                          244,  247 

Jussisea                         142,  145  i  Lever-wood                           .7T) 

INDEX.                                                           381 

Levisticum                    163,165    MADDER   FAMILY            173    Mexican  Tea                         286 

Liatris   '                        182,191 
Liffustrum                     279,  280 
I  ilac                                       280 

Madwort                                   56    Mezereum            .                    .691 
Magnolia                                 42    MEZERKUM   FAMILY       291 
MAGNOLIACEJE                   42    Mignonette 

LILIACE.E                           337 
Lilium                           340,  345 

MAGNOLIA   FAMILY         42    MIGNONETTE  FAMILY     57 

Mahernia                                  75    Mikania                          182,  191 

Lily                                        8*5 
LILY  FAMILY            337,  339 
Lily-of-the-Valley                344 
Lime                                        83 

Mahogany-tree                       84    Milfoil                                    199 
Mahouia                                  45    Milk-Pea                                109 
Mahon  stock                           63    Milk  Thistle 
Maiden-hair                          364    Milk-Vetch                            107 

Lime-tree                                75 
Limnanthemum           271,273 
Linmanthes                      77,  79 

Maize                                      358 
Malcolmia                         51,  53 
MALLOW  FAMILY              70 

Milkweed                             277 
MILKWEED  FAMILY       276 
Milkwort                                 92 

Limuobiutn                   321,  322 
Limuocharis                  320,  321 
LINAGES                              77 

Mallow                                     71 
Malope                              70,  71 
Malva                                 70,  71 

Mimosa                            99,  114 
MIMOSA  FAMILY               99 
Mimulus                       231,  237 

Linaria                          230,  235 

MALVACEJ5                           70    Mint 

Linden                                     75 

Malvaviscus                       70,73    MINT  FAMILY                   243 

LINDEN  FAMILY                75 

Maiuillaria                     153,  156  ,  Mirabilis 

Liadera                                  291 

Mandevillea                           275    Mist-Flower 

Ling                                       214 
Linmva                          169,  170 

Mandrake                                46  i  Mistletoe                                292 
Manettia  cordifolia               173    MISTLETOE  FAMILY      292 

Liu  11111                                     77 

Man-of-the-Earth                 263    Mitchella                        1<4,  175 

Lion's-Foot                          207 

Maple                                     91    Mitella                          133,  137 

Lippia                           241,  242 

MAPLE   FAMILY                 89    Mitreola                                 273 

Liquidambar                         140 
Liriodendron                          42 

Maranta                                 328    Mitrewort 
Marestail                               141    Moccason-Flower 

Lithospermum              254,  256 
Live-for-ever                         138 

Marigold                                200    Mocker-nut                           301 
Marjoram                              249    Mock-orange                 119,  134 

Liver-leaf                                35 

Marrubium                   248,  252 

Modiola                            70,  73 

Lizard's  Tail                          293 

Marsh-Mallow                          71 

Mollugo                           64,  68 

LIZARD'S-TAIL  FAMILY  293 

Marsh-Marigold                      39 

Molucca  Balm                       253 

Loasa                                     152 
LOASACEJ3                         151 

Marsh-Rosemary                   222 
Marsh  St.  John's-wort          63 

Moluccella                     246,  253 
Momordica                           158 

LOASA  FAMILY                151 

Martynia                       227,  228 

Monarda                        245,  250 

Lobelia                                  208 

Maruta                          183,  199 

Moneses                         212,  218 

LOBELIACE.E                     208 

Marvel-of-Peru                      283 

Moneywort                            224 

LOBELIA   FAMILY            208 

Masterwort                            166 

Monkey-Flower                    237 

Loblolly  Bay                           76 

Matrimony-Vine                   270 

Monkshood                             41 

Locust-tree                            107 

Matthiola                          51,  53 

MOXOCO  TYLEDONOUS 

LOGANIACE.E                    273 

Mauraudia                     231,  235 

PLANTS                            316 

LOGANIA  FAMILY            273 

May-apple                                 46 

MONOPETALOUS  DIVI- 

Lolium                                  356 

Mayflower                             214 

SION                                  169 

Long  Moss                             329 

Maypops                                  157 

Monotropa                     212,  218 

Lonicera                        169,  170 

Mayweed                               199 

Moutbretia                             383 

Loosestrife                     150,  224 

Meadow-Beauty                    148 

MOONSEED   FAMILY         44 

LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY   149 

Meadow-Foxtail                    356 

Moonwort                              372 

Lopezia                          142,  147 

Meadow  Grass                       354 

Moose  wood                      91,  292 

Lophanthus                  245,  251 

Meadow-rue                              36 

Moroea                                  333 

Lophospermum             231,  236 

Meadow-Soft-Grass               355 

Morning  Glory                      263 

Lopseed                                 241 

Meadow-Sweet                      120 

Morus                           297,  298 

Loquat-Tree                          129 

Medeola                         337,  342 

Moss  Pink                              261 

LORANTHACE.E                292 

Medicago                         94,  101 

Motherwort                           253 

Lotus                                     47 

Medick                                 101 

Mountain  Ash                       130 

Lousewort                             239 
Lovage                                   165 

Melampyrum                232,  239 
Melanthium                  338,  343 

Mountain  Holly                   218 
Mountain  Laurel                  216 

Love-lies-Bleeding                286    MELANTHIUM  FAMILY  &37 

Mountain  Mint 

Low  Spear  Grass                  354    MELASTOMACEJE              148 
Lucerne                                 101  1  MELASTOMA   FAMILY    148 

Mourning  Bride                   178 
Mouse-ear  Chick  weed 

Ludwigia                       142,  146  j  Melia                                        84 
Lunaria                             52,55    MELIACE^E                           84 

'Mouse-tail                               37 
Mud-Plantain 

Lungwort                              255 
Lupinus  (Lupine)           94,  100 

MELIA   FAMILY                  84 
Melilotus  (Melilot)          94,  101 

Mugwort                                189 
Mulberry                               298 

Luzula                           349,  350 

Melissa                           245,  249 

Mulgedium                    186,  208 

Lychnis                             64,  65 

Melocactus                    153,  156 

Mullein                                  233 

Lycium                          267,  270 

Melon                                     160 

Mullein-Foxglove                 237 

Lycopersicum               266,  267 

Melon-Cactus                        156 

Musa                                      329 

LYCOPODIACE^E                372 

Melothria                       159,  160 

M*scadine                              86 

Lycopodium                          372 

MENISPERMAGE^;             44 

Muscari                        340,  347 

Lycopsis                        255,  257 

Menispermum                         44 

Muskmelon                            160 

Lycopus                         244,  247 

Mentha                          244,  247 

Musk-plant                          237 

Lygodium                      362,  371 

Mentzelia                               151 

Musquash-Root                     165 

Lysimachia                   223  224 

Menyanthes                  271,  273 

Mustard                                   52 

T/YTURACEJE                       149 

Mermaid-weed                        141 

MUSTARD  FAMILY            51 

Lythrum                               150 

Mertensia                      254,  255 
M  ES  EMBRY  ANTII  EME.E 

Myosotis                       254,  256 
Myosurus                          34,  37 

Maclura                         297,  299 

156 

Myrica                           305,  306 

Madder                                    174 

Mesembryanthemum   156,  157 

MYRICAGBJ5                     305 

382 


INDEX. 


Myriophyllum                      141 
Myrrhis  odorata                   164 

Ophioglossum               363,  372    Penthorum                  .  137,  13S 
Opuntia                           152,  153    Pentstemon                    23?.  2HS 

Myrsiphyllum               339,  344    Ofache                                   284    Peppergrass                        '    54 

MYRTACE.E                         149    Orange                                       83    Peppermint 

MYRTLE  FAMILY             149    Orange-grass                           62  j  Pepperidge                            Iti8 

Myrtus                                  149  j  Orange-root                             38    Perilla                            244.  247 

Orchard-Grass                      354    Periploca                       276  279 

Nabalus                         185,  207  I  ORCHIDACEJ5                    323 

Periwinkle                             275 

NAIADACE>E                      316 

Orchis                            323,  324 

Persea                            290,  291 

Naked  Broom-rape               229 

ORCHIS  FAMILY               323 

Persimmon                           219 

Naiidina                            44,  45 

Origanum                      244,  249 

Peruvian  Bark                      176 

Napsea                               70,  72 

Oriiithogalum                340,  346 

PETALOIDEOUS  DIVI- 

Narcissus                              330 

OROBANCIIACE.E             228 

SION                                  319 

Nasturtium                61,  53,  81 

Orpine                                     138 

Petalostemon                  95,  102 

Navelwort                             257 

ORPINE  FAMILY              137 

Petilium                               .346 

Neckweed                              234 

Oryza                                     353 

Petroselinum                         165 

Nectarine                              118 

Osage-Orange                        299 

Petunia                         266,  269 

Negundo                          89,  92 

Osier                                      307 

Phacelia                        258.  259 

Neluuibium                            46 

Osmanthus                            281 

PH^ENOGAMOUS  PLANTS 

Neluinbo                                 46 

Osmorrhiza                    163,  1(54 

33 

Neinastylis                    333,  335 

Osmunda                       362,  371 

Phalaris                                  354 

Nemopanthea                       218 

OSMUNDACEJI                  362 

Plmseolus                         97,  108 

Nemophila                     258,259 

Ostrich-Fern                         370 

Pheasant's-eye                        65 

Nepeta                           245,  251 

Ostrya                          302,  305 

Pheasaut's-eye  Adonis           37 

Nephrodium                         368 

Oswego  Tea                          250 

Phegopteris                   360,  367 

Nerium                          274,  275 

Oxah's                               77,  78 

Philadelphus                132,  134 

Nessea                                    150 

Oxeye                                     204 

Phlebodium                          363 

Nettle                                     299 

Ox-eye-Daisy                         199 

Phleum                                 356 

NETTLE  FAMILY      296,  297 

Oxybaphus                            283 

Phlomis                        246,  253 

Nettle-Tree                           298 

Oxydcndrum                 212,  216 

Phlox                                    2(50 

New-Jersey  Tea                      87 

Oyster-Plant                         206 

Phoradendron                      292 

New  Zealand  Flax                341 

Phormium                            341 

New  Zealand  Spinach          157 

Pachysandra                 293,  296 

Photinia                        117,  129 

Nicandra                       266,  268 

Pseonia                              34,  41 

Phragmites                           354 

Nicotiana                       266,  269 

Pjeony                                     41 

Phryma                                 241 

Nierembergia               266,  269 

Painted-Cup                          239 

Phyllocactus                 153,  154 

Nigella                               34,  40 

Palm                                      316 

Physalis                          266,  268 

Night-Blooming  Cereus       154 
Nightshade                           267 

Palma-Christi                       295 
Palmetto 

Physostegia                  245,  251 
Phytolacca                           284 

NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY   265 

Pampas  Grass                       358 

PHYTOLACCACE.E           284 

Nine-Bark                             120 

Pancratium                   330,  331 

Picea                                     312 

Niphobolus                          363 

Panicum                                357 

Pickerel-weed                        322 

Nolana                          266,  267 

Pansy                                      59 

PICKEREL-WEED  F.        322 

NOLANA  FAMILY             266 

Papaver                                   48 

Pie-plant                               289 

Nonesuch                              101 

PAPAVERACE^E                  48 

Pigweed                         285,  286 

Notholsena                   361,364 

Papaw                                     44 

Pimpernel                             225 

Nuphar                             46,  47 

Paper-Mulberry                    299 

Pinckneya                     174,  176 

Nut-Grass                              352 

Pardanthus     "             333,  334 

Pine                                       311 

Nutmeg-flower                       40 
NYCTAGINACEiE               283 

Parnassia                       132,  135 
Parsley                                  165 

Pine-Apple                            329 
PINE-APPLE  FAMILY     329 

Nymphaea                         46,  47 

PARSLEY  FAMILY           162 

PINE  FAMILY                     309 

NYMPH.EACE2E                   46 

Parsley  Piert                         125 

Pine-sap                                218 

Nyssa                           167,  168 

Parsnip                                  166 

Pinguicula                    225,  226 

Oak                                      302 

Partridge-berry                    175 
Partridge  Pea                        113 

Pink                                        64 
PINK  FAMILY                     63 

OAK  FAMILY                     301 

Pasque-flower                         36 

Pink-Root                             273 

Oat                                         355 

Passiflora                              157 

Pinus                             309,  311 

Oat-Grass                             355 

PASSIFLORACE^! 

Pine-weed                         61,  62 

Oca                                        79 

Passion  Flower                     157 

Pinxter  Flower                     217 

Ocimum                         243,  247 
(Enothera                     144.  143 

PASSION-FLOWER 
FAMILY                            157 

Pipe-Vine                              282 
PIPEWORT  FAMILY        £52 

Ogeechee  Lime                      169 
Oil-nut                                  292 

Pastinaca                       163,  166 
Paulownia                    230,  233 

Pipsessewa                            218 
Piqueria                        182,  193 

Okra                                       74 

Pea                                         110 

Pisum                              98,  110 

Olea                              279,  280 
OLEACE^                            279 
Oleander                        274,  275 

Peach                                     118 
Peanut                                   106 
Pear                                       129 

PITCHER-PLANT  F.           47 
PITTOSPORACE^l               57 
PITTOSPORUM  FAMILY    57 

OLEASTER  FAMILY         292 

PEAR  FAMILY                   117 

Planera                          296,  298 

Olire                                      280 

Pearlwort                                67 

Planer-Tree 

OLIVE  FAMILY                  279 
Omphalodes                  254,  257 
ONAGRACE2E                      141 
Onion                                     347 
Onobrychis                     95,  103 

Pea-tree                                 106 
Pecan-nut                               301 
Pedicularis                    232,  239 
Pelargonium                     78,  79 
Pellsea                           361.  365 

Plane-tree                               300 
PLANE-TREE  FAMILY    300 
PLANTAGINACE/E            221 
PLANTAIN  FAMILY         221 
PLATANACE/E 

Onoclea                         361,  370 

Peltandra                      317,  318 

platanus 

Onopordon                    180,  187 

Pencil-Flower                        103 

Platy  cerium                  360,  86J 

Onosmorlium                254,  255 

Pennyroyal 

Platycodon                     209,  21  ( 

OPHIOGLOSSACE.E           363 

Pentas  carnea                       173 

Pleurisy-Root                        2<  1 

INDEX. 


383 


Plnm                                    118 

Pteris                            361,  365 

Rock-Cress                             54 

PLUMBAGINACEJ3           222 

Puccoon                               256 

Rocket                                     53 

Plumbago                              222 

Pulsatilla                                36 

ROCK-ROSE   FAMILY        60 

PLUM  FAMILY                  116 

PULSE  FAMILY                   94 

Roman  Wormwood               188 

Poa                                         354 

Pumpkin                             159 

ROSACES                            115 

Podocarpus                           311 

Punica                           149,  150 

Rosa  (Rose)                   117,  126 

Podophyllum                    45,  46 

Purslane                                 69 

Rose-apple                             149 

Pogonia                         324,  326 

PURSLANE  FAMILY           69 

Rose-bay                                  216 

Poiuciana                              113 

Putty-Root                            327 

ROSE   FAMILY                   115 

Poinsettia                              294 

Pycnanthemum           244,  248 

Rose-Mallow                            74 

Poison-Dogwood                     84 

Pyrethrum                    183,  199 

Rosemary                              250 

Poison-Elder                           84 

Pyrola                            218,  217 

Rose  of  China                         74 

Poison  Hemlock                   165 

PYROLA  FAMILY              212 

Rosin-Plant                           201 

Poison-Ivy                              84 

Pyrrhopappus               186,  207 

Rosmarinus                   245,  250 

^Poison-Oak                             84 

Pyrularia                               292 

Rowan-Tree                          130 

Poke  or  Pokeweed                284 

Pyrus                            117,  129 

Royal-Fern                            372 

POKE\VEED  FAMILY       284 

Rubia                             173,  174 

Polanisia                                 67 

Quaking  Grass                     355 

RUBIACE^E                        173 

POLEMONIACEJS              260 

Quamash                               347 

Rubus                           116,  124 

Polemonium                 260,  262 

Quamoclit                      262,  263 

Rudbeckia                    185,  205 

POLEMONIUM  FAMILY  260 

QUASSIA  FAMILY              83 

Rue                                        82 

Poliauthes                     330,  332 

Queen-of-the-Prairie    121,  126 

Rue-Anemone                        36 

Polyanthus                           223 

Queen's  Delight                    295 

RUE   FAMILY                       81 

Polygala                                  92 

Quercus                                 802 

Ruellia                                   240 

POLYGALACE.E                   92 

Quillwort                               374 

Rumex                          287,  289 

POLYGALA  FAMILY          92 

Quince                                     130 

Ruscus                                   344 

POLYOONACE.E                 287 

Quitch-Grass                         356 

Rush                                      349 

Polygonatum                339,  344 

RUSH   FAMILY                  349 

Polygoauai                             287 

Radish                                     66 

Russellia                       221,  239 

Polymnia                       184,  201 

Ragged-lady                            40 

Rutabaga                               52 

POLYPETALOUS 

Ragged-Robin                        65 

Ruta                                       82 

DIVISION                           33 

Ragweed                                188 

RUTACEJ3                             81 

POLYPODIACE>E               360 

Ragwort                                 194 

Rve                                       357 

Polypody 

Ramie                                    299 

Rye-Grass                             356 

Polypremum                          278 

Ramsted                                235 

Polypodium                   360,  3J33 

RANUNCULACE.E               33 

Sabal                                    316 

Polypodium  Phegopteris     368 

Ranunculus                      34,  37 

Sabbatia                       270,  271 

Polystichum                        369 

Rape                                         52 

Saccharum                            358 

Pomegranate                          150 

Raphanus                          52,  56 

Sacred  Bean,                            47 

Pomme  Blanche                   103    Raspberry                             '124 

Safflower                               187 

Pond-Lily                                47    Rattlebox                              100 

Sage                                        249 

Pond  Spice                            291  |  Rattlesnake  Grass                355 

Sagina                               64,  67 

Pondweed                              816 

Rattlesnake  Plantain           326 

Sagittaria                               320 

PONDWEED  FAMILY       316 

Rattlesnake-Root                 207 

Sago  Palm                             309 

Pontederia                             322    Rattlesnake-  Weed                207 

Sainfoin                                 103 

PONTEDERIACE.E            322    Ray  Grass                             356 

St.  Andrew's  Cross                 61 

Poor-Man's-\Vreatherglaas    225    Red  Bay                                 291 
Poplar                             42,  808    Red-bud                                 113 

St.  James  Lily                       331 
St.  John's-Wort                      61 

POPPY  FAMILY,  Poppy    48    Red  Cedar                             315 

ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  F.        61 

Populus                        307,  308  1  Red  Pepper                          268 

St.  Peter's-Wort                     61 

Portulaca                                69 

Red-root                                87 

St.  Peter's  Wreath               120 

PORTULACACEJE                69 

Red-top                                353 

SALICACEJ5                        307 

Potamogeton                        316    Redwood                               314 

Salicornia                              284 

Potato                                  268    Reed                                     354 

Salisburia                      311  315 

Potentilla                      116,122    Reed-Mace                             319 

Salix                                     '  307 

Poterium                       117,  125    RESEDACE^,  Reseda          57 
Prairie  Clover                       102    Resurrection-Plant              374 

Salpiglossis                    229,  232 
Salsify                                      20;  > 

Prairie  Dock                         201  !  Retinospora                          814 

Salsola                                   284 

Prickly  Ash                            82    RIIAMNACE^                      86 

Saltwort                                284 

Prickly-Pear  Cactus             153    Rhamnus                          86,  87 

Salvia                             245  249 

Prickly  Poppy                        49    Rheum                          287,  289 
Pride-of-India                        84    Rheumatism-root                  46 

Sambucus   ,                   170,'  173 
Samolus                         223  225 

Prim                                      £80    Rhexia                                   148 
Primrose                               223    Rhodanthe                    181,190 
PRIMROSE  FAMILY         222    Rhododendron             212,  216 
Primrose  Peerless                 330    Rhodora                        212,217 

Sand-Myrtle                          217 
SANDALWOOD  FAMILY  292 

Sand  Spurrey                          68 
Sand  wort                                  6T 

Primula                         222,223    Rhubarb                               289 
PRIMULACE^E                    222  •  Rhus                                       84 
Princes'  Feather           286,  288    Rhynchosia                    97,  110 
Princes-Pine                        218  ,  Ribes                            132,  133 
Pririos                                   219  •  Ribgrass                                221 

Sanguinaria                      48,  49 
Sanguisorba                          125 
Sanicula  (Sanicle)         162,  164 
SANTALACE^E                    292 
SAPINDACEJE                       88 

Privet                                  280  !  Rice                                      353 
Prosartes                       339,343    Richardia                      317,318 
Proserpinaca                        141  ~  Ricinus                          293,  295 
Prunus                          116,  118    Ripplegrass                           221 
Psidium                               149    Robinia                          96,107 

Sapindus                           89,  90 
Saponaria                          64,  66 
SAPOTACE^J                       220 
SAPPODILLA  FAMILY     220 

Psoralea                          95.  103    Robin's  Plantain                  198 
Ptelea                              82,  83  ,  Rochea                         138,  139 

SARRACENIACE43 
Sarsaparilla,  Wild                166 

384 


INDEX. 


Sassafras                        290,  291 

Silkweed 

277    Source                                 294 

Satin-Flower                           55 

Silphium 

184,  201 

SPURGE  FAMILY              293 

Satureia                         244,  249 

Silver-Bell-Tree 

221 

Spurge-Nettle                        298 

SAURURACE^!                   293 
Saururus                               293 

Silver-Berry 
Silver-Fern 

292 
364 

Spurred  Butterfly-Pea         109 
Spurred  Valerian                 177 

Savin                                       315 

Silybum 

180,  187 

Spurrey                                  68 

Savory                                   249 

SIMARUBACEJE 

83 

Squash                                  159 

Saw-Grass                             352 

Siphocampylus 

209 

Squaw-root                           229 

Saxifrapa  (Saxifrage)    132,  136 

Sisymbrium 

51,53 

Squaw-weed                          194 

SAXIFRAGACE.*               131 

Sisyrinchium 

333,335 

Squill                                   347 

SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY      131 

Sium 

163,165 

Squirrel-Corn                         50 

Scabiosa  (Scabious)              178 
Schallott                               347 

Skullcap 
Skimmia 

252 
82,83 

Squirting  Cucumber           158 
Stachys                         246,253 

Scheuchzeria                319,  320 

Skunk  Cabbage 

318 

Staff-tree                                 88 

Schizandra                        42  43 

Sloe 

118 

STAFF-TREE  FAMILY       87 

Schizsea                         362,  371 

Smartweed 

288 

Stagger-bush                        215 

SCHIZJEACE^E                    362 

SM1LACEJE 

336 

Stag-horn  Fern                     363 

Schizanthus                  229  232 

Smilacina 

339,344 

Stapelia                         276.  279 

Schizostylis                           333 

Smilax 

334-336 

Staphylea                         89,  90 

Schollera                               322 

SMILAX  FAMILY 

336 

Star-Anise                               43 

Schrankia                        99,  114 

Smoke-tree 

84 

Star-Cucumber                     160 

Scilla                            340,  347 

Snake-Cucumber 

158 

Star-Flower                          224 

Scirpus                                 352 

Snake-head 

238 

Star-Grass                     322,  330 

SCITAMINE.E                     328 

Snakeroot 

192,  282 

Star  of  Bethlehem               346 

Scleranthus                       64,  68 

Snapdragon 

235 

Star-Thistle                          187 

Scolopeudrium              361,  367 

Snowball-tree 

172 

Starry  Campion                     66 

Scoke                                     284 

Snowberry 

170,  214 

Starwort                                196 

Scorpion-grass                      256 

Snowdrop 

331 

Starwort  Chickweed              67 

Scotch  Broom                       100 

Snowdrop-Tree 

221 

Statice                                   222 

Scotch  Thistle                      187 

Snowflake 

832 

Steeplebush                          120 

Scouring-Rush                     359 

Sneezeweed 

200 

Stellaria                            64,  67 

Scrophularia                 231.  238 

Sneezewort 

199 

Stenanthium                338,  342 

SCROPHULARIACEJ2       229 

Soapberry 

90 

Stephanotis                   276,  278 

Scutch  Grass                        356 

SOAPBERRY  FAMILY        88 

STERCULIACE2E                 75 

Scutellaria                     245,  252 

Soapwort 

66 

STERCULIA  FAMILY         75 

Scurvy-Grass                          54 

SOLANACE^E 

265 

Stickseed                               257 

Sea  Elite                                284 

Solanum 

266,  267 

Stillingia                       293,  295 

Sea-Lavender                        222 

Solidago 

182,  195 

Stitchwort                              67 

Sea-Rocket                              56 

Solomon's  Seal 

344 

Stock                                       53 

Sea  Sand-Reed                      353    Sonchus 

186,208 

Stone-Crop                            138 

Secale                                     357  i  Sophora 

98,  112 

Storax                                     221 

SEDGE  FAMILY                352 

Sorghum 

357 

STORAX  FAMILY              220 

Sedum                                   138 

Sorrel 

289 

Storksbill                                79 

Selaginella                     372,373    Sorrel-tree 

216 

Stramonium                         269 

Self-Heal                               252 

Sour  Gum-tree 

168 

Strawberry                           123 

Sempervivum               137,  138 

Sour-wood 

216 

Strawberry-bush                    88 

Seneca  Grass                         356 
Seneca  Snakeroot                   93 

Sowbread 
Southernwood 

224  1  Strawberr>  Elite                  285 
189    Strawberry  Geranium         136 

Senecio                          182,  193 

Sow  Thistle 

208 

Strawberry  Tomato              268 

Senna                                     113 

Spadiceous  Division 

316 

Strelitzia                               329 

Sensitive-brier                      114 

Spanish-Bayonet 

348 

Streptopus                     339,  343 

Sensitive-Fern                       370 

Spanish  Broom 

100 

Stuartia                                   76 

Sensitive  Joint-  Vetch           105 

Spanish  Trefoil 

101 

Stylophorum                    48,  49 

Sensitive-plant                      114 

Sparaxis 

888 

Stylosaath.es                   95,  103 

Sequoia                          310,  314 
Service-Berry                        129 

Sparganium 
Spartium  Junceum 

318,  319 

100 

Styptic-Weed                        113 
STYRACACEJS                   220 

Sesame  Grass                        358 

Spatter-Dock 

47 

Styrax                           220,  221 

Sesamum  (Sesame)               227 

Spearmint 

247 

Succory                                 206 

SESAMUM   FAMILY          227 

Specularia 

209 

Sugar  Cane                           358 

Sesbania                          96,  106 

Speedwell 

233 

Sumach                                   84 

Setaria                                   357 

Spelt 

357 

SUNDEW  FAMILY              59 

Seymeria                        231,  237 

Spergula 

64,  68  !  Sunflower                             203 

Shadbush                              129 

Spergularia 

64,  68    Suseda                                 284 

Sheep-berry                           172 
Shell-Flower                          253 

Spiccbush 
Spiderwort 

291    Supple-Jack                           87 
351    Sutherlandia                          96 

Shepherdia                            292 

SPIDERWORT  FAMILY   350  \  Struthiopteria              361,  370 

Shepherd's-purse                   55 

Spigelia 

273  !  Swainsona                               96 

Shield-Fern                           368 

Spikenard 

166 

Sweet  Basil                           247 

Shin-leaf                                 218 

Spinach 

285    Sweet  Bay                               43 

Shooting-star                        223 

Spinacia 

284  285  '  Sweet-Brier                           126 

Shrub  Yellow-root                 38 

Spindle-tree 

88 

Sweet  Cicely                         164 

Sicklepod                               54 

Spiraea 

116  120    Sweet  Clover                        101 

Sicyos                            159,  160 

Spiranthes 

323,  326  !  Sweet-Fern                            306 

Sida                                    70,  73 

Spleenwort 

366    Sweet  Flag                            318 

Sidesaddle-Flower                  47 

Spoon-  wood 

216  i  Sweet  Gale                            306 

Silene       .                           64,  65 

Spotted  Cowbane 

165  1  SWEET  GALE  FAMILY  306 

Silk-Flower                           114 

Spring  Beauty 

69 

Sweet-gum  Tree                    140 

Silk-tree                                  114 

Spruce 

312    Sweet-Leaf                             221 

INDEX. 


385 


Swoot-Potato                        263 

Toothwort                             55 

Verbesina                     184,  203 

Sweet-scented-Shrub           131 

Torcnia                          231,  237 

Voruonia                        181,  190 

Sweet-scented  Vernal-Grass 

Torreya                          311,  315 

Veronica                        230,  233 

866 

Touch-me-not                         81 

Vervain                                    241 

Sweet  Sultana                       188 

TrarlH-lium                            209 

VERVAIN   FAMILY           241 

Sweet-  Verbena                       242 

Tnulrscantia                  350,  Sol 

Vetch                                     110 

Sweet-William                        64 

Trailing  Arbutus                   214 

Vetchling                                110 

Swietenia  Mahogani 
Sycamore                                300 

Tragopogon                   185,  206 
Treacle-Mustard                     54 

Viburnum                     170,  172 
Vicia                               98,  110 

Symplocarpus               317,  318 
Symplocos                     220,  221 

Tread  softly                            296 
Tree  Clover                            101 

Victoria  regia                         46 
Vinca                            274,  275 

Symphoricarpua           169,  170 

Tree  Ferns                             362 

Vincetoxicum                276,  278 

Symphytum                 255,  257 

Tree  of  Heaven                       83 

VINE   FAMILY                      85 

Syriuga                  134,  279,  280 

Trefoil                                      101 

Viola  (,Violet)                          58 

Trichomanes                 362,  371 

VIOLACE^E                            58 

Tacamahac                           309 

Triehosanthes                        158 

VIOLET  FAMILY                  58 

Tacsonia                                   157 

Trichostema                 243,  246 

Viper's  Bugloss                     255 

Tagetes                          185,  206 

Trieutalis                       223,  224 

Virgin's-Bower                       35 

Taiinum 

Trifolium                         95,  101 

Virgilia                                  112 

Tallow-tree                           295 

Triglochin                     319,  320 

Virginia  Creeper                     86 

Tamarack                               314 

Trigonella                        94,  101 

Virginia  Snakeroot               282 

Tamarix                                    63 

Trillium                         337,  341 

Virginia  Stock                       53 

TAMARISCINE/E                  63 

TRILLIUM   FAMILY         337 

VITACEJS                              85 

TAMARISK  FAMILY          63 

Triosteum                      169,  170 

Vitex                            241,  243 

Tamus                                   336 

Tripsacum                             358 

Tanacetum                    180,  188 

Triteleia                                  341 

Wake  Robin                          341 

Tansy                                    188 

Triticuiu                                356 

Waldsteinia                   116,  121 

Tansy-Mustard 

Tritoma                         340,  348 

Walkjng-leaf                         367 

Tape-Grass 

Tritonia                                 333 

Wallflower                               54 

Taraxacum                   186,  207 

Trollius                             34,  39 

Wall-Pepper                          139 

Tare                                       110 

Tropifiolum                       78,  81 

Wall-Hue                               367 

Tarragon                                189 

True  Ferns                              3JO 

Walnut                                  300 

Tartary  Wheat                      289 

True  Thistle                          186 

WALNUT  FAMILY             300 

Tassel-  Flower                        194 

Trumpet-Creeper                  227 

Water  Arum                          318 

Taxodium                      310,  314 

Trumpet-  Flower                   227 

Water  Beech                           305 

Taxua                              310,  315 

Trumpet-Leaf                         48 

Water  Chinquepin                  47 

TEA  FAMILY                        75 

Tsuga                                     313 

Water-cress                             53 

Tea  Plant                                 76 

Tuberose                                332 

Water-Hemlock                    165 

Tear-Thumb                         289 

Tulipa  (Tulip                 340,  346 

Water-IIorehound                247 

Teasel                                    178 

Tulip-tree                                42 

Waterleaf                              259 

TEASEL  FAMILY              178 

Tupelo                                    168 

WATEIILEAF  FAMILY     258 

Tccoma                          226,  227 

Turnip                                       52 

Water-Lily                                47 

Ten-O'clock                          346 

Turtle-head                           238 

WATER-LILY  FAMILY      46 

Tephrosia                        95,  106 

Tussilago                       182,  193 

Watermelon                           160 

Testudinaria                         336 

Twin-Flower                          170 

Water-Milfoil                         141 

Tetragonia                    156,  157 

Twin-leaf                                  46 

WATER-MILFOIL  F.        140 

Tetranthera                          291 

Twisted-staiK                         343 

Water  Oats                            353 

Teucrium                      243,  246 

Typha                           818,  319 

Water-parsnip                       165 

Thalia                                    328 

TYPHACEJS                        318 

Water-pennywort                 164 

Thalictrum                      34,  36 

Water  Pepper                        289 

Thea                                        76 

Ulmus                           293,  297 

Water-Plantain                      320 

Thermopsis                     98,  112 

UMBELLIFERJE                 162 

WATER-PLANTAIN  F.     319 

Thimbleberry                       124 
Thistle                                   186 

Umbrella-tree                          42 
Unicorn-Plant                      228 

Water-pimpernel                   225 
Water-shield                            46 

Thorn-Apple                         269 

Urtica                            297,  299 

Water  Star-Grass                  322 

Thorough  wort                      192 

URTICACE^E                       293 

Water  Violet                         225 

Three-leaved  Nightshade    341 

Utricularia                            225 

Water-weed                           322 

Thrift                                    222 

Uvularia                       338,343 

WATER-WORT  FAMILY    63 

Thuja                             310,  315 

Watsonia                               333 

Thujopsis                             315 

Vaccaria                            64,  66 

Wax-Myrtle                           306 

Thunbergia                           240 

Vaccinium                      211,  213 

Wax-Plant                             278 

Thyme                                   249 

Valeriana  (Valerian)             177 

Wax-work                                88 

T1IYMELEACE2E                291 

VALERIANACE.E               177 

Wayfaring-tree                      172 

Thymus                         244,  249 

Valerianella                           178 

Weld                                         57 

Tiarella                         133,  137 

VALERIAN   FAMILY        177 

Wellingtonia                         314 

Tickseed                                201 

Vallisneria                     321,  322 

Whahoo                                 298 

Tick-trefoil                            104 

Vallota                                   331 

Wheat                                    357 

Tiger-Flower                         335 

Vanilla-plant                          191 

Whin                                      100 

Tigridia                        333,  335 
Tilia                                       75 

Vegetable  Serpent                158    White  Alder                          217 
Velvet-Grass                         355    White  Bent  Grass                 353 

TILIACEJE                             75 

Velvet-Leaf                             73  '  White  Cedar                          315 

Tillsea                            138,  139 

Venus's  Fly  Trap                   60    White  Lettuce                       207 

Tillandsia                               329 

Venus-hair                            364    White  Thorn                         128 

Timothy                                356 

Venus's  Looking-Glass        209    Whiteweed                             199 

Toad-Flax                              235 

Veratrum                      338,343    White-wood                             42 

Tobacco                                 269 

Verbascum                    230,  233    Whitlavia                      258,  260 

Tomato                                    267 

Verbena                                 241    Whitlow-Grass                        55 

Toothache-tree                        82 

VERBENACE^l                  241    Whortleberry                       213 

386 


INDEX. 


WHORTLEBERRY  F.  211 

Woad 

56  !  Yarrow 

1M 

Witrandia  258 
Wild  Allspice  291 
Wild  Balsam-Apple  160 

Woad-Waxen 
Wolisbane 
Wood-Betony 

100 
41 
239 

Yellow  Bachelor's-Button     92 
Yellow-Eyed  Grass                351 
YELLOW-EYED  GRASS 

Wild  bean  108 

Woodbine 

170 

FAMILY 

351 

Wild  Bergamot  250 
Wild  Comfrey  257 
Wild  Ginger  282 
Wild  Hyacinth  347 
Wild  Liquorice  175 

Wood-Nettle 
Wood-Rush 
Woodsia 
Wood-Sorrel" 
Woodwardia 

299 
350 
361,  370 
78 
361,  366 

Yellow  Jessamine 
Yellow  Pond-Lily 
Yellow  puccoon 
Yellow-Rocket 
Yellow-Wood 

273 
47 
38 
54 

Wild-Potato-Vine  264 

Worm-Grass 

273 

Yew 

315 

Willow  307 
WILLOW  FAMILY  307 
Willow-herb  143 

Wormseed 
Wormseed-Mustard 
Wormwood 

285 
54 

188 

YEW  FAMILY 
Yucca 
Yulan 

310 
340,348 
43 

Wind-flower  35 

Windsor  Bean  111 

Xanthium 

180,  188 

Zamia 

Winterberry  219 
Winter-cress  54 
Wintergreen  214,  218 
Wire-Grass  354-356 

Xerophyllum 
Ximinesia 
XYRIDACE^J 
Xyris 

338,342 
184,  203 
351 
351 

Zanthorhiza 
Zanthoxyluin 
Zauschneria 
Zea 

34,38 
82 
142,  143 

358 

Wistaria  97  108 
Witch  Grass  £57 

Yam 

336 

Zinnia 
Zizania 

185,  206 

Witch-Hazcl  140 
WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY  140 

YAM  FAMILY 

Yard-Grass 

335 

356 

Zostera 
Zygadenus 

316 
338,343 

THE    END. 


t 


This  Convenient  Instrument,  devised  and  manu- 
faetured  first  for  the  use  of  the  Students  in 


has  given  so  great  satisfaction  there,  and  elsewhere, 
that  we  deem  it  a  duty  to  make  it  better  known, 
and  offer  it  at  a  price  within  the  reach  of  all 
students. 


It  is  attached  to  a  box,  one  and  a  half  inches 
high  and  less  than  four  inches  long,  into  which  it 
is  neatly  folded  when  not  in  use.  The  needles  are 
used  for  dissecting  flowers,  or  other  objects,  too 
small  to  be  otherwise  handled  for  analysis.  The 
lenses  magnify  about  fifteen  diameters;  or,  wit  It- 
three  lenses,  about  one-third  more. 

A  thousand  things  about  forest,  field  or  garden, 
afford  objects  of  intense  interest  for  daily  study. 

Prof.  ASA  GRAY,  of  Harvard  University,  our 
popular  American  Bntanist,  says  of  it:  <f  You  are 
at  liberty  to  call  it  the  n  GF^AY'S  M.ici\pscopE," 
I  do  not  think  anything  better  can  be  made  for 
the  money." 

Price  of  Microscope,  with  two  lenses,  -    $2  00 

"     three  "       -      2  50 


For  Sale  by 

IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR  &  CO., 

138  &  140  Grand  St.,  K.  Y.,  f.  O.  Box,  1478, 
133  <&  135  State  St.,  Chicago, 

(Publishers  of  Gray's  Botanies. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

ENVIRONMENTAL  DESIGN  LlBRAfttf 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


LD  21-50m-4,'63 
(D6471slO)476 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


